Constructivism His theories indicated that humans create knowledge through

Refers to the study of how human mental structures are the interaction between their experiences and ideas
constructed over time and how neuronal networks previously
trained to perform given symbolic actions become conditions Lev Vygotsky
for subsequent ones. Lev on the other hand, concentrates on the social aspects of
learning through experiences.
A theory is psychology and education that proposes that
learners actively construct their own understanding and John Dewey
knowledge of the world by experiencing things and reflecting He straddles the line between the two perspectives and has
on those experiences. many ideas that match with each side.

2 Main Camps Jerome Bruner

Radical Believed that children construct knowledge and meaning
First for of radical [Cognitive] constructivism propose that through active experiencing with the world around them.
constructing knowledge depends on the individual’s
subjective interpretation of their active experience.
Social Basis of Constructivism
Social constructivism affirms that human development is • is based on the idea that people actively construct or make
socially situated and that knowledge is constructed through their own knowledge, and that reality is determined by
interaction with others. This chapter discusses the history, experiences as a learner.
practice, examples in education and limitations.
Deconstructivism
History Context of Constructivism
Originally known as Genetic Epistemology Who is Derrida
Primarily Interested - Algerian-born French Philosopher
How knowledge developed in human organism. - A writer and most influential thinker
- Areas of study: Philosophy, literary criticism, and literary
Jean Piaget theory.
(Jean William Fritz Piaget) - Recognized a uniquely iconoclastic critic of Western
A Swiss psychologist known for his work on child Philosophy which is called Deconstructivism.
development. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development and
epistemological view are together called genetic Deconstructivism
epistemology.
Deconstruction seem to center around the idea that language
 Studied the biological roots of knowledge and meaning are often inadequate in trying to convey the
 Known as one of the first theorists in constructivism. message or idea a communicator is trying to express.
Process According to Piaget
Deconstruction Theory
Assimilation
Occurs when learners add new information, basically layering to show that the meaning of a work is unstable and could
it on the old. have multiple and alternative meanings, so the meaning could
easily be the center as it could be marginal.
Assimilation accounts for absorbing the meaning related to a
given content without changing structured knowledge
Signifier
previously embedded in the neutral networks.
Makes up a word
Accommodation
Signified
Occurs when a learner must change previously learn
The meaning of the word
information before placement of new information is possible.
While accommodation leads to reorganization of neural
Critical Course Analysis
system and conceptual change.
-an interdisciplinary approach that examines the relationship
Key People od Constructivism
between language, power, and social inequality.
It explores how language is use.
Jean Piaget
The Importance of Intertextuality and Ideology in CDA Is the process using reflective approach that allow
researchers to understand their position in the research
*Power Relation process, in the sense, gathering and sharing knowledge and
*Ideology and Hegemony doing theory become enlightened and situated practices,
*Social Change and Resistance rather than construction by fiat.
*Discursive Strategies
Representation of Data
Norman Fairclough A third element of methodological process is a reflection on
-An emeritus professor of linguistic the writing of ethnographic data and how informant is
-Founder/father of CDA as applied to sociolinguistics represented through the words and eyes of researcher.
-CDA is concerned how power is exercised through language.
He emphasized the intrinsic connection b/ language and Critical Organizational Communication
social practice, viewing discourse as a form of social action. A theoretical framework within the field of communication
studies that focuses on critically examining power dynamic,
Michel Pecheux social structures, and discourses within organizational
-a French Marxist social psychologist, psycholinguistic and contexts.
philosopher.
-best known in his theoretical, experimental and practical Emphasizes the importance of understanding communication
contribution to the field of CDA stating in the late 1960’s as a social and cultural phenomenon.
-he developed a formal potentially automatic instrument
“Automatic Discourse Analysis” Scholars that made a significant contribution to this field
 Robert Mcphee
3 Levels of Analysis  Linda Putnam
The text it self  Stanley Deetz
The process of producing and receiving test (discursive
practices)
The larger social context in which text are created and
consumed.

