Anatomy of Eye Ear and Skin
Anatomy of Eye Ear and Skin
Anatomy of Eye Ear and Skin
• Frontal bone
• Lacrimal bones
• Palatine bones
• Zygomatic bones
• Ethmoid
• Sphenoid
- Superior wall:
Frontal bone and lesser wings of the sphenoid
- Medial wall:
Lacrimal bones, Ethmoid and body of the sphenoid
- Lateral wall:
Sphenoid and Zygomatic bones
- Inferior wall:
Maxillary bone and zygomatic bone
- Base: Sphenoid and Palatine bones
Eyes
The accessory structures of the eye include the eyelids, eyelashes, eyebrows, the lacrimal (tear-
producing) apparatus, and extrinsic eye muscles that move eyeball .
Eyelid
- The upper and lower eyelids are moveable folds of skin that protect the eyeball from injury,
irritation, and light
- thin inner membrane – conjunctiva
- orbicularis oculi muscle innervated by the facial nerve (CN VII), closes the eye in a sphincter-
like fashion
- levator palpebrae superioris muscle, innervated by the oculomotor nerve (CN III) opens the
eye by lifting the upper eyelid.
Lacrimal apparatus
consists of 6 muscles
- superior rectus
- medial rectus
- inferior rectus
- lateral rectus
- superior oblique
- inferior oblique
Eyeball
1 Choroid region the largest region highly vascularized, which is the posterior portion of the
vascular tunic provides oxygen and nutrients to the underlying retina.
2 Ciliary body consist of ciliary process and muscle.
- ciliary muscle connect to lens by ciliary zonas or suspensory ligament
- The ciliary muscle is a circular band of smooth muscle, Contraction or relaxation of the
ciliary muscle changes the tightness of the zonular fibers, which alters the shape of the lens,
adapting it for near or far vision(acomodation)
- The ciliary processes are protrusions or folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body. c.p
contain capillary network that produces aqueous humour which fills ant cavity of eyeball
-Extending from the ciliary process are zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments) that attach to
the lens.
3 Iris coloured portion can be from blue to black.
- on the centre of iris opening called pupil
- control the amount of light entering pupil.
- Iris contains muscular diaphragm of pupil.
- It contains 2 muscles circular muscles or sphincter pupillae and the radial muscles or
dilator pupillae.
- constrictor of circular on bright light contract and decrease diameter of pupil. pupillary
reflex during bright light when we close eye.
- radiate or dilators m in dim light contact and dilate diameter or pupil
- This process is called adaptation of pupil acc to light by iris
- That’s y iris is called muscular diapgram of pupil
1. sensory part
- has a posterior optic part that is sensitive to light
- contains photoreceptors - rods and cons.
- Rods allow us to see in dim light, such as moonlight
- Because rods do not provide color vision, in dim light we can see only black, white, and all
shades of gray in between.
- Brighter lights stimulate cones, which produce color vision.
2. nonvisual part –
- continues anteriorly over the ciliary body and iris. optic disc - optic nerve exits the
eyeball.
- lacks photoreceptors; insensitive to light and is known as the blind spot.
- macula lutea - posterior portion of the retina, at the visual axis of the eye, spot lateral to
the optic disk, is an area of intense visual acuity. fovea centralis, a depression in the
macula, is the area of greatest visual.
- The lens – is located behind the pupil and iris, within the cavity of the eyeball, the refractive
media of the lens, normally is perfectly transparent and lacks blood vessels. The lens helps
focus images on the retina to facilitate clear vision.
The lens divides the interior of the eyeball into two cavities: the anterior cavity and posterior
cavity. The anterior cavity—the space anterior to the lens—consists of two chambers.
The anterior chamber lies between the cornea and the iris.
The posterior chamber lies between the iris and lens . Both chambers of the anterior cavity
are filled with aqueous humor.
Posterior to the lens is the posterior cavity, which contains the vitreous body
- Aqueous humor - transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea. Aqueous
humor continually filters out of blood capillaries in the ciliary processes of the ciliary body
and enters the posterior chamber then goes to ant chamber
- vitreous chamber - The larger posterior cavity of the eyeball, which lies between the lens and
the retina. Within the vitreous chamber is the vitreous body, a transparent jellylike substance
that holds the retina flush against the choroid, giving the retina an even surface for the
reception of clear images.
- Vitoreus body post to lens have hairy like substance.
Pathway of light
light ----- cornea ----- aqueous humours ---- pupil – aqueous humours ----lens – vitreous body –
retina
Corneal reflex
- rapid constriction (miosis) of both pupils (via the constrictor pupillae muscle) in response to
shining a light into the eye.
- Both pupils constrict because each retina sends fibres into the optic tracts of both sides.
age-related changes- loss of elasticity of the lens, and the subsequent loss of accommodation,
diminishes a patient’s ability to focus on near objects, a condition known as presbyopia.
Cataracts - opacities of the lens or its capsule allow less light to reach the retina, resulting in blurred,
cloudy vision. Treatment involves
Anatomy of ear
- Organ of hearing and equilibrium.
- The ear is divided into three main regions:
1 the external ear, which collects sound waves and channels them inward towards the
2 the middle ear, which conveys sound vibrations to the oval window in the internal ear
3 the internal ear, which houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.
- Middle ear internal ear and partly external ear located in petrous portion of temporal
External ear
consists of 3 things
Middle ear
Inner ear
Two Halves:
Auditory apparatus
1 cochlea a space within the bony labyrinth that includes: bony cochlear (spiral) canal and modiolus
The basal turn of the cochlea contains the round window
2 cochlear duct, part of the membranous labyrinth, which is a blind-ended duct filled with
endolymph and suspended within the cochlear canal.
- scala vestibuli
- scala tympani
- spiral organ (of Corti)
Vestibular apparatus
Both contain maculae, which are sensitive to movement of the endolymph in the horizontal and
vertical planes.
3 Three semicircular canals – arranged perpendicular to one another and communicate with the
vestibule.