Ece II Year IV Sem 2020-2021

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institution)

Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
INDEX
S.No Details Page No.

1. Vision and Mission of the College 2
2. Vision and Mission of the Department 2
3. Programme Educational Objective (PEOs) 3
4. Programme Outcome (POs) 3
5. PEOs- POs Mapping 4
6. Assessment Details 4
7. Linear Integrated Circuits 5
8. Engineering Electromagnetics 32
9. Analog and Digital Communication 60
10. Control Systems 87
11. Linear Integrated Circuits Laboratory 114
12. Analog and Digital Communication Laboratory 115
Contents of the Course
1. Course Objective
2. Course Prerequisite
3. Course Outcomes-Programme Outcome Mapping
4. Syllabus
5. Lesson Plan
6. Concept Map Diagram
7. Question Bank
1
Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering
SYSTEMATIC LEARNING PLAN

B.E ECE VIII-SEMESTER COURSES (2022-2023)
COLLEGE COLLEGE DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT
VISION MISSION VISION MISSION
To deliver Striving to be the To create vibrant  To empower students
quality best in what we do, technocrats in the with the State-of-
education of persistent and field of Electronics the-art-technology
international relentless in our & Communication to meet challenges
standard and pursuit of quality Engineering who are in multi-disciplinary
produce and never being competent at global domains.
engineers satisfied with the levels.  To create a center of
competent at status quo. excellence and
regional, provide an enriched
national and research
global levels. environment.
 To provide hands on
experience and
promote active
learning and critical
thinking.
Subject Code Name of the Subject

19UECPC401 Linear Integrated Circuits
19UECPC402 Engineering Electromagnetics
19UECPC403 Analog and Digital Communication
19UECPC404 Control Systems
19UECLC401 Linear Integrated Circuits Laboratory
19UECLC403 Analog and Digital Communication Laboratory
2
PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs)
PEO
Programme Educational Objectives (PEOs)
NO.
Our graduates will have the ability to adapt to modern technologies and technical
PEO1 skills in the field of communication and apply their knowledge to solve global
problems.
Our graduates will be prepared for continual professional development for pursuing
PEO2 higher studies and successfully engaging in careers in Electronics and
Communication and allied fields.
Our graduates will have high degree of standards while executing multidisciplinary
PEO3 engineering projects with skills like professional attitude, teamwork, leadership,
ethics and communication.
PROGRAMME OUTCOME (POs)

POs describe what students are expected to know or be able to do by the time of graduation from
the program. At the time of their graduation, the B.E. Electronics and Communication
Engineering students will have the following abilities.
Apply knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals and an
PO 1
engineering specialization to the conceptualization of engineering models.
Identify, formulate, research literature and solve complex engineering problems
PO 2 reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics and
engineering sciences.
Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design systems, components
PO 3 or processes that meet specified needs with the appropriate considerations for public
health and safety, cultural, societal and environmental considerations.
Conduct investigations of complex problems including design of experiments,
PO 4 analysis and interpretation of data, synthesis of information to provide valid
conclusions.
Create, select and apply appropriate techniques, resources, skills and modern
PO 5 engineering tools, including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of limitations.
Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams and
PO 6
in multidisciplinary settings.
Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with engineering
community and society at large, such as being able to comprehend, write effective
PO 7
reports, design documentation and make effective presentations and receive clear
instructions.
Demonstrate understanding of the societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues
PO 8
and the consequent responsibilities relevant to engineering practice.
3
Understand and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and the norms of
PO 9
engineering practice.
Understand the impact of engineering solutions in a societal context and demonstrate
PO 10
knowledge of and need for sustainable development.
Demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of management and business practices,
PO 11
such as risk and change management, and understand their limitations.
Recognize the need for, and have the ability to engage in independent and long life
PO 12
learning.
Mapping of Programme Educational Outcomes (PEO) with Programme

Outcomes (PO)
Programme Program Outcomes

Educational P PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
Objectives O 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1
PEO1
PEO2
PEO3
4
COURSE DETAILS
Course Code : 19UECPC401
Course Name : LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Semester/Year : B.E (ECE) IV SEMESTER/ II YEAR
Offered By : ECE
Prepared By : Mr.K.Sagadevan, ASP/ECE,
Mrs.G.Premalatha, AP/ECE
Reviewed By : Dr.M.Saravanan, ASP/ECE
Approved By : Mrs.M.Margarat, HOD/ECE
Learning Objectives:
 To impart knowledge in the basics of linear integrated circuits.
 To learn the linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers.
 To understand the theory and applications of analog multipliers and PLL.
 To learn the theory of ADC and DAC.
 To understand the concepts of waveform generation and introduce some special
function ICs.
Course Outcomes:
On successful completion of the course, student will be able to:
C214.1 Understand the basics of Linear Integrated Circuit.
C214.2 Know the basic operations of Operational Amplifiers.
C214.3 Identify the linear and non-linear applications of Op-Amps.
C214.4 Know the theory and applications of analog multipliers and PLL.
C214.5 Understand the concepts of ADC and DAC.
C214.6 Know the concepts of waveform generation.
C214.7 Obtain the knowledge of some special function ICs.
Course Prerequisite: NIL
Mode of Delivery:
1 Oral Presentation 6 Field Visit
2 Power Point Presentation 7 Hands on/ Demo
3 Glass Board 8 Videos/Animation
4 Seminar/Guest Lecture 9 Lab / Virtual Lab
5 Tutorial 10 Innovative Teaching Method
Assessment Methods
Record / Project Report
Unit Test Yes Online Assignment No No
/Technical Writing
Internal
Quiz / Viva /
Assessment Yes No Project Review No
Seminar
Test
Model Exam Yes Attendance Yes End Semester Examination Yes
5
Mapping of Course Outcomes (CO) to Programme Outcomes (PO)
Course Mapping with Programme outcomes
Outcomes
PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
C214.1 3 3 3 1 1 - - 1 - - - 3
C214.2 3 2 1 2 1 - - 1 - - - 1
C214.3 3 2 2 3 2 - - 1 - - - 2
C214.4 3 2 2 3 2 - - 1 - 1 - 2
C214.5 1 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - - - 3
C214.6 1 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - - - 3
C214.7 1 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - 3
C214 3 2 2 1 1 - - 1 - 1 - 3
3- Strong Correlation, 2 – Medium Correlation, 1- Weak Correlation
Mapping of Course Outcomes (CO) with Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO)

COURSE COURSE PSO PSO PSO
CODE/ OUTCOME 1 2 3
TITLE
C214.1 2 1 -
EC8453: LINEAR
INTEGRATED
C214.2 2 2 -
CIRCUITS
C214.3 - 2 -
C214.4 2 1 2
C214.5 2 2 1
C214.6 1 1 1
C214.7 2 2 1
SYLLABUS
EC8453 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT-I BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9

Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources,
Voltage References, BJT Differential amplifier with active loads, Basic information
about op-amps – Ideal Operational Amplifier - General operational amplifier stages -
and internal circuit diagrams of IC 741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew
rate, Open and closed loop configurations – JFET Operational Amplifiers – LF155 and
6
TL082.
UNIT-II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9
Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-
V converters, adder, subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator,
Logarithmic amplifier, Antilogarithmic amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger,
Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-
pass Butterworth filters..
UNIT- III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL 9
Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell –
Variable transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications,
Operation of the basic PLL, Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator,
Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM detection, FM detection, FSK
modulation and demodulation and Frequency synthesizing and clock synchronisation.
UNIT-IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG 9
CONVERTERS
Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted
resistor type, R-2R Ladder type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode R - 2R Ladder
types - switches for D/A converters, high speed sample-and-hold circuits, A/D
Converters – specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type - Single
Slope type – Dual Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion -
Over-sampling A/D Converters, Sigma – Delta converters..
UNIT-V WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS 9
Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave
generator, ICL8038 function generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators – Three
terminal fixed and adjustable voltage regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator -
Monolithic switching regulator, Low Drop – Out(LDO) Regulators - Switched
capacitor filter IC MF10, Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency converters,
Audio Power amplifier, Video Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Optocouplers and fibre
optic IC..
TOTAL:45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS:
T1. D.Roy Choudhry, Shail Jain, “Linear Integrated Circuits”, New Age International
Pvt. Ltd., 2018, Fifth Edition. (Unit I – V).
T2. Sergio Franco, “Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated
Circuits”, 4th Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, 2016 (Unit I – V).
REFERENCES
R1.Ramakant A. Gayakwad, “OP-AMP and Linear ICs”, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall /
Pearson Education, 2015.
R2.Robert F.Coughlin, Frederick F.Driscoll, “Operational Amplifiers and Linear
Integrated Circuits”, Sixth Edition, PHI, 2001.
R3.B.S.Sonde, “System design using Integrated Circuits”, 2nd Edition, New Age Pub,
2001.
7
R4.Gray and Meyer, “Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits”, Wiley
International,5th Edition, 2009
R5.William D.Stanley, “Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits”,
Pearson Education,4th Edition,2001
R6 S.Salivahanan & V.S. Kanchana Bhaskaran, “Linear Integrated Circuits”, TMH,
2nd Edition, 4th Reprint, 2016.
LESSON PLAN
Referenc
No. Mode
S. e C Videos
Topics to be of of
N & O modules
covered Period Deliver
o Page No /lectures
s y
No.
UNIT I - BASICS OF OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS
Current mirror https://youtu.be/20
and current RPZwd_H44?si=5t
sources, T1: 7fXXjLzA4xNQD
1. 1 2 1
Current 69,27 N
sources as
active loads
Voltage https://youtu.be/y
sources, XJADXuWtlI?si
Voltage =xkOz965-
References, 3YYUibpd
2. 1 T1:71,77 2 1
BJT
Differential
amplifier with
active loads,
Basic https://youtu.be/kii
information A6WTCQn0?si=G
about op-amps iOByvx7hcuVAon
3. 1 T1:37 10 1
– Ideal K
Operational
Amplifier
General https://youtu.be/lJ
operational DjWZqhpVc?si=_
amplifier mwmtTTLlKNxkp
T1:
4. stages -and 1 2 2 rw
41,56
internal circuit
diagrams of IC
741
DC and AC https://youtu.be/iR
5. performance 1 T1: 124 2 2 dQEY8cfEE?si=Q
characteristics cvSB0BACYn13k
Es
8
Reference
No. Mode
S. & C Videos
Topics to be of of
N Page O modules
o No. No /lectures
s y
Slew rate, https://youtu.b

6. Open loop 1 T1: 124 3 2 e/lJDjWZqhp
configurations Vc?si=atX8z0
E8472WjhvS
https://youtu.be/
Closed loop
7. 1 T1: 124 3 2 3-
configurations
QHapRu3iI?si=
bfCk8pB0ebi4J
zTy
JFET https://youtu.be/LkB
8. Operational 1 T1: 94 2 1 kEOVag-
Amplifiers o?si=3qS5_uG1wNf3
LxDz
https://youtu.be/VTx
LF155 and
9. 1 T1: 94 2 1 m4l0ebPs?si=Y4OP
TL082
V1pTeGjjDE3k
Total Hours 9
UNIT II - APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
https://youtu.be/UlBG
10 Sign Changer,
1 T1:135 2 3 2lr2cQw?si=vsGMwx
. Scale Changer 9a6Mz7GT6a
Phase Shift https://youtu.be/jhoj
11 Circuits, Q5KiTwI?si=H7w3d
1 T1: 136 2 3
. Voltage aZ9dG7epc8c
Follower
https://youtu.be/sJ1E
V-to-I andI-
12 -
to-V 1 T1: 146 2 3
. YB7HRg?si=R87NG
converters
k_7UwSfvfOB
Adder, https://youtu.be/090Dj
13 subtractor, T1: 137, higirg?si=YlbMsYW2
1 2 3 6jFiyTd0
. Instrumentatio 141
n amplifier
https://youtu.be/pm3
mLgANjQg?si=GG
Integrator,
wRttobxVkFvYlE
14 Differentiator, T1: 164,
1 10 3
. Logarithmic 168
amplifier
9
Referenc
No. Mode
S. e C Videos
Topics to be of of
N & O modules
o Page No /lectures
s y
No.
https://youtu.be/4S9
Antilogarithmi
15 bUqMrcKM?si=llS
c amplifier, 1 T1: 155 2 3 MIaef6u95NDQt
.
Comparators
Schmitt https://youtu.be/yt
16 trigger, TeGhiZM8M?si=g
1 T1: 212 2 3
. Precision W92dy6kx_90uKy
rectifier G
https://youtu.be
Peak detector,
17 T1: /qPp0UFIaJNU
clipper and 1 2 3
. 151,152 ?si=WbirUZi-
clamper,
KrvOFoOZ
Low-pass, https://yout
high-pass and u.be/lc6QT
18
band-pass 1 T1: 262 2 3 8VjqVc?si
.
Butterworth =MLlhcC9
filters HORP0etF
F
Total Hours 9 - -
UNIT III - ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND
PLL
Analog https://youtu.be/_x
Multiplier GqfXiUkqk?si=TC
19
using Emitter 1 T1: 159 2 4 hXMKtl6-oV3jCH
.
Coupled
Transistor Pair
Gilbert https://youtu.be/_
Multiplier cell xGqfXiUkqk?si=
20
– Variable 1 T1: 182 2 4 MWsYolqOr6lvN
.
transconductan Duj
ce technique
Analog https://youtu.be/
21 multiplier ICs witwM6gs50w?si
1 T1: 187 2 4
. and their =9_ZSL0JJGrc0g
applications fGv
Operation of https://youtu.
22 the basic PLL, be/mwxR6ky
1 T1: 327 10 4
. Closed loop sHes?si=hVB
analysis -
kkaOfZaxbE
So
10
Referenc
No. Mode
S. e C Videos
Topics to be of of
N & O modules
o Page No /lectures
s y
No.
https://youtu.be/820
Voltage
23 jDImv5tc?si=c6GS
controlled 1 T1: 334 2 4 GE9nPyOhtcy8
.
oscillator
https://youtu.be/-
24 Monolithic
1 T1: 337 2 4 88xSWI35Mk?si=X
. PLL IC 565 lZ3HOLCI4w4lRT
X
Application of https://youtu.be/XN
25 PLL for AM WY857rdQo?si=go
1 T1: 342 2 4
. detection, FM IsiLGn1sjc29Kp
detection
https://youtu.be/Yj
FSK
26 VbxsXjzec?si=D1Y
modulation and 1 T1: 344 2 4 pAFR7eq3dGURt
.
demodulation
Frequency https://youtu.be/P
synthesizing H19PdeI4bA?si=
27
and clock 1 T1: 344 2 4 -
.
synchronizatio XxJtVFWO_Pbz
n Rij
Total Hours 9 - -
UNIT IV - ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO
ANALOGCONVERTERS
https://youtu.be
Analog and
28 /hRIVGx-
Digital Data 1 T1: 357 2 5
. fTKs?si=UuES
Conversions
27eWtmSuevS
M
D/A converter https://youtu.be
29
– specifications /qJlkzH-
. 1 T1: 366 2 5
- weighted WJXc?si=WYT
resistor type V38Ge34VI_4k
g
https://youtu.be/Pc1
30 aFloxSMw?si=ULP
R-2R Ladder
. 1 T1: 352 2 5 GfNQWWzjUg82X
type
31 Voltage Mode https://youtu.be/nDj

1 T1: 353 10 5
. and Current- cJNThnbQ?si=8KZ
KlNpomFVYM7Gn
11
Referenc
No. Mode
S. e C Videos
Topics to be of of
N & O modules
o Page No /lectures
s y
No.
Mode R - 2R
Ladder types,
switches for
D/A converters
high speed https://youtu.be/MV
32
sample-and- 1 T1: 153 2 5 m9M5R4ufU?si=d1
. 8CufG2hsJFFoBg
hold circuits
A/D https://youtu.be/S-
Converters – 8sp6dHEq4?si=Iav
specifications - kYWK0stIQBgSs
33
Flash type - 1 T1: 358 2 5
.
Successive
Approximation
type
Single Slope https://youtu.be/2gF
34
type – Dual 1 T1: 363 2 5 _nfaBV_0?si=4lJ6
. DWn06NEG53HH
Slope type
A/D Converter https://youtu.be/JpQ
35 using Voltage- e6Z9nkT0?si=fqAR
1 T1: 366 2 5 ZBuz13sAv0AJ
. to-Time
Conversion
Over-sampling https://youtu.be
A/D /-
36
Converters, 1 T1: 369 2 5 lypxePQY3Y?s
.
Sigma – Delta i=pW-
converters 96opF71zWwE
0H
Total Hours 9 - -
UNIT V- WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL
FUNCTION ICS
Sine-wave https://youtu.be/9
generators, b05yLnllEo?si=
37
Multivibrators 1 T1: 207 2 6 VJwqX2cs3nTA
.
and Triangular 2dIs
wave generator
Saw-tooth https://youtu.be/bm
38 wave FtGArCdTI?si=M
1 T1: 211 2 6
. generator, Sv9gISX-Ih84vxU
ICL8038
12
Referenc
No. Mode
S. e C Videos
Topics to be of of
N & O modules
o Page No /lectures
s y
No.
function
generator
https://youtu.be/i0S
Timer IC 555,
39 Nb__dkYI?si=sRw
IC Voltage 1 T1: 311 10 7 KFgLboZKnL4Lf
.
regulators
Three terminal https://youtu.be/Rra
fixed and LJ2-
40 ULzc?si=hWX9YL
adjustable 1 T1: 311 2 7
. xizOWZ8A7q
voltage
regulators
https://youtu.be/PW
IC 723 general relh5c-sQ?si=o_-
41 bDAiKxHHkI8Zo
purpose 1 T1: 313 2 7
.
regulator
Monolithic https://youtu.be/tR6
switching m4sdU8fA?si=wkG
42 regulator, Low HHL4R_ztHeezl
1 T1: 192 2 7
. Drop –
Out(LDO)
Regulators
Switched https://youtu.be/os
capacitor filter MpytdwIlE?si=Ix
IC MF10, YKssuf6K16AeXz
43 Frequency to
1 R6: 519 2 7
. Voltage and
Voltage to
Frequency
converters
Audio Power https://youtu.be/z
amplifier, -
44 Video R6: 530, wZd6gWXzQ?si
1 2 6
. Amplifier, 538 =P1eBgrYkeHU
Isolation WDZiu
Amplifier
45 Optocouplers https://youtu.be/QH
1 R6: 542 2 7
. and fibre optic unhKW9Ezk?si=Q6
a96tPZlT3X8ak4
13
Referenc
No. Mode
S. e C Videos
Topics to be of of
N & O modules
o Page No /lectures
s y
No.
IC
Total Hours 9
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
Content Beyond Syllabus:
1. ASIC and its Applications
2. Manufacturing of ICs
3. Classification of ICs and Advantages of MSI over SSI ICs
4. Real time applications of PLL.
5. Real time applications of IC555
Innovative Teaching Methods:
1. Ideal Operational Amplifier- Chart Method.
2. Integrator, Differentiator- Guided Design: Group Activity
3. Operation of the basic PLL – Chart Method.
4. R - 2R Ladder types – Guided Design: Group Activity
5. Timer IC 555 – Sample Mini projects.
14
Concept Map
LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS
Basics of Operational ANALOG MULTIPLIER ADC & DAC

amplifiers Waveform Generation&
& PLL CONVETERS Special Function ICs
Ideal  Analog Multiplier &  Voltage Controlled

Applications of Divider Circuit
Operational Oscillator
OP-AMP   
Amplifier Analog Multiplier ICs  Phase Locked Loop Performance Parameters Oscillator
 Monolithic Phase A/D Converter  Types of Wave form
Locked Loop  Conversion Techniques Generators
 Over Sampling  Multivibrators
 Inverting  Voltage follower
 Operational
Amplifier  Schmitt Trigger Phase Locked Loop
Transconductance
  Precision Rectifier Applications  Performance
Differential Amplifier  Timer IC555
 Integrator & Parameters D/A
Amplifier  Gilbert Multiplier  Power amplifiers
Differentiator Converter
Cell  Audio Amplifiers
 Frequency Multiplier,
 Video Amplifiers
Synthesizer & Translation
 AM,FM & FSK  Optocoupler
Demodulator
15
UNIT- 1 BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
This unit explains the basic current and voltage equations of amplifier, differential amplifier
with active loads, basic building blocks of Operational Amplifier. The unit also deals with
ideal and general operation of Operational Amplifier, internal circuitry of IC741, AC and DC
performance characteristics of Operational amplifier, Slew rate, Open and closed loop
configurations and JFET operational amplifiers such as LF155 and TL082.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
INTRODUCTION
1. List the advantages of integrated circuits over discrete component circuit. U
2. Why input resistance of the amplifier should be as large as possible? U
3. Define bandwidth of an amplifier. State its ideal value. R
CURRENT MIRROR AND CURRENT SOURCES
4. Define current mirror circuit? R
5. Why constant current source is used instead of RE? S
6. Illustrate how zener diode is used to attain constant current bias. A
7. The current mirror circuit provides a 1.0 mA current with VCC=10V. Assume β=125 S
and VBE=0.7V. Determine the value of (a) R1 (b) value of R1 for IC=10µA.
8. Sketch the Wilson current source circuit and write its expression. U
9. Sketch theWidlar current source circuit and write its expression. U
10. For the widlar current source shown if figure, design the value of RE to get IC2 as A
20µA. Assume VBE=0.7 V. Neglect Base Current.
11. Define swamping resistors. State its effect on the differential amplifier. R
12. Widlar current source circuit is otherwise called as lens. Justify A
13. Design a widlar current source for generating a constant current Io=10µA. Assume S
VCC=10V, VBE=0.7V, β=0.7V. Use VT=25mV.
14. Mention the advantage of Widlar current source over constant current source. U
15. State the advantages and limitations of current mirror circuit. U
16. Why the current mirror circuit is used in differential amplifier stages? S
17. Explain the difference between constant current bias and current mirror. U
18. Mention the advantages of active load over passive load in an op- amp. U
VOLTAGE SOURCES AND VOLTAGE REFERENCES
19. Define bandgap voltage reference. State its applications. R
20. List the performance parameters of voltage reference circuit. U
BJT DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER WITH ACTIVE LOADS
21. Determine how the use of active load improves the CMRR. A
22. Mention the various configurations of the differential amplifier. R
16
23. Replacement of resistor by diodes helps in temperature compensation of A
Differential Amplifier. Support.
24. State the assumptions made while obtaining the transfer characteristics of the R
differential amplifier.
25. Interpret the effect of RE in improving CMRR. A
26. Explain why CMRR tends to ∞ for an emitter coupled differential amplifier when S
RE tends to ∞.
27. A differential amplifier has differential voltage gain of 2000 and a common mode S
gain of 0.2. Determine the CMMR in dB.
28. One differential amplifier has CMRR of 100 dB and other has CMRR of 40 dB. A
Which will you prefer and why?
BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT OP-AMPS
29. Define Operational Amplifier and draw its block diagram. R
30. List six characteristics of an ideal op-amp. R
31. Point out the advantages and applications of operational Amplifier. U
32. Name the type of the feedback used if an external component is connected between U
the output terminal and the inverting input.
IDEAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
33. Design an amplifier with a gain of -10 and input resistance equal to 10kΩ. A
34. Design a non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 10. A
35. Explain the function of all the basic building block of an op-amp. U
GENERAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER STAGES
36. Define input bias current. R
37. List the requirements of the internal and output stage of IC op-amp. U
38. Define cross over distortion. How it can be eliminated? R
INTERNAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS OF IC 741
39. Enumerate the classes of op-amp IC 741. Why IC 741 is not used for high U
frequency applications?
40. A square wave of peak to peak amplitude of 750mV has to be amplified to a peak to A
peak amplitude of 3.8V, with a rise time of 4.5 µsec or less. Can IC 741 op-amp be
used?
41. A 741C op-amp is used as an inverting amplifier with a gain of 50. The voltage A
gain vs frequency curve of 741C is flat upto 20 kHz. What maximum peak to peak
input signal can be applied without distorting the output?
42. A non-inverting amplifier with a gain of 100 is nulled at 25˚C. What will happen to A
the output voltage if the temperature rises to 50˚C for an offset voltage drift of 0.15
mV/˚C?
DC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
43. Define slew rate. Mention the causes the slew rate. R
44. Predict the situation at which slew rate becomes infinite. A
45. Define Power Supply Rejection Ratio. State its ideal value. R
46. An Operational Amplifier has a slew rate of 4V/µs. Determine the maximum S
frequency of an operation to produce a distortion less output swing of 12V.
47. Interpret how the gain bandwidth product and saturation current improves the slew A
rate?
17
48. Find the maximum frequency for sine wave output voltage 10V peak to peak with S
an op-amp whose slew rate is 1V/µs.
49. Interpret how Miller effect is used in internal compensation technique. A
50. Draw the dc transfer characteristics of a BJT differential amplifier. U
51. Mention the causes for output offset voltage. Discuss how the output offset voltage U
is compensated.
52. The power supply rejection of an op-amp is 80dB for a 1V change in supply S
voltage. Calculate the change in offset voltage.
AC PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
53. Specify the frequency response of the op-amp. U
54. Define Gain cross over frequency and phase cross over frequency. R
55. More positive are the values of GM and PM, more stable is the system. Justify A
OPEN AND CLOSED LOOP CONFIGURATIONS
56. Explain how op-amp is used in closed loop configuration? Mention the advantages U
of negative feedback?
57. Op-amp in open loop is not used for most of the applications. Justify S
58. List the various stability specifications obtained from frequency response. R
JFET OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS – LF155 AND TL082
59. Summarize the features and applications of TL082 Wide Bandwidth Dual JFET U
Input Op-Amp.
60. Predict the features and applications of LF155 JFET Input Operational Amplifier. U
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1. Describe the circuit of basic current mirror and explain its operation. Also discuss U
how current ratio can be improved in the basic current mirror. Sketch the improved
circuit and explain. (16)
2. (i) Summarize the working of a Differential amplifier with active load. (8) U
(ii) Discuss about the principle of operation of differential amplifier using BJT. (8) U
3. In the basic differential amplifier RC= 2kΩ, RE=4.3 kΩ, VCC=|VEE|=5 V; βo=200, A
VBE=0.7 V. Determine
(i) For V1=V2=0, that is for both the inputs grounded, the value of quiescent
currents and voltages, IBQ, ICQ, VO1, VO2, VCEQ.
(ii) ADM, ACM and CMRR (16)
4. (i) With simple schematic of differential amplifier, explain the function of U
Operational amplifier. (8)
(ii) Explain the methods of realizing high input resistance of differential amplifier. U
(8)
5. (i) Explain the significance of virtual ground in an Op-amp. (8) U
(ii) Compare the features of ideal and practical Op-Amp circuit. (8) U
6. (i) Explain the Internal circuit diagram of IC 741. Discuss its AC and DC U
performance characteristics. (8)
(ii) Outline the non-ideal DC characteristics of an operational amplifier. (8)
7. For the op-amp circuit shown in fig, assume hfe=100, VBE=0.7 V. A
18
(i) Perform the dc analysis. Note that the transistor Q7 has four times the area
of transistors Q3 and Q4.
(ii) Compute the overall voltage gain.
(16)
8 i)Write a note on Stability criteria of op-amp circuits. (6) R
ii) With a neat sketch, derive the AC performance characteristics of Op-Amp. (10) S
9 i)With a neat schematic, explain the effect of CMRR in differential amplifier. U
Discuss about the methods to improve CMRR. (10)
ii) Discuss the ideal characteristics of an op-amp. Compare with practical op-amp. U
(6)
10 Briefly explain different types of frequency compensation techniques applied to op- U
amp circuits. (16)
11 i) Describe the effect of slew rate? Explain the methods adopted to improve slew U
rate. (10)
ii) Write a note on Miller Effect compensation. (6)
12 Illustrate the open loop and closed loop configurations of an Op-Amp and derive its S
output voltage equation. (16)
UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