Critical Ethnography
A way to study communities and culture that seeks to
dismantle unfair power hierarchies, promote emancipation, The First Generation of Concepts in Critical
and reduce the oppression of under privilege people Organizational Communication
worldwide.
I. Concertive Control
It is also a way to do critical theory. - Exert control over their own work processes through
It is a methodological and practical undertaking through collective decision-making and self-regulation.
which critical ethnographer question the boundaries between II. Hegemony
theory and method. - Dominance of certain ideologies, values and practices
shapes and maintain power relationships
The goal of this is to create a transformational change. III. Systematically Distorted Communication
Methodological Process - Influenced by critical theory, it emphasizes how
communication within organizations can be distorted
Methodology and manipulated to serve the interests of those in
- a strategy, procedure a system of methods uses in study or power.
activity. IV. Identification
-it guides ethnographers throughout the research process, - Processes through which individuals align themselves
including the research question, the development of a with certain groups, organizations or ideologies
research design and proposal, the collection of data, data
analysis and presentation of the research. The Second Generation of Concepts in Critical
Organizational Communication
Methods use (COO are influenced by these other Theoretical
*Participants observation and Various types of Interviewing. frameworks)

Data Analysis I. Critical Theory

 - Determines and challenges the oppressive social - Is an approach to the study of communication that
structures and power relations that exist within involves a critical analysis of communication
organizations (Mumby & Stohl. 2010) practices.
II. Post-Modernism Analysis - It focuses on examining power dynamics, social
- Defines the idea of fixed meanings and universal inequalities, and dominant ideologies present in
truths. This recognizes diversity and the ever- discourse.
changing organizational realities (Ashcraft. Kuhn & - aims to uncover hidden assumptions, biases, and
Cooren, 2009) power imbalances that shape communication.
III. Feminist Perspective
- Highlights the ways in which gender and power Founder
intersect within organizations. It seeks to challenge Theory and praxis
and transform gender inequalities, promoting Raymie E. McKerrow
inclusivity and equity (Mumby & Stohl, 2010)
Key Principles of Critical Rhetoric
Critical Race Theory I. Critique of Domination
-Developed in the 1970s -it's about questioning and challenging situations where
-Founder Derrick Bell one group exerts undue control or authority over others,
-to understand why the US civil rights movement had lost seeking to create more balanced and equitable
momentum and was in danger of being reversed. relationships and societies.
-emphasized general and systematic features of the legal
system to perpetuate race-based oppression and white
privilege.
II. Critique of Ideology
- it's about questioning the stories and beliefs we're
Fundamental Assumption talked about how the world works, to see if they're
fair and accurate, or if they serve to maintain certain
Structural nature of Racism power structures.
- CRT asserts that racism is systematic and ingrained III. Critique of Power
within the social, economic, and political structures - it's about questioning who has power, how they got
of society. it, and whether it's being used fairly and responsibly.
Intersectionality IV. Critique of Representation
- This recognizes the intersectional nature of - it's about asking whether the way people or groups
oppression, acknowledging that individuals may are shown in movies, TV shows, books, or other
experience multiple forms of discrimination based on media accurately reflects who they really are, and
factors such as race, gender, class, sexuality, and whether it's fair and respectful
disability. V. Critique of Discursive Practices
Social Construction of Race - it's about examining how the words we use and the
- The theory challenging the notion of race as a way we talk about things can either support or
socially constructed concept that is shaped by challenge existing power structures and inequalities
historical, cultural, and political forces. VI. Critique of Audience
- it's about questioning who messages are intended for,
Fundamental Assumption how they're crafted to reach them, and whether they
truly respect and represent the diversity of the
Permanence of Racism audience's perspectives and identities
This theory rejects the idea of a post-racial society and argues VII. Critique of Context
that racism continues to exist and evolve in various forms, - it's about recognizing that the meaning and
even in the absence of overtly discriminatory laws or significance of something can vary depending on the
practices context in which it occurs, and that understanding this
Interest Convergence context is essential for a deeper understanding of the
CRT suggests that racial progress in the United States often issue at hand
occurs when the interests of marginalized groups VIII. Critique of Freedom
align with those of dominant groups. - it's about questioning whether everyone has equal
opportunities to live their lives as they choose, or if
Critical Rhetoric some people face barriers or limitations that prevent
them from enjoying true freedom.
Critical Theory Defines as an imprinted pattern of knowledge,
- An effective tool for investigating the complexities of attitudes, values, perceptions, and set of behaviors
marginalization and resistance in society that permeate all life activities.
- consists of complimentary theoretical frameworks Role in shaping individuals’ behavior.
designed to investigate societal dominance systems in  Enculturation
order to. The process by which a person is socialized into
his/her primary culture, receiving primary cultural
Ideology knowledge, awareness and values.
Founder (Louis Pierre Althusser)  Acculturation
- viewed as the fundamental component of dominance, The process of learning and acquiring the elements
influencing people's perspectives and worldviews and the hosts
prepare groundwork for emancipation.  Unlearning or Deculturation
- This process creates hegemonic frameworks, or Losing or putting aside some of the odd cultural
systems of dominance were particular ideologies. habits, new responses are adapted.

