Power Dynamics and Social Hierarchies in Richard Wright’s The Native Son

BOLARINWA Damilola David

LCU/UG/21/19353
GBOLAGADE Afolabi Umar
LCU/UG/20/16889

Being a project submitted to the Department of English and literary studies,

Faculty of Art and Education, Lead City University, Ibadan, Nigeria

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the award of Bachelor Degree

(B.A.) in English and Literary Studies

2024
 Table of Contents

Title Page I

Certification

II

Dedication III

Acknowledgement

IV

Abstract V

Table of Content VI

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 Background of the study

1.2 Statement of the problem

1.3 Research Questions

1.4 Objective of the study

1.5 Significance of the study

1.6 Scope of the study

1.7 Operational Definitional of Terms

Endnotes

Chapter Two: Review of Related Literature

Chapter Three: Methodology

3.1 Research Design

3.8 Method of Data Analysis

Endnotes

Chapter Four: Results and Discussion of Findings

4.1 Data Analysis

4.2 Presentation of Data

4.2.1 Research Questions

4.3 Discussion of Findings

Chapter Five: Conclusion

5.1 Summary of Findings

5.2 Conclusion 80

5.3 Recommendations 82

5.4 Contribution to Knowledge

83

5.5 Area of further Research/Studies

83

Bibliography 84

Appendix 90
 Chapter One
Introduction

1.1Background of Study

Richard Wright's "Native Son," published in 1940, stands as a seminal work in

American literature, offering a searing portrayal of race, power dynamics, and

social hierarchies in 1930s Chicago. Set against the backdrop of pervasive racial

segregation and economic inequality, the novel illuminates the complex interplay

between race, class, and power that defined American society during this period.

Historical Context:
To understand the power dynamics and social hierarchies depicted in "Native

Son," it is essential to consider the historical context of the 1930s. This was a

tumultuous era marked by the Great Depression, which exacerbated economic

disparities and heightened racial tensions across the United States. In Chicago,

where the novel is primarily set, African Americans faced systemic discrimination

and marginalization, enduring limited employment opportunities, segregated

housing, and racial violence.

Literary Context:
"Native Son" emerged within the tradition of African American literature that

sought to confront the realities of racial oppression and advocate for social

justice. Building on the legacy of writers such as W.E.B. Du Bois, Langston Hughes,

and Zora Neale Hurston, Richard Wright crafted a narrative that unflinchingly

exposed the brutal consequences of racism and poverty on the lives of African

Americans.

Themes of Power Dynamics and Social Hierarchies:

Central to "Native Son" is the exploration of power dynamics and social

hierarchies within the context of race and class. Wright vividly portrays the

stratification of society, wherein African Americans like the protagonist, Bigger

Thomas, occupy the lowest rungs of the social ladder, marginalized and

disempowered by structural inequalities. Meanwhile, white characters wield

privilege and authority, perpetuating systems of oppression that reinforce racial

hierarchies.
Character Analysis:
Through characters such as Bigger Thomas, Mary Dalton, and Mr. Dalton, Wright

delves into the complexities of power and privilege. Bigger, a young African

American man, grapples with feelings of powerlessness and resentment as he

navigates a hostile world that offers few opportunities for advancement. In

contrast, characters like Mary and Mr. Dalton symbolize the privilege and blind

indifference of the white elite, whose wealth and social status insulate them from

the harsh realities faced by those on the margins of society.

Narrative Structure and Symbolism:

Wright employs a gripping narrative structure and powerful symbolism to

underscore the dynamics of power and social hierarchy. From the opening scene,

where Bigger inadvertently kills a white woman, to his subsequent trial and

execution, the novel unfolds as a harrowing examination of the consequences of

oppression and injustice. Symbolic elements, such as the rat motif and the

imagery of darkness and light, further illuminate the pervasive influence of power

and the dehumanizing effects of racism.