This unit deals with the applications of Operational Amplifier that includes, Sign Changer,
Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V converters, adder,
subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier,
Antilogarithmic amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector,
clipper and clamper, Low-pass, high-pass and band-pass Butterworth filters.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
INTRODUCTION, SIGN CHANGER, SCALE CHANGER
1 Name the classifications of Operational Amplifier applications. R
2 Enumerate the linear and non-linear applications of Operational amplifier. R
3 Relate the function of Operational amplifier to Voltage follower. A
4 Apply the principle of Operational amplifier to design Schmitt trigger circuit. A
5 List the steps involved in analysis of Operational amplifier based on the R
assumptions.
6 Apply the principle of Operational amplifier to design Inverting amplifier. A
7 Determine the role of Operational amplifier in Sign changer. A
19
8 The open loop gain of a certain op-amp falls to 0dB at a frequency of S
10MHz.Find the transient response rise time, if it is used as unity gain amplifier.
9 Design an amplifier with a gain of -10 dB and input resistance equal to 10 kΩ. A
10 In the figure given below, R1=10 kΩ, Rf=100 kΩ, Vi=1v.A Load of 25 kΩ is S
connected to the output terminal. Calculate (i) i i (ii) v0(iii) iL and (iv) total
current i0 into the output pin.
11 Compare the ideal inverting amplifier and ideal non inverting amplifier. U
12 For the op-amp configuration shown in the figure, determine the Rf if the gain S
required is 61.
13 Design an Operational amplifier circuit by determining the voltage gain for R1= A
10KΩ and Rf=47 KΩ from inverting terminals.
14 Mention the role of Operational amplifier in Scale changer. U
15 Plot the transfer characteristic for the circuit shown the opamp is saturated at 12 S
V.
16 Sketch the circuit for non- inverting amplifier with voltage gain of 3. A
PHASE SHIFT CIRCUITS, VOLTAGE FOLLOWER
17 Apply the inverting and non-inverting amplifier concepts and design a Phase A
Shift circuit.
18 Describe voltage follower. R
19 Mention the advantages of voltage follower. U
20 Determine the output voltage Vo for the following circuit when S
a.) Vin=2V, b.) Vin=3V.
21 Find the output voltage Vo for the following circuit. S
20
22 Determine the output voltage of the circuit shown below. S
23 For the op-amp circuit shown in the figure determine the voltage gain. S
24 Apply the voltage follower concept to design impedance matching applications. A

25 Enumerate the function of a phase shifting circuit. R
V TO I AND I TO V CONVERTOR, ADDER, SUBTRACTOR
26 Demonstrate V to I and I to V Convertor. U
27 Apply the V-I Converter concept and design a Low voltage DC voltmeter A
circuit.
28 Mention the role of V-I converter in Low voltage AC voltmeter. U
29 Apply the I-V converter principle and design Photodiode detector. A
30 Apply the I-V converter principle and design Photo FET detector. A
31 Show that the output of the subtractor is proportional to the difference between U
the two input voltages.
32 Draw an adder-subtractor type of circuit with op-amp to obtain the relation A
V0=(V1+V2)-(V3+V4)
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
33 Generalize the working of instrumentation amplifier. U
34 List the Features and Functions of instrumentation amplifier. U
35 Mention the requirements of a good instrumentation amplifier. U
36 Identify the advantages of three op-amp instrumentation amplifier. U
37 Design a Data acquisition system by implementing the principle of A
instrumentation amplifier.
INTEGRATOR
38 Justify the reasons why integrator is called “lossy”. U
39 State the limitations of an ideal integrator. R
40 Develop the circuit for ideal active integrator using op-amp and write the A
expression for its output.
41 Illustrate the reason for preferring integrators in analog computers. A
DIFFERENTIATOR
21
42 Describe the function of Differentiator. R
43 Design a differentiator to differentiate an input signal that varies in frequency A
from 10Hz to about 1 kHz.
44 Apply the differentiator principle to design a FM demodulator circuit. A
LOG AND ANTILOG AMPLIFIERS
45 Write about Logarithmic amplifier and Anti Logarithmic amplifier. U
46 Demonstrate the procedure of employing current characteristics of PN Junction U
in Log amplifier.
COMPARATORS
47 Demonstrate the function of comparator. U
48 List the applications of comparator. U
49 Define hysteresis and mention the purpose of hysteresis in a comparator. R
50 Write short notes on Zero Crossing Detector. U
SCHMITT TRIGGER
51 In the circuit of Schmitt trigger given below, R2=100Ω, R1=50kΩ, Vref=0V, S
Vi=1Vpp (peak to peak) sine wave and saturation voltage =±14V.Determine
threshold voltages VUT and VLT.
52 Design a Schmitt trigger for UTP=+0.5V and LTP=-0.5V S

PRECISION RECTIFIER
53 Define Precision Rectifier. R
54 State the difference between conventional and precision rectifier. R
PEAK DETECTOR; CLIPPER AND CLAMPER
55 Write the function of a Peak Detector. U
56 Define voltage follower peak detector. R
57 Justify the steps to realize a peak detector using precision rectifier. A
58 Describe the terms clipper and clamper. R
FILTERS
59 Define bandwidth of a filter. R
60 List the limitations of Active Filters over Passive Filters. R
PART-B (16 MARKS)

1 Draw and explain the operation of phase shifter circuit with necessary U
expression. (16)
2 a) Explain in detail about the V to I and I to V converters. (8) U
b) With neat diagram explain the operation of Schmitt trigger. (8)
3 a) Describe about voltage follower circuit. (8) U
b) Write short notes on subtractor circuit. (8)
4 Explain in detail about the working of Integrator with neat sketch. (16) U
5 Draw and explain simple op-amp differentiator. Explain with a neat diagram U
how it can be overcome in practical differentiator. (16)
22
6 a) Construct a logarithmic amplifier with op-amps and derive the expression for A
the output voltage. (8)
b) With the help of circuits and necessary equations, explain the working of U
antilog amplifier using IC 741. (8)
7 a) Design a wide band pass filter having fL=400Hz and fH=2kHz and pass band A
gain of 4. Find the value of Q of the filter. (8)
b) Determine the rate of change of output voltage in response to the first input
pulse as shown below for the integrator. The output voltage is initially zero.
Also describe the output after the first pulse. Draw the output waveform. (8)
8 a) Mention the advantages of active filter over passive filter. Also design a A
second order low pass filter using operational amplifier for the upper cut off
frequency of 2 KHZ. Assume the value of capacitor to be 0.1µF. (8)
b) With the neat circuit diagram, explain the working of precision rectifier. (8) U
9 a) Design a clipper circuit for a clipping level of +0.61V, given an input sin A
wave signal of 0.5V peak. Assume the gain of the amplifier is 12 and it has an
input resistance of 1k-ohm connected. (8)
b) Design a second order butterworth low-pass filter having upper cut-off
frequency of 2.5 KHz. (8)
10 With neat figures describe the circuit using Op-Amps on the operation of R
(i) Zero cross Detector, Clipper and Clamper Circuits
(8)
(ii) Schmitt Trigger (8)
11 a) Design a Practical integrator circuit with a d.c gain of 10, to integrate a square A
wave of 10 kHz. (8)
b) Design a Practical differentiator circuit that will differentiate an input signal
with the fmax=150 Hz. (8)
UNIT III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

This unit deals with design of analog multiplier using emitter coupled transistor, Gilbert
multiplier cell, variable transconductance technique and its applications such as squarer,
square root extractor, frequency doubler etc. This unit also deals with basic operation of
Phase Locked Loop and Voltage Controlled Oscillator and the application of PLL in AM
detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and Demodulation, Frequency synthesizing and
clock synchronisation.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
ANALOG MULTIPLIER USING EMITTER COUPLED TRANSISTOR PAIR
1. Define Analog Multiplier. R
2. Using log amplifiers construct a multiplier circuit. U
3. Draw the voltage divider circuit using op-amp. R
4. Mention the need for multiplier IC. U
5. Sketch the basic multiplier IC symbol and mention its characteristics. R
23
6. List the performance parameters of multiplier. U
7. Define Transconductance Bandwidth. R
8. Mention any two applications of analog multiplier. U
9. Identify the parameter that decides the quadrant of the multiplier operation. Classify S
them.
10. List the applications of Multiplier IC. R
11. Mention the advantages and limitations of using emitter coupled pair in multiplier. U
12. Mention the various Multiplier Techniques. U
VARIABLE TRANSCONDUCTANCE TECHNIQUE- GILBERT MULTIPLIER CELL
13. Define operational transconductance amplifier. Draw the schematic. R
14. State the advantages of variable transconductance technique. U
15. Draw the four quadrant variable transconductance multiplier circuit. R
16. Interpret how is the configuration of Gilbert multiplier done with pre-distortion A
circuits.
17. List the applications of Gilbert Multiplier cell. U
18. Under what condition the Gilbert Multiplier cell will work as a modulator? S
19. Modify the variable transconductance multiplier using cross-coupled differential A
stages.
20. Express the current equations of the circuit which operates only over two quadrants. U
ANALOG MULTIPLIER IC AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
21. List the features and advantages of multiplier AD 534. U
22. Illustrate how square root and square of a signal are obtained with 534 multiplier S
Circuit.
23. Mention the applications of AD 533 & AD 534. U
24. Implement AD 533 as (i) Squarer (ii) Multiplier. A
25. Write the operation of AD 534 as Divider. S
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR(VCO)
26. Define Voltage Controlled Oscillator. How VCO differs from the oscillators? U
27. Explain Why VCO is called voltage to frequency converter. U
28. Express the term voltage to frequency transfer coefficient of VCO. R
29. In the VCO circuit, the various parameters are R=10kΩ, C= 1.25nF, VUT=0V. If S
input is changed from 10mV to 10V, calculate the range over which the output
frequency can be varied. State the basic operation of a VCO.
30. Infer why integrated version of VCO is used practically? S
31. Draw the block diagram and waveform of NE/SE 566 VCO. R
32. In a VCO if input signal frequency fs = 20 kHz, free running, frequency f0 = 21 A
kHz/V, voltage to frequency conversion factor Kv is 4kHz/V, find the change in the
dc control Vc during lock
33. With reference to a VCO, define voltage to frequency conversion factor Kv. U
34. List the applications of VCO. U
35. Outline the role of capacitors in VCO. U
OPERATION OF THE BASIC PLL & CLOSED LOOP ANALYSIS
36. Define PLL (Phase Locked Loop). R
37. Enlist any four applications of NE565 PLL. U
38. The free running frequency of a PLL is 300 kHz and the bandwidth of low pass filter A
is 10 kHz. Will the PLL acquire the lock for the input signal of 320 kHz. Also what
happens if the cut-off frequency of the LPF is 25 kHz.
24
39. Illustrate how frequency stability is obtained in a PLL by use of a VCO. S
40. Mention the three states of PLL when locked. U
41. Identify the function of a phase detector in a PLL. R
42. Outline the application of PLL as Error Amplifier. S
43. Predict when does PLL circuit gets locked. A
44. Define the terms Lock-in-range and Capture range of PLL. R
45. A PLL frequency multiplier has an input frequency of “f” and a decade counter is U
included in the loop. What would be the frequency of the PLL output?
46. A PLL with a free running frequency of 1KHz is connected to a variable frequency S
oscillator. The frequency of oscillator is gradually increased and when its frequency
was 850Hz the PLL got locked. The frequency of oscillator was decreased and it
went out of lock for the oscillator frequency of 800Hz. Calculate the lock range and
capture range of the PLL.
47. Construct the block diagram of a PLL system in closed loop analysis. R
48. PLL is both linear and Non-linear in nature-Justify the answer. A
49. Express the close loop transfer function for a PLL system in terms of Loop A
Bandwidth.
50. Enumerate the advantages and disadvantages of active filter & passive filters. U
51. A PLL has free running frequency of 500 kHz and bandwidth of the low pass filter is A
10 kHz. Will the loop acquire lock for an input signal of 600 kHz? Justify the
answer. Assume that the phase detector produces sum and difference frequency
components.
52. Write the mean square value of thermal noise voltage in a resistor. U
MONOLITHIC PLL IC 565
53. Give the expressions for center frequency, lock range and capture range of PLL IC. R
54. List the applications of 565 PLL. U
55. Define Companding and state its necessity. R
PLL FOR AM DETECTION & FM DETECTION
56. Mention the applications of PLL for AM detection. U
57. Construct the circuit diagram of PLL circuit used in FM detection. A
FSK MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
58. Can FM signal be demodulated using PLL? If yes, sketch the circuit. A
59. A PLL IC 565 connected as an FM demodulator has R1=10Kohms, C1=0.01µF and S
C=0.04 µF. The supply voltage is +12V. Determine the a) Free-running frequency b)
Lock-range and c) capture range.
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZING AND CLOCK SYNCHRONIZATION
60. Mention the need for frequency synthesizer. Relate how PLL is acting as a Clock S
synchronizer.
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1 (i) Describe how the multiplier is used as a voltage divider and voltage multiplier. (8) U
(ii) Explain a basic multiplier IC and its characteristics. (8) R
2. Sketch and explain the following applications of multipliers: S

i) Square root ii) Frequency doubler iii) Rectifier iv) Phase angle
detection and voltage divider (16)
25
3. (i) With a neat diagram, explain the variable trans-conductance technique in analog U
multiplier. State its output equation. (10)
(ii) Explain the following multiplier techniques, R
(a) Logarithmic summing (b) Pulse width/height modulation technique (6)
4. Sketch and explain Gilbert Multiplier cell. Under what condition the gilbert multiplier S
cell work as a modulator. (16)
5. Explain with necessary equations, the basic circuit of “Linearized trans-conductance R
multiplier” and Differential V-I converter. Explain the “Four-Quadrant variable trans-
conductance Multiplier” circuit. (16)
6. (i) The free running frequency of a 565 PLL is 100 kHz, the filter capacitor is 2 µF and A
supply voltage is ±6V. Compute the lock-in range and capture range frequency and the
value of external components RT and CT. (8)
(ii) Explain the working of IC NE 565. (8) U
7. (i) With neat simplified internal diagram, explain the working principle of Operational U
Trans-conductance Amplifier. (10)
(ii) Compute the free running frequency fo, lock-in range and capture range of PLL A
565. Assume RT=20 KΩ, CT=0.01 µF, C=1 µF and supply voltage is ±6V. (6)
8. (i) With suitable block diagram, explain the operation of Voltage Controlled Oscillator S
(VCO) and derive an expression for the frequency of the output waveform generated.
(8)
(ii) Derive an expression for closed loop transfer function of PLL. (8) S
9. (i) Draw the functional block schematic of a PLL and explain its operation. (8) U
(ii)Derive the expression for the capture range and lock in range of the PLL. (8) S
10 (i) Demonstrate the application of PLL as AM detector and FM Demodulator. (8) A
(ii)Demonstrate the application of PLL as FSK Demodulator and Frequency
synthesizer. (8)
11 (i) Relate the application of Phase Locked Loop as (10) A
(a) Frequency multiplier circuit
(b) Frequency Translator
(ii)Examine the multiplier cell using emitter‐ coupled transistor pair. (6)
UNIT IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION

This unit explains the analog to Digital conversion, its specifications, and performance
parameters. The unit also covers the variety of A-D conversion techniques. In parallel, the
unit explains Digital to Analog Conversion techniques including R-2R ladder type, Flash
type, Single Slope, Dual Slope types. The effects of over sampling were discussed with a
clear explanation of Sigma delta conversion.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
SAMPLE AND HOLD (S/H) CIRCUITS
1 Specify the functions of A/D and D/A converter. R
2 Interpret the role of shunt switch in Analog switches. A
3 Summarize the operation of CMOS inverter circuit in Analog switch. U
4 Define Resolution and Accuracy of DAC. R
5 List the advantages and disadvantages of Totem pole MOSFET switching U
device.
6 Examine the closed loop architecture of sample and hold circuit and A
illustrate its performance.
26
7 List the performance parameters of S/H circuits. R
8 Define Acquisition time and Aperture time. R
9 Define Hold step. R
10 Define Feed through. R
11 List the advantages of S/H circuits. R
12 Illustrate the role of S/H circuit in Analog to Digital converter circuit. A
D/A CONVERTERS
13 List the performance parameters of DAC. R
14 Define Resolution R
15 Define Accuracy. R
16 An 8-bit DAC has an output voltage range of 0-255. Define its resolution in S
two ways.
17 An 8-bit DAC has resolution of 20 mV/LSB.Find VoFS and Vo, if the input is S
(10000000)2.
18 Determine the full scale output voltage and percentage resolution of a 12 bit A
DAC, has a step size of 8mV. Also determine the output voltage for the
input of 010101101101.
19 Illustrate why the digital to analog converters are called as Current Driven A
DACs.
20 Summarize the drawbacks of binary weighted Resistor D/A converter. U
21 Determine the values of resistors and reference voltage if resolution required A
is 0.5V for 4 bit R/2R ladder type DAC.
24 Differentiate between CMOS switch and BJT switch of DAC. U
25 Define linearity error and Offset error. R
26 Define Gain error. R
27 Summarize the features of DAC 0800. U
A/D CONVERTER
28 List the performance parameters of A/D converters. R
29 Define Quantization error. R
30 Determine the resolution of an 8 bit ADC, outputs all 1s when Vi=5.1V. A
Also determine the digital output when Vi=1.28V
31 List the various conversion techniques of ADC. R
32 Examine the single slope DAC and determine how many clock pulses are A
required to reach to counter during 2ms. Assume the clock frequency is
1MHz.
33 Chart and analyze the integrator output voltage of Dual slope A/D converter. A
34 List the advantages and disadvantages of Dual slope ADC, R
35 Determine t2 for a particular dual slope ADC, t1 is 83.33 ms and the A
reference voltage is 100mV. Assume Vi is 100mV.
36 Determine the digital output of an ADC having t1 as 83.33 ms and VR as 100 A
mV for an input voltage of +100mV.The clock frequency is 12 kHz.
37 Outline the Successive approximation ADC technique. R
38 Examine and Illustrate the conversion process of Successive Approximation A
ADC
39 Interpret the reason, why Flash ADC is also known as Parallel comparator A
ADC.
40 Describe the principle of operation of Counter type ADC. R
41 Indicate the disadvantages of Counter type ADC. U
27
42 Draw the waveform for Counter type ADC. R
43 Define Delta Modulation. R
44 List the advantages and disadvantages of Delta modulation. R
45 Define Granular noise. R
46 Define Slope overload distortion R
47 Examine the delta modulation circuit and Justify why the Delta modulation A
is also known as Delta sigma modulation.
48 Examine an 8 bit ADC which takes a conversion time of 9µs. Determine the A
maximum frequency of an input sine wave that can be digitized.
49 Examine the Digital Storage Oscilloscope and illustrate the role of flash A
ADC in it.
50 Apply the concept of Successive Approximation ADC and design a Data A
acquisition system. Illustrate the reason for opting successive approximation
technique in the design.
51 Examine the Delta sigma modulation to illustrate the reason for integrating A
the input signal prior to delta modulation.
52 Define Adaptive Delta modulation R
53 List the advantages of Adaptive delta modulation. U
54 Define Over sampling ratio. R
55 Interpret the function of Antialiasing filter. U
56 Experiment the A/D converters with over sampling rate and illustrate its A
performance.
57 Mention the function of Sigma Delta (∑∆) modulator. U
58 Enumerate the A/D conversion process through Voltage to Time conversion R
process.
59 Illustrate the usage of ADC in communication applications. A
60 Discover the reason for reduction of bandwidth after D/A conversion. A
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1 State the significance of using high speed Sample-and-Hold Circuit. Explain R
its working principle. (16)
2 A. Enumerate the specifications of DAC. (8) R
B. Explain briefly about A/D Using Voltage to time conversion. (8) U
3 Explain about weighted resistor and binary weighted resistor in detail. (16) U
4 With circuit, explain current mode type of DAC’s. Compare with voltage U
mode type. (16)
5 A. Narrate the functions of analog switches. (8) U
B. Write a note on Single slope A/D converter. (8) U
6 Design a dual slope A/D converter and illustrate its functions. (16) A
7 A. Design a successive approximation A/D converter and examine its A
working. (8)
B. Determine the conversion time of 8 bit and 16-bit Successive A
Approximation type Analog to Digital converter if its clock frequency is
50Hz. (8)
8 A. With a neat block diagram, explain the working of two bit flash type U
ADC. (8)
B. With neat diagram, explain the oversampling A/D converter and list its U
advantages. (8)
9 A. Compare and contrast the performance of various DACs. (8) U
28
B. A 8 bit ADC accepts an input voltage signal of range 0 to 10V.What is
the value of input voltage required to generate a change of 1 LSB. What A
input voltage will generate all 1’s at ADC output. (8)
10 A. For a particular dual slope ADC, t1 is 83.33 ms and the reference voltage A
is 100mV. Calculate t2 if (i) Vi is 100mV and (ii) 200mV. (8)
B. Explain in detail about Sigma-Delta Converters. (8) U
UNIT V WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS

This unit deals with Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators, Triangular wave generator,
Saw-tooth wave generator, ICL8038 function generator. This unit also deals with special
function ICs such as Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators, Monolithic switching regulator,
Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video
Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Optocouplers and fibre optic IC.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
SINE-WAVE GENERATORS
1. Define oscillator. Mention the types of oscillators. R
2. Demonstrate how Barkhausen criterion works on oscillators. A
3. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of RC phase shift oscillator. U

4. Inscribe about phase shift oscillator design. U
5. Outline the principle of Wien bridge oscillator. R
6. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Wien bridge oscillator. U
7. Design the wein bridge oscillator circuit to have output frequency of 10 kHz. A
8. Use ±15 V power supply and 741, Design wein bridge oscillator for 1 kHz A
frequency.
9. Compare RC phase shift oscillator and Wien bridge oscillator. U
MULTIVIBRATORS, TRIANGULAR WAVE GENERATOR AND SAW-TOOTH WAVE
GENERATOR
10. Define multivibrator. Mention its types. R
11. Compare monostable and bistable multivibrator. U
12. Write the expression for pulse width in monostable multivibrators. U
13. Compare monostable and astable multivibrators. U
14. Mention the types of bistable multivibrator triggering. R
15. In the square wave oscillator shown, calculate the frequency of oscillations if R2=10 S
kΩ, R1=8.6 kΩ, Rf=100 kΩ and C=0.01µF.
16. What happens to frequency of sawtooth waveform with respect to the voltage setting A
at the non-inverting input of integrator?
17. Define gating circuit. R
18. Compare upper threshold voltage and lower threshold voltage. U
19. Define function generator. Mention the advantages of function generators. R
20. Design a sawtooth wave generator for 10V peak and frequency of 200 Hz. Assume A
Vi=2V and Vref=10V.
21. State the basic principle of ICL 8038 function generator. U
22. A Schmitt trigger with the upper threshold level VUT=0V and hysteresis width A
VH=0.2 V converts a 1 kHz sine wave of amplitude 4Vpp into a square wave.
Compute the time duration of the negative and positive portion of the output
29
waveform.
23. A sawtooth waveform has unequal rise time and fall time. Justify A
24. Mention the applications of function generators. U
25. Write the expression for output frequency of ICL 8038 function generator. S
TIMER IC 555
26. Define timer IC 555. List the applications of 555 timer IC. R
27. State the applications of astable multivibrator using IC555. R
28. Compare the astable and monostable circuits using IC 555. U
29. Design a astable multivibrator using 555 timer to produce a 1 kHz square waveform A
for duty cycle D=0.50.
30. Define duty cycle of a periodic pulse waveform. R
31. Draw the block schematic of IC 555 timer. U
32. Design a monostable for a pulse width of 8ms using IC555 A
33. A 555 timer is configured to run an astable mode with RA  5K , RB  5K and S
C=0.01µF. Determine the frequency of the output and duty cycle.
IC VOLTAGE REGULATORS
34. Draw the functional block diagram of 723 regulator. U
35. Define line and load regulation. R
36. Define linear voltage regulator. State its limitation. R
37. List the important features of IC723. U
38. State the advantages and limitations of IC723. U
39. Draw a fixed voltage regulator circuit and state its operations. U
40. Mention the applications of SMPS. R
41. Compare SMPS and linear regulator. U
SWITCHED CAPACITOR FILTER IC MF10
42. State the principle of switching capacitor filter MF10. List out the advantages of R
switched capacitor filter.
43. Write down the equation for Q factor and frequency equation for IC MF10. U
44. List the features of MF10. R
45. Infer the reason for connecting a capacitor at the input and output side of an IC S
voltage regulator.
46. Justify why switched capacitor filters are ideal for MOS technology. A
47. Draw the pin configuration of IC 9400. U
FREQUENCY TO VOLTAGE AND VOLTAGE TO FREQUENCY CONVERTERS
48. Name the different protection circuits inside monolithic IC regulator. U
49. List out the features of V-F converter. U
AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER
50. Define power amplifier. Mention the classifications of power amplifiers. R
51. Mention the features and applications of LM 380 audio amplifier. U
VIDEO AMPLIFIER, ISOLATION AMPLIFIER
52. Interpret the function of video amplifier. R
53. List out the design considerations for video amplifier. U
54. Define isolation amplifier. State the need for isolation amplifier. R
55. Point out the features of isolation amplifier. U
OPTO-COUPLERS AND FIBRE OPTIC IC
56. Define optocoupler. State its applications. R
57. List the characteristics of optocoupler. U
30
58. State the advantages of optocoupler. U
59. A Hartley oscillator has L1=10mH, L2=5mH and C=200Pf. Compute the frequency A
of oscillation.
60. Define current transfer ratio of an opto-coupler. R
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1 (i) Explain the operation of monostable multivibrator using op-amp and state its U
applications. (8)
(ii) Explain the operation of Astable multivibrator and its applications. (8) U
2 (i) Explain the operation of Phase Shift Oscillator and its types. (8) U
(ii) Explain about Triangular Wave Generator. (8) U
3 (i) Design a phase shift oscillator to operate at 100 HZ. (8) A
(ii) Describe in detail about monolithic switching regulator. (8) R
4 (i) Draw the schematic of a linear IC saw tooth waveform generator and explain the U
circuit operation. (8)
(ii) Design a 555 based square wave generator to produce a symmetrical square wave A
of 1 kHz. If VCC = 12 V, draw the voltage across timing capacitor and the output. (8)
5 (i) Design an astable multivibrator for an output frequency of 1 kHz but a variable A
duty cycle of 30% to 70%. Assume VCC = 12 V. (10)
(ii) Write short notes on voltage to frequency converter. (6) R
6 (i) Design a regulator using IC723 to meet the following specifications: A
VO = 5 V, IO = 100 mA, Vin = 15 ±20 % , ISC = 150 mA, Vsense = 0.7 V. (8)
(ii) Describe the working of IC723 voltage regulator. (8) U
7 (i) How is voltage regulator classified? Explain a series voltage regulator? (8) U
(ii) With neat diagram explain the working of step down switching regulator and step U
up regulator. (8)
8 (i) Draw and explain the functional block diagram of the LM 317 three terminal U
adjustable regulators. (8)
(ii) Draw the block diagram of typical audio Power amplifier and briefly explain their U
salient features. (8)
9 (i) With necessary Sketches, explain about Opto Couplers / Opto Isolators. (8) U
(ii) Draw the block diagram and explain the working of charge balancing VFC. (8)
10 (i) Write short notes on isolation amplifier. (6) R
(ii)Discuss the function and working of Switched Mode Power Supply. (10) U
31
COURSE DETAILS - ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS

Course Name : ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS
Offered By : DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Prepared By : Ms.P.Shanmuga Priya, AP/ECE
Ms.B.Srimathi, AP/ECE
Reviewed By : Mrs. M.Margarat, ASP/ECE
Approved By : Mrs. M.Margarat, HOD/ECE
The faculty will enhance the skills of the students:
 To gain conceptual and basic mathematical understanding of electric and
magnetic fields in free space and in materials.
 To understand the coupling between electric and magnetic fields through
Faraday's law, displacement current and Maxwell's equations.
 To understand wave propagation in lossless and in lossy media.
 To understand wave characteristics of an infinite transmission line.
 To be able to solve problems based on the above concepts.
Course Outcomes:
Upon completion of this course, the students will be able to:
C403.1 Understand the fundamental electromagnetic laws and concepts.
C403.2 Analyze field potentials due to static changes in electric fields.
C403.3 Analyze field potentials due to static changes in magnetic fields.
C403.4 Analyze the relation between the fields under time varying situations with
lossy and lossless media.
C403.5 Understand wave characteristics of an infinite transmission line
Course Prerequisite: NIL
Mode of Delivery:
3 Green Board 8 Videos/Animation
Assessment Methods
/Technical Writing
Internal Quiz / Viva /
Yes No Project Review No
Assessment Test Seminar
32
Mapping with Program outcomes

Course/
Course
Outcomes PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
C403.1 3 3 3 3 3 - - - 1 - 1 1
C403.2 3 3 3 3 3 - - - 1 - 2 1
C403.3 3 3 3 3 3 - - - 1 - 2 1
C403.4 3 3 3 3 3 - - - 1 - 2 1
C403.5 3 3 3 3 3 - - - 2 - 2 1
3-Strong Correlation, 2-Medium Correlation, 1-Weak Correlation
COURSE
CODE/ COURSE OUTCOME PSO 1 PSO 2 PSO 3
TITLE
ELECTROMAGNETICS
C403.1 3 - 2
ENGINEERING
19UECPC402/
C403.2 3 - 2
C403.3 3 - 2
C403.4 3 3 2
C403.5 3 1 2
33
SYLLABUS
19UECPC402 ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT-I INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic model, Units and constants, Review of vector algebra, Rectangular, cylindrical and
spherical coordinate systems, Line, surface and volume integrals, Gradient of a scalar field,
Divergence of a vector field, Divergence theorem, Curl of a vector field, Stoke's theorem.
UNIT-II STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD
Electric field, Coulomb's law, Gauss's law and applications, Electric potential, Conductors in static
electric field, Dielectrics in static electric field, Electric flux density and dielectric constant,
Boundary conditions, Capacitance, Parallel, cylindrical and spherical capacitors, Electrostatic
energy, Poisson's and Laplace's equations, Uniqueness of electrostatic solutions.
Activity: Demonstration of Coulomb's law / Gauss law.
UNIT-III STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD
Lorentz force equation, Law of no magnetic monopoles, Ampere's law, Vector magnetic potential,
Biot-Savart law and applications, Magnetic field intensity and idea of relative permeability,
Magnetic circuits, Behaviour of magnetic materials, Boundary conditions, Inductance and inductors,
Magnetic energy, Magnetic forces and torque.
Activity: Demonstration of Ampere's law / Biot-Savart law
UNIT-IV TIME VARYING FIELDS AND PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Faraday's law, Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere law, Maxwell's equations, Potential
functions, Electromagnetic boundary conditions, Wave equations and solutions, Time-harmonic
fields. Plane waves in lossless and lossy media, Electromagnetic power flow and Poynting vector,
Normal incidence at a plane conducting boundary, Normal incidence at a plane dielectric boundary.
UNIT-V THEORY OF TRANSMISSION LINES
Introduction - General solution – wavelength - velocity of propagation – The distortion less line- line
reflection - line calculation- impedance - open and short circuited lines - insertion loss- T & π section
equivalent – open wire lines and coaxial lines at high frequencies.
Activity: Analysis of EM wave patterns
TOTAL = 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOKS
1. David K. Cheng, “Field and Wave Electromagnetics”, Second Edition, Pearson Education, Asia,
2008.
2. Edward C.Jordan and Keith G. Balmain, “Electromagnetic waves and radiating systems”, Second
Edition, PHI Learning, 2007.
REFERENCES
1. D.J. Griffiths, Introduction to electrodynamics, 4th ed., Pearson (India), 2013.
2. B.M. Notaros, Electromagnetics, Pearson: New Jersey, 2011.
M.N.O. Sadiku and S.V. Kulkarni, Principles of electromagnetics, 6th ed., Oxford (Asian Edition),
2015.
3. G.S.N Raju, "Electromagnetic Field Theory and Transmission Lines”, Pearson Education, First
edition 2005.
34
LESSON PLAN
Mode
No. Reference Videos
S. of CO
Topics to be covered of & modules
No Deliv No
Periods Page No. /lectures
ery
UNIT I – INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic https://youtu.be/YjreanC
T1
1 model, Units and 1 2 1 tihA?si=mtfPF8jMjoZe6
1-10 JAc
constants
Review of vector T1 https://youtu.be/NNny9g

2 1 3 1
algebra 14-19 Mh_jo?si=2isKGGSIxF1
xWML1
https://youtu.be/aOfDF_
Rectangular T1 nGlgU?si=BI85l99I5yC
3 1 10 1 V6S5o
coordinate systems 20-27
https://youtu.be/aOfDF_
Cylindrical and
T1 nGlgU?si=eerLXPUEs8
4 Spherical coordinate 1 3 1 wSP8hN
27-36
systems
Line, surface and T1 https://youtu.be/NyG0v

5 1 3 1 Rn5FfU?si=CIsz-
volume integrals 37-42
abPdGHFHveb
Gradient of a scalar T1 https://youtu.be/NED2
6 1 3 1 Cl8u9Q0?si=ik5qxBud
field 42-45
GLlMr530
Divergence of a vector https://youtu.be/pY4t-
T1 ikhzhU?si=C5ouZw50H
7 field, Divergence 1 3 1
46-53 9bl8JrA
theorem
Curl of a vector field, T1 https://youtu.be/0UvNF_
8 1 3 1
Stoke's theorem 54-60 cfBJ4?si=LAjxD34HtzIir
62b
9 Summary 1 - 2 - -
Total Hours 9
UNIT-II STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD
Electric field, https://youtu.be/iKEFxv6
Coulomb's law, T1 agpE?si=vL1PTyvdW2e
10 1 2,3 2 LDmnP
Gauss's law and 74-90
applications
Electric potential, https://www.youtube.co
Conductors in static T1 m/live/9FZvDfnMzLA?s
11 electric field, 1 92-104, 10 2 i=Nm6Tr06Ad9nGVYr2
Dielectrics in static 105-109
electric field
https://youtu.be/Q8vF
Electric flux density and T1 Jn7cqsc?si=qLzzrFue
12 1 3 2
dielectric constant 109-115 q8Ly5oVV
T1 https://youtu.be/3Flwuui8
13 Boundary conditions 1 3 2 qYE?si=jkXmMTjgFj3n
116-121 8pUy
35
Mode
S. of CO
No Deliv No
ery
Capacitance, Parallel, https://youtube.com/shor

T1 ts/GCe_MvfcUbA?si=b5
14 cylindrical and 10 3 2
121-132 APUDL4vUYmVg9A
spherical capacitors
https://youtu.be/meW
Rs2khg2k?si=5K8aw2
T1 yYcizXWUD1
Electrostatic energy,
133-140
15 Poisson's and 1 3,4 2
152-157
Laplace's equations
Uniqueness of T1 https://youtu.be/c5NnHcL
16 1 3 2 mJlw?si=gaciD1gzbeOJh
electrostatic solutions 157-159
AbL
17 Activity 1 - - 2 -
18 Summary 1 - 2 - -
Total Hours 9
UNIT III – STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD
Lorentz force https://youtu.be/
equation, Law of no T1 H7Bqb-
19 1 3 3
magnetic monopoles 225-230 lxBAk?si=WX
Ampere's law, AfmDSElouYb
uum
3 https://youtu.be/EINSa2x
Vector magnetic T1
20 1 3 c_Qk?si=i5gnZCP5HDyf
potential 232-234 C-Ox
3 https://youtu.be/tLM54O
Biot-Savart law and T1 11qy0?si=9I_35GkT_qZ
21 1 3 TkLo8
applications 234-238
Magnetic field 3 https://youtu.be/

T1
22 intensity and idea of 1 3 _t7qW2u7hQs?
249-251
relative permeability si=mtOe2KWn
nAWOyFfc
3
T1 https://youtu.be/LScG
Magnetic circuits,
251-257 CvHH5A4?si=QG2o
23 Behaviour of 1 2, 4
L5WGc5geqB7L
magnetic materials
257-262
T1 3 https://youtu.be/3Flwuui
24 Boundary conditions 1 3 8qYE?si=dAdHt_nOiJJr
262-266
xyUx
Inductance and T1 3 https://youtu.be/Bny5M5
25 10 3 uaVGQ?si=dFvqBaV-
inductors 266-276
iSJFGvE2
36
Mode
S. of CO
No Deliv No
ery
Magnetic energy, 3 https://youtu.be/U9m8
T1
26 Magnetic forces and 1 10 6joRSMg?si=hYp7aS
277-294
torques KFx0OHFYmd
27 Activity 1 - 2 - -
Total Hours 9
UNIT IV - TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND PLANE ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
T1 https://youtu.be/BYTw
28 Faraday's law 1 3 4
308-321 ob3ljOI?si=UY7Y6q35
7TaT9uOM
Displacement current https://youtu.be/t-
W6_fn_1bI?si=9Ogr0
and Maxwell-Ampere T1
29 1 3 4 maJou4HKhgK
law, Maxwell's 321-326
equations
https://youtu.be/1_-
dRAwn5bs?si=aKF5Fi
Potential functions, T1 16vw3eq1-i
30 Electromagnetic 1 326-329, 3 4
boundary conditions 329-332
Wave equations and https://youtu.be/eZ74O

T1 b1dHKM?si=kcSjuWlb
31 solutions, Time- 1 332-335 3 4 HGy3nBty
harmonic fields 335-345
Plane waves in https://youtu.be/5Vw

T1
32 1 2,10 4 gRceInRw?si=RKX9L
lossless media 355-366
5VooxMqhJ82
Plane waves in lossy
https://youtu.be/k40gNf
media (low-loss
33 1 3 4 hFX7Q?si=Z8mw4Wm
dielectrics and good T1
aKl3VbkN0
conductors) 367-375
https://youtu.be/1ugT6a
nEWAY?si=6gOF-
Group velocity, KtAf4hJf9Tl
Electromagnetic
34 1 T1 4 4
power flow and
379-386
Poynting vector
Normal incidence at a https://youtu.be/ztoW

myO_7Cw?si=zkIpM
plane conducting
glOq2VIoLKJ
35 boundary, Normal 1 T1 3 4
incidence at a plane 386-389
dielectric boundary
37
Mode
S. of CO
No Deliv No
ery
36 Summary 1 - - -
Total Hours 9
UNIT V- THEORY OF TRANSMSSION
LINES
R3 https://youtu.be/izGLJ2L
Introduction, General 1.3-1.5, knn0?si=QKPBUrzXiae
37 1 3 5 BgZWV
solution 1.37-1.45
https://youtu.be/5cWRtz-
Wavelength, Velocityof aAgw?si=Dy_cfs3LZKP
38 1 R3 10 5
propagation n8utK
1.19-1.20
https://youtu.be/En8NTC
R3
39 The distortion less line 1 3 5 CURu0?si=pAb9hKNdF
1.57-1.59 JXT4vjT
https://youtu.be/nDFkpZ
IOxIM?si=zaqowp6X8K
Line reflection, Line o1ehos
40 1 R3 3 5
calculation
1.73-1.81
https://youtu.be/kld3LbK
Impedance, Open and R3 8pZU?si=Tgx09bQ0dkR
41 1 2 5 VAhIQ
short circuited lines 1.47-1.48
https://youtu.be/06N-
R3 5aUaV9w?si=R7CnSOt
Insertion loss, T &
42 1 1.82-1.86 3 5 W7w8d7GWW
section equivalent
1.15-1.17
Open wire lines, https://youtu.be/rNSPz3

R3 RZwDA?si=LeN-
43 Coaxial lines at high 10 1 5
2.2-2.5 rQ8XXc_PvWiY
frequencies
44 Activity 1 - - - -
45 Summary 1 - - - -
Total Hours 9
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
38
Content beyond the Syllabus:
1. CM and DM, ESD Phenomena and effects.
2. EMI measuring instruments.
3. Spectrum conversation.
Topics for Innovative Teaching:

Unit 1: Rectangular coordinate systems - Demonstration
Unit 2: Dielectrics in static electric field - Crossword
Unit 3: Magnetic energy, Magnetic forces and torques - Comparison chart
Unit 4: Plane waves in lossless media - Technical Quiz
Unit 5: Wavelength, Velocity of propagation - NPTEL Video
Web Course:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104087/
https://www.scientechworld.com/education-software-training-and-skill-development/sku-
online-learning/electromagnetic-field-theory
UNITWISE VIDEOS:
UNIT-I:
Review of vector algebra - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0rOOiKCLGew
Rectangular coordinate systems - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=smLbpjdkNFM
Cylindrical coordinate systems - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jDP_G7NA72A
Spherical coordinate systems - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EOq72OGH4xg
Line, surface and volume integrals - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rveuCHNkaC4,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvZKF7vV6f0,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9C5DqRb0OM
Gradient of a scalar field- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8U0keHto6E
Divergence of a vector field, Divergence theorem - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Av-n6qrb-y8
Curl of a vector field, Stoke's theorem - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3ZC4Mo1fS0
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104087/4
UNIT-II:
Electric field, Coulomb's law, Gauss's law and applications -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A45kt2U3U8, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whv_d-
fBCg0
Electric potential - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yBCTLNZ6fdE
Conductors in static electric field, Dielectrics in static electric field -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sed9dVqkGi0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gtzNdfUD2wc
Electric flux density and dielectric constant - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6STe-VIZUcs
Boundary conditions - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=llgDfZ59Kvw
Capacitance, Parallel, cylindrical and spherical capacitors -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3rqE3UdVGso
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qablUeNlsmM
Electrostatic energy, Poisson's and Laplace's equations -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntWKMkXAuDA
Uniqueness of electrostatic solutions -
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0qHPZ2nmEbQ&list=PLBZrb0wA6HTd9CclN_Ku_I065MXb
HZh6U&index=20
39
UNIT-III:
Lorentz force equation, Law of no magnetic monopoles Ampere's law -
Vector magnetic potential- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104087/
Biot-Savart law and applications- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104087/
Magnetic field intensity and idea of relative permeability -
Magnetic circuits, Behaviour of magnetic materials - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/104/112104203/

Boundary conditions - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104087/
Inductance and inductors- https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105112/
Magnetic energy, Magnetic forces and torques - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/115/106/115106122/
UNIT-IV:
Faraday's law - http://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/108104087/L44.html
Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere law, Maxwell's equations -
Potential functions, Electromagnetic boundary conditions - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/106/108106152/
Wave equations and solutions, Time-harmonic fields - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104087/
Plane waves in lossless media - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104130/
Plane waves in lossy media (low-loss dielectrics and good conductors) -
Group velocity, Electromagnetic power flow and Poynting vector -
Normal incidence at a plane conducting boundary, Normal incidence at a plane dielectric boundary -
UNIT-V:
Introduction, General solution - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/104/108104087/
Wavelength, Velocity of propagation - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/101/117101056/
The distortion less line - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/101/117101056/b
Line reflection, Line calculation - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/101/117101056/
Impedance, Open and short circuited lines - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/101/117101056/
Insertion loss, T & section - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/103/108103141/
Open wire lines, Coaxial lines at high frequencies -
http://www.digimat.in/nptel/courses/video/108101112/L09.html
40
Concept Map
Electromagnetic Fields
Plane
Electrostatics Magnetostatics Time-Varying Fields Electromagnetic
Waves
Charge Magnetic Field Faraday's law

Lossless media
intensity (H), flux
density (B)
Coulomb's law Maxwell's Lossy media
equations
Biot -Savart
Electric field law Poynting
Electromagnetic
intensity (E) boundary vector
Ampere’s conditions
Electric Circuital law Plane conducting
Potential (V) boundary
 Boundary
Poisson’s Equation conditions
Plane dielectric
∇2V=ρ/ε  Inductance
boundary
Transmission
Capacitance and line theory
Boundary conditions
Electric Flux Line

T and pi Impedance General
Density (D) solution reflection
section
Gauss's law
Open wire line and
co-axial wire line at
41
Regulation: 2019 Academic Year: 2020-2021

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
Subject Code: 19UECPC402 YEAR/SEM:II/IV
Subject Name: ENGINEERING ELECTROMAGNETICS
UNIT I -INTRODUCTION
Electromagnetic model, Units and constants, Review of vector algebra, Rectangular, cylindrical
and spherical coordinate systems, Line, surface and volume integrals, Gradient of a scalar field,
Divergence of a vector field, Divergence theorem, Curl of a vector field, Stoke's theorem.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
Electromagnetic model
1. Define electromagnetic. 2 R
2. List the different sources of electromagnetic fields. 2 R
3. Describe the three universal constants in the electromagnetic model and their 2 R
relations.
Review of vector algebra
4. Define scalar and vector quantity. 2 R
5. Obtain the unit vector in the direction from the origin towards the point P(3,-3,-2) 2 S
6. Given A  10ay  3az , B  5ax  4ay , Find the projection of A and B 2 S
7. Define dot product and cross product. 2 R
8. Find the dot product of the vectors A and B if A =2ax-3ay+4az, B=-ax+2ay+2az and 2 S
the vectors ⃗A→ and⃗B→ are perpendicular to each other.
9. Two vector quantities A  4i  3 j  5k and B  i  2 j  2k are known to be oriented in 2 A
two unique directions. Determine the angular separation between them.
Rectangular, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems
10. Outline the coordinate variables for transforming from Cartesian to cylindrical 2 R
coordinates.
11. Outline the coordinate variables for transforming from Cartesian to Spherical 2 R
coordinates
12. Relate the vector fields among different coordinates systems. 2 A
13. Define unit vector and represent them in various coordinate systems. 2 R
14. How do you convert Cartesian (Rectangular) to cylindrical and spherical system? 2 U
15. Write the formula to convert a point from spherical and cylindrical to Cartesian 2 R
system.
16. Define base vector. List out the base vectors for various coordinate systems 2 R
17. Given A  ( y cosax)a x ( y  e )a .z Determine   A at origin.
x 2 S
18. Given A  5ax and B  4a x  ta y ; find ‘t’ such that the angle between A and B is 45◦. 2 A
19. Mention the criteria for choosing an appropriate co-ordinate system for solving a 2 U
field problem easily with an example.
20. Using the concept of surface integral, find the surface area of a sphere of radius ‘a’. 2 A
21. Given the scalar field, V  x2 y  xy2  xz2 , determine the gradient of V at (1,-1,2). 2 A
Line, surface and volume integrals
22. Define line charge density and write its unit. 2 R
42
23. Outline surface charge and volume charge. 2 R
24. A charge is distributed on X axis of Cartesian system having a line charge density of 2 A
3x2µC/m. Find the total charge over the length of 10m.
Gradient of a scalar field
25. Define Gradient and list its properties. 2 R
26. Write the expression for gradient in various coordinate systems. 2 R
27. List the difference between a scalar quantity and a scalar field. 2 U
28. For a scalar field V, show that the curl of the gradient of the scalar field vanishes 2 A
i.e. V  0.
Divergence of a vector field
29. Define divergence of a vector field. 2 R
30. List the difference between a vector quantity and a vector field. 2 U
31. Show that the vector A  5 y4 z2 a x  4x 3 z2 a y  3x2 y2 a z is Solenoidal. 2 A
Divergence theorem
32. State the Divergence Theorem and apply the divergence in Cartesian coordinate 2 A
system.
Curl of a vector field
33. Define Curl. 2 R
34. Predict the expression for curl in various coordinate systems. 2 A
35. State the physical significance of curl of a vector field. 2 R
36. Prove that curl grad =0 2 A
37. State curl of a vector in three coordinates systems. 2 R
38. Describe the properties of curl of a vector field. 2 R
39. Solve the divergence of the curl of the vector field is zero i.e. .   A  0 . 2 A
Stoke's theorem
40. State Stoke‟s theorem. 2 R
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1. (i) Given the two vectors A  3âx  4â y  5âz and B  6âx  2â y  45âz determine the unit 4 U
vector normal to the plane containing the vectors A and B .
(ii) Explain the different coordinate systems used to represent field vectors. 12 R
2. (i) Transform the vector A  4ax  2ay  4az at P(x=+2,y=+3,z=4) to spherical co- 8 U
ordinate system
(ii) Given point P (–1, 4, 3) and vector A  yax  (x  z)ay express P and A in 8
cylindrical and spherical coordinates. Evaluate A at P in the Cartesian and spherical
systems.
3. (i) State and prove Divergence theorem. 8 R
(ii) Derive the expression for spherical coordinate system. 8 R
4. (i) Write short notes on the following. 8 R
a) Gradient
b) Divergence
c) Curl
10y 3 8 A
(ii )Check validity of the divergence theorem considering the field D  ay C / m
2
3
Evaluate both sides of divergence theorem for the volume of a cube 2m3 on each
43
edge centred at the origin and with the edges parallel to the axes.
→ → →
5. (i) Transform the vectors → from Cartesian to cylindrical 8 R
𝑥2
𝐴 = 𝑦𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥𝑎𝑦 + 𝑎z
√𝑥2+𝑦2
co-ordinate system.
(ii) Derive the expression for cylindrical coordinate system. 8 R
6. (i) Express Mathematical equation for the Gradient of scalar field and represent the 8 R
cylindrical, spherical coordinates using del operator
(ii) Find the gradient of the following scalar fields. 8 S
1.V  ez sin 2x cosh y
2.W  10r sin2  cos
7. (i) Derive the equation for the divergence of a vector field and also state the 8 R
properties of the divergence.
(ii) Determine Divergence of these vector fields. 8 S
1) P  x 2 yza x  xza z
2) Q  1sina   2 za  z cosaz
T  cosa  r sin cosa  cosa
3) 2 r  
r .
8. State and prove stoke’s theorem. If A   cosa  sin a , evaluate → → around the 16 A
  𝐴. 𝑑𝐿
path as shown in figure.
9. Given A  2 cosa  a , now how would you compute A.ds over the area as 16 A
 s
shown in figure below?
10. Determine the equation for the circulation of magnetic field around the closed path 16 U
and also give the properties of curl of a vector field.
11. (i) Given a vector function F  6 y  b1z  ax  b2 x  4z  ay  b3 y  z  a z 8 S
(a) Find the constants b1, b2, b3 if F is irrotational.
(b) Find the scalar potential function V whose negative gradient equals F .
(ii) Using divergence theorem, evaluate  A d S , where A  2xyax  y2 ay  4 yzaz and s 8 S
44
is the surface of cube bounded by the planes x=0, x=1, y=0, y=1 and z=0, z=1 .
12. Verify stoke’s theorem for the vector B   cosa  z sin  az by evaluating 16 A
(i) B dl over the path l of the wedge defined by 0    2, 0    60 , z  0 as shown in

figure.