Hegemony Studies Stress-Adaptation-Growth Dynamics

- Examines ideology and interest struggles among
differently classed individuals.  Stress
- Occurs when one group/ideas are privilege over Initial discomfort and anxiety due to cultural
others. unfamiliarity
Marxism Criticism  Adaptation
(Karl Marx) Efforts to learn and adapt to the new culture.
- [Critical Theory] Foundation in Heidegger’s Acquiring cultural knowledge and developing coping
reinterpretation of Marxism theory strategies.
- [Neo-Marxism] Base of critical theory approach.  Growth
Marx’s focus Personal development and increased proficiency in
Dominant modes of production and their impact on society. navigating the new cultural context to expanded skills
Central Concern and perspectives.
Profit driven capitalist societies and resulting domination
between laborers and beneficiaries. Structure of Cross-Cultural Adaptation
 Structure
Psychoanalytic Criticism
Structure Model
(Sigmund Freud)
The adaptation processes
- Human behavior is not something inborn but is
I. (INTRA) Personal Communication
shaped by the experiences that a human being
- Occurring within an individual’s mental activity on
encounters throughout his life.
how they act on an actual situation.
3 Personality Structure
II. Social Communications
Id
- Takes place on interaction of the people.
- Is a fixed entity.
Per Communication: HOST COMMUNICATION
- It is the driving force of our personality.
COMPETENCE
Ego
- Operates according to the reality principle, usually by
I. Cognitive Competence
way of compromise.
- Include such internal capabilities as the knowledge of
Super-ego
host culture and language.
- Centered in conscience.
- Helps on developing internal info processing ability.
II. Affective Competence
Cross-Cultural Adaptation Theory
- Providing a motivational capacity to deal with
- Known as the theory of intercultural adaptation
various challenges in the most environment.
explores how individuals navigate and adjust to living
- Make necessary change in one’s original cultural
in a new cultural environment
habits.
- Rooted in anthropology
III. Operational Competence
- Allows stranger to enact their cognitive and affective
Process of Cross-Cultural Adaptation
capabilities.
 Culture
Host & Ethnic Social Comm
 - By much more interaction of the host environment, - He/she appreciates the new culture they have
development can happen. differences they can adopt and accept each other.
Host Interpersonal Comm
- Helps stranger to obtain vital information and insight Cross-Cultural: Decision Making
into the mindsets of the local people.
Host Mass Comm Decision Making
- Exposing strangers to the larger environment by - An individual mental process involving
means if radio, TV, magazine, newspaper, museum, I. Identification of a problem
shows, internet and etc. II. Consideration of a problem
Ethnic Interpersonal Comm III. Selection of the course of action for solving the
- Exposing strangers on original cultural experience. problem.

ENVIRONMENT - A process or form bridging the gap between internal

mental process and action.
3 Environmental Conditions Affecting Adaptation Process - Values and assumptions in different cultures affect
the rationality and manner of decision making.
I. Host Receptivity (Stewart)
- Environmental is accessible and open to strangers. U.S American & Japanese Decision Making
II. Host Conformity Pressure 4 components that can be examined cross-culturally
- The environment challenges the stranger to act in
accordance with its language & culture norms. I. Decision Maker
- Exerts pressure to stranger to immediately adjust. II. The Process and Nature of Decision
III. Ethnic Group Strength III. Temporal Aspects of Decision
- Tends to discourage the cross-cultural adaption IV. Mode o Arriving at a Decision
process of individual members.
- Exerts pressure and discourage an active participation 2 Contrastive Prototypes of Communication Styles in
in the host social communication activities. the Process of Decision-Making

Predisposition  MAWASHI
- The practice of building consensus and gathering
3 Key Predisposition Factors support from stakeholders before making important
I. Preparedness decisions or implementing changes.
- Includes learning in school, surfing the internet or the  TOOSHI
media about the new environment. - Directing one’s idea to be implemented to all
II. Ethnic Proximity members concerned.
- The culture of the stranger and the culture of the new
environment are compared. Cultural Contracts Theory
III. Personality Founder: Ronald L. Jackson II
- Strangers has its own personal trails. [American Academic and Author]