Critical Reception and Legacy:
Since its publication, "Native Son" has been widely acclaimed as a groundbreaking

work of literature that continues to resonate with readers and scholars alike. It

has sparked debates and discussions on race, power, and representation,

prompting critical examinations of its themes and characters. Additionally,

"Native Son" has inspired adaptations in various forms, including stage plays,

films, and television series, further cementing its legacy as a cultural touchstone

in American literature.

In conclusion, Richard Wright's "Native Son" remains a compelling and relevant

exploration of power dynamics and social hierarchies in 1930s America. By delving

into its historical and literary context, as well as analyzing its themes, characters,

and narrative techniques, one can gain a deeper understanding of the complex

interplay between race, class, and power that continues to shape American

society today.
1.2 Statement of Problem

The study of power dynamics and social hierarchies in Richard Wright's "Native

Son" aims to address the multifaceted ways in which race, class, and privilege

intersect to shape the experiences of individuals within 1930s Chicago society. By

exploring the narrative through a critical lens, this research seeks to examine how

the novel depicts and critiques the unequal distribution of power, the

perpetuation of social hierarchies, and the consequences of systemic oppression

on marginalized communities. Furthermore, the study aims to analyze the

implications of these dynamics for contemporary understandings of race

relations, social justice, and the enduring legacy of structural inequality in

America. Through a comprehensive the text and its historical context, this

research seeks to contribute to a deeper understanding of the complexities of

power and privilege in American literature and society.

1.3 Objective of the Study

The objective of this study is to conduct a thorough analysis of power dynamics

and social hierarchies depicted in Richard Wright's "Native Son." Specifically, the

study aims to:

1. To find out how Richard Wright depict power dynamics within racially

segregated Chicago society in “The Native Son”.

2. To find out the role that socioeconomic factors play in shaping social

hierarchies among characters in “The Native Son”.

3. To find out how race and class intersect to influence power dynamics and social

hierarchies in “The Native Son”.

4. To find out the ways Bigger Thomas, navigate and challenge the existing power

structures and social hierarchies in the novel.

By pursuing these objectives, the study aims to contribute to a nuanced

understanding of "Native Son" as a literary work that both reflects and critiques

the power dynamics and social hierarchies of its time, while also offering insights

into broader questions of inequality and resistance in American society.

1.4 Significance of the Study

This study on power dynamics and social hierarchies in Richard Wright's "Native

Son" holds significant implications for literature, academia, and society at large:

1. Literary Analysis: By examining the novel through the lens of power dynamics

and social hierarchies, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of

Wright's literary techniques, thematic concerns, and narrative innovations. It

offers insights into the ways in which literature can serve as a tool for critiquing

and interrogating social structures.

2. Cultural Relevance:"Native Son" remains a seminal work in American literature,

addressing issues of race, class, and power that continue to resonate today. This
study highlights the enduring relevance of the novel and its themes, providing

valuable context for contemporary discussions of social justice and inequality.

3. Historical Understanding: Through an analysis of the novel's historical context,

this study sheds light on the lived experiences of African Americans in 1930s

Chicago and the broader socio-political landscape of the era. It contributes to a

more nuanced understanding of the complexities of race relations and systemic

oppression in American history.

4. Educational Resource: The findings of this study can serve as an educational

resource for students, scholars, and educators seeking to engage with issues of

power, privilege, and social justice in literature and society. It offers a framework

for critically analyzing texts and understanding their broader socio-cultural

implications.

5. Social Commentary:"Native Son" offers a searing critique of the power

structures that perpetuate racial inequality and marginalization. This study

provides a platform for further discussion and reflection on the ways in which
systems of power and privilege shape individual lives and collective experiences,

prompting dialogue and action aimed at fostering greater equity and justice in

society.

Overall, this study on power dynamics and social hierarchies in "Native Son"

contributes to a richer understanding of the novel's significance as a literary work

and its enduring relevance as a commentary on the complexities of power, race,

and identity in America.

1.5 Scope of the Study

The scope of this study on power dynamics and social hierarchies in Richard

Wright's "Native Son" encompasses the following aspects:

1. Textual Analysis: The study will primarily focus on analyzing the novel itself,

examining key passages, character interactions, and thematic developments

related to power dynamics and social hierarchies.

2. Historical Context: The study will consider the historical and cultural context of

1930s Chicago, including factors such as the Great Depression, racial segregation,

and socioeconomic disparities, to provide insights into the societal conditions that

influenced the novel's portrayal of power relations.

3. Character Examination: The study will closely analyze the character dynamics

within the novel, with a particular emphasis on characters such as Bigger Thomas,

Mary Dalton, and Mr. Dalton, to explore their roles in reinforcing or challenging

existing power structures.

4. Literary Criticism: The study will engage with existing critical interpretations

and scholarly analyses of "Native Son" to contextualize its themes and

representations within broader literary discourse on race, class, and power.

5. Contemporary Relevance: While primarily focused on the historical context of

the novel, the study will also consider the implications of its themes and

representations for contemporary discussions of race, class, and social justice,

drawing connections between the text and ongoing struggles for equality and

liberation.

6. Limitations: The study acknowledges that while "Native Son" offers valuable

insights into power dynamics and social hierarchies, it is a work of fiction and

therefore may not fully capture the complexities of real-world social relations.

Additionally, the study will not delve extensively into the author's biography or

other works by Richard Wright, focusing instead on the specific themes and

contexts of "Native Son."

By delineating the scope of the study, this research aims to provide a focused and

comprehensive analysis of power dynamics and social hierarchies in "Native Son,"

while acknowledging the broader historical, literary, and social contexts that

inform its interpretation.

1.6 Research Methodology

By employing a multifaceted research methodology that combines textual

analysis, historical research, character study, comparative analysis, and

interdisciplinary perspectives, this study aims to provide a comprehensive and

nuanced exploration of power dynamics and social hierarchies in Richard Wright's

"Native

Literature Review: Conduct a comprehensive review of existing scholarship,

critical analyses, and literary criticism related to power dynamics, social

hierarchies, and Richard Wright's "Native Son." This will provide a foundation for

understanding key concepts, theoretical frameworks, and debates within the field

of study.

Textual Analysis: Perform close readings of relevant passages and scenes from

"Native Son," focusing on instances that illustrate power dynamics, social

hierarchies, and character interactions. Analyze themes, motifs, symbolism, and

narrative techniques employed by Wright to convey these concepts.

Historical Research: Explore primary and secondary sources to gain insight into

the historical and cultural context of 1930s Chicago, including factors such as
racial segregation, economic inequality, and social tensions. This will provide a

broader understanding of the societal conditions that influenced the events and

characters depicted in the novel.

Character Study: Conduct in-depth character analyses of key figures in "Native

Son," including Bigger Thomas, Mary Dalton, and Mr. Dalton. Examine their

backgrounds, motivations, relationships, and actions within the narrative to

uncover how they navigate and contribute to power dynamics and social

hierarchies.

Comparative Analysis: Compare and contrast "Native Son" with other works of

literature, historical documents, or cultural artifacts that explore similar themes

or historical contexts. This comparative approach will help contextualize Wright's

novel within broader intellectual and artistic traditions, as well as highlight its

unique contributions to the study of power and social hierarchy.

Interdisciplinary Perspectives: Draw on insights from interdisciplinary fields such

as sociology, critical race theory, and cultural studies to enrich the analysis of

power dynamics and social hierarchies in "Native Son." This interdisciplinary

approach will allow for a more nuanced understanding of the complex interplay

between race, class, and power within the novel.

Ethical Considerations: Maintain ethical standards throughout the research

process, particularly when addressing sensitive topics related to race, power, and

representation. Respect the perspectives and experiences of diverse communities

impacted by the themes explored in "Native Son," and strive to engage with the

text and its implications in a responsible and empathetic manner.