Projection
Projection
Projection
Prof. S. S. Pachpore
Assistant Professor in
School of Mechanical Engineering, MITWPU
CONTENT OF THE UNIT
• Orthographic Projection
• Isometric Projection
• Perspective Projection
• Transformation for Orthographic Projection
• Transformation for Isometric Projection
• Programming basis for the projection methods
Based on entre of
Projection and projector
the projections are broadly
classified in to
1. Parallel Projection
2. Perspective
Projection
(a) One Point Perspective Projection (a) Two Point Perspective Projection
https://www.youtube.com/w
2 Point
atch?v=rCanYY7eLeA
https://www.youtube.com/
3 Point watch?v=Bdgt9YHUTmg
(c) Three Point Perspective Projection
MITWPU, PUNE: TY BTECH (MECH ENGG)
25 April 2022 10
Computer Graphics (PE-III)
Parallel Projections:
Projection plane intersects the each principal axis of the MCS of the object at
the same distance form the origin.
MITWPU, PUNE: TY BTECH (MECH ENGG)
25 April 2022 13
Computer Graphics (PE-III)
Transformation for Projection
For TV, Y=0 then the view will be XZ plane, rotate @ x axis in CCW ------- OT = Rx * O
For RHSV, X=0 then the view will be in YZ plane, rotate @ y axis in CW------ORS= Ry *O
For LHSV, X=0 then the view will be in YZ plane, rotate @ y axis in CCW
MITWPU, PUNE: TY BTECH (MECH ENGG)
25 April 2022 15
Computer Graphics (PE-III)
Transformation for Orthographic Projection:
• Orthographic Projection: Based on parallel
Projection system and is obtained by setting
to zero the coordinate along which the view
is being generated.
• Views to be generated ion 2D plane only
commonly known as viewing or display
plane.
• Assume that, coordinates of viewing plane in
Xv and Yv because generally, by default, XY
Fig:- Orthographic Projection
plane is considered as viewing plane.
• For FV (Xv Yv ) will get mapped automatically
with (X Y) of MCS; for other views mapping is
necessary. MITWPU, PUNE: TY BTECH (MECH ENGG)
25 April 2022 16
Computer Graphics (PE-III)
Transformation for Orthographic Projection (FV):
𝑥𝑡 1 0 0 0 𝑥
𝑦𝑡 0 0 -1 0 𝑦
• = * 𝑧
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 1 Transformation matrix for TV.
MITWPU, PUNE: TY BTECH (MECH ENGG)
25 April 2022 18
Computer Graphics (PE-III)
Transformation for Orthographic Projection (RHSV):
• RHSV can be obtained in YZ plane, the X coordinate must be =0.
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
• Thus the matrix becomes 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
𝑥 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
𝑦 0 0 -1 0
• Therefore, 𝑧 = 0 1 0 0 * 𝑦
0 0 0 0 𝑧
1 0 0 0 1 1
Transformation matrix for RHSV.
1 0 0 0
Transformation 0 1 0 0
matrix for FV.
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 -1 0
Transformation 0 1 0 0
matrix for RHSV. 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
Transformation 0 0 -1 0
matrix for TV.
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0 A B C D E F
X 2 5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 New Coordinates in
0 1 0 0 3 3 5 3 3 5
V F= * Y 3 3 5 3 3 5 = FV.
0 0 0 0 Z 4 4 4 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 A B C D E F
X 2 5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2
VT =
0 0 -1 0
* Y 3 3 5 3 3 5 = -4 -4 -4 -10 -10 -10 New Coordinates in
0 0 0 0 Z 4 4 4 10 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 TV.
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 -1 0 A B C D E F
-4 -4 -4 -10 -10 -10
X 2 5 2 2 5 2
VR = 0 1 0 0 *
Y 3 3 5 3 3 5
= 3 3 5 3 3 5 New Coordinates in
0 0 0 0 Z 4 4 4 10 10 10
0 0 0 0 0 0 RHSV.
1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 h 1 1 1 1 1 1
Step 2: Coordinates in TV 2 6 2 4
-4 -4 -4 -10
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
-4 -4 -4 -10
Step 3: Coordinates in RHSV 3 3 5 4
0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
MITWPU, PUNE: TY BTECH (MECH ENGG)
25 April 2022 26
Computer Graphics (PE-III)
Transformation for Isometric Projection:
• All the projectors are not parallel Projector Plane.
• This preserves the parallelism of the lines but not the angles.
• In this, all three principal axes are equally reduced.
Transformation
matrix for Isometric
Projection
Now,
1 0 0 0 cos 0 sin 0
0 cos ᴓ -sin ᴓ 0
[Rx] = 0 sin ᴓ cos ᴓ 0
and [Ry] = 0 1 0 0
- sin 0 cos 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Note: Here anticlkwise rotation assumed for Rx and Ry, thus the
Fig:- Viewing plane angles of angles are considered to be positive.
Isometric Projection MITWPU, PUNE: TY BTECH (MECH ENGG)
25 April 2022 28
Computer Graphics (PE-III)
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 cos 0 sin 0 0.7070 0 -0.7070 0
Thus,[T]= Oz*[Rx]*[Ry]= 0 1 0 0 * 0 cos ᴓ -sin ᴓ 0 * 0 1 0 0 = -0.408 0.817 -0.408 0
0 0 0 0 0 sin ᴓ cos ᴓ 0 - sin 0 cos 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Transformation
matrix for Isometric
Projection
Pb.4 Write down the transformation matrix for generating an isometric view. Generate the
data for the isometric view of the object in the viewing plane for a triangular prism with
vertices A(20,30,40), B (50,30,40), C (20,50,40), D(20,30,100), E(50,30,100) and F
(20,50,100). Plot the results obtained.
Solution: Here note that viewing plane means XY plane.
Step 1: Writing the coordinates of given object in matrix form i.e.
Homogenous coordinate system. A B C D E F
X 20 50 20 20 50 20
V= Y 30 30 50 30 30 50
Z 40 40 40 100 100 100
h 1 1 1 1 1 1