Introduction and Overview of

Research

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 1.1 What is Research and not Research?

The popular understanding of the term “research” is incorrect

and somewhat misleading.
 It is quite common to assume that the word refers to gathering
information—browsing through the Internet or books in
search for information about the topic.
Research is much more than copying and pasting information.
 it involves the human mind and requires much thought,
organization and method.
Con’t…
Research is how individuals and businesses collect and
analyze data.
Accurate and relevant research guides key business
decisions, including marketing plans, staffing decisions
and expansions.
Determining what data is most useful and the most
effective ways to obtain it can help your company make
the most successful long-term decisions.
Research is: “…the systematic process of collecting and
analyzing information (data) in order to increase our
understanding of the phenomenon about which we are
concerned or interested.”
Con’t…
 A clear understanding of what research is (and what it is not) is
crucial to the success of the researcher.
 When research is approached from its ideal starting point-the
question or problem-and is carried through to completion based
on the scientific method, drawing on the human mind to
critically analyze and interpret the data gathered during the
process, the researcher will be one step closer to answering the
question or solving the problem.
 The answer or solution may not be completely satisfying or
definite and final, but it will have taken humans further
towards a more complete and thorough knowledge of the world
they live in.
 1.2 Scientific Research
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) defines research as systematic and
creative actions taken to increase knowledge about humans,
culture, and society and to apply it in new areas of interest.
Scientific research is the research performed by applying
systematic and constructed scientific methods to obtain,
analyze, and interpret data.
Scientific research is the neutral, systematic, planned, and
multiple-step process that uses previously discovered facts to
advance knowledge that does not exist in the literature.
Con’t…
Scientific Research can be classified as
observational or experimental with respect to data
collection techniques.
descriptive or analytical with respect to causality.
Prospective/view/, retrospective, or cross-sectional with
respect to time.
 1.3 Objectives, Motivations and Significance of Research
1.3.1 Objectives of Research
 The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions
through the application of scientific procedures.
 The main aim of research is to find out the truth which is
hidden and which has not been discovered yet.
 In general, research objectives describe what we expect to
achieve by a project.
1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new
insights into it.
2. To portray/explain/ accurately the characteristics of a particular
individual, situation or a group.
3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or
with which it is associated with something else
4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
Con’t….
1.3.2 Motivation in Research
What makes people to undertake research? This is a question
of fundamental importance. The possible motives for doing
research may be either one or more of the following:
1. Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential
benefits;
2. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved
problems, i.e., concern over practical problems initiates
research;
3. Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4. Desire to be of service to society;
5. Desire to get respectability.
1.3.3 What is the Significance of the Study?
The significance of the study is a section in the introduction
of your thesis or paper.
It’s purpose is to make clear why your study was needed and
the specific contribution your research made to furthering
academic knowledge in your field.
The significance of the study is a written statement that
explains why your research was needed.
It’s a justification of the importance of your work and impact
it has on your research field, it’s contribution to new
knowledge and how others will benefit from it.
1.4 Requirements and Characteristics of Research
 Features or characteristics of Research
1. Empirical - based on observations and experimentation on
theories.
2. Systematic - follows orderly and sequential procedure.
3. Controlled - all variables except those that are
tested/experimented upon are kept constant.
4. Employs hypothesis - guides the investigation process
5. Analytical - There is critical analysis of all data used so that
there is no error in their interpretation
6. Objective, Unbiased, & Logical - all findings are logically
based on empirical
7. Employs quantitative or statistical methods - data are
transformed into numerical measures and are treated
statistically.
1.5 Types and Approaches of Research
What are types of research?
Types of research are the different methodologies used to
conduct research. Based on research goals, timelines and
purposes, different types of research are better suited for
certain studies.
The first part of designing research is to determine what
you want to study and what your goals are.