(ii)  B d S Over the surface of the wedge shown in figure.
s
13. Find the laplacian of the following scalar fields. 16 S

(i) V  4xy2 z 3 ,
(ii) V  xy  yz  zx,
(iii) V   2 z cos 2 and
(iv) V  er sin cos
14. Explain in detail line, surface and volume integrals of vector function. 16 U
15. Can you apply the concept of transformation of vectors to transform the given vector 16 A
10
B  a  r cos a  a to Cartesian and cylindrical coordinates? Then Find B (-3, 4,
r θ 
r
0) and B ( 5, 2, 2 ).
16. Given that F (x2  y2 )i  2xy j , evaluate both sides of stoke‟s theorem for a 16 S
rectangular path bounded by the lines x  a, y  0, y  b.
UNIT II – STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD

Electric field, Coulomb's law, Gauss's law and applications, Electric potential, Conductors in
static electric field, Dielectrics in static electric field, Electric flux density and dielectric constant,
Boundary conditions, Capacitance, Parallel, cylindrical and spherical capacitors, Electrostatic
energy, Poisson's and Laplace's equations, Uniqueness of electrostatic solutions.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
Electric field
1. Outline electric field intensity. 2 R
Coulomb's law
2. Define Coulomb‟s law in vector form. 2 R
Gauss's law and applications
3. State Gauss law. Write the equation for Gauss‟s law and its applications 2 R
4. Apply Gauss’s law, obtain electric flux density of a point charge 2 A
5. Define Gaussian surface. 2 R
6. Why Gauss law cannot be applied to determine the electric field due to finite line 2 U
charge?
7. Prove that the divergence of the electric field and the electric flux density in a 2 S
charge free region is zero.
45
Electric potential
8. Define Potential Difference and absolute potential. 2 R
9. Express the potential difference between two point charges as the difference 2 U
between the absolute potential of the charges.
10. State the principle of superposition as applied to an electric potential of a point. 2 A
Conductors in static electric field
11. Define conductor. List out its properties. 2 R
12. List the relationship between perfect conductor and electrostatic field. 2 R
Dielectrics in static electric field
13. Define dielectrics. List out its properties. 2 R
14. Water has greater dielectric constant than mica. Justify it 2 U
15. Distinguish between conductor and dielectric. 2 U
Electric flux density and dielectric constant
16. Define electric flux density 2 R
17. Relate Electric field intensity and Electric flux density 2 U
18. State the properties of electric flux lines 2 R
Boundary conditions
19. Mention the boundary conditions for electric field at the perfect dielectric conductor 2 R
interface.
20. Comment on the value of the relative permittivity ε1 and ε2 for the field at the 2 U
charge free interface of the two dielectric media
21. Define the boundary conditions for a conductor- free space interfaces in electrostatic 2 U
and give reason why the electrostatic potential is continuous at the boundary?
Capacitance, Parallel, cylindrical and spherical capacitors
22. Define mutual inductance. 2 R
23. Compare self-inductance and mutual inductance. 2 U
24. State the capacitance of a coaxial cable and produce the expression for the 2 A
spherical capacitor.
25. A parallel plate capacitor has a charge of 10-3C on each plate while the potential 2 A
difference between the plates is 1000 V. Calculate the value of capacitance. Write
down the expression for the capacitance between two parallel plates.
26. How the principle of conservation of charges depicted? 2 S
27. Determine the value of capacitance between 2 square plates cross sectional area 1 2 A
sq.cm separated by 1 cm placed in a liquid whose dielectric constant is 6 and the
relative permittivity of free space is 8.854 pF/m.
28. Determine the energy stored in a parallel plate capacitor of 0.5m by 1m has a 2 A
separation of 2 cm and a voltage difference of 10 V.
29. List the expression for capacitance having three dielectrics and also mention the 2 U
factors that the capacitance depends on.
Electrostatic energy
30. Give the potential at a point due to an electric dipole. 2 R
31. A 15nC point charge is at the origin in free space. Calculate V1 if point P1 is located 2 A
at P1(-2,3,-1) and V=0 at (6,5,4).
Poisson's and Laplace's equations
32. Obtain Poisson’s equation from Gauss’s law. 2 A
33. Give the Laplace equation and Poisson‟s equation in Cartesian, Cylindrical and 2 R
46
Spherical co-ordinate systems.
34. Define uniqueness theorem 2 R
35. Verify that the potential field given below satisfies the Laplace’s equation 2 A
V = 2x2 – 3y2 + z.2
36. Predict the capacitance per km between a pair of parallel wires each of diameter 1 2 A
cm at a spacing of 50 cm.
37. Predict the electric field intensity at a distance of 20 cm from a charge of 2µC in 2 A
vacuum?
38. Determine the capacitance of parallel plate capacitor having tin foil sheers, 25 cm 2 A
square plates separated through a glass dielectric 0.5 cm thick with relative
permittivity 6.
39. At boundary between copper and aluminium the electric field lines makes an angle 2 A
of 45º with the normal to the interface. Find the angle of emergence. The
conductivity of copper and aluminium are 5.8×105 S/cm and 3.5×105S/cm
respectively.
Uniqueness of electrostatic solution
40. Give the equation for the uniqueness of electrostatic solution. 2 R
PART- B (16 MARKS)
1. (i) Find the electric field of distance z above the center of a square loop of side a 8 U
carrying uniform line charge λ.
(ii) Each of two dielectrics (of relative permittivity‟s r1 and r2 respectively) 8 U
occupies one half the volume of the annular space between the electrodes of a
cylindrical capacitor such that the interface plane between the dielectrics is a r z
plane. Show that the two dielectrics act like a single dielectric having the average
relative permittivity
2. Derive the boundary conditions of the tangential and normal components of electric 16 U
field at the interface of two mediums with dielectric.
3. (i) A potential field is given by V=100𝑒−5𝑥 𝑠i𝑛(3𝑦)𝑐𝑜𝑠(4𝑧). The point P (0.1,𝜋/ 8 A
12, 𝜋/24) lies on the boundary of the conductor and free space. At P, obtain the
magnitudes of(a) V (b) 𝐸⃗→(c) 𝐸𝑁 (d) 𝐸𝑡𝑎𝑛 (e)𝐷 ⃗→ (f) 𝐷𝑁 (g) 𝜌𝑠
(ii) Write down the general procedure for solving the Poisson‟s and Laplace 8 R
equation.
4. (i) Medium 1 has s𝑟1 = 1.5 and extends to the left of the yz plane, medium 2 has s𝑟2 8 A
= 2.5 and extends to the right of the yz plane. E1= 2i+3j+k. Find the magnitude of
E2.
(ii) A capacitor of capacitance C is charged to a voltage V. At a particular time, 8 A
this capacitor is connected to a second capacitor of value C, but containing no
charge, what will be the final voltage?
5. (i) Derive an expression for energy stored in the electrostatic field of a section of a 10 S
coaxial cable.
(ii) Derive an expression for polarization P. 6 U
6. (i) Derive the expression for capacitance of parallel plate capacitor. 8 R
(ii) Determine the capacitance for plates of area 20 cm2 and separation 8.854 mm. 8 A
Calculate the electric potential between the plates, the electric field in the region
between the plates and the energy stored when the charge of the capacitor is 44.27
47
Nc
7. (i) Derive expression for capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor having three 8 R
dielectric media. Also extend it to „n‟ number of dielectric media.
⃗→ = 𝑟 𝑎→ nC/m2 in free space. Calculate: i)
(ii) The electric flux density is given as 𝐷
4 r 8 S
The electric field intensity at r= 0.25m ii) The total charge within a sphere of
r=0.25m and iii) The total flux leaving the sphere of r = 0.35m.
8. (i)A parallel plate capacitors with a separation of 1 cm has 29 KV applied, when 8 A
free space is the only dielectric. Assume that the dielectric strength of air as 30
kV/cm. Show why the air breaks down when a thin piece of glass (εr=6.5) with
a dielectric strength of 290KV/cm and thickness d2 = 0.2cm is inserted.
(ii) Calculate the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with the following details.
Plate area, A =100cm2, Dielectric 1 𝜀 r1 = 4, d1 = 2mm, Dielectric 2 𝜀r2 = 3, d2 = 8 S
3mm
9. Using gauss law, derive an expression for electric field intensity due to uniformly 16 U
charged thin spherical shell at inside and outside the point.
10. (i) The electric field between the concentric cylindrical conductors at r=0.01m and 8 S
6
r=0.05m is given by E ⃗→ = 10 → V/m. find the energy stored in 1m length of the
r ar
conductor. Assume free space
(ii) The capacitance of a condenser formed by two parallel metal sheets, each 100 8 A
cm2in area separated by a dielectric 2mm thick is 2×10-4 F. A potential of 20kV is
applied. Find (a) electric flux,(b) potential gradient in kV/cm,(c) relative
permittivity,(d) electric flux density.
11. (i) Obtain the relationship between polarisation and electric field intensity 8 U
(ii) Explain the capacitance of a coaxial cable. 8 U
12. (i) Derive Poisson‟s equation and Laplace‟s equation. Also represent it in different 8
coordinates. R
−6𝑦
(ii) Given in a field 𝐸⃗→ = ( 2 ) 𝑎→ x +(6) 𝑎→y + 5𝑎→z V/m, Find the potential difference 8
𝑥 𝑥
VAB given A(-7,2,1) and B(4,1,2).
13. (i) State and explain the electric boundary conditions between two dielectric 10 S
materials.
(ii) By applying Gauss’s law derive the capacitance of co-axial cable. 6 A
14. (i) The radii of two spheres differ by 4cm and the capacitance of the spherical 8 S
condenser is 53.33 pF if the outer sphere is earthed calculate the radii assuming air
as dielectric.
(ii) Show that the expression for potential due to an electric dipole satisfies the 8 U
Laplace‟s equation.
15. (i) Derive the expression for energy density in electrostatic fields. 8 R
(ii) A parallel plate capacitor of area 0.8 sq.m, has a separation of 0.1mm and a field 8 S
of 106V/m (relative permittivity=1000).Calculate the potential.
16. (i) State and prove uniqueness theorem. 8 R
(ii) Derive the capacitance of a spherical capacitor. 8 U
UNIT III STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD
48
Lorentz force equation, Law of no magnetic monopoles, Ampere's law, Vector magnetic
potential, Biot-Savart law and applications, Magnetic field intensity and idea of relative
permeability, Magnetic circuits, Behaviour of magnetic materials, Boundary conditions,
Inductance and inductors, Magnetic energy, Magnetic forces and torques.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
Lorentz Force Equation
1 Express the Lorentz force equation. 2 R
Law of No Magnetic Monopoles
2 State the law of conservation of magnetic flux. 2 R
Ampere’s Law
3 List the applications of Ampere’s circuital law. 2 A
4 List the conditions to be satisfied to apply Ampere‟s circuital law. 2 R
5 Estimate the equation for general form, integral form and point form of the ampere‟s 2 U
law.
6 State the expression for H due to infinite sheet of current and co-axial cable. 2 R
7 State the physical significance of curl and mention its properties. 2 U
8 Identify the nature of the field F  30a x  2xya y  5xz a z, by determining the divergence 2
2
A
and curl.
9 Applying Ampere’s law, find the total field H at point P of a two wire transmission 2 A
line separated by a distance d=80 cm, the inclined angle to point P is α=30 degree
and both carrying equal currents of magnitude 100 A.
Vector Magnetic Potential
10 State Laplace‟s equation for scalar magnetic potential. 2 R
11 Define magnetic vector potential. 2 R
Biot-Savart Law and Applications, Magnetic Field Intensity and Idea of Relative
Permeability
12 State Biot-Savart‟s law. 2 R
13 A current filament carrying 15 A in the az directionless along the entire z-axis. Find 2 A
H in rectangular coordinates at PA(2,-4,4).
14 Define Magnetic Lines of Force and mention its properties. 2 R
15 State right hand and left hand thumb rule. 2 R
16 Examine the idea of permeability and relative permeability and state its unit 2 A
17 Identify the magnetic field intensity at the origin due to a current element, 2 A
IdL  3π  ax  2ay  3az  μ A.m , at the point P(3,4,5) in free space.
18 A circular coil of radius 20 cm carries a current of 4A. What is the value of the 2 A
magnetic field intensity at the centre?
19 A circular loop located on x2  y2  9, z  0 carries a direct current of 10 A along a . 2 A
Determine H at (0,0,4) and(0,0,-4).
Magnetic Circuits, Magnetic Energy
20 Define electro motive force. 2 R
21 State Kirchoff‟s flux law and MMF law. 2 R
22 Define permeance and fringing effect. 2 R
2
23 A magnetic circuit employs an air core toroid with cross sectional area of 6 cm , 2 A
mean radius 15cm. Determine reluctance of the circuit.
49
Behaviour of Magnetic Materials
24 Classify the magnetic materials. What is meant by super magnetic materials? 2 U
25 Define soft and hard magnetic materials? 2 R
26 Define ferromagnetic materials and ferrities. 2 R
27 Define Hysteresis. 2 R
28 Differentiate diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic material. 2 U
Boundary Conditions
29 List the difference between the electric circuit and magnetic circuit. 2 U
30 Define magnetic boundary condition. 2 R
31 Generate the permeability of the material whose magnetic susceptibility is 49. 2 S
32 An infinite solenoid (n turns per unit length and current I) is filled with a linear 2 S
material of susceptibility m . Find the magnetic field inside solenoid.
33 Review relationship between magnetic flux density, magnetic field intensity, and 2 U
magnetization?
Inductance and Inductors
34 A coil of 500 turns is wound on a closed iron ring of mean radius 10 cm and cross 2 S
section area of 3 cm2. Find the self-inductance of the winding if the relative
permeability of iron is 800.
35 A very long solenoid with 2x2 cm cross section has an iron core (μr=1000) and 2 A
number of turns is 4000 turns/meter. If it carries current of 500 mA, find its self-
inductance per meter.
36 A Current of 3A flowing through an inductor of 100mH. What is the energy stored 2 A
in inductor?
Magnetic Forces and Torques
37 What is meant by magnetic moment? (or) Define magnetic Torque. 2 R
38 A loop with magnetic dipole moment 8 × 10−3 𝑎̅𝑧 (𝐴𝑚2 )lies in a uniform magnetic 2 A
field of 𝐵̅= 0.2𝑎̅𝑥 + 0.4𝑎̅𝑧 (W𝑏/𝑚2 ).Calculate Torque.
39 Write Lorentz force equation for a moving charge (or) Define Lorentz law of force 2 U
(or) Give the expression for Lorentz force equation.
40 Distinguish between electric force and magnetic force. 2 U
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1 (i) State and Explain Biot-Savart‟s law. 8 R
(ii) How would you apply Biot-savart law to derive the expression for magnetic field 8 A
intensity at any point due to infinite straight conductor carrying a current I at a
distant point P.
2 (i) Find the magnetic flux density at the centre P of a square of sides equal to 5 m 8 S
and carrying 10 A of current.
(ii) Find the magnetic field intensity at the origin due to a current element, 8 S
Id L  3 (ax  2ay  3az ) A.m., at the point P(3,4,5) in free space.
3 (i) How would you apply Biot-savart law to find the magnetic field intensity due to a 8 A
finite wire carrying a current I. Give your observation based on sign convention.
(ii) A current filament carries a current of 10 A in the az direction on the z-axis. Find 8 S
the magnetic field intensity H at point P(1,2,3) due to this filament if it extends from
z=-∞ to ∞ , z=0 to 5 meters and z=5 m to ∞ in Cartesian coordinates.
4 (i) Find the field at the centre of a n-sided regular polygon described in a circle of 8 S
50
radius R carrying a steady current I. Find the magnetic flux density when the number
of sides of the polygon tends to infinity.
(ii) Find the magnetic field intensity at point p for the circuit shown below. 8 S
5 (i) Derive an expression for the flux density at the center of a circular loop carrying 8 U
current I.
(ii) Using Biot-savart’s law, derive the magnetic field intensity on the axis of a 8 A
circular loop carrying a steady current I.
6 (i) State and prove Ampere‟s circuital law. 6 R
(ii) A very long and thin, straight wire located along the z-axis carries a current I in 6 S
the z direction. Find the magnetic field intensity at any point in free space using
Ampere‟s law.
(iii) Define curl in different co-ordinates. 4 R
7 Derive the magnetic field intensity in the different regions of co-axial cable by 16 U
applying Ampere‟s circuital law.
8 (i) Find the magnetic field at a point P(0.01,0,0)m, if current through a coaxial cable 5 S
is 6 A, which is along the z-axis and a=3mm, b=9mm, c=11mm.
(ii) A single phase circuit comprises two parallel conductors A and B, 1cm diameter 5 A
and spaced 1m apart. The conductors carry currents of +100 and -100 amps
respectively. Determine the field intensity at the surface of each conductor and also
in the space exactly midway between A and B.
(iii) Derive the expression for a curl, applying Ampere‟s circuital law to an 6 S
incremental surface element. (or) Derive Maxwell‟s curl equation for magnetic
field from the Ampere‟s circuital law. (or) Discuss about curl of a vector. Derive
expression for curl of a vector.
9 (i) A charged particle with velocity „u‟ is moving in a medium containing uniform 8 S
field 𝐸⃗→ = 𝐸𝑎̂𝑥, 𝐵
⃗→ = 𝐵𝑎̂𝑦 W𝑏/𝑚2 what should „u‟ be so that the particle experience no
net force on it?
(ii) Write short notes on self and mutual inductance. 8 U
10 (i) Derive the expression for force on a moving charge in a magnetic field and 8 U
Lorentz force equation.
(ii) Derive the inductance of a toroid. 8 U
11 A composite conductor of cylindrical cross section used in overhead lines is made of 16 A
steel inner wire of radius Ri and an annular outer conductor of radius R0 the two
having electrical contact. Find the magnetic field within the conductors and the
internal self-inductance per unit length of the composite conductor.
12 (i) Give a brief note on magnetic materials. 8 R
(ii) The plane Z =0 forms the boundary between free space for z > 0 in region 1 and 8 A
region 2 with z < 0 a magnetic material of µ2 =100 µ0. The magnetic field in
medium 2 is H 2  H0(10ax 10ay  az ) A / m .Find the magnetic field at the boundary
51
B2
of region 1. Also find the ratio .
B1
13 (i) Derive an expression for the energy stored in the magnetic field of a coil 8 U
possessing an inductance of L Henry when the current in the coil is I amps.
(ii) An air core toroid with rectangular cross-section has 700 turns, with inner radius 8 S
of 1 cm and outer radius of 2 cm and height is 1.5 cm. Find inductance using (i) The
formula for sq. cross section of toroid. (ii) The approximate formula for general
toroid, which assumes a uniform magnetic field intensity H at mean radius.
14 (i) Derive an expression for a torque on a closed rectangular loop placed on uniform 8 U
magnetic field.
(ii) A current sheet K  9a y A/m is located at z=0. The region 1 which is at z<0 has 8 S
 r1 =4 and region 2 which is at  r2 =3.
15 Explain magnetic boundary conditions with neat sketches. 16 R
16 (i) State and explain Ampere‟s force law. 8 R
(ii) A permanent magnet moving coil has a uniform air gap flux density of 0.6T. The 8 A
torque constant of the spring  = 3µNm/degree. The moving coil has 60 turns and is
mounted on a soft iron cylinder of diameter 15 mm and length 20mm. Calculate the
current through the coil for a meter deflection of α = 60o.
UNIT IV— TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL's EQUATIONS

Faraday's law, Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere law, Maxwell's equations, Potential
functions, Electromagnetic boundary conditions, Wave equations and solutions, Time-harmonic
fields. Plane waves in lossless and lossy media, Electromagnetic power flow and Poynting
vector, Normal incidence at a plane conducting boundary, Normal incidence at a plane dielectric
boundary.
PART-A (2 MARKS)
Faraday’s law
1. State Faraday‟s and Lenz‟s law of electromagnetic induction. 2 R
2. Describe an electromagnetic static field. In what ways E and B are related in a 2 A
conducting medium under static conditions?
3. Express the fundamental postulate for electromagnetic induction, and explain how 2 U
it leads to Faraday‟s law.
4. Define Faraday disk generator. 2 R
Displacement current and Maxwell-Ampere law
5. Explain the significance of displacement current. 2 U
Maxwell’s equations
6. List the different statements of Maxwell‟s equations. 2 R
7. Explain the significance of displacement current. 2 U
8. Maxwell‟s second equation is based on a famous law. What is it? Substantiate. 2 U
9. Write Maxwell‟s equation in integral form for free space. 2 R
10. If D  20xax 15yay  Kzaz C / m , find the value of K to satisfy Maxwell’s equations
2 2 A
for region   0 and v  0 .
11. If the magnetic field H  3x cos   6 y sin   a z , find current density J if fields are 2 A
52
invariant with time.
Potential functions
12. What is retarded vector potential? 2 R
13. Determine the expressions for the retarded scalar and vector potentials. 2 A
14. Generalized E and B in terms of potential functions V and A. 2 U
15. Predict in what ways do the retardation time and the velocity of wave propagation 2 A
depend on the constitutive parameters of the medium?
Electromagnetic boundary conditions
16. Write the boundary conditions for electric and magnetic fields. 2 U
Wave equations and solutions
17. What is uniform plane wave? 2 R
18. Describe about intrinsic impedance. 2 R
19. Generalize the general expression for η in terms of free space impedance. 2 U
20. Define wavelength and propagation constant. 2 R
Time Harmonic fields
21. Define electric field and power flow in the coaxial cable. 2 R
22. Determine why the E field immediately outside of a perfect conductor is 2 A
perpendicular to the conductor surface?
23. Predict why the H field immediately outside of a perfect conductor is perpendicular 2 A
to the conductor surface?
24. Define loss tangent of a medium and its significance. 2 R
25. Discuss about why frequencies below the VLF range is rarely used for wireless 2 A
transmission?
26. Assume a field of E  1.0e z  e jt z  V/m. with a frequency of 100MHz at the 2 A
surface of an upper conductor of conductivity 58 Ms/m located at z>0. Examine the
attenuation as the wave propagates to the conductor.
Plane waves in lossless media
27. List out the medium parameters in an unbounded homogeneous medium. 2 R
28. The attenuation constant of a plane wave propagating through the dielectric is 2 A
0.2887Np/m. Determine the skin depth for the frequency 2.6MHz.
29. Define and list any two important two properties of uniform Plane Waves. 2 R
Plane waves in lossy media
30. Give the significance of intrinsic impedance. 2 U

31. Differentiate between lossy and lossless media. 2 U
32. Distinguish between low loss dielectrics and good conductors. 2 U
33. State Depth of penetration of a conductor. 2 R
Electromagnetic power flow and Poynting vector
34. Define Poynting Vector and Poynting theorem. 2 R

35. Predict the Instantaneous expression for the power density vector. 2 A
36. Describe the time average pointing vector. 2 U
37. Write the general formula for computing the average power density in a 2 A
propagating wave.
38. Describe about power loss in plane conductor. 2 U
53
Normal incidence at a plane conducting and dielectric boundary
39. Define plane of incidence. 2 R

40. Point out the three conditions for φ. 2 U
PART – B (16 MARKS)
1. (i) State Faraday‟s law of electromagnetic induction and explain Faraday‟s 8 R
experiment. (OR) State and explain Faraday‟s law & Lenz‟s law. Deduce the
expression for it.
(ii) Explain the term-Transformer emf- with respect to a stationary closed path in a 4 R
time varying magnetic field.
(iii) Explain the term motional emf. (or) Is it possible to construct a generator of 4 R
emf which is constant and does not vary with time by using the principle of EM
inductor? Explain.
2. (i) A conductor 1 cm in length is parallel to z-axis and rotates at radius of 25 cm at 8 A
1200 rpm. Find induced voltage, if the radial field is given by B  0.5ar T .
(ii) Derive an expression for the displacement current density JD. 8 A
3. (i) Determine the EMF induced about the path r = 0.5, z = 0, t = 0. If B = 0.01 sin 6 S
377t T.
(ii) Calculate the maximum emf induced in a coil of 4000 turns of radius of 12cm 6 S
rotating at 30 r.p.s in a magnetic field of 500 gauss.
(iii) A conductor of length 0.5m moves in a uniform magnetic field of density 1.1T 4 S
at a velocity of 30m/s. Calculate the induced voltage in the conductor when the
direction of motion is perpendicular to the field.
4. (i) A rectangular conducting loop with a resistance of 0.2Ω rotates at 500 r.p.m. 8 S
The vertical conductor at r1 = 0.03 m is in the field B1 = 0.25 ar T and other
conductor is at r2 =0.05m and in the field B2 =0.8 ar T. Find current flowing in the
loop.
(ii) Show that the displacement current in dielectric of parallel plate capacitor is
equal to the conduction current in the leads. (or) In a parallel plate capacitor, a time 8 S
varying current i(t)  Im cost flow through its leads. The plates have the surface
area S and the distance between them is d. Show that the displacement current
through the capacitor is exactly Im cost. Ignore the fringing effects.
5. From the fundamental laws, derive Maxwell‟s equations for electric and magnetic 16 U
fields in integral and differential form. (or) State Maxwell‟s equation for static
fields. Explain how they are modified for time varying electric and magnetic fields.
(or) Derive Maxwell‟s Equation for time varying field.
6. (i) Determine value of k such that following pairs of fields satisfies Maxwell‟s 8 R
equations in the region where,   0,  v  0.
(a) E   kx 100t  a y V / m, H   x  20t  a z A / m and   0.25H / m,   0.01F / m
(b) D  5xax  2ya y  kzaz C / m 2 , B  2a y mT and    0 ,   0
Em
(ii) Do the fields, E  E m sin x sin ta y and H  cos x cos ta z satisfy Maxwell’s
0 4 A
equations?
(iii) If electric field intensity in free space is given by 4 A
54
cos108 t 10z  a 
50
E V / m. Find the magnetic field intensity H.

7. (i) A 6580 MHz uniform plane wave is propagating in a material medium of 8 A
r  2.25. If the amplitude of the electric field intensity of lossless medium is 500
V/m. Calculate phase constant, propagation constant, velocity, wavelength and
intrinsic impedance. Also find the magnetic field intensity.
(ii) What do you meant by phasor? Prove that multiplying and integrating a vector 8 R
quantity with respect to time is equivalent to multiplying and dividing the phasor of
that quantity by factor jω respectively.
8. Derive the Lorentz condition for potential functions. Also obtain the expressions for 16 U
retarded scalar and vector potentials.
(i) Given the retarded potentials, V   y  x  at V and A  y   t  a x Wb/m where,
x 8 A
9.
a 
 
 1 v
 a  Show that   A   . Find B, H , E, and D .
00 t
(ii) Determine the value of K such that following pairs of fields satisfies Maxwell’s
equations in the region where σ = 0,σv = 0 8 A
a) E = [kx-100t] ay V/m, H = [x+20t] ay A/m and μ=0.25 H/m, ε=0.01 F/m
D = 5x ax -2y ay +kz az μC/m2, B = 2 a y mT and μ=μ0, ε=ϵ0.

