MEEC0423 ME Competency Enhancement Course 2

THERMODYNAMICS 02
PURE SUBSTANCE
1. A pure substance has a fixed chemical composition throughout.
Examples: Water, nitrogen, helium, and carbon dioxide

2. A pure substance does not have to be of a single chemical element or compound. It can be a
mixture of various chemical elements or compounds as long as the mixture is homogeneous.
Examples: Air is a mixture of several gases, but considered to be a pure substance
A mixture of oil and water is not a pure substance since oil is not soluble in water.

3. A pure substance can be a mixture of two or more phases of a pure substance as long as the
chemical composition of all phases is the same.
Example: A mixture of ice and liquid water because both phases have the same composition.
A mixture of liquid air and gaseous air is not a pure substance since the composition
of liquid air is different from the composition of gaseous air.
PHASES OF A PURE SUBSTANCE
A phase is identified as having a distinct molecular arrangement that is homogeneous throughout and
separated from the others by easily identifiable boundary surfaces. There are three principal phases—
solid, liquid, and gas—a substance may have several phases within a principal phase, each with a
different molecular structure.
Examples: Carbon may exist as graphite or diamond in the solid phase; helium has two liquid
phases; iron has three solid phases; Ice may exist at seven different phases at high
pressures.
PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES OF PURE SUBSTANCES
There are many practical situations where two phases of a pure substance coexist in equilibrium
Examples: Water exists as a mixture of liquid and vapor in a steam power plant. The refrigerant
turns from liquid to vapor in the freezer of a refrigerator.
SATURATION TEMPERATURE AND SATURATION PRESSURE
The temperature at which water boils depends on the pressure. If the pressure is fixed, so is the
boiling temperature.

Saturation Temperature, Tsat: the temperature at which a pure substance changes phase at a given
pressure.
Example: At a pressure of 101.325 kPa, Tsat is 99.97°C.

Saturation Pressure, Psat: the pressure at which a pure substance changes phase at a given
temperature.
Example: At a temperature of 99.97°C, PSM is 101.325 kPa.

PROPERTY DIAGRAMS FOR PHASE-CHANGE PROCESSES

The variations of properties during phase-change processes are best understood with the help of
property diagrams.
THE T-ν DIAGRAM
THE P-ν DIAGRAM
THE P-ν DIAGRAM
Critical point: the point at which the saturated liquid and saturated vapor states are identical.
Examples: For water: Pcr = 22.06 MPa, Tcr = 373.95 °C, and νcr = 0.003106 m3/kg.
For helium: Pcr = 0.23 MPa, Tcr = -267.85 °C, and and νcr = 0.01444 m3/kg.

Observations:
1. Above the critical state: there is no line that separates the compressed liquid region and
superheated vapor region.
2. At pressures above the critical pressure: there is not a distinct phase change process; the specific
volume of the substance continually increases, and there is only one phase present.
3. At temperatures above the critical temperature: it is common to refer to the substance as
superheated vapor.
4. At temperatures below the critical temperature: it is referred to as compressed liquid.
THE P-T DIAGRAM
Triple line: when triple-phase states when under some conditions all three phases of a pure
substance coexist in equilibrium on P-w or T-w diagrams. The states on the triple line of a substance
have the same pressure and temperature but different specific volumes.
Example: For water, the triple-point temperature and pressure are 0.01°C and 0.6117 kPa,
respectively

Sublimation: Passing from the solid phase directly into the vapor. It occurs at pressures below the
triple-point value, since a pure substance cannot exist in the liquid phase at those pressures
Example: For solid C02 (dry ice), sublimation is the only way to change from the solid to vapor
phase at atmospheric conditions since its triple-point pressure is above the
atmospheric pressure.
The P-ν- T Surface
PROPERTY TABLES
Some thermodynamic properties can be measured easily, but others cannot and are calculated by
using the relations between them and measurable properties. The results of these measurements and
calculations are presented in tables in a convenient format.
Steam tables: used to demonstrate the use of thermodynamic property tables; different property
tables for different substances; more than one table for the thermodynamic properties for each
substance.