Intercultural Transformation - Introduces a nascent paradigm for exploring identity

-changes in habitual pattern of cognitive, affective and shifting and identity negotiation.
behavioral responses. - Metaphorically explains the attitudinal and social
predispositions interacts have when relating to others
3 Interrelated aspects of adaptation changes within and without one’s own culture.
I. Function Fitness
- time when a stranger achieved an increased in 3 Premises or Axioms in Identity Negotiation Engagement
adopting through respected activities.
I. Identities Required Affirmation
II. Identities are Constantly being Exchanged
II. Psychological Health III. Identities are Contractual
- Increased of personal well-being and satisfaction
because he/she alr and comfortably adopted the new Quasi – Completed
environment Consist of some pre-negotiated agreements.
III. Intercultural Identity
Co-Created related to the needs and interest of producing the
Is negotiable because this is the ideal kind of social messages.
agreement that we want to have.
Cultivation
Cultural Identity Theory - Attempt to connect messages with their potential
- Developed by Michael Hecht & colleagues. impact.
- Seeks to understand how individuals develop and - Focused mostly on the relationships between
maintain a sense of belongings and attachment to consumption of messages and the extent which
their cultural groups. consumers held worldview with those messages.
Cultural Identity
- Refers to a person’s sense of belonging to a particular Cultural Performance Theory
culture or group - an approach in understanding culture within the

Early Interpretive Version of CIT

 Focus in interpretative theoretical perspectives activity of everyday life. It serves as a means to
AVOWAL (uh-vau-uhl) conceptualize culture by placing culture at the center
-defined as personal articulations of one’s view about group
identity.
of hegemonic, or dominating, messages and
Ascription
-referred to how one to other (may include stereotypes)
revealing the hierarchical structure of society
 Scholars argued that identity construction is part
reaction to past ascription and part ongoing and through lived experience.
dynamics avowal of identity claims. - explores the relationship between the foundations of

Critical and Interpretive Cultural Identity Negotiation

Theory human experience community, culture, and
- CINT looks at how people figure out who they are performance.
within their cultures. - Cultural performance refers to discrete events or
- It studies how individuals interact with cultural rules cultural performances that can be observed and
and traditions to shape their own sense of belonging. understood in any cultural structure.

Cultural Indicators
- Begun by George Gerbner at the Annenberg School for 4 Major Tenets of Cultural Performance Theory
communication in the 1960s. I. Culture as Process
- provide info about societies that can be of interest even if Assumes that human communication in and
one is not attempting to asses these societies cultures from a through performances is active all that makes u
normative-perspectives human is ever-changing, ongoing and not static
- refers to several different concepts and entities. II. Culture as Play
Illuminates the ways in which humans craft
Gerbner believes that culture in its broadest forms and meaning of the world in and through the
manifestations would give important evidence about the performative experience of play.
direction that a society was taking. Viewed as culturally constructed and articulated
forms of playful activity.
Gerbner put 3 prongs for CI research paradigm: III. Culture as Poetic
a model of intellectual inquiry and a way for
Institutional process analysis understanding the interrelationship among
- The study of the structures of media industries that cultures.
controlled the mass production of messages. IV. Culture as Power
Highlights on how performance can reveals the
Message system analysis state of displaced persons moving between
- Focus on the system analysis of media content, culture.
specifically with an eye towards determining not only
what was being portrayed, but how messages were Cultural Studies
 Defines as an academic field of study that crosses - High CC- message is located largely in the situation
disciplinary boundaries. the relations hip of the communicators and their
belief, values norms perspectives.
Key Issues in Cultural Studies - Low CC- meanings are intended by a message
I. Language & Significance located in the interpretations of its words and their
- Refers to the ways in which meaning is created, arrangement.
communicated and interpreted within a cultural
context Culture Industry
II. Identity & Subjectivity - Was proposed by Theodor Adorno & Max
- Explores how identity is constructed and experienced Horkheimer
within different cultural context. - Conformity is enforced through culture as a tool to
III. Text & Audience control the masses creating a distraction from
- “text” refers to any cultural artifact or product that problems of class conflict and widespread of
can be analyzed for its meaning and significance inequality.
- “audience” are the one who consume and engage - Promotes powerful elite and subjugates the masses.
with cultural text - Uses entertainment and other cultural products to
IV. Ideology & Hegemony covertly remind the consumer of any attempt rebel
- The dominant beliefs, values and norms that shape against class boundaries and inequality.
and maintain social structures and power relations GLBT
within society. (gay, lesbian, bisexual, & transgender)
Communication Theories of Health Comm - Aimed to combat stigma and challenge mental illness
classification
Culturally Sensitive Approach - They emphasize the fight for equal rights
- Focuses on developing communication materials that Gender & Media
are responsive to the characteristics of the culture. - Highlights the key feminist perspective on gender
- To create most effective messages to the target - Helped shaped gender norms and naturalization
community. limitations imposed on
- Utilize the concept of culture to develop more - Sex and gender is socially constructed rather than
efficient health communication prog. biologically determined (Simone de Beauvoir &
Culture-Centered Health Comm feminists)
- Articulated by Deborah Lupton & Colins Gender & Biology
Airhihenbunwa - Sex refers to social & psychological difference
- Discursive Space - Gender refers to social and psychological roles
- Subjective Genderlect Theory
- Transformative in nature - Is a set of linguistic features characterizing language
Cultural Types Theory production of gender categories.
- Have assumed great importance in those areas of - Originated 1970s
comm field related to culture - Robin Lakoff’s Contributions
- CT has 3 primary usages in Social Science - Highlighted linguistic discrimination
Literature Gender Role Theory
I. Culture & Personality – emerged in 19th - Suggests that societal expectations shaped distinct
century. roles for males and female, influencing their
- Based on ethnocentric prejudices between people and behavior, skills and attitudes.
states. - Influencing behavior in both workplace and domestic
- Relationship between upbringing culture and its settings (Alice Eagly)
character and personality. Gender Schema
- Aims to understand personal development. - Introduced by Sandra Lipsitz Bem (1981)
II. National Character – 1950s & 1960s - Explores how children incorporate gender-specific
- Uses western value, reducing cultural and social info to evaluate people and situations.
complexity to simple descriptions - Often used to asses gender schema, determining
III. High versus low context. whether an individual’s self-identity aligns with
- The amount of information directly stated in cultural gender norms.
communication message versus any additional Queer Theory
amount needed to understand.
 - Challenges traditional notions of certainty, identity, Theory of Public Sphere
and truth, offering a fresh perspective on social - Functioning as a space for expressing needs and
relationships and cultural hierarchies. interests, similar to the Greek agora
Influential Figures & Generations Universal Pragmatics and Communicative Action
- Developed in 2 generations focus shifting from I. Teleological-Strategic Action
sexuality to intersectionality and transnational - Focuses on achieving goals or success.
politics. II. Normatively Regulated Action
Foundational Concepts - Guided by social norms and standards
 Normalization III. Dramaturgical action
- The process of establishing a standard, other - Involves presenting oneself to others within a social
heterosexuality which marginalizes non-conforming context
individuals. IV. Communicative Action
 Heteronormativity - Involves exchanging verbal messages
- Resigning term used to challenge norms, identities Power & Power Relations
and categories - Refers to the ability to influence or control other,
 Queer while power is exercised and negotiated. Key sources
- Constructs heterosexuality as privileged and creates of power include political, economic, social and
social others. cultural factors.
Applications in Comm Key Sources & Themes for Relating Communication to
- Offers insights into power dynamics, normalization Power
and normativity in comm contexts. - It explores the interaction of communication and