10. (i) The electric field and magnetic field in free space are given by: 8 U
E
50

 
cos 106 t   a  V / m; H 
H0

 
cos 106 t   a  A / m . Express these in phasor
form and determine the constants H0 and β such that the fields satisfy Maxwell‟s
equation.
(ii) Given E = Emsin (ωt-βz) ay in free space, find D, B and H . Sketch E and H at 8 U
t=0.
11. Derive the general wave equations for E and H in a non-conducting simple medium 16 U
where a charge distribution 𝛒 and a current distribution J exist. Write the general
solutions for E(R,t) and H(R,t) in terms of 𝛒 and J.
12. (i) Explain Plane waves in lossless media with necessary expressions. 8 R
(ii) Describe the flow of Electromagnetic power flow and Pointing vector. 8 U
13. Explain Plane waves in lossy media in low loss dielectrics and good conductors. 16 R
14. (i) Write down the boundary conditions between a dielectric (medium 1) and a 8 U
perfect conductor (medium 2) for time varying case.
(ii) The unit vector 0.48ax  0.6ay  0.64az is directed from region 2 with
r 2  2.5, r 2  2, 2  0 towards region1 with r1  4, r1  10,1  0 . If 8 U
 
H 1  100a x  50a y  200a z sin 400t A/m at point P in region 1 adjacent to the
boundary. Find the amplitude at P of: a) H N1 b) H tan1 c) H N 2 d) ) H 2 .
15. Derive the expressions for incidence at a plane conducting boundary. 16 U
16. Derive the expressions for Normal incidence at a plane dielectric boundary. 16 U
UNIT V-THEORY OF TRANSMISSION LINES
55
This unit deals with the general theory of transmission lines and its general solution. It also deals
with the wavelength and velocity of propagation, and distortion less line. It also involves
numerical problems related to current, voltage, power delivered and efficiency of transmission
line. The last part of this unit covers the input impedance, transfer impedance, reflection loss and
reflection factor of the transmission line.
PART-A ( 2 MARKS)
GENERAL THEORY OF TRANSMISSION LINE
1. What does the word “Transmission” means? List out some examples of 2 R
transmission.
2. Define transmission lines and theory behind its operation. 2 R
3. Illustrate some real time examples of the transmission lines? 2 U
4. Differentiate between distributed circuits and lumped circuits. 2 U
5. State the various types of transmission lines used in practice. 2 R
6. List the important parameters of a transmission line. 2 R
7. Point out the advantages and disadvantages of open-wire transmission line. 2 S
8. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of coaxial lines and open wire 2 U
transmission line.
THE TRANSMISSION LINE – GENERAL SOLUTION
9. Draw the equivalent circuit of a transmission line. 2 A
10. Illustrate the π section equivalent of the transmission line. 2 U
11. For an open wire overhead line β=0.04 rad/km. Find the wavelength and velocity 2 A
at a frequency of 1600Hz. Hence calculate the time taken by the wave to travel
90Km.
12. Write a short note on Primary constants of the transmission lines. 2 S
13. Write a short note on secondary constants of the transmission. 2 U
14. Calculate the characteristic impedance of a line at 1600 Hz if zoc  750 300 & 2 A
Zsc  600 200 .
15. Define attenuation constant and phase constant. 2 R
16. Define Characteristic impedance. 2 R
17. Predict when a transmission line will deliver maximum power to the load. 2 A
18. Give the general solution of a transmission line. Mention the meaning of each term. 2 R
19. Define propagation constant. 2 R
WAVELENGTH, VELOCITY OF PROPAGATION
20. Define wavelength of the transmission line. How is it related to phase velocity? 2 R
T AND PI SECTION
21. Write the expression for the input impedance of T and Pi section. 2 U
22. Define symmetrical network 2 R
OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUITED LINES
23. Write the expression for open circuit and short circuit impedance. 2 U
24. Write the equation for receiving end impedance if the circuit is open circuited or 2 R
short circuited.
THE DISTORTIONLESS LINE
25. Interpret how distortion can be reduced in a transmission line. 2 A
26. Define distortionless line and write the condition for distortionless line. 2 R
27. Write down the conditions of R and G for minimum attenuation. 2 S
56
REFLECTION COEFFICIENT, LINE NOT TERMINATED IN Z 0
28. Illustrate why reflection takes place on a line not terminated in Z 0 . Justify. 2 A
29. A transmission line has a characteristics impedance of 400Ω and is terminated by 2 A
a load impedance of (650-j475) Ω. Determine the reflection coefficient.
30. Define reflection coefficient. 2 R
31. Discuss about reflection loss. 2 S
INPUT TRANSFER IMPEDANCE
32. Sketch the waveform of voltage and current distribution along a short circuited 2 A
line.
33. Predict the impedance of the transmission line with T-section equivalent. 2 A
34. Find the attenuation and phase shift constant of a wave propagating along the 2 A
line whose propagation constant is1.048  104   88.8.
REFLECTION FACTOR AND REFLECTION LOSS
35. A transmission line has Z0  745120  and is terminated in ZR =100Ω. 2 A
Calculate the reflection factor and reflection loss in dB.
36. Define reflection loss and reflection factor. 2 R
TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS AT RADIO FREQUENCY
37. Define skin effect. 2 R
38. Find the expression for the capacitance of open wire and co-axial line. 2 S
39. Illustrate the expression for the inductance of open wire and co-axial line. 2 U
40. What are the assumptions to simplify the analysis of line performance at high 2 R
frequencies?
PART B (16 MARKS)

1. (i) Explain the different types of transmission lines and transmission line 8 U
parameters.
(ii) Define the following terms and their physical significance: 8 R
a) Attenuation function
b) Characteristic impedance
c) Phase constant
d) Phase velocity as applied to a transmission line.
2. (i) Derive the general solution of the transmission line (or) 16 S
Derive the transmission line equation and hence obtain expression for voltage and
current on a transmission line.
3. (i) Explain the physical significance of the general solution of a transmission line. 8 U
(ii) Deduce the expressions for characteristic impedance of a line identical and 8 S
symmetrical T and pi sections of impedance.
4. Obtain the expression for current and voltage at any point along a line which is 16 S
terminated in Z0.
5. (i) A transmission line has the following primary constants: R=6Ω/Km, 8 S
L=2.2mH/Km, G=0.25µƱ/km, C= 0.005µF/km. Find the characteristic impedance
and propagation constant at 1000Hz.
(ii) A voltage of 45V is applied to a 10km long field quad cable. The receiving 8 S
end voltage is 7.868V and it lags behind by 110.20. Calculate the attenuation and
phase constants of the cable, if it is properly terminated.
57
6. Discuss the theory of open and short circuit lines with voltage and current 16 U
distribution diagrams and also derive the input impedance expression.
(OR)Derive the expressions for input impedance of open and short circuit lines.
7. (i) Derive the expression for the insertion loss of a line. 10 U
(ii) A 10% voltage drop across 3Km of a uniformly loaded transmission line 6 S
terminated by its characteristics impedance and there is a phase change of 300
over the same distance at a frequency of 800Hz. Find the value of α in dB/km and
β in rad/km.
8. Derive the input impedance Z0 from the transmission line equation and also find 16 S
voltage reflection ratio at the load.
9. A generator of 1V, 1 KHz supplies power to a 100 Km open wire line terminated 16 A
in 200 Ω resistance. The line parameters are R= 10 Ohms/Km, L=3.8mH/Km, G
= 1 x 10-6 mho/Km, C= 0.0085 µF/Km. Calculate the impedance, reflection
coefficient, power and transmission efficiency.
10. (i) A distortionless line has attenuation constant 1.1510-3 Np/m and capacitance 8 S
of 0.1 nF/m. The characteristic resistance L C  50. Find the resistance,
inductance and conductance per meter of the line.
(ii) A transmission line has Z0= 74512 and is terminated in ZR  100 . 8 S
Calculate the reflection loss and return loss in dB.
11. (i) A cable has the following parameters: R=48.75ohm/km, L=1.09mH/km, 10 A
G=38.75µ mho/km, C=0.059µ F/km. Determine the characteristic impedance,
propagation constant and wavelength for a source of f =1600Hz and Es=1V.
(ii) Characteristic impedance of a transmission line at 8MHz is (40-2j)Ω and the 6 A
propagation constant is (0.01+j0.18) per meter. Find the primary constants.
12. A parallel wire transmission line is having the following line parameters at 5kHz. 16 A
Series resistance (R=2.59x10-3 Ω/m), series inductance (L=2μH/m), Shunt
conductance (G=0 mho/m) and capacitance between conductors(C=5.56 pF/m).
Find the characteristic impedance, attenuation constant, phase shift constant,
velocity of propagation and wavelength.
13. (i) A transmission line operating at 500 MHz has Z0=80 Ω,α=0.04 Np/m,β=1.5 8 A
rad/m. Find the line parameters series impedance (R Ω/m),series inductance (L
H/m), shunt conductance (G mho/m) and capacitance between conductors (C
F/m).
(ii) Find the sending end impedance of the line having Z0=710  140, 8 A
 =0.007+j0.028/km, ZR=300 ohm, l=100km.
14. (i) Write short notes on wavelength and velocity. 8 S
(ii) Write short notes on reflection factor and reflection loss. 8 S
15. Discuss the various parameters of open-wire and co-axial lines at radio frequency. 16 R
(or)Explain the parameters of open wire and coaxial cable at RF.
16. (i) The a.c resistance of co-axial cable is observed to be 5.45 Ω /Km when 8 A
operated at 50 KHz. The radius of inner conductor is 2.2 mm. The capacitance of
the cable is 4 × 10−7F/km. With𝜎= 5.75 X107 mho /m for copper Calculate (a)
Inner radius (b) Dielectric constant of material between inner and outer
conductor (c) The inductance L in H/Km.
(ii) An open wire line consists of two copper conductors each of radius 2 mm and 8 A
58
distance of separation of 200 mm in free air. Calculate the following parameters
per unit length of the line if frequency of the signal transmitted is 40
KHz.(i)Inductance L (ii)Capacitance C, (iii) D.C resistance per length, (iv) A.C
resistance per unit length. Assume for copper,𝜎=5.75X107 mho/m
59
COURSE DETAILS
Course Name : Analog and Digital Communication
Offered By : DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Prepared By : Dr.R.Senthil Kumaran, ASP/ECE
Mrs.D.Vasanthi, ASP/ECE
Reviewed By : Dr.B.Elizabeth Caroline, Professor/ECE
Approved By : Mrs.M.Margarat, ASP/ECE
 To introduce the theories of amplitude modulation and demodulation methods
 To conceive the concepts of angle modulation and demodulation methods
 Acquire the information about the sampling process and pulse modulation
 Gain in-depth knowledge on different digital modulation techniques.
 Be familiarized with synchronization and spread spectrum Techniques
Course Outcomes:
Students who successfully complete the course will be able
C215.1 Design AM communication systems..
C215.2 Implement and analyze the angle modulated communication systems and its noise
performance
C215.3 Gain knowledge in sampling and quantization
C215.4 Devise Digital modulation systems
C215.5 Comprehend various synchronization methods and spread spectrum techniques
Course Prerequisite: Nil
Mode of Delivery:
Assessment Methods
/Technical Writing
Internal Quiz / Viva /
Yes Yes Project Review No
Assessment Test Seminar
60
Course Mapping with Programme outcomes
Outcomes PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12
C212.1 2 2 3 3 2 - - - - - - 2
C212.2 2 2 3 2 2 - - - - - - 2
C212.3 2 2 3 3 3 - - - - - - 3
C212.4 3 1 2 3 2 - - - - - - 2
C212.5 2 3 3 2 - - - - - - - 2
C212 3 3 3 3 2 - - - - - - 2

COURSE COURSE PSO PSO PSO
CODE/ TITLE OUTCOME 1 2 3
COMMUNICATIO
C212.1 3 3 2
C212.2 2 3 2
C212.3 2 3 -
N TEORY
EC8491-
C212.4 2 3 3
C212.5 - 3 -
C212 2 3 2
SYLLABUS
L T P C
3 0 0 3
UNIT I AMPLITUDE MODULATION SYSTEMS 9
Amplitude Modulation- DSBFC, DSBSC, SSB – Modulation index, Spectra, Power efficiency relations –
Generation and detection of DSB-FC, DSB-SC,SSB and VSB signals - Receiver characteristics - Tuned
radio frequency receiver - Super heterodyne receiver- Types of Noise –Noise in DSBSC systems.
Activity: Simulation of AM techniques using MATLAB
UNIT II ANGLE MODULATION SYSTEMS 9
Introduction to Angle Modulation – FM and PM - Narrow band FM and Wideband FM - Phasor
representation of NBFM – Bandwidth requirements- Carson’s Rule - Pre emphasis, De-emphasis -
Generation and demodulation of FM waves –Indirect and Direct FM generation, Phase Discriminator, Ratio
Detector, PLL demodulator, Noise in FM receivers-Threshold effect and capture effect-TDM and FDM.
UNIT III PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES 9

Sampling-Types, Aliasing, Pulse amplitude modulation, Pulse-Time modulation, Quantization – Uniform
& non-uniform quantization – quantization noise, Line codes- Power Spectral Density of Unipolar / Polar
RZ & NRZ – Bipolar NRZ – Manchester Coding- PCM, DM, ADM, DPCM – ISI – Eye pattern –matched
filter – correlation receiver
Activity: Simulation of PAM, PWM techniques using esim
UNIT IV DIGITAL MODULATION SYSTEMS 9
Geometric Representation of signals -Transmitter and Receiver of Coherent BASK, BPSK, BFSK, QPSK
and MSK systems -Principle of DPSK and Non-Coherent FSK-Error performance- M-ary signaling -
61
MPSK and MFSK
Activity: To Obtain the frequency domain response using SIMULINK.
UNIT V SYNCHRONISATION AND SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES 9
Synchronization: Need for Synchronization – Synchronization methods –Bit, word and frame
synchronization–network synchronization.
Spread Spectrum Techniques: Introduction, Pseudo noise sequences, Direct sequence spread spectrum –
signal space dimensionality and processing gain, Frequency hop spread spectrum modulation
TOTAL (L:45+T:0)=45 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS
1 Simon Haykin, “Communication Systems”, 4th Edition, Wiley, 2014. (Unit I-III)
2 J.G.Proakis, M.Salehi, “Fundamentals of Communication Systems”, Pearson Education 2014. (Unit
I-III)
3 Sanjay Sharma, “Analog and digital Communication”, S K Kataria and Sons (Unit I-V)
REFERENCES
1 B.P.Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems”, 3rd Edition, Oxford University
Press, 2007. (Unit I-IV)
2 D.Roody, J.Coolen, “Electronic Communications”, 4th edition PHI 2006 (Unit I,II)
3 B.Sklar, “Digital Communications Fundamentals and Applications”, 2nd Edition Pearson Education
2007 (Unit III,IV,V)
4 Couch.L, “Modern Communication Systems”, Pearson, 2001.(Unit I,II)
5 J.G Proakis, “Digital Communication”, 4th Edition, Tata Mc Graw Hill Company, 2001. (Unit III,IV,
V)
LESSON PLAN
N Mode
Reference & Videos
S. o. of C
Topics to be covered Page No. modules
No of Deliv O
/lectures
Pe ery N
ri o
o
ds
UNIT I - AMPLITUDE MODULATION SYSTEMS
https://youtu.be/Fte4O-
T188 Bit7Q?si=ckqAJhEK6
1 Amplitude Modulation- DSBFC 1 3 1 PPa03oY
https://youtu.be/f6F3kd
T1 90-94 nfg_k?si=38EeOnwri_-
2 DSBSC, SSB 1 2 1 aoSaC
https://youtu.be/UvjSR
Modulation Index, Spectra, T1 98-103 Md65Yo?si=6-
3 Power Efficiency relations
1 2 1 DrXy4JWqQTugbp
https://youtu.be/Fte4O-
T3 159-
Generation & detection of Bit7Q?si=3uIKx1WQq
4 DSBFC signals
1 163, 10 1 vFe8GPw
166-167
https://youtu.be/uiTHa
T3 174-
Generation & detection of 7g5ssg?si=e8GkrmAJ
5 DSBSC signals
1 177, 8 1 w69wC4u_
197-203
Generation & detection of SSB T3 211- https://youtu.be/yv11bJ
6 signals
1 222
1 1 N0Y3w?si=2D6SEEFI
RWi5wwwB
62
No. M
Reference& Videos modules
S. of od C
Topics to be covered Page No. /lectures
No Perio eof O
ds De N
liv o
ery
https://youtu.be/P8imJHrg
Generation & detection of VSB T3 8mQ?si=zG0zoBx47ihNo
7 signals
1 223-227
1 1 kaP
https://youtu.be/rJ1MWlh9
Receiver Characteristics, TRF& T3 _ao?si=NxmcvEJhZaO50u
8 Superheterodyne Receivers
1 227
8 1 h0
523-525
Types of Noise –Noise in https://youtu.be/CsrtlAsl_
DSBSC systems.
T1 Uc?si=B3M3mzeE2xdcW
9 1 2 1 qxr
135-142
Total Hours 9
UNIT II - ANGLE MODULATION SYSTEMS
https://youtu.be/aZeh2PZb
Introduction to Angle Modulation
T1 iLw?si=KrR0CPrDRLQg
10 Systems- Phase andfrequency 1 109
8 2 Bl19
modulation
Narrow Band and Wide bandFM https://youtu.be/vdPHNrS
- Phasor representation, T1 N0gc?si=xnJ511hWhFTn
11 Bandwidth Requirements,
1 111-115
2 2 yIHj
Carson’s Rule
https://youtu.be/
T1 VnRppcBZ2Nc
12 Pre Emphasis & De-Emphasis 1 117-120 2 2 ?si=goozmoyuO
hnBg_pX
https://youtu.be/EbfxOdXok
T1 zM?si=j-Y34pMaiU2eVqaY
Generation and demodulation ofFM
13 waves
1 2 2
154-157
https://youtu.be/q
1 Hd5eLD01zo?si=
Direct and Indirect FM T1 N5IujzaJDqiwgM
1 0 2
generation 120 hj
14
https://youtu.be/49OxjEm
T1 Lj7s?si=mYRiduvVblNL
15 Phase Discriminator 1 121-124
1 2 wvdj
https://youtu.be/HKSzyz2
T3 Hg8E?si=Z_h4qHyul-
16 Ratio Detector 1 301-302
2 2 p9oIMB
17 PLL Demodulator, TDM & 1 T3 2 2 https://youtu.be/Q5dC9Tbz

R9k?si=YdG46OBAbNn0
342Q
63
No. of Mode
Reference& Videos
S. Perio of CO
No ds Deliv No
/lectures
ery
FDM 306-307
https://yout
Noise in FM receivers- T1 u.be/0j2GB
18 threshold effect and capture 1 211-214 8 2 2Q8tJQ?si=
effect- TDM and FDM Hp3JINKdq
wGVVquT
Total Hours 9
UNIT III – PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES
https://yout
T3 u.be/lT8wK
19 Sampling-Types, Aliasing 1 565-581
2 3 rLfcFU?si=
y_-
T8MsAFkK
ZD9Ud
https://yout
Pulse amplitude modulation, T3 u.be/1N0pl
20 Pulse-Time modulation
1 587-597
8 3 Pjezm8?si=
2uVkol4Pd
k-x0Z-V
https://youtu.be/U
KtGMNAUlsc?si=
KEwWkdEJnIOQ
Quantization – Uniform & non- T3 NFCL
21 uniform quantization
1 617-620
2 3
https://youtu.be/3
T3 jZC-
22 Quantization noise 1 621-625
2 3 6U1Ygo?si=c_l6
Wv4SArQc6yvW
https://yout
Line codes- Power Spectral Density u.be/jhlWm
T3
23 of Unipolar / Polar RZ & NRZ 1 744-764
1 3 gDLFhk?si
=2alS3hIC
H85-u4yT
https://youtu.be/1
Bipolar NRZ – Manchester T3 vcmhtvKm3Q?si
24 Coding
1 744-764
8 3 =tCeXoNU5kSjpi
d-W
https://youtu.be/7
T3 QnqpLucb34?si=
25 PCM, DM 1 613-616
10 3 pILkOEEttri7hL
OM
https://youtu.be/7
T3 QnqpLucb34?si=
26 ADM, DPCM 1 647-651
2 3 1M-
zNySeV3oQ2koo
https://youtu.be/s
ISI- Eye Pattern- matched filter- T3 v4WuD3CdeU?si
27 correlation receiver
1 655-659
1 3 =3v0rByzTU5VL
iqxU
Total Hours 9 - -
64
No. Mo
Reference& Videos
S. of deof CO
No Perio Deli No
/lectures
ds v
ery
UNIT IV DIGITAL MODULATION SYSTEMS
https://youtu.be/eIA
Geometric Representation of T3 tFmKuw_Q?si=fGu
28 signals
1 2 4 cLvpTU7WsqI87
810-811
https://youtu.be/-
Transmitter and receiver of T3 zJrQmiS9m0?si=oIl
29 coherent BASK
1 2 4 CsY27tpO-wFZq
811-814
https://youtu.be
/c1z9LiRpxLk?
si=AjrnInVDut
T3 wX5eYx
30 BPSK, BFSK 1 2 4
814-828
T3 https://youtu.be/ij76
0lCUtfw?si=Bsyea
31 QPSK and MSK systems 1 834-845 2 4 Vn4Yf99OBUV
861-872
https://youtu.b
Principle of DPSK and Non- T3 e/ZTKDZ6QP
32 Coherent FSK
1 2 4 MlE?si=0MX
829-832
Kv649t9G_bv
O1
https://youtu.be/WsF
T3 hzb3IqVo?si=O1BB
33 Error performance 1 2 4 0vPkYwu1NxfX
873-874
https://youtu.b
T3 e/RI5_efxTTn
34 M-ary signaling 1 1 4 A?si=iAKnylj
845-872
0 NmZ9w6kqB
https://youtu.b
T3 e/YoUu2MrT
35 MPSK 1 2 4 pOo?si=2RA6
846-852
i8riOpIsr4kt
https://youtu.be/WA
T3 gEiyr_GjY?si=BnR
36 MFSK 1 2 4 K6RaHIdNc_Q8t
858-859
Total Hours 9 - -
UNIT V- SYNCHRONISATION AND SPREAD SPECTRUM TECHNIQUES
https://youtu.be/LBy
Synchronization: Need for
T1 uGEoGPzU?si=bwx
37 Synchronization 1 3 5 Wb1B49dNyRmIl
448-450
https://youtu.be/X5a
Synchronisation methods –Bit,word T1 Ai25ntIE?si=uFR8ix
38 synchronization
1 2 5
2SWZF1xtL8
65
No. Mode
Reference& Videos
S. of of CO
No Perio Deliv No
/lectures
ds ery
https://youtu.be/d
Frame synchronization–network syByCWChRY?s
39 synchronization.
1 2 5 i=JbBguoV1O3p
uJhOF
https://youtu.be/x
ltpukBncs8?si=M
jILj3JwpqJjR2fr
Spread Spectrum Techniques: T1
40 Introduction,
1 10 5
479-480
https://youtu.be/k
T1 SPpTFM0oOk?si
41 Pseudo noise sequences 1 2 5 =D_Cp59sKYZ
480-488
WiYGO4
https://youtu.be/
MqnzaHsQ90U?s
i=a-
42, Direct sequence spread T1 ucg9xxAmy02D7
spectrum
2 2 5 1
43 490-493
https://youtu.be/y
Signal space dimensionality and T1 Gu4gU378FA?si
44 processing gain
1 2 5 =kUaiKs9oqkbN
493-497
Y5rc
https://youtu.be/P
UQMKrtUYz8?si
=aNqINUO-
Frequency hop spread spectrum T1
45 modulation
1 2 5 NHLS8nT0
499-504
Total Hours 9
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
Content beyond the Syllabus:

1. Differential and Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
2. Minimum and Gaussian Minimum shift Keying
3. Digital Modulation Techniques in Mobile Computing
66
No. Mode
Reference Videos Date of
S. of of CO
Topics to be covered & modules Coverag
No Perio Page No.
Deliv No e
/lectures
ds ery
Topics for Innovative Teaching:
Unit 1: Amplitude Modulation – Simulation
Unit 2: Phase and Frequency Modulation-Crossword puzzle
Unit 3: PCM, DM – Brainstorming
Unit 4: M-ary signalling -Comparative Chart
Unit 5: Spread Spectrum Techniques -Quiz
Concept Map
67
UNIT-I ANALOG COMMUNICATION
Introduction
Communication is the process of exchanging or passing information from one to another.
The basic electronic communication system consists of these components: transmitter,
receiver and communication channel. To transmit information to long distance, strengthening
of signal is mandatory and taken care by modulation. This unit deals with amplitude
modulation and its generation in different ways.
PART-A
Amplitude Modulation -DSBSC,DSBFC,SSBSC,VSB
1. Draw the basic block diagram of a communication system. R
2. Name the different types of modulation. R
3. List out the reasons/need for using modulation. R
4. List the frequency ranges in the communication system. R
5. Define Modulation. R
6. Specify modulation index and percent modulation. R
7. Define amplitude Modulation and sketch amplitude modulation waves. R
8. Defend the modulation technique decides the antenna height.(N/D,16) E
9. Illustrate the frequency domain representation of AM wave and derive its U
bandwidth.
10. Write the expression for modulation index in terms of Vmax and Vmin U
11. State the degrees of modulation. R
12. Write the expression for the total and carrier power of AM wave. U
13. Analyse the advantages of converting the low frequency signal into a high A
frequency signal.
14. For a modulation coefficient of 0.4 and a carrier power of 400 W, determine
i) Total sideband power. A
ii) Total transmitted power.
15. Write the expression of modulation index for multiple modulating frequencies. U
16. Discuss about the AM signal if ma>1 and ma<1. U
17. Determine the modulation index and percentage modulation if instantaneous A
voltages of modulating signal and carrier are 40 Sin ωmt and 50 Sin ωct,
respectively.
18. A 400W carrier is modulated to a depth of 80% .calculate the total power in the A
modulated wave.
19. A modulating signal 20 sin (2π X 103t) is used to modulate carrier signal 40 A
sin(2π X 10 t). Calculate the frequencies, bandwidth and amplitude of side band
4
component.
20. For an AM modulator with a carrier frequency of 100KHz and maximum A
modulating signal frequency of 5 KHz, determine upper and lower side band
frequency and the bandwidth.
21. When a signal m(t)=3cos(2𝜋x103t) modulates a carrier c(t)=5cos(πx106t), assess A
the modulation index and transmission bandwidth if the modulation is AM.
22. Classify the types of AM generation. U
23. List the advantages and limitations of Amplitude Modulation. R
24. Compute the bandwidth of the amplitude modulated signal given by A
S(t)= 23[1+0.8cos(310t)] cos(230000Пt)
68
25. Calculate the power in one of the side band in SSBSC modulation when the carrier A
power is 124W and there is 80% modulation depth in the amplitude modulated
signal.
26. A 500W, 100KHz carrier is modulated to a depth of 60% by modulating frequency A
of 1KHz. Calculate the total power transmitted. What are the sideband components
of AM Wave?
27. Sketch the DSB-SC waveform and its frequency spectrum. (M/J-’09) R
AM Generation
28. Draw the schematic circuit of DSBSC balanced modulator using diodes. R
29. Sketch the block diagram of low level and high level AM modulator. R
30. Compare linear and the nonlinear modulator. U
31. Non-linear modulator is useful only for small signal amplitude modulation- Justify S
32. Discuss about the square law diode modulation. U
33. List the ways used to generate SSB-SC AM. R
34. SSB is suitable for speech signals and not for video signals. Justify. S
35. Discuss about the phase shift method in SSB generation. U
36. List the advantages and disadvantages of SSB. R
37. Describe the advantages of the balanced modulator over other non linear R
modulators.
38. Summarize the drawbacks of the non linear modulator. R
39. Suggest a modulation scheme for the broadcast video transmission and justify. S
40. List the advantages and applications of VSB modulation. R
41. Draw the block diagram of VSB-SC generation and mention its advantages R
42. In a double side-band (DSB) full carrier AM transmission system, if the A
modulation index is doubled, choose the ratio of total sideband power to the carrier
power.
43. Consider sinusoidal modulation in an AM systems. Assuming no over modulation, A
Solve for the modulation index (µ) when the maximum and minimum values of
the envelope, respectively, are 3V and 1V.
44. A 400W, 1MHz carrier is amplitude-modulated with a sinusoidal signal 0f A
2500Hz. The depth of modulation is 75%. Calculate the sideband frequencies,
bandwidth, and power in sidebands and the total power in modulated wave.
45. The equation of amplitude wave is given by s(t)=20[1+0.8cos(2π×103t)] A
cos(4π×105t). Find the carrier power, the total sideband power, and the band width
of AM wave.
46. If a carrier signal Vc(t) = 9 cos (2π5000t) Volts is modulated by a sine wave Vm(t) A
=7.5 cos(2π440t) V, what is the percentage modulation of the resulting AM signal?
47. If a carrier signal Vm(t) =20sin (2 π 5000t) Volts is amplitude modulated by A
information signal Vm(t) =4sin (2 π 200t)-6cos (2 π 400t+4 π/11), sketch the
frequency plot for the resulting AM signal and calculate the transmission
bandwidth
Hilbert Transform
48. Define Hilbert Transform. R
49. State the properties of Hilbert transform. R
69
Pre Envelope & Complex Envelope
50. Define the concept of Pre envelope and Complex envelope. R
Comparison of different AM techniques
51. Compare the bandwidth efficiency and the power requirement in terms of Pc for U
full-carrier AM, DSBSC and SSBSC signals.
52. Compare the performance characteristics between DSB-SC and SSB-SC. U
Superheterodyne Receivers
53. Define the superheterodyne principle.
54. The amplitude of a sinusoidal carrier is modulated by a single sinusoid to obtain A
the amplitude modulated signal s(t) = 5 cos 1600t + 20 cos 1800 t + 5 cos
2000t. Find the value of the modulation index.
55. Sketch the block diagram of the AM superheterodyne receiver and its advantages
56. Define Image frequency and its rejection ratio. U
57. A super heterodyne radio receiver with an intermediate frequency of 455 KHz is
A
tuned to a station operating at 1200 KHz. Find the associated image frequency.
58. For a super heterodyne receiver, the intermediate frequency is 15 MHz and the
local oscillator frequency is 3.5 GHz. If the frequency of the received signal is A
greater than the local oscillator frequency, determine the image frequency.
59. A super heterodyne receiver is designed to receive signals with carrier frequencies A
between 4 and 6 MHz with transmitted bandwidths of 100 kHz each. Its IF
frequency is 850 kHz. What range of local oscillator frequencies is required using
high-side injection ( fLO > fc ) ?
60. A super heterodyne receiver operates in the frequency range of 58 MHz − 68 A
MHz. The intermediate frequency fIF and local oscillator frequency fLO are chosen
such that fIF ≤ fLO. It is required that the image frequencies fall outside the 58 MHz
− 68 MHz band. Estimate the minimum required f IF(in MHz) .
PART-B
Amplitude Modulation -DSBSC,SSBSC,VSB-PSD
1. a) The output modulated wave of a standard AM transmitter is represented as 8 A
S(t) =500(1+0.4sin3140t) cos 6.28x107t).This voltage is fed to a load of
600Ω. Find
a) Modulating Frequency
b) Carrier Frequency
c) Mean power output
b)Compute the efficiency η of standard AM and show that for a single tone AM, 8 A
33.3% at µ=1
2. a. Explain the amplitude modulation technique with neat diagram. 10 U
b. An AM transmitter radiates 9KW of power when the carrier is un-modulated 6 S
and 10.125kW when the carrier is sinusoidally modulated. Find the modulation
index, percentage of modulation. Now if another sine wave corresponding to 40%
modulation is transmitted simultaneously, then calculate the total radiated power.
3. a. Derive the AM voltage distribution ,power distribution and also give its 10 R
advantages, disadvantages & applications.
b. Explain in detail about AM demodulation circuits. 6 R
4. a.For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an un-modulated carrier power Pc = 100W 6 A
70
that is modulated simultaneously by three modulating signals with coefficients of
modulation m1 = 0.2, m2= 0.4 and m3 = 0.5, determine:
1) Total coefficient of modulation
2) Upper and lower sideband power
3) Total transmitted power.
b.Compare different AM techniques. 10 U