SATURATED LIQUID AND SATURATED VAPOR STATES

The properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor for water are listed in Tables 1 and 2. Both
tables give the same information. In Table 1, properties are listed under temperature and in Table 2
under pressure.
SATURATED LIQUID-VAPOR MIXTURE
During a vaporization process, a substance exists as part liquid and part vapor, it is a mixture of
saturated liquid and saturated vapor.
Quality, x: the ratio of the mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture; used to analyze the
proportions of the liquid and vapor phases in the mixture.
SUPERHEATED VAPOR
Since the superheated region is a single-phase region (vapor phase only), temperature and pressure
are no longer dependent properties and they can conveniently be used as the two independent
properties in the tables.
In these tables, the properties are listed against temperature for selected pressures starting with the
saturated vapor data. The saturation temperature is given in parentheses following the pressure
value.

COMPRESSED LIQUID
Compressed liquid properties has relative interdependence from pressure where variation of
properties of compressed liquid with pressure is very mild. Compressed liquid tables are not as
commonly available, and the format very much like the format of the superheated vapor tables.
In the absence of compressed liquid data, a general approximation is to treat compressed liquid as
saturated liquid at the given temperature. Compressed liquid properties depend on temperature much
more strongly than they do on pressure.
REFERENCE STATE AND REFERENCE VALUES
The values of u, h, and s cannot be measured directly, and they are calculated from measurable
properties using the relations between thermodynamic properties. However, those relations give the
changes in properties, not the values of properties at specified states. A convenient reference state is
chosen and assigned a value of zero for a convenient property or properties at a state.
Examples: For water, the state of saturated liquid at 0.01°C is taken as the reference state, and
the internal energy and entropy are assigned zero values at that state.
For refrigerant-134a, the state of saturated liquid at — 40°C is taken as the
reference state, and the enthalpy and entropy are assigned zero values at that
state.
1. Which of the following will best describe water at 200 deg C with
pressure of 1.44 Mpa?

A. Wet steam C. Dry Steam

B. Superheated D. Subcooled water

2. Which of the following will best describe water at 220 deg C with
pressure of 2.318 Mpa?

A. Wet steam C. Dry Steam

B. Superheated D. Subcooled water

3. Which of the following will best describe water at 1.0 MPa and S
= 6.872 kJ/kg-K?

A. Wet steam C. Dry Steam

B. Superheated D. Subcooled water

4. Which of the following will best describe water at 3.0 MPa and T
= 234 deg. C?

A. Wet steam C. Dry Steam

B. Superheated D. Subcooled water

5. Which of the following will best describe water at 250 deg C and
specific volume of 54.2 x 10–3 m3/kg?

A. Wet steam C. Dry Steam

B. Superheated D. Subcooled water

6. A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts
A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0 68 Mpa, 170 deg. C;
on the other side is steam at 4 Mpa, 370 deg C. Find the final
stored energy of the mixture.

A. 2809.62 kJ/kg C. 3070.52 kJ/kg

B. 2582.9 kJ/kg D. 2908 4 kJlkg

7. A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts
A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0 68 Mpa, 170 deg. C;
on the other side is steam at 4 Mpa, 370 deg C. Find the specific
volume of the resulting mixture.

A. 0.1115 m3/kg C. 0.433 m3/kg

B. 0.105 m3/kg D. 0.1542 m3/kg

8. A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts
A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0 68 Mpa, 170 deg. C;
on the other side is steam at 4 Mpa, 370 deg C. Find the pressure
of the resulting mixture.

A. 2.34 MPa C. 2.75 MPa

B. 1.45 MPa D. 1.12 MPa

9. A 60-liter rigid tank with adiabatic walls is divided into equal parts
A and B by partition. On one side is steam at 0 68 Mpa, 170 deg. C;
on the other side is steam at 4 Mpa, 370 deg C. Find the resulting
equilibrium temperature of the mixture.

A. 324ºC C. 367ºC

B. 340ºC D. 400ºC
10. A 0.0856 m3 drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor
at 370 deg. C. Compute the mass of liquid if it has the same volume
as the vapor.

A. 19.34 kg C. 20.45 kg

B. 8.69 kg D. 8 .65 kg
11. A 0.0856 m3 drum contains saturated water and saturated vapor
at 370 deg. C. Compute volume of the vapor if it has the same
mass as the liquid.

A. 0.05905 m3 C. 0.02653 m3

B. 0.06542 m3 D. 0.07646 m3
12. Calculate the work done by a system in which 1 kg-mole of
water completely evaporates at 100ºC and 1 atmosphere pressure.

A. 3050 kJ C. 2130 kJ

B. 4050 kJ D. 1000 kJ