KTC Chapter 2 2024
KTC Chapter 2 2024
KTC Chapter 2 2024
REVIEW
CHAPTER 1
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Imperfect
Market failures of efficiency competition
(monopoly,
oligopoly)
Unemployment
and other
Public goods
macroeconomic
disturbances
Market
failures
Imperfect
Externality
Information
Incomplete
markets
(innovation,
asymmetric
information)
CHAPTER 2. MONOPOLY
Definition and origin of monopoly
Regulating monopoly
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Information Difficult
NOT widely entry and
available exit
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3% 15%
5%
49%
7%
21%
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Monopolistic competition
• Many firms selling slightly differentiated products
Oligopoly
• Few firms selling products with varying degrees of differentiation
Monopoly
• ONE firm selling product that has no (or few) close substitutes
Natural monopoly
• A monopoly - high infrastructural costs, the largest supplier in an industry
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Technical
Economic
barriers
barriers
Legal
barriers
Economic barriers:
- The industry has economies of
scale, the cost of production
per unit decreases with
production scale => monopoly
is more effective
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Technical barriers:
- Network effects
- Natural monopoly: A low-cost productive technique
- Others
- Special knowledge of a low-cost method of production.
- Ownership of a unique resource.
- Possession of unique managerial talents.
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Levy tax
Do nothing
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Pmax = MC
Profit: PmaxCEC2
Pmax > MC
Profit: PmaxCEC2
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Pmax < MC
Profit: PmaxHEC2
REGULATING MONOPOLY
How the government regulate monopolies
- Impose tax per unit of output
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REGULATING MONOPOLY
How the government regulate monopolies
- Impose tax per unit of output
REGULATING MONOPOLY
How the government regulate monopolies
- Impose Lump Sum Tax
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REGULATING MONOPOLY
How the government regulate monopolies
- Impose Lump Sum Tax
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Q (tons)
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
MULTIPLE CHOICE
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
TRUE/FALSE
1. Since monopolies damage social welfare, the government needs to
have policies to eliminate monopolies
2. Averaging cost pricing will make the natural monopoly's excess
profit zero
3. In the natural monopoly market, setting a ceiling price equal to the
average cost of the monopolist will make the enterprise no longer
have excess profits.
4. In a market economy, monopoly always causes loss of social
welfare, so the Government should ban all cases of monopolistic
production and business.
5. The government has contradicted itself when on the one hand it
tries to fight monopoly, on the other hand, many industries exist in
the form of monopolies
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TRUE/FALSE
1. Since monopolies damage social welfare, the government needs to
have policies to eliminate monopolies
2. Averaging cost pricing will make the natural monopoly's excess
profit zero
3. In the natural monopoly market, setting a ceiling price equal to the
average cost of the monopolist will make the enterprise no longer
have excess profits.
4. In a market economy, monopoly always causes loss of social
welfare, so the Government should ban all cases of monopolistic
production and business.
5. The government has contradicted itself when on the one hand it
tries to fight monopoly, on the other hand, many industries exist in
the form of monopolies
Exercise
Exercise1. A monopolist has a demand function: P = 12-Q and a total cost
function TC = Q2.
a) What is this monopolist's profit-maximizing output level?
b) Assuming the government uses taxes to reduce social loss, if the
government imposes a tax of $2 per unit of output, what will be the
monopolist's output? Does the use of taxes reduce the loss to society
caused by monopolies? Why?
c) Assuming the government levies a total tax of T on this monopolist's
profits, what is the firm's output, and what is the firm's profit?
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Exercise
Exercise 2: Demand for a monopoly: P = 200 – 0.5Q where Q (kg) and P($)
Marginal Revenue: MR = 200 – Q
Firm with constant marginal cost: MC = 100 ($)
a) Determine the market output if there is no monopoly?
b) How much will the business sell the goods for? What is the monopoly
revenue?
c) Loss of social welfare? d) What will the government do to limit this
situation?
Exercise
Exercise 3: A monopolist has a demand curve of P = 15 – 5Q; P:
(USD/product), Q: 1,000 units
Firm has marginal revenue: MR = 15 – 10Q;
Marginal Cost : MC = 5Q + 3
a) At what output will the firm produce and at what price will it sell?
b) What is the output that society wants?
c) Does the above phenomenon cause loss of social welfare? If yes, how
much is this loss?
d) What will the government do to limit this phenomenon?
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