5. i. An AM signal has the form, S(t)=cos(2000πt)+4 cos(2400πt)+cos 8 A
(2800πt).Determine the ratio of power in message signal to that of power in
unmodulated carrier signal.
ii. A 250W carrier of 1000KHz is simultaneously modulated by sinusoidal signals 8 A
of 2KHz,6 KHz,8 KHz with modulation indices of 35%,55% and 75%
respectively.What are the frequencies present in the modulated wave and what is
the radiated power?
6. a. Explain the working of square law diode modulator with its necessary 8 U
diagrams.
b. Describe the generation of DSBSC amplitude modulated signal using balanced 8 R
and ring modulator circuits.
7. State Hilbert Transform and its Properties. 8 R
Write about Low-level and High level AM modulation in detail. 8 R
8. Explain the generation of SSB-SC-AM 16 U
9. Draw the block diagram for the generation and demodulation of a VSB signal and 16 R
explain the principle of operation.
10. Explain the working of AM superheterodyne receiver with its block diagram. 16 U
UNIT II ANGLE MODULATION

Introduction:
This unit deals with the angle modulation (FM& PM) concepts, its frequency analysis,
conversion from one modulation to other and different methods of generating and detecting
the FM signal.
PART-A
Phase and Frequency modulation
1. Define angle modulation and modulation index. R
2. Define Frequency modulation. Also write its mathematical expression. R
3. State the advantages of angle modulation over amplitude modulation R
4. Show the graphical representation of FM wave. U
5. Discuss about frequency deviation and peak frequency deviation. U
6. State Carson’s rule to determine the bandwidth of FM. R
7. A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency modulated by a signal 20 A
sin (200 π x 103 t). Analyze the bandwidth of the FM signal if the frequency
sensitivity of the modulation is 25 KHz/v.
8. Determine the percent modulation for an FM wave with a frequency deviation A
of 10KHz if the maximum deviation allowed is 25 KHz.
9. Define Phase modulation. Also write its mathematical expression. R
10. In an FM system, if the maximum value of deviation is 75 KHz and the A
71
maximum modulating frequency is10KHz .Examine the deviation ratio and
bandwidth of the system using Carson’s rule
11. A 400Hz sinusoidal modulating signal 2V amplitude frequency modulates a A
carrier signal and produces 70kHz frequency deviation. Determine deviation
sensitivity.
12. How FM signal can be generated from PM modulator and vice versa? R
13. Distinguish between FM and PM U
14. A carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal modulating frequency 2 A
KHz, resulting in a frequency deviation of 5 KHz. What is the bandwidth
occupied by the modulated waveform.
15. Summarize the properties of Bessel function. U
16. Compare FM and PM. U
17. If the maximum phase deviation in a phase modulation system when a A
modulating signal of 10 V is applied is 0.1 radian. Determine the value of
phase deviation constant.
18. The carrier frequency of a broadcast signal is100MHz.The maximum A
frequency deviation is 75KHz.If the highest audio frequency modulation the
carrier is limited to 15KHz. What is the approximate bandwidth?
19. Calculate the carrier frequency, modulating frequency, modulation index and A
maximum deviation of the FM wave represented by the equation
V (t)  12sin(6*108t  5sin1250t) .
FM
20. A single tone FM signal is given by, VFM (t)=10sin (16Π*106 t+20sin 2Π*103t)volts. A
Calculate the modulation index, modulating frequency, carrier frequency and
power of the FM signal.
21. An FM radio link has a frequency deviation of 30 KHz. The modulating A

frequency is 3KHz. Calculate the Bandwidth needed for the link. What will be
the Bandwidth if the deviation is reduced to 15 KHz.
22. An FM wave is given by S(t)=20cos(8 π x 106 t+9 sin(2π x 103 t).Calculate the A
frequency deviation and bandwidth .
23. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of FM.
Narrow band and wideband FM- Modulation index, Spectra, Power relations
24. Illustrate the block diagram for generating a narrow band FM. U
25. In North America, the maximum value of frequency deviation is fixed at 75 A
KHz for commercial FM broadcasting by radio. The maximum audio
frequency in FM transmission is 15 KHz. Calculate the deviation ratio and the
transmission band width of FM signal.
26. Generate FM signal using Phase modulator. A
27. How narrow band signal is distinguished from wideband signal? R
28. Generate PM signal using frequency modulator. S
Transmission Bandwidth
29. Define transmission bandwidth of an FM wave. R
30. A frequency modulated signal is given as s(t)=20cos[2πfct+4sin(200πt)]. A
Determine the required transmission bandwidth.
31. Assuming that m(t)= 10 sinc (104t). Determine the transmission bandwidth of A
an FM modulated signal with Kf=4000.
72
FM Modulation Direct and Indirect methods
32. List the methods for generating FM. R
33. Discuss the direct method of FM generation. U
34. Define voltage controlled oscillator and vertical/Varicap. R
35. Discuss the indirect method of FM generation. U
36. List the advantages and disadvantages of indirect FM. R
37. Illustrate the block diagram of an Armstrong method of FM generation. U
38. Armstrong method of FM is superior to reactance modulator. Justify S
39. Discuss about the Varactor diode modulator circuit for FM generation. U
40. Based on modulation, classify FM transmitters. U
41. A carrier frequency is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal of 5Vpp and A
10 KHz. If the deviation constant is 1 KHz/V, Experiment with frequency
deviation and state whether the scheme is narrow band FM or wide band FM.
42. Relate the Q factor of a receiver. U
FM Demodulation – FM to AM conversion -FM discriminators
43. State the principle of FM detectors. R
44. Explain about frequency discriminators. U
45. Classify the types of FM detectors. U
46. Outline about slope detectors. R
47. Draw the characteristics of slope detector. R
48. List the advantages and disadvantages of slope detector. R
49. Specify the need of limiters in FM systems. R
50. Explain the circuit diagram of balanced slope detector R
51. List the drawbacks of the balanced slope detector. R
52. List the advantages& disadvantages of ratio detector. R
53. Show that the amplitude can be limited using the ratio detector. R
54. Discuss the circuit diagram of Foster Seely discriminator. U
55. Differentiate balanced slope detector with phase detector. U
56. Compare balanced slope FM detector and Ratio FM detector circuits. U
PLL as FM Demodulator
57. Define lock in range and dynamic range of a PLL. R
58. PLL acts as a FM demodulator. Criticize. S
59. Mention the applications of PLL. R
60. Explain the functional block diagram of FM demodulator using Phase locked
R
loop (PLL).
PART-B
1. Derive the expression for a frequency modulated wave. Comment on
16 U
modulation index of FM with frequency analysis.
2. i. An angle modulated signal is described by, v(t)= 100 Cos( 2 x 106 π t +10
cos(2000 πt))
i. Power of modulating signal 10 A
ii. Bandwidth
iii. Maximum frequency deviation of the FM signal.
ii. Explain the phase modulation technique with neat diagram. 6
3. Explain the direct method to generate an FM signal in detail with relevant 16 U
73
diagrams
4. i. Explain the Armstrong method to generate FM signal. 8 U
ii. A 20 MHZ is frequency modulated by a sinusoidal signal such that the
maximum frequency deviation is 100 KHZ. Determine the modulation index
8 A
and approximate bandwidth of the PM signal for the following modulating
signal frequencies (i) 1KHZ (ii) 100 KHZ and (iii) 500 KHZ
5. i)An angle modulated signal is described by, Xc(t)= 10 Cos( 2π x 106t +0.1
sin(103πt))
10 A
(i) Considering Xc(t) as a PM signal with Kp=10. Find m(t).
(ii) Considering Xc(t) as a FM signal with Kp=10 π. Find m(t).
ii) For an FM modulator with a modulation index m=1, a modulating signal
5
Vm(t) = Vm sin(2π1000t) and an un-modulated carrier Vc=10sin(2π x10 t), 6 A
determine the spectrum.
6. i. Describe frequency modulation and phase modulation and their inter-

8 R
relationship.
ii. When the modulating frequency in an FM system is 400 Hz and the
modulating voltage is 2.4V, the modulation index is 60. Calculate the
maximum deviation. What is the modulating index when the modulating 8 U
frequency is reduced to 250 Hz and the modulating voltage is simultaneously
raised to 3.2 V
7. i. Explain the working operation of balanced slope detector. 9 U
ii. A carrier is frequency modulated by a 4 KHz sine wave resulting in an FM
signal having a maximum frequency of 107.218MHz and a minimum
frequency of 107.196 MHz.
i. Find the carrier swing 7 A
ii. Calculate the carrier frequency
iii. What is the frequency deviation of the FM signal?
iv. Determine the modulation index of the FM signal.
8. Write about the basic principles of FM detection and explain about ratio
16 U
detector.
9. Draw the circuit diagram of a Foster Seely discriminator and explain its
16 R
working with relevant Phasor diagrams.
10. i. Explain the operation of PLL as FM demodulator. 9 U
ii. A sinusoidal modulating waveform of amplitude 5 V and a frequency of 2
KHz is applied to FM generator, which has a frequency sensitivity of 40 7 A
Hz/volt. Calculate the frequency deviation, modulation index, and bandwidth.
UNIT III RANDOM PROCESS

INTRODUCTION:
Probability is simply an average value, and probability theory is simply a calculus of
averages. Random process represents the mathematical model of the random signals. Random
process is a collection of random variables indexed by time. A random process is a time-
74
varying function that assigns the outcome of a random experiment to each time instant:
X(t).This unit deals with random variables, random process, stationary process, mean,
correlation, covariance, power spectral density and transmission of random variables through
LTI filter.
PART-A
RANDOM VARIABLES
1. Define a random variable. Specify the sample space and the random R
variable for a coin tossing experiment.
2. Define a continuous random variable. R
3. Give examples for deterministic random process. U
4. State central limit theorem.
R
5. State the consequence of central limit theorem. U
6. Define probability density function (PDF). R

7. Write the mathematical definition for a random process. U
8. Explain uniform distribution. U
9. 𝑃𝑋(𝑥)=𝑀exp(−2|𝑥|)+𝑁 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−3|𝑥|)is the probability density function for the A

real random variable X over the entire X axis M and N are both positive
real numbers. Find the equation relating M and N.
10. A probability density function is given by 𝑃(𝑥)=𝐾 𝑒𝑥𝑝(-x2/2),−∞<𝑥<∞. A
Find the value of K.
11. If the probability density function is divided into three regions as shown in A
the figure, Find the value of a in the figure.
RANDOM PROCESS
12. Define probability. R
13. Let Y and Z be the random variables obtained by sampling 𝑋(𝑡) at t = 2 and A
t = 4 respectively. Let W = Y – Z. Find the variance of W.
14. Consider two independent random variables X and Y with identical A
distributions. The variables X and Y take value 0,1 and 2 with probabilities
1 1 1
, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 respectively. Determine the conditional probability
2 4 4
(𝑋+𝑌=2|𝑋−𝑌=0)?
15. Two independent random variables X and Y are uniformly distributed in A
1
the interval [−1, 1]. Find the probability that max [𝑋, 𝑌] is less than .
2
16. If E denotes expectation, find the variance of a random variable X . A
75
STATIONARY PROCESSES
17. State stationary process. R
18. Define Wide-Sense Stationary Process. R
19. Define strictly stationary process. R
20. Define Pearson’s correlation coefficient. R
21. List the properties of strictly stationary process R
22. Can you distinguish between compatible event and complementary event? U
23. Define Expected Value or mean. R
24. Relate Median and Standard deviation R
MEAN, CORRELATION & COVARIANCE FUNCTIONS
25. Define Auto correlation function. R
26. List any three properties of Autocorrelation function. R
27. Let X be a random variable which is uniformly chosen from the set of A
positive odd numbers less than 100. Find the expectation, E[X].
28. For a random variable ‘X’ following the probability density function, p(x), A
shown in figure, find the mean and the variance.
2 2
29. If the variance 𝜎x 𝑜𝑓 𝑑(𝑛)=𝑥(𝑛)−𝑥(𝑛−1) is one-tenth the variance 𝜎x of a A
stationary zero-mean discrete-time signal 𝑥(𝑛), find the normalized
2
autocorrelation function 𝑅𝑥𝑥(𝑘)/ 𝜎x at k = 1.
30. Consider a random process 𝑋(𝑡)=√2sin(2𝜋𝑡+𝜙), where the random phase ϕ A
is uniformly distributed in the interval[0,2𝜋]. Determine the
autocorrelation.
31. Calculate the mean of the stationary process {x(t)}, whose autocorrelation A
function is given by R(t)  2  4e2
32. Prove that U

33. An output of a communication channel is a random variable v with the A
probability density function as shown in the figure. Determine the mean
square value of v.
34. Define cross correlation. R

35. List any three properties of cross correlation function. R
76
POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY
36. List any two properties of power spectral density. R
37. Express the power spectral density of a random process. R
38. A power spectral density of a real process X (t) for positive frequencies is
shown below. Find the values of [𝐸[𝑋2(𝑡)] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 |𝐸[𝑋(𝑡)]|]. A
39. If a random process with input No  ( ). is fed to the system with transfer A
2
function H(𝜔)=1, o    o .Find the power spectral density of the
output.
40. Prove that Sx(-f)=Sx(f) A
41. Let X(t) and Y(t) be both zero-mean and WSS random processes. Consider A
the random process z(t)=X(t)+Y(t). Determine the auto-correlation if X(t)
and Y(t) are jointly WSS.
ERGODIC PROCESSES, GAUSSIAN PROCESS
42. Ergodic process is called as an autocorrelation function. Defend U
43. For the given Ergodic process X(t)=A sin t + B cos t prove that A
E[x(t)]  0.
44. Discuss the conditions for ergodicity in mean. S
45. Discuss the conditions for ergodicity in the autocorrelation function. S
46. Define Gaussian or normal random variable. R
47. List the property of a Gaussian process. R
48. Let U and V be two independent zero mean Gaussian random variables of A
1 1
variances 𝑎𝑛𝑑 respectively. Find the probability 𝑃(3𝑉 ≥ 2𝑈).
4 9
49. The PDF of a Gaussian random variable X is given by A
. Find the probability of the event {X=4}.

50. If X is a Gaussian random variable with mean 1 and variance 4. Calculate A
the probability that X is between 5 and 7.
1
51. R ( )  [R (0)  R (0)] A
xy xx yy
Prove that 2
52. Consider tow random processes x(t)=3cos(𝜔t+ θ) and y(t)=2cos(𝜔t+ θ - A
(π/2)).Where θ is a random variable uniformly distributed in (0,2π).
Find RXX (0) and RYY (0)
53. Assume a stationary process through a differentiator. What are the mean R
and autocorrelation functions of the output? What is the cross correlation
between the input and output?
54. List the Properties of jointly Gaussian random variables. R
77
55. Specify the importance of the Gaussian distribution. U
56. Write the relation between the power spectral density of the input and U
output random process.
TRANSMISSION OF A RANDOM PROCESS THROUGH LTI

FILTER
57. Determine the mean of the LTI filter. A
58. State autocorrelation function of LTI f.ilter R
59. Write the Rician probability density function R
60. Write the Rayleigh probability density function R
PART-B
1. (i) Give a random process, X(t)= Acos(ωt+θ), where A and ω are constants 8 A
and θ is a uniform random variable, show that X(t) is ergodic in both mean
and auto correlation.
(ii)List the different types of random process and give its definitions. 8 R
2. X is uniformly distributed as given below: 8 A
Find E(X), E[X2], E[cos X] and E[(X-mx) 2]

3. (i)When is a random process said to be strict sense stationary (SSS),Wide 8 R
Sense Stationary(WSS) and Ergodic process?
(ii)Find the cross correlation function of W(t)=A(t)+B(t) and Z(t)=A(t)- 8 A
B(t). where A(t) and B(t) are statistically independent random variable with
zero mean and autocorrelation functions.
RAA(z)  e t
RBB (z)  3e ,      
4. (i)Distinguish between random variable and random process. Give 8 U
examples to each
(ii) Let X(t) and Y(t) be both zero-mean and WSS random processes. 8 A
Consider the random process z(t)=X(t)+Y(t). Determine the auto-
correlation and power spectrum of z(t) if X(t) and Y(t) are jointly WSS.
(A/M-’15)
5. Prove the following two properties of the autocorrelation function Rx(τ) 16 A
of a random process X(t):
(i) If X(t) contains a DC component equal to A, then Rx(τ) will contain a
constant component equal to A2.
(ii) If X(t) contains a sinusoidal component ,then Rx(τ) contains a
78
sinusoidal component of the same frequency.
6. i. Let X and Y be real random variable with finite second moments. Prove 8 A
the Cauchy- Schwarz inequality. (E[XY]2 ≤ E[X2]E[Y2])
ii. If X(t) is a random telegraph signal process with E[X(t)]=0 and 8 A
R( )  e2 . Find the mean and variance of the time average of x(t) over (-
T,T). Is it mean Ergodic?
7. (i). Let X(t)= A cos(ωt+φ) and Y(t)= A sin(ωt+φ), where A and ω are 8 A
constants and φ is a uniform random variable [0, 2π]. Find the cross
correlation of x(t) and y(t).
(ii)Let X and Y are statistically independent Gaussian distributed random 8 A
variable , each with Zero mean and unit Variance .Define the Gaussian
process z(t) =X(t) cos(2πt)+Ysin(2πt)
(a) Determine the Mean, Covariance joint PDF of random variable Z(t1) and
Z(t2) Obtained by observing (t) at times at times t1 and t2.
(b) Is the Process Z(t) stationary? Why?
8. (i) In a random process, bring out the five main properties of Power spectral 8 U
density.
(ii)State and prove properties of Gaussian process. 8 U
9. (i)Explain the following terms mean, correlation, covariance and 8 R
ergodicity.
(ii)Explain about the Ergodic process and write the Mean Ergodic 8 R
problem formula.
10. (i)Explain about Transmission of random process through a Linear time 8 R
Invariant filter.
(ii)Write the relation between the power spectral density of the input and 8 R
output random process.
UNIT IV NOISE CHARACTERIZATION

Introduction:-
Noise is unwanted signal that affects wanted signal. Noise is random signal that exists
in communication systems. This unit deals with different types of noise sources, noise
figure, temperature, power spectral density of noise and noise performances in FM systems.
Describes about channel signal to noise ratio for different sideband systems such as single
side band double side band system also explaining about pre emphasis and de-emphasis
circuit with threshold effect.
PART-A
Noise sources
1. Define Noise Factor and find the noise factor for an amplifier with equivalent R
o
noise temperature 20 K?
2. A source with an internal resistance of 40Ω and an internal emf of 5µV is A
supplying the signal voltage to an amplifier that has an input resistance of 75Ω.
The amplifier has an equivalent noise resistance of 1370Ω for the noise
bandwidth of 4 kHz. Calculate the output(S/N) ratio in dB at room temperature
of 290K.
79
3. Classify the receivers. Give the advantages of super heterodyne receivers. U
4. Define SNR. When SNR is unambiguous? R
5. Define thermal noise with its mathematical expression. R
6. Give mathematical expression for RMS thermal noise current, thermal noise U
power spectral density, mean square voltage spectral density.
7. Define random noise and flicker noise. R
8. Classify the various sources of random noise. U
9. List the external sources of noise. R
10. List the types of internal noise. U
11. Mention the types of extra-terrestrial noise and write their origin. U
12. Give the expression for mean square value and R.M.S value of noise voltage in a U
resistor.
13. Define White Noise and wideband noise. R
14. Why thermal noises are called as white noise? U
15. Write short notes on Schottky noise and transit time noise. U
16. Define shot noise and Give the characteristics of shot noise. R
17. Discuss the characteristics of White noise. R
18. Specify the mathematical expression for power spectral density of thermal noise U
and spectral density for the mean square voltage.
Noise figure and Noise temperature
19. Define noise figure and noise temperature? R
20. Two resistors R1 and R2 (in ohms) at temperatures 𝑇1 ̊ 𝐾 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑇2 ̊ 𝐾 A
respectively, are connected in series. Determine their equivalent noise
temperature.
21. A low noise amplifier of 30K equivalent noise temperature and 20dB available A
power gain precedes a microwave receiver which has a noise figure of 25dB.
What is the overall noise equivalent if the room temperature is 27o?
22. In FM signal for a sinusoidal modulation with maximum frequency deviation of A
50 KHz and baseband bandwidth of IF filter is 10 KHz. Find the figure of merit.
23. Define the term noise equivalent temperature. R
24. Calculate noise figure and equivalent noise temperature for a receiver connected A
to an antenna whose resistance is 100Ω and equivalent noise resistance is 50Ω.
25. Determine the overall noise figure of a three stage cascaded amplifier, each A
stage having a power gain of 10dB and noise figure of 6dB.
26. The available output noise power from an amplifier is 82nW, the available A
power gain of the amplifier being 50dB and the equivalent noise bandwidth
being 25MHz. calculate the noise figure, assuming T0 to be 27o.
27. Calculate the thermal noise voltage across the simple RC circuit with R=1KΩ A
and C=1µF at T=27o C.
28. List the noise models in CW modulation systems. R
29. The equivalent noise temperature of an amplifier is 20oK. Calculate the noise A
factor.
Noise in cascaded systems
80
30. In a cascaded two stage amplifier, the first stage has a noise figure of 2dB and a A
power gain of 12dB. The second stage has a noise figure of 6dB and a power
gain of 10dB. Find the overall noise figure in dB.
31. The noise figure of an amplifier is 7dB. Calculate the output signal to noise ratio A
when the input signal to noise ratio is 35dB.
32. Two resistors of 20kΩ and 50kΩ are at the room temperature (290K) for a A
bandwidth of 100 kHz. Calculate the thermal noise voltage generated by (a) each
resistor (b) the two resistors in series and (c) the two resistors in parallel.
33. A mixer stage has a noise figure of 20dB and this is preceded by an amplifier A
that has a noise figure of 9dB and an available power gain of 15dB. Calculate the
overall noise figure referred to the input.
34. Examine the equivalent noise temperature of the following low noise receiving A
system. Assume room temperature to be 17oC.
35. Discuss on the term Noise equivalent bandwidth. R
36. Derive the expression for noise bandwidth of RC filter. U
37. Calculate the noise equivalent bandwidth of LPF with the bandwidth of 2 MHz. A
38. Discuss about superposition of noises. U
Representation of Narrow band noise
39. Define Narrowband noise and State the characteristics of narrowband noise. R
40. Write the mathematical expression for power response of a narrow band filter. U
41. Write the properties of narrowband noise. U
42. Explain image frequency and intermediate frequency. U
43. Write the expression for thermal noise voltage when several sources are in U
parallel and series.
44. Calculate the root mean square value of the output voltage of thermal noise in S
RC circuit.
45. The narrowband noise can be represented in terms of envelope and phase U
Components. Justify.
Noise performance analysis in AM & FM systems
46. Define output signal to noise ratio and channel signal to noise ratio. R
47. Compare the noise performance of DSBSC receiver using coherent detection U
with AM receiver using envelope detection.
48. Relate signal power and noise power output in SSB-SC receiver. U
49. Justify how coherent detector distinguishes itself from other demodulation A
techniques
50. Defend the reason why , the SNR of the receiver should be high. A
51. A 1 mW video signal having a bandwidth of 100 MHz is transmitted to a A
receiver through a cable that has 40 dB loss. If the effective one-sided noise
spectral density at the receiver is 10-20 Watt/Hz, determine the the signal-to-
noise ratio at the receiver.
52. Express the SNR ratio of a SSBSC system and DSBSC system U
Threshold effect
53. Explain the FM threshold effect. R
54. Define threshold effect in AM receiver. R
55. Select methods to improve FM threshold reduction. U
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis of FM
56. Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis in FM. R
81
57. Sketch the pre-emphasis filter and De-emphasis filter. R
58. State the need for Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis circuits in the field of R
communication.
59. List the characteristics of super heterodyne receivers. R
60. Define mean output signal and mean output noise power. R
PART-B
1. Summarize the characteristics of various noises found in a communication 16 U
channel. (OR) Classify different types of noise and also comment its cause and
effects.
2. Define Narrowband noise. Write the details about narrow band noise and the 16 U
properties of quadrature component of narrowband noise. (OR) Prove that the
random band pass noise signal n(t) can be expressed as n(t)=ne(t)cos(ɷct) +ns(t)
sin (ɷct) where ne(t) and ns(t) are low frequency signal band limited to ɷm
rad/sec.
3. Obtain the expression for figure of merit if DSB-SC receiver using coherent 16 U
detection.
4. Derive an expression for SNR at input (SNRc) and output of (SNRo) of a 16 U
coherent detector. (OR) Obtain the expression for figure of merit if SSB-SC
receiver using coherent detection.
5. Derive the expression for Figure of merit of a AM receiver using envelope 16 U
detection. What do you infer from the expression?
6. Derive the expression for the SNR at the output of the FM receiver .Assume that 16 U
the input is corrupted by AWGN noise .Discuss the performance of the receiver
based on the derived expression. (or) Derive the Figure of merit of FM receiver.
7. i. Explain the pre-emphasis and De-emphasis in detail. 10 U
ii. An amplifier has 3 stages with gain 5 dB, 20 dB and 12 d .The noise figures 6 A
of the stages are 7 dB,13 dB and 12 dB respectively. Determine overall noise
figure and noise equivalent temperature
8. i. Explain with derivation the effect of noise in cascaded amplifier circuit. 8 U
ii. How sine wave plus noise can be represented? Obtain the joint PDF of such 8 A
noise component.
9. i. Derive the relationship between noise figure and equivalent noise temperature. 8 U
ii. Write short notes about FM threshold effect. 8 U
10. i. A mixer stage has a noise figure of 20 dB and this is preceded by an amplifier 8 A
that has a noise figure of 9 dB and an available power gain of 15dB. Calculate
the noise figure referred to the input.
ii. A receiver has a noise figure of 12 dB and it is fed by a low noise amplifier 8 A
that has a gain of 50 dB and a noise temperature of 90K. Calculate the noise
temperature of the receiver and the overall noise temperature of the receiving
system. Take room temperature as 290K.
UNIT V - SAMPLING & QUANTIZATION

