Chapter 9
Chapter 9
Chapter 9
forumias.com/blog/chapter9-ncert-icaw/
4. Article 368 (Part 20) of Indian constitution, empowers parliament to accepts the necessity
of modifications
according to changing needs of the society.
3. A constitution that can be very easily changed or modified is often called flexible.
4. In the case of constitutions, which are very difficult to amend, they are described as rigid.
ii) in the first place, those voting in favour of the amendment bill should constitute at
least half of the total strength of that House.
1/3
iii) Secondly, the supporters of the amendment bill must also constitute two-thirds of
those who actually take part in voting.
iv) Both Houses of the Parliament must pass the amendment bill separately in this same
manner
vii)Both the Houses must pass the amendment bill (by special majority) separately.
ii)Ratification by half of the state legislature is also required consent of only half the
States is required and simple majority of the State legislature is sufficient.
iii) When an amendment aims to modify federal matter, it is necessary that the States must
be consulted and that they give their consent.
9. Note that all amendments to the Constitution are initiated only in the Parliament.
Amendment Subject
86th Make education a fundamental right (Article 21A) for 6-14 year children.
3. It says that no amendment can violate the basic structure of the Constitution.
2/3
4.It allows Parliament to amend any and all parts of the Constitution (within this limitation)
5.It places the Judiciary as the final authority in deciding if an amendment violates basic
structure and what constitutes the basic structure.
Judiciary and its interpretation have practically amended the Constitution without a formal
amendment. In the year 2000 a commission to review the working of the Constitution was
appointed under the chairmanship of Justice Venkatachaliah .
3/3