Con’t….
Here are different types of research you may consider as
you design your research methodology:
1. Fundamental research
Fundamental or basic, research is designed to help
researchers better understand certain phenomena in the
world; it looks at how things work.
This research attempts to broaden your understanding
and expand scientific theories and explanations.
For example, fundamental research could include a
company's study of how different product placements
affect product sales.
Con’t….
2. Applied research
Applied research is designed to identify solutions to
specific problems or find answers to specific questions.
The research is meant to offer knowledge that is
applicable and implementable. For instance, applied
research may include a study on ways to increase student
involvement in the classroom.
This research focuses on a defined problem and is
solution-based.
Fundamental and applied research are the two main
research categories. Most research can be defined as
fundamental or applied, depending on the goals of the
study.
Con’t….
3. Qualitative research
Qualitative research involves no numerical data, such as
opinions and literature.
 Examples of qualitative data may include:
 Focus groups
 Surveys
 Participant comments
 Observations
 Interviews
Businesses often use qualitative research to determine
consumer opinions and reactions.
Con’t…
4. Quantitative research
Quantitative research depends on numerical data, such
as statistics and measurements.
 For example, a car manufacturer may compare the
number of sales of red sedans compared to white sedans.
The research uses objective data—the sales figures for red
and white sedans—to draw conclusions.
Con’t…
5. Mixed research
 Mixed research includes both qualitative and quantitative data.
Consider the car manufacturer comparing sedan sales. The
company could also ask car buyers to complete a survey after
buying a red or white sedan that asks how much the color
impacted their decision and other opinion-based questions.
6. Exploratory research
 Exploratory research is designed to examine what is already
known about a topic and what additional information may be
relevant. It rarely answers a specific question, but rather
presents the foundational knowledge of a subject as a precursor
to additional research. Often, exploratory research applies to
lesser known issues and phenomena.
 Con’t….
7. Longitudinal research
Longitudinal research focuses on how certain measurements
change over time without manipulating any variables. For
instance, a researcher may examine if and how employee
satisfaction changes in the same employees after one year,
three years and five years with the same company.
8. Cross-sectional research
Cross-sectional research studies a group or subgroup at one
point in time. Participants are generally chosen based on
certain shared characteristics, such as age, gender or income,
and researchers examine the similarities and differences
within groups and between groups. The group is often used as
a representation of a larger population.
Similar to longitudinal research, researchers observe
participants without altering variables.
Con’t…
9. Laboratory research
 Laboratory research takes place in a controlled laboratory
setting rather than in the field. Often, the study demands strict
adherence to certain conditions, such as elimination of
variables or timing conditions. Laboratory research includes
chemical experimentation and pharmacological research.
10. Field research
 Field research takes place wherever the participants or
subjects are, or "on location." This type of research requires
onsite observation and data collection. For instance, a
manufacturing plant may hire an environmental engineering
firm to test the air quality at the plant to ensure it complies with
all health and safety requirements. The researchers would
travel to the plant to collect samples.
Con’t…
11. Fixed research
12. Flexible research
13. Action research
14. Policy research
15. Classification research Reading
16. Comparative research assignment
17. Causal research
18. Inductive research
19. Deductive research
1.6 Research Methods and Problem Solving
 Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and
analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an
integral part of your research design.
 When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you
will make.
1. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend
on what type of data you need to answer your research
question:
 Qualitative vs. quantitative: Will your data take the form of
words or numbers?
 Primary vs. secondary: Will you collect original data
yourself, or will you use data that has already been collected by
someone else?
 Descriptive vs. experimental: Will you take measurements of
something as it is, or will you perform an experiment?
Con’t…
2. Second, decide how you will analyze the data.
 For quantitative data, you can use statistical analysis
methods to test relationships between variables.
 For qualitative data, you can use methods such as
thematic analysis to interpret patterns and meanings in the
data
1.6.1 What is Problem Solving?
Problem solving is the act of defining a problem;
determining the cause of the problem; identifying,
prioritizing, and selecting alternatives for a solution; and
implementing a solution.