INTRODUCTION:
Digital hardware, including computers, take actions in discrete steps. So they can deal
with discrete time signals, but they cannot directly handle the continuous-time signals that
are prevalent in the physical world. This unit is about the interface between these two
82
worlds, one continuous, the other discrete. A discrete-time signal is constructed by sampling
a continuous-time signal, and a continuous-time signal is reconstructed by interpolating a
discrete-time signal. This unit deals with various pulse modulation schemes and multiplexing
PART-A
Low Pass Sampling:
1. Discuss about digital communication. U
2. Name the elements of basic communication systems. R
3. State four advantages of digital communication systems. R
4. List the major disadvantages of a digital communication system. R
5. State sampling theorem. R
6. State bandpass sampling theorem. R
7. State impulse sampling. R
8. Define natural sampling and Flat top sampling . R
9. Define the two different aspects of the sampling process. R
10. Define Nyquist rate. R
11. Determine the Nyquist rate for V(t)=5cos(5000πt).cos2(8000πt). A
12. Outline aperture effect. R
13. Pre-filtering must be done before sampling. Justify. A
Aliasing:
14. Explain aliasing/foldover. U
15. Define anti-aliasing filter. R
16. Discuss if the sampling frequency is less than 2fm and define it . R
17. List the corrective measures to combat the effects of aliasing. R
18. Sketch the schematic which shows the aliasing problem in the frequency U
domain.
19. Explain the schematic for signal reconstruction scheme. U
Quantization- Uniform & non-uniform quantization:
20. Write the two fold effects of quantization process. R
21. Discuss uniform quantization. U
22. List out the types of uniform quantization. R
23. Discuss about non-uniform quantization. U
24. State any two non-uniform quantization rules. R
25. Define quantization error R
26. Compare uniform and non-uniform quantization. U
27. Explain the need for non-uniform quantization of speech signal. U
28. State companding. R
29. Specify Nyquist sampling rate and Nyquist Interval. Determine the Nyquist rate A
for analog input frequency of a) 4 kHz b) 10kHz
30. A telephone signal band limited to 4 kHz is to be transmitted by PCM.The A
signal to quantization noise is to be at least 40dB.Find the number of levels into
which the signal is to be encoded. Find the BW required for transmission.
31. In a PCM system, the number of bits per symbol is raised from 8 to 10. Then A
calculate the SNR improvement in dB
32. A PCM system uses sampling frequency of 16Ksamples/sec. Then, find out the A
maximum frequency of the signal upon which the signal can be perfectly
reconstructed.
33. Compute the SNR of PCM system if number of quantization levels is 28. A
83
34. Derive the expression for quantization noise of a PCM U
35. Consider an analog information signal s(t)=3 cos(50πt)+10 sin(300πt)- A
cos(100πt).Find the highest frequency component in the signal.
36. Define pre-emphasis and de-emphasis. R
37. List the essential operations in the transmitter of PCM. R
38. Discuss the role of regenerative repeaters. U
39. A signal m1 is band limited to 5kHz and 3 other signals m2 and m3 and m4 each A
band limited to 4 kHz are time multiplexed and fed to a PCM encoded having
1024 quantization levels. Find the bit rate of PCM and also BW required for
transmission.
40. The bandwidth of the video signal is 4.5MHz.The signal is to be transmitted A
using PCM with the number of quantization levels 1024.The sampling rate
should be 20% higher than the nyquist rate. Calculate the system bit rate.
41. A PCM system uses a uniform quantizer followed by a 7 bit encoderThe system A
bit rate is 50 Mbits/Sec.Calculate the maximum bandwidth of the message
signal for which this system operates satisfactorily.
42. The information in an analog waveform, with maximum frequency content of A
3kHz, is to be transmitted over an M-ary PCM system, where the number of
pulse levels is M=16.The quantization error is specified not to exceed ±1% of
the peak-to-peak analog signal.
i) Determine the minimum sampling rate and the resulting bit transmission rate.
ii) Find the Baud rate of the system.
43. Define µ law compander. R
44. Define A law compander R
45. The number of bits per sample used in standard telephony voice transmission A
and compact disc audio storage system is 8 and 16 respectively. Calculate the
number of discrete level in PCM
46. Draw the diagram which shows the compander characteristics of a PCM R
channel
47. Write the SNR expression for uncompanded and companded PCM. R
48. Compare PAM, PPM and PWM U
49. Draw neat diagram for PAM, PPM AND PWM signals. R
50. Illustrate the PAM waveform and explain in brief. A
51. If the samples are to be encoded into 128 levels,what is the number of binary A
bits required to encode each sample?
52. If you do not apply the Nyquist Sampling Theorem when digitizing an analog A
signal, what will happen?
53. Digitize an analog signal that has a 22kHz bandwidth. According to Nyquist, A
what should be the sampling rate?
54. Calculate the sampling rate of the signal m (t)= A
55. A signal m(t) is uniformly distributed in the range ±Vp .The signal is quantized A
by an uniform quantiser.Evaluate the ratio of the peak SNR to the average SNR
for the quantized signal.
56. List the noises present in PCM systems. R
57. Discuss the threshold effect of PCM. U
58. Define Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). R
59. A certain low pass band limited signal x(t) is sampled and the spectrum of the A
84
sampled version has the first guard band from 1500Hz to 1900Hz.How will you
determine the sampling frequency and the maximum frequency of the signal?
60. Write the function of commutator in TDM. U
PART-B
1. Explain the sampling techniques (i) Natural Sampling (ii) Flat top Sampling. 8 U
How the message signal is reconstructed from its Samples. Also illustrate the 8 U
effect of aliasing with neat sketch and aperture effect distortion.
2. Explain the pulse modulation techniques PAM,PWM & PPM in detail 16 R
3. Consider the analog signalX(t)=3cos100πt 16 A
a. Determine the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing.
b. Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate of Fs = 200 Hz, What
is the discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?
c. Suppose that the signal is sampled at the rate of Fs = 75 Hz, What
is the discrete-time signal obtained after sampling?
d. What is the frequency of a sinusoid that yields samples identical to
those obtained in part (iii)?
4. (i) Determine the Nyquist sampling rate and the Nyquist sampling interval 8 A
for the signals:
i. sinc(100 πt );
ii. sinc 2 (100 πt);
iii. sinc(100πt) + sinc(50πt);
iv. sinc(100πt) + 3sinc2(60πt);
(ii)The information in an analog signal with maximum frequency of 3 KHz is 8 A
required to be transmitted using 16 quantization levels in PCM system.
Determine
(1) the maximum number of b/s that should be used
(2) the minimum sampling rate required
(3) the resulting transmission data rate
5. Explain about the time division multiplexing with neat diagram for N no of 16 U
channels.
6. Explain a PCM system. Derive the expression for quantization noise of a PCM 16 R
system with uniform quantizer
7. Discuss in detail about two types of Quantization. Describe the midtread and 16 U
midrise type characteristics of uniform quantizer with a suitable diagram.
8. Show that the SNR power of a uniform quantizer is PCM system increases 16 U
significantly with increase in number of bits per sample.Also determine the
signal to quantization noise ratio of an audio signal S(t)=3 cos(2π500t) which is
quantized using a 10 bit PCM.
9. The information in an analog signal voltage waveform is to be transmitted over a 16 A
PCM system with an accuracy of 0.1% (full scale). The analog voltage
waveform has a bandwidth of 100 Hz and an amplitude range of -10 to +10
volts.
i. Find the minimum sampling rate required
ii. Find the number of bits in each PCM word
iii. Find minimum bit rate required in PCM signal
iv. Find the minimum absolute channel bandwidth required for
transmission of PCM signal.
85
10 A signal having a bandwidth equal to 3.5 KHZ is sampled, quantized and coded 16 A
by a PCM system. The coded signal is then transmitted over a transmission
channel of supporting a transmission rate of 5kbits/sec. Determine the maximum
signal to noise ratio that can be obtained by the system
86
COURSE DETAILS
Course Name : Control Systems
Offered By : ECE
Prepared By : Mrs. A. DEVI, Mr. JAYA KUMAR .A ,
Reviewed By : Mr. SAGAYA SELVARAJ. A
Approved By : Mrs.M.MARGARAT/HOD/ECE
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
 To introduce the components and their representation of control systems

 To understand the mathematical modelling and transfer function derivations of AC and
DC servo motors
 To learn the characteristics and performance of feedback control systems.
 To learn various methods for analysing the time response, frequency response and
stability of the systems.
 To apply the conceptual things to real-world electrical and electronics problems and
applications.
Course outcomes (COs)
CO DESCRIPTION
At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

CO1 Demonstrate an understanding of the fundamentals of (feedback) control systems and
determine and use models of physical systems.
CO2 Determine the time and frequency-domain responses of first and second-order systems to
step and sinusoidal inputs and design different types of controllers
CO3 Determine the (absolute) stability of a closed-loop control system in time domain.
CO4 Apply frequency domain techniques to analyses and design control systems
CO5 Illustrate the state space model of a physical system and apply the conceptual things to
real-world electrical and electronics problems and applications
Course Prerequisite: Signals and Systems
87
Mode of Delivery:

Assessment Methods

Unit Test Yes Online Assignment Yes No
/Technical Writing
Internal
Yes Quiz / Viva / Seminar Yes Project Review No
Assessment Test
Mapping of Course outcomes (COs) to Program outcomes (POs)
Course/Cours Mapping with Programme outcomes

e Outcomes PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO1
PO10 PO12
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
CO1 3 1 2 2 - - - - - - - -
CO2 3 2 2 2 1 - - - - - - 1
CO3 3 2 2 2 - - - - - - - 1
CO4 3 2 2 3 2 - - - - - - 2
CO5 2 - 2 1 - - - - - - - -
Mapping of Course outcomes (COs) to Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)
Mapping with Programme Specific Outcomes

Course/Course Outcomes
PSO 1 PSO 2 PSO 3
CO1 3 2 -
CO2 3 1 2
CO3 2 1 3
CO4 3 - 2
CO5 2 2 1
Note:
Enter correlation levels 1, 2 or 3 as defined as 1: Slight (Low) 2: Moderate (Medium)
3: Substantial (High) It there is no correlation, put “-”
88
SYLLABUS
Course code 19UECPC404
Category Professional Core Course
Course title Control Systems
L T P Credits
Scheme and Credits Semester 04
3 0 0 3
Pre-requisites (if any) Signals and Systems
UNIT-I INTRODUCTION AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS 9

Introduction-Examples of Control Systems- Differential equations of mechanical and electrical
systems-Transfer function of linear systems-Block diagram models-Signal flow graph models-
Study of DC and AC servo systems.
Activity: Demonstration of traffic light controller with different time delays
UNIT-II CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS 9

Steady state error-Performance of second order systems-Effects of adding additional poles and
zero on system response-Introduction and design of PD, PI, PID controllers- Electrical system
design using op-amps
Activity: Computation of response of the mobile robot steering control using MATLAB
UNIT-III STABILITY ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS 9

The concept of stability- The Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion- The relative stability- Root locus
concept-Frequency response plots and measurements- Performance specifications in the
frequency domain.
Activity: Developing m-script for two track vehicle turning control ramp response.
UNIT-IV STABILITY IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN AND DESIGN OF FEEDBACK

CONTROL SYSTEMS 9
The Nyquist criterion- System bandwidth-Phase-lead and phase –lag design using the Bode Diagram-
Phase-lead and phase -lag design using the Root Locus
UNIT V STATE VARIABLE MODELS AND APPLICATIONS 9

State variables of a dynamic system-State differential equations-The transfer function from the state
equation-Time response and state transition matrix-Concept of controllability and observability-
Control system case studies- Robotic hand –Disc drive read system
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK:
Dorf R. C and Bishop, R. H, “Modern control systems”, Thirteenth Edition, Pearson2016. (Unit-I to
V)
89
REFERENCES
1. M.Gopal, ―Control System – Principles and Design, Tata McGraw Hill, 4th Edition, 2012.
(Unit I to V)
2. K. Ogata, -Modern Control Engineering‘, 5th edition, PHI, 2012 (Unit-I to V)
3. S.K.Bhattacharya, Control System Engineering, 3rd Edition, Pearson, 2013. (Unit-I to V)
4. Benjamin.C.Kuo, ―Automatic control systems, Prentice Hall of India, 7th Edition,1995.
(Unit-I to V)
90
LESSON PLAN
M Videos/Modules/Lectures
od
e CO
Reference
Perio of nu
Sessio and page
Topics to be covered d de mb
n No number
liv er
er
y
L T
Unit I: : INTRODUCTION AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CONTROL SYSTEMS
Objective: To introduce the components and their representation of control systems .
To understand the mathematical modelling and transfer function derivations of AC and DC servo
motors.
Introduction-Examples of 2,3 1 https://youtu.be/XMfH2P2Fc6Q?si
Control Systems T1 =2ZIUArCxAqWbPG9N
1 1
2-15
Differential Equations of T1 2,3 1 https://youtu.be/ZAoIhtZsRX8?si=

Mechanical and Electrical 42-47 TFbflUQ2pdn2QXZh
2 1
Systems
Transfer function of Linear T1 2,3 1 https://youtu.be/WrVk_lT60dk?
3,4 2
systems 57-71 si=CD1inJhGSWMw82DQ
Block diagram Models T1 10 https://youtu.be/IqxJpaKuQGo?si
71-76 =4dBEKxvTvEYVNPPG
5,6 2 1
Signal flow graph models T1 2,3 1 https://youtu.be/aAPi01gajI8?si
76-82 =nOlGC5_hS5aJauEb
7 1
Study of DC and AC servo R1 2,3 1 https://youtu.be/rxK7g_Comj

systems 115-125 w?si=mIot3N3hHT6ODgTp
8,9 2
130-135
UNIT-II CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF FEEDBACK CONTROL

SYSTEMS
Objective: To learn the characteristics and performance of feedback control systems
Steady state error T1 2,3 https://youtu.be/gR5nDxw5lds?s
10,11 2 2
228-231 i=sZAbG1qc5s5NvLQ8
91
Performance of second T1 2,3 https://youtu.be/dAwCtTPX2X
M?si=BD4TIyZi6mDxMhyy
order systems 281-287
12,13 2 2
Effects of adding additional T1 10 https://youtu.be/R7_L1vh6eyk?si

poles and zero on system 287-293 =BtKG3yW822nIdec8
14,15 2 2
response
Introduction and design of R1 2,3 https://youtu.be/F1ciGVHhL4A?
PD, PI, PID controllers 308-341 si=n7b9em6wdwHvQjLn
16,17 2 2
Electrical system design T1 2,3 https://youtu.be/d_7syv88O4w?s

i=NBR7RNwoEagj7U9D
18 using Op-amps 1 487 2
UNIT-III STABILITY ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS

Objective: To learn various methods for analysing the time response and stability of the systems
The concept of stability T1 10 https://youtu.be/nzZ19jKm-
19 1 356-360 3 jk?si=fcbHKHfbKJRRYwHY
The Routh-Hurwitz 2 T1 2,3 https://youtu.be/MRyICw3eOJs?s

20,21 stability criterion 360-368 3 i=A38Qs55MuqWAfzgi
The relative stability 1 T1 2,3 https://youtu.be/jUX-

22 368-369 3 3XIyH2E?si=ipTXG3C2FNTdR
8qE
Root locus concept 2 T1 2,3 https://youtu.be/o3bRqh4IlCA?si
408-424 =Rj4UcaUIDcBT1bw9
23,24 3
Frequency response plots 2 T1 2,3

and measurements 496-519 https://youtu.be/psx3gsKbY2U?si
25,26 3 =Wwg49TCt5wZBdKNn
Performance specifications 1 T1 2,3 https://youtu.be/yN17yBbm830?s

27 in the frequency domain. 519-522 3 i=qNQMxKYaM2GA-Ej_
92
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Objective: To learn various methods for analysing the frequency response and stability of the
systems
The Nyquist criterion T1 https://youtu.be/qJXoZ2AE
575-601 _bI?si=_iYUXc9KfM8g1ab
28,29 2 2,3 4 M
System bandwidth T1 https://youtu.be/v6HzI4JNI5

601 g?si=DAiL40tuqQn4c0hg
30 1 10 4
Phase-lead and phase –lag T1 https://youtu.be/9O4sT-

31,32, design using the Bode 675-680 feLHc?si=2pOez2oXsBNxXzXA
3 2,3 4
33 Diagram 696-700
Phase-lead and phase -lag T1 https://youtu.be/c8Qd0Qcwmvo?si
design using the Root 681-688 =WN3hGr0QYchPQDcU
34,35, Locus 3 691-696 2,3 4
36
UNIT-V: STATE VARIABLE MODELS AND APPLICATIONS
Objective: To apply the conceptual things to real-world electrical and electronics problems and
applications.
https://youtu.be/hpeKrMG-
State variables of a
T1 WP0?si=lDr4V1v4Aw-fKu3r
37 dynamic system 1 10 5
145-149
https://youtu.be/ABuOyQV0Uz
T1
38 State differential equations 1 2,3 5 I?si=iYex-t2zBHCZrZ8G
149-154
https://youtu.be/Zo3FNDcaptA?
The transfer function from T1 si=Wi9VW_ZILyq_ORxY
39 1 2,3 5
the state equation. 170-172
https://youtu.be/MNu7njsg
Time response and state T1 Nvc?si=xIDMYdmHyTVyZ
40 1 2,3 5
transition matrix 172-175 H9R
T1 https://youtu.be/EUG3rgkBG8E
Concept of controllability ?si=0C1yerbziaIVAIp7
41,42 2 757-763 2,3 5
and observability
https://youtu.be/0mwdPtff0K
Control system case
43,44, Q?si=CuaFbUCaxz2wdnvT
studies- Robotic hand –Disc 3 5
45
drive read system
93
NPTEL VIDEOS: ( Unit 1 to 5)
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PT8D_ITgqzw&list=PL42816CBDEAC1E82E&index=2&t=0s
2. https://youtu.be/Eg8_4qjuD3Q?list=PLC977DC7BB9CB619E
3. https://youtu.be/oTmpeck2M6M?list=PLC977DC7BB9CB619E
4. https://youtu.be/SUxVuGnF7wI?list=PLC977DC7BB9CB619E
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cJRlUGDtS-
0&list=PLC977DC7BB9CB619E&index=23
6. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qOFuxpOQmc&list=PLC977DC7BB9CB619E&i
ndex=28
7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oA4JRcF_3nI&list=PLC977DC7BB9CB619E&ind
ex=30
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xgr9AA0RnSo&list=PLC977DC7BB9CB619E&index=41
WEB COURSES:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/107106081/
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108106098/
INNOVATIVE TEACHING:
1. Signal flow graph models – Role play
2. Electrical system design using Op-amps -Quiz
3. Routh-Hurwitz stability criterion-Crossword puzzle
4. Phase-lag design using the Root Locus – Word scramble
5. State transition matrix – Rebus
INTRACTION WITH INDUSTRIES:
CONTENT BEYOND SYLLABUS:
1. Introduction to Matlab Modeling
2. Lyapunov stability
3. Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) design
94
CONCEPT SKETCH:
CONTROL SYSTEMS
Under Study
SYSTEM
MODELLING
SYSTEMS
Mechanical Electrical State variable

P,PD,PID
controllers model
Establishment
Block of goals-
diagram,Signal flow
graph
Variables to Stabilty
be controlled, Analysis
System
modeling,
Time Frequency Design and Time Frequency
Domain Domain Simulation Domain
Domain
Transfer Routh Hurwitz, root locas

Differential function
equation
Bode plot,Nicholes plot
95
UNIT I INTRODUCTION AND MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF CONTROL
SYSTEMS
Short Answer questions (2 Marks)

Introduction-Examples of Control Systems
1. Define control system. (or) What is control system? R
2. What are the basic elements of control system? R
3. What is meant by Open-loop system& Closed-loop system? Give example. R
4. List the disadvantages of closed loop systems. U
5. Whether traffic control system and washing machine are open loop control A
systems? Justify your answer
6. Differentiate open loop and closed loop control systems. (Or) compare open loop U
and closed loop control systems
7. What are the characteristics of negative feedback? U
8. Write a note on Temperature control system in refrigerators. A
9. List the important features of feedback control systems. U
10. Define industrial robotics. R
11. Explain how one can apply control theory to home heating system? A
12. Write notes on temperature control system. U
Differential equations of mechanical and electrical systems
13. How differential equations help in understanding control systems? U
14. Illustrate the components of mechanical translational model. R
15. Write the basic differential equations of the components of mechanical R
translational system.
16. Differentiate mechanical translational systems and rotational systems. U
17. State D' Alembert's principle. R
18. Apply the concepts of rotational system and obtain the differential equation of the A
system shown below.
19. Draw the circuit models of resistor, capacitor and inductor and write the U
mathematical models.
20. Apply electric circuit theory to obtain the differential equation of the system shown A
below.
TRANSFER FUNCTION OF LINEAR SYSTEMS

21. Write the importance of transfer function in control systems U
22. Define transfer function. R
23. Give the properties of transfer function. U
96
24. Write notes on analogous systems. U
25. Tabulate the analogous electrical elements in force –voltage and force-current R
analogy for the elements of mechanical translational system?
26. Give the analogous electrical elements in torque –voltage and torque-current R
analogy for the elements of mechanical rotational system
BLOCK DIAGRAM MODELS
27. Illustrate the basic components of a block diagram. R
28. Write the rule for absorbing a feedback loop in block diagram reduction. R
29. Use block diagram reduction techniques and obtain the transfer function of the A
system shown below.
30. Apply the rules for block diagram reductions and obtain the transfer function of the A
system shown below.
31. Draw the equivalent block diagrams for the figures (a) and (b) given below S
Fig (a) Fig(b)

SIGNAL FLOW GRAPH MODELS
32. Write the properties of signal flow graph. U
33. Give Mason’s gain formula R
34. Draw the signal flow graph of a small signal amplifier U
35. Convert the following block diagram into signal flow graph A
36. Obtain the forward path gains of the following signal flow graph A
97
37. Apply signal flow graph concepts to obtain the graph of the following electrical A
system
38. Find the transfer function of the following signal flow graph A
39. Obtain the individual loop gains of the signal flow graph given below. A
Study of DC and AC servo motors

40. What is servomotor? R
PART B (16 Marks)
1. For the mechanical system shown in fig .Write the differential equations 16 S
describing the behaviour of the system. Draw the force-voltage and force-
current analogous electrical circuits.
98
2. Explain open loop and closed loop control systems. Narrate the difference 16 R
and compare both.
3. Elaborate any five examples of open loop and closed loop control systems. 16 R
4. Write the differential equations governing the mechanical rotational system 16 S
shown in fig. and find transfer function
5. Write the differential equations governing the mechanical system shown in 16 A

fig. Draw the force-voltage and force current electrical analogous circuits
and verify by writing mesh and node equations
6. Write the differential equations of the system shown in the figure. 16 S
7. Apply block diagram reduction rules to get the transfer function of the 16 A
system shown in fig.
8. The block diagram of a control system is shown in the figure. Determine its 16 A
transfer function using reduction rules.
99
9. (i) Using block diagram reduction technique find the closed loop transfer 8+8 A
function C/R of the system whose block diagrams are shown below
(ii). Using block diagram reduction technique find the closed loop transfer
function C/R of the system whose block diagrams are shown below
10. Determine the transfer function of the system using Mason’s gain formula 16 S
and find X2/X1
11. Determine the closed loop transfer function of the system whose signal flow 16 S
graph is shown in figure, using Mason’s gain formula
12. (i) Determine the closed loop transfer function of the system whose block 8+8 A
diagram is shown in figure, using block diagram reduction technique
100
(ii). Use Masons gain formula to obtain C(S)/R(s) of the system shown below
by using signal flow graph technique
13. The signal flow graph for a feedback control system is shown in the figure. 16 S
Determine the closed loop transfer function C(s)/R(s)
14. Consider the mechanical system shown in the fig and write the differential 16 S
equations describing the dynamics of the system and also draw the electrical
analogy for the system
15. Give the step by step procedure of determining transfer function using signal 16 U
flow graph with an example.
16. Explain AC and DC servomotors. Obtain the transfer function of armature 16 U
controlled and field controlled DC motors.
UNIT-II CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF FEEDBACK CONTROL