- For analyzing interpersonal communication, small power relations through the lens of critical
group dynamics media representations and activism. communication studies.
Feminist Rhetorical Crit - It draws upon various philosophers and social theorist
- Recognizes that the symbolic construction of women to understand how power operates within
and gender is central to the study of communication. communicative interactions.
- Goal is to advance and improve the symbolic & Deviation of Power Theories
material positions of women. - Studies draw theories of power from key
Feminist Standpoint Theory philosophers and social theorists, shaping discussions
- The knowledge that arises from conditions and across multiple fields.
experiences that are common to girls and women. Power Relations & Goal Oriented
French Feminism - Steer interactions away from questioning goals
- The name for a body of philosophical, psychoanalytic towards efficient attainment of results, emphasizing
and linguistic theory that cuts across a broad array of instrumental actions for the accumulation and use of
related disciplinary interest, including rhetorical and power.
cultural studies. Film Theories
Feminine & Subjectivity - Refers to the significant philosophical thought
- Main issue of French Feminism tries to answer concerning film as an art form, an experience, and an
questions like “how can the feminine occupy a public ideological construct.
space which she may act beyond the prescriptions - one of the predominant forms of discourse for media
and prohibitions of the masculine interest and studies (1920s)
desire?” Notable Philosophers in Film Theories
The Discourse of Western Philo
- Aims to expose a history of the systematic exclusion  Lev Kuleshov
of the feminine. - Believed that the essence of cinema could be found in
The Frankfurt School film editing and in the sequencing of shots in series.
- A group of critical theorists associated with the - His theory revolved around the idea that viewers
institute. could obtain more meaning from interaction of 2
Theorists consecutive shots than a single frame itself
- Max Horkheimer  Germaine Dulac
- Theodor Adorno - Her work as a writer produced interviews with and
- Walter Benjamin bibliographies of the most influential, powerful
Culture Industry and Mass Media women of her time
- Refers to the industrialization of mass media  Adnre Bazin
production
 - In his article “The Evolution of the Language of - Often intertwined due to certain parallels between
Cinema” them.
- He explains his theory that montage, although VII. Current Film Theory
necessary in many cases to make a film work. - return to the realist theories of the postwar period
 Dviga Vertov - new theorists rejected the basic assumptions of the
- Was attracting unfavorable comment and attention materialist theorist but acknowledge the systematic
from party hacks, with his strange camera angles, fast rigor that they had brought to the study of cinema.
cutting, montage editing, and experimentations like VIII. Non-Western Theory
split screen, multi layered supers and even animater - Focuses on how films reflect the culture in which the
inserts. are made with a goal of understanding how meaning
- Mid 1920s he was acquiring the reputation of an is constructed in society’s social, historical, political,
eccentric, a dogmatist who rejected everything in economic and religious content.
cinema except for Kinoks’ own work. Interpretative Theory
 Sergei Einsenstein - Referred as interpretivism
- His theory of montage-essentially the bold use of - Is a relatively large umbrella category that includes
cutting to emphasize mood or meaning through the analytical perspectives and theories spanning the field
juxtaposition of shots had evolved; rather than just of communication.
crosscutting between scenes to create visual and - Also, an orientation to social reality based on the goal
emotional contrasts of understanding.
- his films employed what he termed “intellectual Phenomenology
montage” where editing creates metaphors. - A philosophical tradition that seeks to understand the
Types of Film Theories world through directly experienced phenomena.
Hermeneutics
I. Formative Theory - A philosophy of interpretation and understanding
- Demonstrated that the raw material was altered by the - Examines how experience, language and dialogue
cinematic processes. contribute to the process of interpretation.
- Cinematic apparatus such as cameras, lenses etc. Classical Logical Positivism
termed as formative  Focused on explanation
II. Materialist Theory  Universalist
- Sought to bring intellectual rigor and scientific  Foundationalist universalist
systematization to the study of cinema  Formalist
- The action and consciousness of the human beings  Experimentalist
are in great measure shaped material.  Objectivist
III. Realist Theory  Bias-free
- Were congruent with a strong trend towards social  Etic
realism in postwar cinema. Interpretivism
- Claimed that such realist films were essentially
 Focused on understanding
cinematic.
 Contingent
IV. Structuralism Semiology
 Anti-foundationalist
- Base on the notion that the meaning of any
phenomenon lies below its surface in its underlying  Emergent
structures.  Naturalistic
- All aspects of social intercourse [manner, fashion] are  Multi-perspectival
articulated as signs that are understood in terms of  Reflexive on own standpoint
shred codes  Emic
V. Marxist and Feminist Theory of Film
- It is less about analysis of film and more production. The expression perspective, as opposed to theory, emphasizes
- Filmmakers in this theory attempt to create a the fact that in the end an interpretation is but an angle,
concrete, realistic and unbiased structure to promote apposition, and ultimately a possibility that is easily
ideas [especially political ideas} in a truthful way. contradicted by the endless availability of alternative
VI. Feminist Theory interpretations.
- The standardized construction of industrially Common Characteristics of Interpretive Theories
produced films was inherently sexist.  Emphatic Identification
- Conventional camerawork and editing construct male a way of experiencing the world from that actor’s perspective
and female characters differently. and a way of taking his role.
  Intentionality
Humans’ will. An action towards an object in a way that
becomes meaningful to the actor.
 Reflexivity
The human ability to imagine oneself from perspective other
than one’s own.
 Normality
The human being make their own lives meaningful by way of
assigning symbols, names, and rules to social objects and
respecting the very game they have created.