Problem Solving Chart

1.7 Effective Report Writing Principles
and Criteria for Good Research
An effective report can be written going through the
following steps.
1. Determine the objective of the report, i.e., identify the
problem.
2. Collect the required material (facts) for the report.
3. Study and examine the facts gathered.
4. Plan the facts for the report.
5. Prepare an outline for the report, i.e., draft the report.
6. Edit the drafted report.
7. Distribute the draft report to the advisory team and ask
for feedback and recommendations
The essentials of good/effective report
writing are as follows-
1. Know your objective, i.e., be focused.
2. Analyze the niche audience, i.e., make an analysis of the
target audience, the purpose for which audience requires
the report, kind of data audience is looking for in the
report, the implications of report reading, etc.
3. Decide the length of report.
4. Disclose correct and true information in a report.
Remove Bad word in research
5. Discuss all sides of the problem reasonably and
impartially. Include all relevant facts in a report.
6. Concentrate on the report structure and matter. Pre-
decide the report writing style. Use vivid structure of
sentences.
 Con’t…
7. The report should be neatly presented and should be
carefully documented.
8. Highlight and recap the main message in a report.
9. Encourage feedback on the report from the critics. The
feedback, if negative, might be useful if properly
supported with reasons by the critics. The report can be
modified based on such feedback.
10. Use graphs, pie-charts, etc to show the numerical data
records over years.
11. Decide on the margins on a report. Ideally, the top and the
side margins should be the same (minimum 1 inch broad),
but the lower/bottom margins can be one and a half times
as broad as others.
12. Attempt to generate reader’s interest by making
appropriate paragraphs, giving bold headings for each
paragraph, using bullets wherever required, etc
1.8 Evaluating and Reviewing Research Results
The last step in a research, after rigor and extensive
research processes, includes stepping back, evaluating
what has been research and then reporting the findings.
Research evaluation is the process in which the purpose
of research, the methodology used and methods, such as
data collection and analysis, are rated to ascertain their
relevance, value and their ability to achieve research
objectives, and to ascertain the significance of a
research. In want to infer that though final evaluation of
research is by far very important, all procedures of
research including data collection and analysis should be
concurrent with evaluation.
Con’t…
For example, the purpose, design and availability of
resources need evaluation. Also, preliminary steps of data
analysis involves careful evaluation of data collected to
ensure that the data is suitable for analysis.
There is usually no formalized system of evaluation
especially in qualitative research. This is because, most
evaluation methods can be emergent based on research
purposes and design.
General measures, such as peer review evaluation and
transparency, however, should be taken into account to
enhance rigor of research.
Mostly, evaluation in research includes intra-disciplinary
and interdisciplinary reviews.
1.8.1 Reviewing the Research Literature
 Reviewing the research literature means finding, reading,
and summarizing the published research relevant to your
question. An empirical research report written in American
Psychological Association (APA) style always includes a
written literature review, but it is important to review the
literature early in the research process for several reasons.
 It can help you turn a research idea into an interesting research
question.
 It can tell you if a research question has already been answered.
 It can help you evaluate the interestingness of a research
question.
 It can give you ideas for how to conduct your own study.
 It can tell you how your study fits into the research literature
1.8.1 Reviewing the Research Literature
 Reviewing the research literature means finding, reading,
and summarizing the published research relevant to your
question. An empirical research report written in American
Psychological Association (APA) style always includes a
written literature review, but it is important to review the
literature early in the research process for several reasons.
 It can help you turn a research idea into an interesting research
question.
 It can tell you if a research question has already been answered.
 It can help you evaluate the interestingness of a research
question.
 It can give you ideas for how to conduct your own study.
 It can tell you how your study fits into the research literature
Thank You ...
 CHAPTER 3
Resources to Conduct Research
 What does it mean to conduct research?

Conducting research is an inquiry-based

process that involves identifying a question,
gathering information, analyzing and
evaluating evidence, drawing conclusions,
and sharing the knowledge gained.
The ability to conduct research is a critical
skill students need to be college and career
ready.
 What are research resources and how are they used?

Research resources are usually thought of as

primary sources and secondary sources.
Primary sources can be firsthand accounts of
actual events written by an original literary or
artistic works.
Example: letters, official records, interviews, survey
results, or unanalyzed statistical data.
A secondary source interprets and analyzes
primary sources. These sources are one or more
steps removed from the event.
Example: Textbooks, journal articles, histories,
criticisms, commentaries, encyclopedias.
 3.1 Digital Libraries (IEEE, ACM, Science
Direct, Springer, etc.)
What is a digital library?
 A digital library, also called an online library, an internet
library, a digital repository, or a digital collection is an
online database of digital objects that can include text, still
images, audio, video, digital documents, or other digital
media formats or a library accessible through the internet.
 The advantages of digital libraries as a means of easily and
rapidly accessing books, archives and images of various
types are now widely recognized by commercial interests
and public bodies alike.
 Traditional libraries are limited by storage space; digital
libraries have the potential to store much more information,
simply because digital information requires very little
physical space to contain It. As such, the cost of
maintaining a digital library can be much lower than that of
a traditional library.
 What Does Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) Mean?
The Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers (IEEE) is a global association and
organization of professionals working toward the
development, implementation and maintenance of
technology-centered products and services.
IEEE is a nonprofit organization founded in 1963.
It works solely toward innovating, educating and
standardizing the electrical and electronic
development industry.
It is best known for its development of standards
such as IEEE 802.11.
 What is IEEE Xplore digital library?

The IEEE Xplore digital library is your

gateway to trusted research:- journals,
conferences, standards, ebooks, and
educational courses —with approximately 5
million documents to help you fuel imagination,
build from previous research, and inspire new
ideas.
 What is the ACM?
The ACM Digital Library is a research, discovery
and networking platform containing the Full-Text
Collection of all ACM publications, including
journals, conference proceedings, technical
magazines, and newsletters.
What is the ACM Digital Library (DL)?
The DL is computer science’s most comprehensive
and highly-used online research platform.
The ACM Digital Library (ACM DL) is the most
comprehensive collection of full-text articles and
bibliographic records covering the fields of
computing and information technology.
 Science Direct
Science Direct is a website which provides access to
a large bibliographic database of scientific and
medical publications of the Dutch publisher Elsevier.
 It hosts over 18 million pieces of content from more
than 4,000 academic journals and 30,000 e-books of
this publisher.
The access to the full-text requires subscription,
while the bibliographic metadata is free to read.
Science Direct is operated by Elsevier. It was
launched in March 1997
 What is the main purpose of Springer?
Springer is a leading global scientific, technical
and medical portfolio, providing
researchers in academia, scientific institutions and
corporate R&D departments with quality content
through innovative information, products and
services.
What is SpringerLink?
SpringerLink is now the place for you to buy and
read any of our Springer, Palgrave and Apress
books. More details about the changes to the site
and your account. Read over ten million scientific
documents on »SpringerLink.
 3.2 Documentation Tools (Ex: Latex) and
Language Skill
What tools do you use for documentation?
Design tools :-Design tools allow you to design any
digital screen and manage all the digital assets. ...
Documentation tools:-These host accessible
websites that anyone can use to retrieve
information and often feature version control. ...
Design documentation tools:-Frontify, Zeroheight,
Nuclino,Lucid and Bynder are all tools that focus
more on design. ...
 What is a distinguishing feature as a software
documentation tool?

A distinguishing feature as a software

documentation tool is that it allows developers
to draw flowcharts or sequence diagrams in
order to visually represent workflows.

This markdown editor is provided for free.

 3.3 Team Work
Team effectiveness, also referred to as team
performance, is a team's capacity to achieve its
goals and objectives.
 This capacity to achieve goals and objectives
leads to improved outcomes for the team
members (e.g., team member satisfaction and
willingness to remain together) as well as
outcomes produced or influenced by the team.
 In a science team or larger group, the outcomes
include new research findings or methods.
 and may also include translational applications of
the research.
 3.4 Datasets
What is a dataset?
A dataset (also spelled ‘data set’) is a
collection of raw statistics and information
generated by a research study.
Datasets produced by government agencies or
non-profit organizations can usually be
downloaded free of charge.
However, datasets developed by for-profit
companies may be available for a fee.
3.5 Simulation, Experimental or Visualization
Tools
3.5.1 Simulation Models
 Simulation models have become important tools in
Botanical Epidemiology. There are many reasons for
this, but we emphasize three of the more important.
1. they enable exploration of hypotheses, and as such,
have become invaluable means to guide research;
2. they are unique approaches to integrate (in the literal
term of the word) epidemiological knowledge, in the
form of experimental results.
3. they enable connecting epidemiology with other fields
of study ranging from agrophysiology to ecology, and
from social sciences to natural resource management
3.5.1 Who are the users of simulation models?

Development of simulation models does not

require mathematical and programming
expertise. But it does require
1. a good understanding of the system under
consideration.
2. some basic knowledge of calculus, and, again,
3. a good articulation of the scientific question
at hand.
 3.5.2 Experimental

The three essential elements in an experiment are;

control, manipulation and observation.
In this, experimentor has to imagine that research
conditions are entirely new, they were not
existing previously and recently.
Whatever we know about the environment, is
possible only by observation.
All types of experiments are related with
observation and generalization of these observed
facts and it is also possible to test the internal
validity.
 3.5.3 What are data visualization tools?

It is the process of organizing data in a way

that can be easy to understand.
Therefore, data visualization tools help you in
creating data that an average person can use.
Examples of visualization tools are Excel and
Google Sheets.
With the tools, you can create charts, pie
charts, histograms, and other graphs
 How to choose the right visualization tool for
your business?
One of the best ways to judge
a visualization tool is by analyzing how
efficient and user-friendly the dashboard is.
For example, some business
intelligence tools offer advanced charts like
treemaps, vector graphics, custom reports via
JavaScript and JSON which require a steeper
learning curve.
Question?
 CHAPTER 4

Writing Research Papers and Making

Presentations
4.1 Structure of Good Quality Papers, Citations
and References
What are the steps in writing a research paper?
Steps to follow:
 Choose a topic.
 Find information.
 Identify the issues related to your topic.
 Locate books, articles, and reports that give you
background information and more.
 Create and state your thesis.
 Organize your thoughts and notes.
 What are the qualities of a good paper?

everything in the writing should make sense to

a reader.
A paper should be written in generally correct
standard English, with complete
sentences, and be relatively error-free.
 One additional quality, not part of this list, but
nevertheless, very important, is creativity.
 What is the purpose of citations and references?
When you use information from sources, you
need to tell the readers where the information
came from and where the readers can
locate the sources. This is what citations and
references are for.
A citation tells the readers where the information
came from. In your writing, you cite or refer to
the source of information
A reference gives the readers details about the
source so that they have a good understanding of
what kind of source it is and could find the source
themselves if necessary. The references are
typically listed at the end of the lab report.
 Citations and References
 Generally speaking, there are three basic systems of
documentation in science and engineering: the name-
and-year system, the alphabet-number system, and
the citation-order system.
1. The name-and-year system.
 Citations: When you cite the source of information in
the report, you give the names of the authors and the
date of publication.
 Jenkins and Busher (1979) report that beavers eat
several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as the leaves,
twigs, and bark of most species of woody plants that
grow near water.
 Beavers have been shown to be discriminate eaters of
hardwoods (Crawford, Hooper, and Harlow 1976).
References: The sources are listed at the end
of the report in alphabetical order according to
the last name of the first author, as in the
following book and article.
Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow.
1976. Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the
Appalachian and Valley Province. Upper
Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture.
Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher. 1979. Castor
canadensis. Mammalian Species. 120:1-8
 2. The alphabet-number system.
 Citations: When you cite the source of information in the
report, you give a number in parentheses that corresponds
to the number of the source in the alphabetical listing in the
"References."
 Jenkins and Busher report that beavers eat several kinds of
herbaceous plants as well as the leaves, twigs, and bark of
most species of woody plants that grow near water (4).
 Beavers have been shown to be discriminate eaters of
hardwoods (3).
 References: The sources are listed in alphabetical order and
numbered accordingly, as in the following book and article.
 3.Crawford, H.S., R.G. Hooper, and R.F Harlow. 1976.
Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in the Appalachian and
Valley Province. Upper Darby, PA: U.S. Department of
Agriculture
 4.Jenkins, S.H., and P.E. Busher. 1979. Castor canadensis.
Mammalian Species. 120:1-8
3. The Citation-Order System
Citations: When you cite the sources of
information in the report, you give a number
in brackets that corresponds to the number of
the source listed in the order in which they
appear in the report, the source listed first as
[1], the next source [2], etc.
Jenkins and Busher report that beavers eat
several kinds of herbaceous plants as well as
the leaves, twigs, and bark of most species of
woody plants that grow near water [1].
Beavers have been shown to be discriminate
eaters of hardwoods [2].
References: The sources are listed in the order
in which they are cited in the report, as in the
following book and article.
[1] S.H. Jenkins and P.E. Busher, "Castor
canadensis,"Mammalian Species. Vol. 20, Jan.
1979.
[2] H.S. Crawford, R.G. Hooper, and R.F
Harlow, Woody Plants Selected by Beavers in
the Appalachian and Valley Province. Upper
Darby, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
1976.
 When To Cite?
A citation is a reference to the source of
information used in your research.
Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or
summarize the essential elements of someone
else's idea in your work, an in-text citation should
follow.
An in-text citation is a brief notation within the
text of your paper or presentation which refers the
reader to a fuller notation, or
end-of-paper citation, that provides all necessary
details about that source of information.
 4.2 Making Excellent Presentation
30,000,000 PowerPoint presentations are made
around the world daily. How many more bad ones
should we have to sit through?
Follow these 15 PowerPoint presentation tips to
create a presentation that is out of this world.
1. START WITH YOUR AUDIENCE
Who are the people that you are going to be presenting
to? What is their age, who are they, what is their
income and occupation? These things will help you to
craft your PowerPoint presentation.
2. YOUR MESSAGE IS IMPORTANT
 Tailor the message to your audience to help them understand
why you are presenting and to reach your
goal. This infographic is a great source to use when deciding
how to craft a presentation.
3. KEEP YOUR SLIDES SHORT AND TO THE POINT
 Each slide should only be about one key point or take away. If
you put too much information on one slide it will become
confusing to the viewer. Try to focus on putting one point and
then some bullets explaining it on each slide.
4. YOU DON’T HAVE TO USE POWERPOINT
 If you don’t have PowerPoint you don’t have to worry! There
are some great free options that you can make a great
presentation with as well.
 Prezi and Google Slides are both web-based, free options that
allow you to give a presentation anywhere from the web.
5. USE THESE POWERPOINT PRESENTATION TEMPLATES
 They will help you create a presentation with style. You don’t
have to use every single tool that PowerPoint provides you
with. These are some that you can definitely use to take your
presentation to the next level.
6. USE PICTURES AND VISUALS WHEN THEY ADD TO THE
PRESENTATION
 Use visuals in your presentation that help get your point
across. Know your audience. Here is a great Slideshareon
creating visual presentations.
7. USE BULLET POINTS RATHER THAN PARAGRAPHS
 When you use bullet points on your slides, it gives your
audience key points from your presentation. It also gives you
speaking cues, incase you lose your train of thought. Don’t
overload your slides with bullets. This will keep your audience
engaged with you and not reading slides.
 Your slides shouldn’t do the talking for you. Limit your
words to 6 words per line, and 6 lines per slide.
8. DON’T READ YOUR SLIDES WORD FOR WORD
 Your presentation should help to supplement what you have to say
and give key points. You are the presenter, use your slides to get
your key points across keep them simple. Elaborate on the
information in your slides, don’t read them word for word. With
each point, if you are using bullets, you can then elaborate by
telling an interesting story, or a joke.
9. USE EASY TO READ TEXT
 Use text that is easy to read for your audience when you are giving
your presentation. Use text such as Arial, or Helvetica. Save text
that is fancy for large headlines in your presentation.
10. BRING YOUR OWN HARDWARE
 Formatting is important if you bring your own USB.
 It’s best practice to bring your own laptop that you want to use.
 Just make sure you have prepared how to connect it.
 Bring your presentation on a USB flash drive as a backup just in
case. It is also possible to email the presentation to yourself, or save
it on dropbox.
11. TRY TO KEEP IT UNDER 20 MINUTES
 Try to keep your presentations under this amount of time
or give your audience a break by showing a video or
demo to keep them interested.
12. USE VIDEOS TO ADD ENGAGEMENT
 Sometimes a video will add a little something extra to
your presentation. Use them when they are beneficial.
 Communicate your idea in a 2-4 minute video.
 Ensure that the production value of the video is good.
 The video should directly relate to your presentation.
13. QUALITY OVER QUANTITY
 Don’t waste your audience’s time with fluff and nonsense.
 Use your slides for quality information and only use them to
enhance your presentation.
14. PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE
 Preparation is the key to giving an effective presentation. So, write a
complete outline of your talk in bullet point detail. Don’t write it
word for word, but write it out as bullet points.
 Next, dictate your talk into a voice recorder or cell phone, and then
listen to it. It’s amazing how much different it sounds when you hear
your own voice. You’ll see ways that you could have presented it
differently.
15. LEARN FROM THE BEST POWERPOINT PRESENTATIONS
 Some presentations are better than others. Look at other
presentations for ideas before creating your own.
 Keep an eye on how the use of visuals and layouts.
16. MAKE IT ACTIONABLE
 Provide something at the end of your presentation that your audience
can do immediately to take action. This is the exclamation point at
the end of your talk. It’s where you wrap everything up and bring
everything together. What can your audience do when they walk out
of the room to put what they learned into action?
Thank You ...
CHAPTER 5

Research Ethics
 5.1 Ethical Issues in Research
What are the ethical issues in Computer Science?
In computer science, ethics are regarded as how
professionals make decisions for professional and
social conduct.
There are rules and practices that determine what
is right or wrong.
Ethical issues occur when a decision or activity
creates a dispute/debit/ with society's moral
policies.
 Con’t…
How to make sure your research is ethical?
Be honest with your participants about who
you are and what your project is about.
Be sensitive to your participants’ feelings and
to cultural norms.
Represent your participants accurately and be
open to what they are saying and doing
How do you ensure that your research is ethical?
Take practical security measures.
Be sure confidential records are stored in a
secure area with limited access, and
consider stripping them of identifying
information, if feasible. ...
Think about data sharing before research
begins
Understand the limits of the Internet. .
 Con’t…
What are the five ethical principles in
research?
Truthfulness and confidentiality.
Autonomy and informed consent.
Beneficence.
Nonmaleficence.
Justice
5.2 Plagiarism, Falsification, Fabrication

5.2.1 Plagiarism
Many people think of plagiarism as copying
another's work or borrowing someone else's
original ideas. But terms like "copying" and
"borrowing" can disguise the seriousness of
the offense:
In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud.
It involves both stealing someone else's work
and lying about it afterward.
 DEFINITION OF PLAGIARISM
Plagiarism is derived from Latin word
“plagiarius” which means “kidnapper,” who
abducts the child.
The word plagiarism entered the Oxford English
dictionary in 1621.
 Plagiarism has been defined by the
Encyclopedia Britannica as “the act of taking the
writings of another person and passing them off
as ones own.”
It is an act of forgery, piracy, and fraud and is
stated to be a serious crime of academia.
It is also a violation of copyright laws. Honesty in
scientific practice and in publication is necessary.
 Con’t…
The World Association of Medical
Editors (WAME) defines plagiarism as “… the
use of others’ published and unpublished ideas
or words (or other intellectual property) without
attribution or permission and presenting them as
new and original rather than derived from an
existing source.”
In 1999, the Committee on Publication Ethics
(COPE) defined plagiarism as “Plagiarism
ranges from the unreferenced use of others’
published and unpublished ideas including
research grant applications to submission under
new authorship of a complex paper, sometimes in
a different language.
 FORMS OF PLAGIARISM
1. Verbatim plagiarism: When one submits someone
else's words verbatim in his/her own name without
even acknowledging him publically. Copy and paste
from a published article without referencing is a
common form of verbatim plagiarism.
2. Mosaic plagiarism: In this type of plagiarism each
word is not copied but it involves mixing ones own
words in someone else's ideas and opinions.
3. Paraphrasing: If one rewrites any part/paragraph of
manuscript in his/her own words it is called
paraphrasing. Paraphrasing is a restatement in your
own words, of someone else's ideas. Changing a few
words of the original sentences does not make it your
writing.
 Con’t…
4. Self plagiarism: “Publication of one's own data that
have already been published is not acceptable since it
distorts scientific record.” Self-plagiarized publications
do not contribute to scientific work; they just increase
the number of papers published without justification in
scientific research.
5. Cyber plagiarism: “Copying or downloading in part
or in their entirety articles or research papers and
ideas from the internet and not giving proper
attribution is unethical and falls in the range of cyber
plagiarism”
6. Image plagiarism: Using an image or video without
receiving proper permission or providing appropriate
citation is plagiarism.
 HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

Practice the ethical writing honestly.

Keep honesty in all scientific writings.
Crediting all the original sources.
When you fail to cite your sources or when
you cite them inadequately, you commit
plagiarism, an offense that is taken extremely
seriously in academic world and is a
misconduct.
 Con’t…
5.2.2 Falsification
Falsification is the changing or omission of
research results (data) to support claims,
hypotheses, other data, etc.
Falsification can include the manipulation or
changing data of research materials, processes
instrumentation, equipment and, of course,
results.
Manipulation of images or representations in a
manner that distorts the data or “reads too much
between the lines” can also be considered
falsification.
 Con’t…
Falsification include altering data or results
in a way where the research is not accurate.
For example, a researcher might be looking for a
particular outcome, and the actual research did
not support their theory. They might
manipulate the data or analysis to match the
research to the desired results.
 Con’t…
5.2.3 Fabrication
Fabrication, on the other hand, is more about
making up research results and data, and
reporting them as true. This can happen when a
researcher, for example, states that a particular lab
process was done when, in fact, it wasn’t. Or that
the research didn’t take place at all, in the case of
a study results from previous research were
copied and published as original research.
Fabrication is “making up data or results.”
 What is fabrication in science?

defines fabrication as follows: “ Fabrication is

making up data or results and recording or
reporting them.” As I wrote in the previous
blog post.
“Falsification” and “Fabrication” are not
always easy to distinguish. In falsification,
experimental measurements might have been
altered so that research is not accurately
represented
 5.3 Academic Honesty Related Issues – Ex.
Misleading Authorship
What is academic honesty and why is it important?
 Academic integrity allows students and staff the freedom
to build new ideas, knowledge and creative works while
respecting and acknowledging the work of others.
What is an example of academic honesty?
 Examples of complicity include knowingly allowing
another to copy from one’s paper during an examination
or test; distributing test questions or substantive
information about the materials to be tested before the
scheduled exercise; collaborating on academic work
knowing that the collaboration will not be reported; …
 What is an academic violation?

Academic Honesty Violations include but are

not limited to the following examples:
Cheating. The presence of “cheat sheets”
during an exam, test, or quiz.
Programming a calculator or other electronic
device with information for an exam, test, or
quiz. Writing information on one’s person or
clothing.
 Misleading Authorship
Unethical authorship refers to a kind of academic
misconduct that unjustly names a person to be an
author, removes his/her name from the study, or
replace his/her name with the name of other
authors who have made little or no contribution to
the research or writing of a manuscript.
Unethical authorship is described as academic
misconduct, through which a person who has not
contributed to the research is include in the
research as an author, however, a genuine
contributor to the research is excluded from the list
of authors of the study.
Thank You ...
Data Collection and Analysis
6.1 Data Collection (primary and secondary data)

Data collection is the systematic approach for gathering

and measuring information from a variety of sources to
get a complete and accurate picture of an area of interest.
 Data collection enables a person or organization to
answer relevant questions, evaluate outcomes and make
predictions about future probabilities and trends.
 Why is Data Collection so Important?

Collecting data allows you to store and analyze important

information about your existing and potential customers.
Collecting this information can also save your company’s
money by building a database of customers for future
marketing and re-targeting efforts.
 What are the data collection types ?

Data collection falls under two broad categories as below,

1. Primary data collection
2. Secondary data collection
 Primary data collection

It is the gathering of raw data collected at the source.

It is a process of collecting the original data collected by
a researcher for a specific research purpose.
Primary data sources include; Surveys, observations,
experiments, questionnaires, focus groups,
interviews(telephone ,face to face or targeted group)
 Secondary data collection
Secondary data collection, on the other hand, is referred
to as the gathering of second-hand data collected by an
individual who is not the original user.
It is the process of collecting data that is already existing,
already published books, journals and/or online portals,
articles, web pages, blogs, etc.
In terms of ease, it is much less expensive and easier to
collect.
 PRIMARY VS SECONDARY??
Your choice between primary and secondary data collection
depends on the nature, scope and area of your research as
well as its aims and objectives.
Example: An organization doing market research about a new
phone and they want to launch it. The data from past surveys
are not used because the product differs. Before that we need
to collect data like purchasing power, feature preferences,
daily phone usage, etc. from the target market as a primary
data.
On the other hand government records are very important and
authentic source of secondary data. They contain information
useful in marketing, management, humanities and social
science research.
The differences between the primary and secondary
data are represented in a comparison format as follows:
Primary Data Secondary Data

Definition Primary data are those that are Secondary data refer to those
collected for the first time. data that have already been
collected by some other person.

Originality These are original because These are not original because
these are collected by the someone else has collected
investigator for the first time. these for his own purpose.

Nature of These are in the form of raw These are in the finished form.
Data materials.
 Primary Data Secondary Data

Time and Collecting primary data Secondary data requires less time
Money is quite expensive both and money; hence it is
in the terms of time and economical.
money.
Reliability and These are more reliable These are less reliable and less
Suitability and suitable for the suitable as someone else has
enquiry because these collected the data which may not
are collected for a perfectly match our purpose.
particular purpose.
Precaution and No particular precaution Both precaution and editing are
Editing or editing is required essential as secondary data were
while using the primary collected by someone else for his
data as these were own purpose
collected with a definite
purpose.
 6.2 Analysis of Data with case studies
The case study methodology is frequently applied
in program evaluation studies or studies that track
changes in complex systems.
It is also not unusual for researchers to combine case
studies with quantitative analyses that use larger data sets.
The nature of the problem and the theories of interest
dictate the mix of methods used to answer any particular
set of questions.
How do you write a case study analysis paper?

 Identify the problems.

 Select the major problems in the case.
 Suggest solutions to these major problems.
 Recommend the best solution to be implemented.
 Detail how this solution should be implemented
 What are some examples of case study?
Collective case studies: These involve studying a
group of individuals. ...
Descriptive case studies : These involve starting with a
descriptive theory. ...
Explanatory case studies: These are often used to do
causal investigations. ...
Exploratory case studies: These are sometimes used as a
prelude to further, more in-depth research. ..
 Purpose of Case Studies

Researchers can use case study methodology

for many purposes:
 to explore new areas and issues where little
theory is available or measurement is
unclear;
 to describe a process or the effects of an
event or an intervention, especially when
such events affect many different parties;
 to explain a complex phenomenon
Thank You ...