SYSTEMS
Short Answer questions (2 Marks)
Performance of second order systems
1. Illustrate time response of a control system. R
2. What do you mean by transient response? R
3. Differentiate transient response and steady state response. U
4. Define unit impulse signal. R
5. Define unit step signal. R
101
6. Define unit ramp signal. R
7. What is the importance of test signals? Name the test signals used in control U
system.
8. What is characteristic equation? Why it is called so? U
9. Sketch the parabolic signal and show its graphical representation U
10. Find the unit impulse response of a system G(s) = 5s/(s + 2) with zero initial A
conditions using Laplace transform.
11. Define rise time. How it is calculated for various types of systems? R
12. With reference to time response of a control system, define peak time U
13. Write the expression for Peak overshoot, settling time, delay time and rise time K
14. The damping ratio of the system is 0.6 and the natural frequency of oscillation is 8 A
rad/sec. Determine the rise time
15. The damping ratio of a system is 0.75 and the natural frequency of oscillation is 12 A
rad/sec. determine the peak overshoot and the peak time.
16. The damping ratio and natural frequency of oscillation of a second order system is A
0.5 and 8 rad/sec respectively. Calculate the resonant peak and resonant frequency.
17. The closed loop transfer function of a second order system is given by R
400/s2+2s+400. Determine the damping ratio and natural frequency of oscillation.
18. Classify the system based on damping.(Or)How a control system is classified R
depending on the value of damping?
19. Why is the system commonly tested by using step input? U
20. What is damped frequency of oscillation? A
21. Write the expression of unit step response of 2ndorder system for under damped U
system?
Effects of adding additional poles and zero on system response
22. What do you mean by pole and Zero of a system? Write its physical significance U
23. What is order of a system? R
24. How do you find the type of a system? U
25. Determine the type and order of the system with following transfer functions. A
𝑠+4
(i) (ii) 10
(𝑆−2)(𝑆+3) 𝑆3(𝑆2+2𝑆+1)
Steady State Error
26. Define steady state error. (or) What is a steady state error? U
27. Why do you require knowledge about Steady State Error? R
28. Give the steady state errors to various standard inputs for type 2 systems U
29. What are static error constants? A
30. What is velocity error constant, positional error constant and acceleration error A
constant? Write their units
31. Determine the error coefficients for the system having A
(s+2)
G(s)H(s) =
s(1+0.5s)(1+0.2s)
32. What are generalized error coefficients? U
Introduction and design of PD, PI, PID controllers
33. Why derivative controller is not used in control systems? R
34. What is meant by PI controller? Discuss the effect and expression of PI controller U
on system performance?(or) What is the effect of PI controller on the system
102
performance?
35. What is Proportional Control (P Controller)? Write its effect on system
performance
36. What is meant by PD controller?
37. Draw the transfer function model of PID controllers U
38. How is a PID controller used in a Temperature Control unit? A
Electrical system design using op-amps
39. Draw the circuit diagram of PID controller using op-amp.
40. Illustrate PI controller using op-amp.
PART:B (16 MARKS)
1. Derive an expression for the response of under damped second order system for 16 S
unit step input.
2. Derive time domain specifications for a second order system subjected to a step 16 S
input
3. The unity feedback system is characterized by an open loop transfer function 16 A
K
G(s)= .Determine the gain K, so the system will have a damping ratio
S(S  10)
of 0.5 for this value of K. Determine settling time, peak overshoot and time at
peak overshoot for a unit step input.
4. A unity feedback system is characterized by the open loop transfer function G(S) 16 S
= 1 . Determine the steady state errors for Unit-step, Unit-ramp and
𝑠(0.5𝑠+1)(0.2𝑠+1)
Unit-acceleration unit. Also determine the damping ratio and natural frequency of
the dominant roots
5. The open loop transfer function of unity feedback system is given by 16 A
K
G(s)  where K and T are positive constants. By what factor, should the
s(sT 1)
amplifier gain K be reduced, so that the peak overshoot of unit step response of
the system is reduced from 75% to 25%.
6. A unity feedback system has the forward transfer function G(s)= . 16 S
K (2s1)
1
2
s(5s1)(1s)
When the input r(t)=1+6t, determine the minimum value of K1 so that the
steady error is less than 0.1
7. Derive the expressions to show the effects of P, PI, PD, PID controllers. (or) 16 U
Discuss the effect of PID controller in the forward path of the system.
8. Derive an expression to find steady state error of a closed loop control system 16 U
9. Calculate the following parameters for the system whose natural frequency of 16 A
Oscillation is 10rad/sec and damping factor is 0.707
(1) Delay time
(2) Rise time
103
(3) Peak overshoot
4) Settling time
10. For the system shown in fig. find the effect of PD controller with Td=1/10 on 16 S
peak overshoot and settling time when it is excited by unit step input.
11. A certain unity negative feedback control system has the following forward path 16 A
Ks+2
transfer function G  s  = . The input applied is r(t) = 1+3t. Find the
s s+5 4s+1
minimum value of K so that the steady state error is less than 1
12. The closed loop transfer function of a 2ndorder system is given by 8+8 A
100
T s = 2
. Determine the damping ratio, natural frequency of
s +10s+100
oscillations, rise time, settling time and peak overshoot
13. The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is given by 16 S
20
G s = . The input function is r(t)=2+3t+t2. Determine generalized error
ss+2
coefficient and steady state error
14. Determine the steady state errors for the following inputs 5u(t), 5tu(t), 5t2u(t) to a 16 S
100s+2s+6
system whose open-loop transfer function is given by G  s  = .
s s+3s+4 
15. Explain the construction and design of P,PD controllers using op-amp 16 U
16. Explain the design of PI, PID controllers using op-amp. 16 U
UNIT -III STABILITY ANALYSIS OF FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEMS

PART-A (2 MARKS)
1. Define BIBO stability & stability. R
2. How the roots of characteristic equation are related to stability? U
3. Interpret stability of a system when the roots of the characteristic equation are lying A
on imaginary axis.
4. What is the principle of argument? R
5. Check the system represented by the following equation for absolute stability. S
s5 + s4 + 3s3 + 4s2 + 16s + 10 = 0.
6. List out the necessary conditions for stability. U
7. Write the necessary and sufficient condition for stability in Routh stability criterion. U
8. State any two limitations of Routh-stability criterion. R
9. Does Routh-Hurwitz criteria give absolute stability? Justify your answer. A
10. The addition of pole will make a system more stable. Justify your answer. A
11. Mention steps for applying Routh’s stability criterion. U
12. Find the range of K for closed loop stable behavior of system with characteristic S
104
equation 4S4 + 24S3 + 44S2 + 24S + K using Routh Hurwitz stability criterion.
13. What is meant by relative stability? R
14. In the construction of Routh array, what are the possibilities of rows? A
15. Where the Routh stability criterion does is implemented? A
16. What is the need of root locus in control system? R
17. What is centroid and asymptotes? How will you find the angle of asymptotes and R
centroid?
18. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Routh Hurwitz criterion. U
19. Write short notes on relative stability. U
20. What is Root Locus? R
21. Define Phase Margin and gain margin. U
22. State the rule for obtaining the breakaway point in root locus. R
23. List out the properties of root locus. U
24. What are the difficulties faced while applying Routh- Hurwitz’s criterion? R
25. What are dominating poles and zeros?(0r)What is meant by dominating poles? R
26. The characteristic equation of a feedback control system is found as s 4 + 9s3 + A
11s2 + 6s + K = 0. Determine the value of K for which the system is absolutely
stable and marginally stable. Also determine the frequency of sustained
oscillation.
27. If the characteristic equation of a closed loop system is 1+ K = 0, find the A
s(s+1)(s+2)
centroid of the asymptotes .
28. Check the system represented by the following characteristic equation for A
absolute stability s3 + 5s2 + 25s + 10 = 0
29. The system has loop transfer function G(s) H(s) = K .find the location of S
s(s+2)(s+3)
breakaway point.
30. In which areas the root locus concepts can be implemented? A
31. How to improve G.M. and P.M in bode plot? U
32. The specification given on a certain 2nd order feedback control system is that the A
overshoot of the step response should not exceed 25%.What are the corresponding
limiting values of the damping ratio  and peak resonance Mr?
33. Why do we consider only open loop transfer function as G(s)H(s) in a bode plot A
realization?
34. If the very low frequency asymptote of the magnitude plot of an unity feedback system S
has a slope of -40 db/decade find which standard input or inputs it can follow without
any steady state errors.
35. Why do transportation lag takes place in Bode plot system? Say with an example. U
36. Draw the polar plot for G(s) = 1/ (1+ sT) U
37. Draw the approximate polar plot for a type 0 second order system. U
38. State mapping theorem. R
39. Define a)Bandwidth b)gain cross over frequency c)cutoff rate R
40. Determine the frequency domain specifications of a second order system when closed A
64
loop transfer function is given byC(s) = 2 .
R(s) s +10s+64
PART-B (16 MARKS)
1. (i) A unity feedback control system has an open-loop transfer S 8
105
K (s 13)
function G(s)  . Using the Routh-Hurwitz stability
s(s  3)(s  7)
criterion, find the range of K for the system to be stable. If K = 1, check all
the poles of the closed-loop transfer function having damping factor
greater than 0.85. Assume unity feedback system.
(ii) Determine the range of k for stability of the following system 8
2. (i) Explain relative stability in detail. R 8

(ii)Discuss in detail about root locus construction rules U 8
3. Sketch the root locus for the open loop transfer function of unity feedback S 16
K
control system given below. G(s) 
s(s2  4s 13)
4. A block diagram representation of a unity feedback control system is A 16
shown below.
For this system sketch the root locus. Also determine the value of K so
that the damping ratio, ξ of a pair of complex conjugate closed loop poles
is 0.5.
5. The block diagram of a unity feedback control system is shown below. A 16
Draw the root locus diagram for the above represented control system.
6. For the following transfer function draw bode plot and obtain gain cross- S 16
20
over frequency & Gain margin, Phase margin. G s = .
s1+3s1+4s
81
7. (i) The closed loop transfer function of a system 𝐺(𝑠) = calculate A 8
𝑠2+7𝑠+81
the values of resonant frequency resonant peak and band width.
(ii) A unity feedback control system has G(s)=80/s(s+2)(s+20).Draw the Bode
S 8
Plot. Determine G.M, P.M, and Comment on the stability
8. (i) Describe the procedure for obtaining the polar plot for a system whose A 8
4
open loop transfer function is
(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4)
15
(ii) Plot the polar plot for the given transfer function
(𝑠+1)(𝑠+3)(𝑠+6) S 8
106
9. 10s+2 S 16
Draw the polar plot for the following Transfer function G  s  =
10. Sketch the polar plot of the unity feedback system with open loop transfer A 16
1
function G  s  = . Also find the frequency at which G  jω =1.
8
11. K (s  3) A 16
For the following transfer function, G(s)  Sketch the Bode plot
magnitude plot by showing slope contributions from each pole and zero.
12. Ks2 A 16
(1 0.2s)(1 0.02s)
Determine the value of K for the gain cross over frequency to be 5 rad/sec.
13. (i) With neat steps write down the procedure for construction of root R 8
locus. Each rule give an example
(ii) List the advantages of Routh’s Array method of examining stability of U 8
a control system.
14. A certain unity negative feedback control system has the following open S 16
loop transfer function G(s) H (s) = 𝐾 . Find the breakaway
points and draw Root locus for 0≤ ω≤∞.
15. 𝑘(𝑠+3) S 16
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+2)(𝑠+4)
16. (i) (i) Obtain Routh array for the system whose polynomial equation is U 8
S6+2S5+ 8S4+12S3+20S2+16S+16=0.Check the stability.
(ii) By using Routh Criterion, Determine the stability of the system 8
represented by following characteristic equation. S5 + 𝑆4 + 2𝑆3 + 2𝑆2 +
11𝑆 + 10 = 0

CONTROL SYSTEMS
PART-A (2 MARKS)
1. Define Nyquist stability criterion. R
2. What are the methods available to find stability in Nyquist criterion ? U
3. State the advantages of Nyquist stability criterion over that of Routh’s criterion., (or) U
List any two advantages of Nyquist stability criterion.
4. What will happen to the gain margin if the gain of the open loop system is doubled? A
5. State Nyquist stability criterion for a closed loop system when the open loop system U
is stable.
6. Why do we need to know beforehand the number of open loop unstable poles in order A
to determine stability from the Nyquist plot?
7. State the applications of Nyquist plot. R
8. Predict the fidelity of response of the system A
107
9. Define Lag compensator R
10. In which kind of situation lag compensation can be employed? A
11. Write down the relationship between Φm and β in lag compensator S
12. Write short notes on lead compensator. U
13. What do you mean by lag-lead compensator? R
14. Why lag compensator is not used for improving the performance of higher order A
systems?
15. State the property of a lead compensator. R
16. List the advantages and disadvantages of phase lag network. U
17. What do you mean by minimum phase system? R
18. List out the characteristics of lag-lead compensation. R
19. Identify type of compensator suitable for high frequency noisy environment? A
20. When is lag lead compensator required? What are the effects of lag-lead compensator? R
21. Derive the transfer function of a lead compensator network. A
22. List the selection factor for compensation U
23. Draw the circuit of lead compensator and draw its pole zero diagram U
24. What is a compensator? What are the different methods of compensation? R
25. Predict the number of poles by using principle of argument. A
26. Write the merits and demerits of Nyquist plot. U
27. Write down short notes on Nyquist path. U
28. Write down the effects of phase lead compensation. U
29. When does maximum phase lag occurs in lag compensator? Make the expressions for A
maximum lag angle and the corresponding frequency
30. Name the software available to implement root locus and nyquist plot. A
31. For the transfer function (𝑗𝜔) = 5 + 𝑗𝜔, Obtain the corresponding Nyquist plot for A
positive frequency.
32. What is the necessity of compensation in feedback control system? U
33. Draw a bode plot of typical lag compensator. U
34. Define the desired performance criteria specified in compensator design. R
35. How can you analyze the stability by the characteristic equation? A
36. What do you mean by clockwise and anticlockwise encirclement of -1+j0 in Nyquist R
stability criterion?
37. If the characteristic equation of a closed loop system is 1+ K/(s(s+1)(s+2))=0, find the A
centroid of the asymptotes .
38. Define bandwidth of a system R
39. How will you design a lag/lag phase compensator using frequency response? A
40. Define time delay. R
PART-B (16 MARKS)

1. Draw the Nyquist plot for the system whose open loop transfer function is A 16
K
G(s)H (s)  . Determine the range of K for which closed
s(s  2)(s 10)
loop system is stable.
2. Obtain the Nyquist plot of a system whose open loop transfer function A 16
108
10
G(s) R(s) is given by G(s)H (s) 
(s  2)(s  4)
3. Draw the Nyquist plot and find the stability of the following open loop S 16
transfer function of unity feedback control system G(s)H(s) = K(s+1) /
s2(s+10). If the system is conditionally stable ,find the range of K for which
the system is stable.
4. The open loop transfer function of a unity feedback system is A 16
K
G s =
ss+1s+2
Design a suitable lag-lead compensator so as to achieve,
Static velocity error constant = 10 sec-1. Phase margin = 500 Gain margin 
dB.
5. By using the Nyquist stability criterion, determine whether the closed-loop A 16
system having the following open-loop transfer function is stable or
𝑠+2
not.𝐺(𝑠) . If not, how many closed –loop poles lie in the right half s-
(𝑠+1)(𝑠−1)
plane.
6. Realize the basic compensators using electrical network and obtain the transfer S 16
function.
7. Construct the Nyquist2 plot for a system whose open loop transfer function is A 16
𝐾(1+𝑠)
given be𝐺(𝑠) = 3
, Find the range of K for stability.
𝑠
8. From the first principles explain how do you obtain the stability of a linear
system using Nyquist Criterion
9. Design a lead compensator for a unity feedback system with an open loop A 16
K
transfer function G  s   for the specifications of Kv=10sec-1 and
s  s 1
phase margin ɸm=35 0
10. Design a lead compensator for a unity feedback system with open loop transfer A 16
𝐾
function 𝐺(𝑠) = . velocity error constant 𝐾 ≥ 50. Phase margin
𝑠(𝑠+1)(𝑠+5) 𝑣
≥ 20°
11. From the first principles explain how do you obtain the stability of a linear R 16
system using Nyquist Criterion
12. Design procedure for lead compensator in frequency domain. R 16
13. Design procedure for lag compensator in frequency domain S 16
14. Construct Nyquist plot for a feedback control system whose open loop A 16
5
transfer function is given by G(s)H (s)  . Comment on the
s(1 s)
stability of open-loop and closed loop system.
15. Design procedure for lag-lead compensator in frequency domain U 16
16. Sketch the Nyquist plot for a system with the open loop transfer function A 16
K (1 0.5s)(1 s)
G(s)H (s)  . Determine the range of values of K for
(110s)(s 1)
109
which the system is stable.
UNIT-V STATE VARIABLE MODELS AND APPLICATIONS

Short Answer questions (2 Marks) (Unit-V)
State variables of a dynamic system
1. Define state and state variables. R
2. What is state diagram? R
3. State the advantages of state variable analysis U
4. Define state equation R
5. What is meant by ‘state’ of a dynamic system? R
6. What is state space and input output space? R
7. Name the methods of state space representation U
8. Draw the block diagram representation of state model Ẋ (t)=Ax (t) +Bu (t); Y (t) = U
Cx (t) +Du (t)
9. Draw the signal flow graph representation of state model.Ẋ (t)=Ax (t) +Bu (t); Y (t) U
= Cx (t) +Du (t)
10. How are the state variables selected in electric systems? A
State differential equations
11. Define state model of nth order system. R
12. Draw the block diagram of the system described by the state model, U
 x1  0 1 0   x1  0
 x   0 0 1   x   0 u and y  x
 2   2   1
 x3  0 a2 a3   x3  1
13. Draw the signal flow graph of the system described by the state model U
 x1  a1 a2 0  x1  1
 x    1 0 1  x   0 u and y  x
 2   2   3
 x3   0 1 0  x3  0
2
14. A system is characterized by the differential equation, d y  dy    A
2
10 7y u 0
dt dt
determine its transfer function
15. The transfer function of a system is given by Y (s)  10
. Determine the A
U (s) 4s2  2s 1
differential equation governing the system.
16. What are the advantages of state space modeling using physical variable? R
The transfer function from the state equation
17. Define transfer function R
18. How will you obtain transfer function from state model? R
Time response and state transition matrix
19. What is Jordan canonical form? R
20. Define Jordan matrix, R
21. How the state transition matrix eAt computed by canonical transformation? U
22. What are the different methods available for computing State transition matrix eAt? R
23. What is the Canonical form for state model? Give the advantages of canonical R
110
variables
24. List the main properties of state transition matrix U
25. What is modal matrix? or how the modal matrix is determined? R
26. Write the transformed canonical state model of a system. R
27. When modal matrix is called Vander monde matrix? U
28. What are the properties of state transition matrix? R
29. How are the Eigen vectors calculated? When the Eigenvalues are distinct? U
Concept of controllability and observability
30. Define controllability of a system R
31. Define observability of a system. R
32. State the Kalman’s test for controllability and observability. U
33. Consider system given by Y (s)  (s  3) . Obtain state space representation in A
U (s) (s2  3s  2)
controllable canonical form
34. State the condition for controllability by Gilbert’s method. R
35. What are the advantage and the disadvantage in Kalman’s test for controllability? R
36. A discrete time system is described by the difference equation A
y(k 2)  3y(k1)  5 y(k)  u(k) .Determine the transfer functions of the system
Control system case studies- Robotic hand –Disc drive read system
37. Model a physical disk drive read system without feedback using the concepts of A
feedback control theory.
38. Obtain a block diagram model of a disk drive read system using basic control A
concepts.
39. List the basic components needed to model a disk drive read system and justify A
your selection.
40. Model a robotic hand system with minimum number of components A
PART:B (16 MARKS)
1. Explain in detail the state space representation for continuous time systems 16 U
2. Obtain the state space representation of armature controlled D.C motor with 16 U
load shown below:
3. (i) Obtain the state model of the system described by the following transfer 16 A
𝑦(𝑠) 5
function =
𝑈(𝑠) 𝑠3+6𝑠+7
(ii) Consider the system with state equation
Ẋ 1 0 1 0 X1 0
[Ẋ 2]=[ 0 0 1 ] [X2]+[0]u. Check the controllability of the system
Ẋ 3 −6 −11 −6 X3 1
111
4. Determine the controllability and observability of the following system 16 S
0 1 0 X1 0 X1
[0 0 1 ] [X2]+[ 0 ]uY = [1 0 0] [X2]
0 −2 −3 X3 10 X3
5. Test the controllability and observability of the system whose state space 16 A
representation is given as
Ẋ 1 0 0 2 X1 0 X1
[Ẋ 2]=[−2 −3 0 ] [X2]+[2]u Y = [1 0 0] [X2]
Ẋ 3 0 2 −3 X3 0 X3
3
6. A system is characterized by the transfer function 𝑌(𝑠) = 16 A
𝑈(𝑠) 𝑆3+5𝑠2+11𝑆+6
Determine whether or not the system is completely controllable and
observable using Kalman’s test.
𝑠+2
7. The transfer function of a control system is given by 𝑌(𝑠) = 16 A
𝑈(𝑠) 𝑆3+9𝑆2+26𝑆+24
check the controllability using an appropriate test.
𝑌(𝑠) 2
8. A system is characterized by transfer function = 16 S
𝑈(𝑠) 𝑆3+6𝑆2+11𝑆+6
Find the state output equation in matrix form and check the controllability and
observability of the system.
9. A linear time invariant system is characterized by the state equation 16 A
 x.  1 0  x  0
 1  1
 u Where u is a unit step function. Compute the solution of

  1 1 x
.    1 
   2   
 x2 
1
these equations assuming initial condition X0 =   . Use inverse Laplace transform
0
technique
10. Obtain the state equation and output equation of a system described by the 16 S
2 𝑑𝑦
differential equation 𝑑 2𝑦 + 5 + 4𝑦 = 𝑢
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
11. Draw the state model of a linear single input single output system and obtain 16 U
its corresponding equations
12. Obtain the state transition matrix for the state model whose system matrix A 16 S
1 0
is given by A=[0 1]
13. A discrete time system is described by the difference equation y(k+2) 16 S
+5y(k+1) +6(yk) = u(k) Y(0)-y(1) =0 and T=1 sec, determine (i) state
transition matrix (ii) state model in canonical form
14. Find the transfer function for the system which is represented in state space 16 S
representation as follows.
112
 x. 
 1 2 1 0   x1  0
 .       
 x2   0 3 1   x2   0 u
 .   3 4 5  x3  1
 x3 
 
 x1 
y  0 1 0  x2 
 
 x3 
15. Consider a system with state-space model given below 16 U

Ẋ 1 0 1 0 X1 0 X1
[Ẋ 2]=[ 0 0 1 ] [X2]+[ 5 ]u Y = [1 0 0] [X2] verify the system
Ẋ 3 −1 −5 −1 X3 −24 X3
is observable and controllable
16. Construct a state model for a system characterized by the differential 16 U
equation,
d3y d2y dy 
6  11  6 y  u  0
dt3 dt 2 dt
113
Course code 19UECLC401
Category Professional Core Course
Course title LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY
L T P Credits
Scheme and Credits Semester IV
0 0 3 1.5
Pre-requisites (if any) Electronic Circuits
OBJECTIVE
 To understand the basics of linear integrated circuits and available ICs
 To understand characteristics of operational amplifier.
 To apply operational amplifiers in linear and nonlinear applications.
 To acquire the basic knowledge of regulators.
 To use SPICE software for circuit design
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. Amplifiers with In-Phase and out of Phase outputs using operational amplifier.
2. Differential output amplifiers for automatic gain control circuits.
3. Wave shaping circuits for mathematical operations using operational amplifier.
4. Frequency response analysis for first order filter circuits using active and passive
components (LPF & HPF)
5. Fixed frequency /Quasi stable square wave generator with even duty cycle Using
operational amplifier / Timer IC.
6. Generate pulse width modulated wave using one shot multivibrator.
7. Circuit that converts irregular to regular shape waveform.
8. 60 degree phase shift network using passive Components and operational amplifier.
9. Audio frequency oscillator in FM using operational amplifier.
10. Linear D-A Converter using operational amplifier.
11. DC power supply using LM723.
12. Study of SMPS SIMULATION:
a. Active low-pass, High-pass and band-pass filters using Op-amp
b. Astable and Monostable multivibrators using Timer IC.
c. A/ D converter
114
19UECLC403 ANALOG AND DIGITAL COMMUNICATION LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS:
1. AM modulator and demodulator
2. FM modulator and demodulator
3. Signal Transmission over Communication channel for Cable TV networks and Wired
Telephone networks.
4. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.
5. Discretization and freezing of analog signal for data conversion system.
6. Voltage Controlled duty cycle PWM/PPM using 555 timer IC
7. Performance of Analog Communication in the presence of noise.
8. N-Bit Waveform coder/Decoder for speech signals.
9. Voice signal Transmission using 1-Bit Quantizer.
10. Digital data transport techniques for line communication.
11. Eye diagram pattern generation.
12. BER Measurement/Scatter plot for various digital modulation techniques using
MATLAB.
13. Pseudo Noise Sequence generation
115

Ece II Year IV Sem 2020-2021

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IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)

S.No Details Page No.

SYSTEMATIC LEARNING PLAN

Subject Code Name of the Subject

PROGRAMME OUTCOME (POs)

Mapping of Programme Educational Outcomes (PEO) with Programme

Programme Program Outcomes

Mapping of Course Outcomes (CO) with Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO)

UNIT-I BASICS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9

Slew rate, https://youtu.b

31 Voltage Mode https://youtu.be/nDj

LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Basics of Operational ANALOG MULTIPLIER ADC & DAC

Ideal  Analog Multiplier &  Voltage Controlled

UNIT II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

21 Find the output voltage Vo for the following circuit. S

24 Apply the voltage follower concept to design impedance matching applications. A

52 Design a Schmitt trigger for UTP=+0.5V and LTP=-0.5V S

PART-B (16 MARKS)

UNIT III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL

2. Sketch and explain the following applications of multipliers: S

UNIT IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERSION

UNIT V WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICS

3. Mention the advantages and disadvantages of RC phase shift oscillator. U

Course Code : 19UECPC402

Course Prerequisite: NIL

Mapping with Program outcomes

3-Strong Correlation, 2-Medium Correlation, 1-Weak Correlation

Mapping of Course Outcomes (CO) with Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO)

3- Strong Correlation, 2 – Medium Correlation, 1- Weak Correlation

Review of vector T1 https://youtu.be/NNny9g

Line, surface and T1 https://youtu.be/NyG0v

Capacitance, Parallel, https://youtube.com/shor

Magnetic field 3 https://youtu.be/

Wave equations and https://youtu.be/eZ74O

Plane waves in https://youtu.be/5Vw

Normal incidence at a https://youtu.be/ztoW

Open wire lines, https://youtu.be/rNSPz3

Topics for Innovative Teaching:

Magnetic circuits, Behaviour of magnetic materials - https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112/104/112104203/

Charge Magnetic Field Faraday's law

Electric Flux Line

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

shown in figure below?

13. Find the laplacian of the following scalar fields. 16 S

UNIT II – STATIC ELECTRIC FIELD

UNIT III STATIC MAGNETIC FIELD

UNIT IV— TIME-VARYING FIELDS AND MAXWELL's EQUATIONS

30. Give the significance of intrinsic impedance. 2 U

34. Define Poynting Vector and Poynting theorem. 2 R

39. Define plane of incidence. 2 R

D = 5x ax -2y ay +kz az μC/m2, B = 2 a y mT and μ=μ0, ε=ϵ0.

PART B (16 MARKS)

Course Prerequisite: Nil

Mapping of Course Outcomes (CO) with Programme Specific Outcomes (PSO)

UNIT III PULSE MODULATION TECHNIQUES 9

TOTAL (L:45+T:0)=45 PERIODS

17 PLL Demodulator, TDM & 1 T3 2 2 https://youtu.be/Q5dC9Tbz

Content beyond the Syllabus: