FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL

SPECIFICATIONS
DEEP INJECTION WELL

PREPARED FOR

CARNIVAL GRAND PORT FACILITY

FREEPORT, GRAND BAHAMA

PREPARED BY

R. C. MINNING & ASSOCIATES, INC.

TREASURE ISLAND, FLORIDA

December 13, 2019

 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

1.0 OBJECTIVE

This document defines the functional and technical specifications, and general
construction considerations for the construction of a deep injection well at the
Carnival Grand Port Facility, Freeport, Bahamas.

2.0 SCOPE

These guidelines apply to one (1) deep well to be constructed for the disposal of
treated permeate from the Membrane-Bioreactor (wastewater treatment plant),
reverse osmosis water treatment plant concentrate and discharge (backwash) from
the water amenities, these combined flow streams are referred to as the injected
fluid.

3.0 GENERAL CRITERIA

Guidelines are in general conformance with the document Deep Well Disposal for
the Bahamas as developed by the Water and Sewerage Corporation – Water
Resources Management Unit (May 2004). Injection wells should be designed,
constructed and maintained in such a manner as to: (1) protect the quality of
underground sources of drinking water; (2) eliminate the impact of the operations
at other facilities in the area and/or residential neighbors; and, (3) ensure that the
injected fluid remains in the injection zone.

4.0 ASSUMPTIONS

4.1 Construction of wells under the guidelines contained in this document

presumes that a geotechnical evaluation has been conducted at the
proposed injection site and has determined that the location is suitable for
injection of treated/untreated injected fluid.

4.2 Construction and continued operation of wells per these guidelines

presumes that injection occurs in a transmissive zone which lies well
below a confining zone in the non-potable water layer, and migration of
the injected fluid out of the injection zone, and into unapproved regions or
other aquifers is prohibited.

4.3 Monitoring of the groundwater quality is required to ensure that there is no

contamination of the freshwater / brackish water lens by the injected fluid.

An adequate number of the monitoring wells are required in appropriate

locations, and to sufficient depths to allow proper and effective analysis of the
groundwater conditions. The design and construction considerations for monitoring
wells are not covered in this document.

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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

5.0 PROCESS REQUIREMENTS

5.1 Capacity

The system shall be designed for an average injection flow rate of 391.25
gallons per minute (gpm), with a fluid velocity of 5 ft./sec. under normal
operating conditions.

Flow WWTP SWRO SWRO Amenity

Permeate Concentrate Backwash Discharge
Design, gpd 30,000 390,000 30,144 7,200
Annual Flow, gallons 7,665,000 99,645,000
Maximum Daily, gpd 45,000 390,000
Peak Instantaneous, gpm per 31.25 280 251.2 360
contributor
Peak Instantaneous flow to well, gpm(1) 391.25
.(1) Amenity discharge and SWRO Backwash are periodic activities that will be scheduled when the SWRO
plant is not operating, therefore the peak flow to the well will be the largest of these flows plus the potential
WWTP Permeate.

5.2 Injected Fluid Characteristics

The characteristics of each injection stream are shown below. The

combined injected fluid stream will be a clear liquid with the following
maximum concentrations (in mg/L) based on an annualized loading.

WWTP SWRO SWRO Amenity

Parameter Permeate Concentrate Backwash Discharge Composite
TSS 2 2 35 <35 2.01
TN 10 0 0 10 0.65
BOD5 10 2 10 <35 2.53
TP 6 0 0 2 0.39
TDS 500 55,600 30,144 500 52,010
Chlorine 1.2 0 0 1 0.08
Fecal
Coliform <25 MPN <25 MPN <25 MPN

5.3 Process Flow

Effluent streams will be generated from the: (1) Membrane-Bioreactor -

permeate; (2) discharge and backwash from the Reverse Osmosis water
treatment plant - concentrate; and, (3) backwash from the water amenities.
The clear treated permeate will be stored and used for irrigation and
excess will be directly injected. The SWRO concentrate will be directly
injected. The backwash from the water amenities will be filtered and then
directly injected on a staggered basis.
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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

6.0 HYDROLOGIC AND GEOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS

Actual hydrogeologic conditions must be delineated and verified prior to well

construction to depth of injection. A driller’s log shall be prepared to total depth
providing a description of the material encountered for every five (5) feet of penetration
and/or change in formation, the down pressure on the drill bit in pounds per square inch
(psi), and fluid pressure in psi. A borehole video camera survey and hole caliper log shall
be run to verify the condition of the drilled borehole, the nature of the material adjacent
to the borehole, depth of fractures and apparent porosity, verification of casing
installation and grouting. These logs will be used to determine final well depth,
construction and verification of well completion. It is critical that a confining zone be
identified that will restrict fluid flow. Further, the injection zone must be sufficiently
transmissive to accept the injected fluid with ease, and without plugging over time.

7.0 SPECIFICATIONS

7.1 Injection Well

7.1.1 Completion Method

The bottom hole completion of the injection well shall be by the open-hole
completion method. The final depth of the well, as well as the thickness
of the injection zone will be determined from the driller’s logs, borehole
video camera surveys and hole-caliper logs.

7.1.2 Well Casings

The injection well shall be cased and cemented to: (1) prevent the
migration of injected fluid out of the injection zone; (2) prevent
contamination of the freshwater / brackish water lens; (3) prevent the
borehole from caving in; and, (4) provide a means of pressure control in

the well. There shall be two (2) casing strings: surface (outer) and
injection (inner). The well shall be double-cased through the freshwater /
brackish water lens, single cased through the saltwater portion of the
aquifer with disposal below the Lucayan Formation.

All casing strings shall be new, free from leaks, and must be able to
withstand maximum system pressures. Casing design shall allow for
internal, external and collapse pressures in the system.

Both surface (outer) and injection (inner) casings shall be Polyvinyl

Chloride (PVC) Well Casing which utilize a spline-lock mechanical
joining system such as CertainTeed’s Certa-Lok. The casing shall be
made from unplasticized PVC compounds having a minimum cell

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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

classification of 12454-B as defined in ASTM D1784-11. The compound

shall qualify for a Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) of 4,000 psi for water
at 73.4 F, in accordance with the requirements of ASTM D2837. Casing
and couplings shall be homogeneous throughout and free from visible
cracks, holes, foreign inclusions, blisters and dents, interior roughness, and
other injurious defects that may affect wall integrity. The casing and
couplings shall be as uniform as commercially practicable in color,
opacity, density, and other physical characteristics.

The surface (outer) casing shall have an outside diameter of 16 inches, a

SDR of 17, a minimum wall thickness of 0.941 inches, and a minimum
and maximum inside diameter of 13.855 inches and 14.118 inches,
respectively. The casing shall extend a minimum of 40 feet below the
freshwater / brackish water lens and be grouted along the entire depth.

The injection (inner) casing shall have a nominal outside diameter of

8.625 inches, Schedule 80, and a minimum wall thickness of 0.508 inches
and a minimum and maximum inside diameter of 7.458 inches and 7.609
inches, respectively. The casing shall extend a minimum of 40 feet below
the confining zone in the saltwater aquifer. The casing shall be installed,
and cement grouted to approximately 260 feet (+/-) below grade.

7.2 Cementing

7.2.1 Primary Cement

Cement is primarily used to prevent the migration of fluid out of

the injection zone, and to bond and support the casing strings. It
also provides protection of the casing from external casing
degradation activities. Proper cementing is critical in providing a
good seal, and adequate structural support for the well.

The cement grout shall be a mixture of cement (ASTM C-150,

Type II) and not more than five (5) gallons of water per bag (1
cubic foot or 94 lbs.) of cement. Casing shall be landed as
cemented.

7.2.2 Cement Additives

Cement additives can be used to improve the cement slurry

characteristics once downhole conditions have been defined.

Mixtures of bentonite slurry may be used if it can be shown that

the rheology of the bentonite will not be affected by addition of
concrete, or that bridging, improper seal and / or movement of the

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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

bentonite will not be a concern. The use of bentonite (up to 6% by

weight of cement) must be approved prior to use.

The use of a high-solids bentonite grout shall contain at least 20%

bentonite solids (by weight). The mixing ratio should not be more
than 23 gallons of water per 50-lb. bag of bentonite. Use of this
high-solids grout must also be approved.

Once it has been demonstrated that the base of the injection casing
has been sealed within the borehole, a combination of pea gravel
and ASTM C-150, Type II cement may be used to seal the annulus.

7.3 Centralizers

Centralizers shall be used on the system to assist with centering casings in

the open borehole. These accessories shall meet the specifications of the
American Petroleum Institute (API, 1973 or later).

7.4 Pre-injection Equipment

7.4.1 Injection Pump

The type and capacity of injection pump (if necessary) will be

determined by the well-head pressure, the volume of injection fluid
to be injected, and the variability of the injection rates. A well
injection / pumping test(s) must be conducted to determine the
overall resistance to injection; this will define the pumping design
requirements.

7.4.2 Storage Tank

A storage tank shall be installed on the pre-injection system for the

permeate of the wastewater treatment plant to be reused for
irrigation. Final testing of injection fluid will be done as required
prior to injection.

7.4.3 Instrumentation and Controls

Instrumentation shall be provided on the system to monitor flow

rates, volumes, and pressures of injected water. The injection
pump (if utilized) shall be shut down in a no-flow, minimum flow,
or high temperature situation; an alarm will advise of this
condition. The main isolation valve in the injection line may be
actuated for ease of operation.

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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

8.0 WELL CONSTRUCTION

The following guidelines address general construction issues, including sequence

of drilling / setting of casings, and grouting concerns. No detailed direction is
given on the construction requirements for well construction. The drilling method
utilized must be capable of drilling a 24-inch diameter borehole to a depth of at
least 150 feet below grade and a 16-inch diameter borehole to a depth of at least
350 feet below grade. The drilling and auxiliary equipment (if necessary) shall
have sufficient fluid circulation to remove all cuttings from the borehole.

8.1 Drilling the Pilot Hole

A pilot borehole shall be drilled at the proposed site for the injection well.
The borehole shall have a diameter of 8-inches and shall be drilled to the
depth of surface (outer) casing anticipated to be between 100 and 150 feet
(+/-) below grade.

8.1.1 A borehole video camera survey shall be undertaken and together

with the driller’s log and hole-caliper log shall be used to
determine the final depth of the surface (outer) casing.

8.1.2 Analysis of the formation water shall demonstrate a Total

Dissolved Solids concentration of at least 10,000 parts per million
at the final depth of the surface (outer) casing.

8.1.3 Drilling of the pilot hole deeper than the depth of the surface
(outer) casing shall cease until the surface (outer) casing has been
set, cement grouted, and the grout has had sufficient time to set up
(bond to the surface casing and borehole wall). This will prevent
contamination of the freshwater / brackish water lens with drilling
fluids and deeper formation water as the pilot hole is drilled to 350
feet (+/-).

8.2 Drilling the Surface (Outer) Casing Hole

Based on a satisfactory analysis of the driller’s log, borehole video survey

and hole-caliper log, the 8-inch pilot borehole shall be enlarged to a 24-
inch diameter borehole. The final depth of this borehole shall be
determined from the results of the driller’s, borehole video log and hole
caliper log.

8.3 Setting the Surface (Outer) Casing

8.3.1 The top of the surface (outer) casing (16-inch OD) shall be
completed a minimum of three (3) feet above grade. The casing
shall be centered in the 24-inch diameter borehole with a minimum

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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

annular space of 3.5 inches between the borehole wall and the
casing.

8.3.2 Installation of the surface (outer) casing shall be such that the
casing is suspended from the top with adequate support to hold the
weight of the casing. The bottom of the casing shall be a
sufficient distance above the bottom of the drilled borehole and
shall not be supported from below. Centralizers shall be used to
keep the casing centered in the borehole during installation and
cementing.

8.3.3 The PVC casing shall be joined using non-metallic couplings

which, together, have been designed as an integral system for
maximum reliability and interchange-ability. High-strength
flexible thermoplastic splines shall be inserted into mating
precision-machined grooves to provide full 360• restraint with
evenly distributed loading. No external casing-to-casing
restraining devices, which clamp onto or otherwise damage the
casing surface as a result of point-loading shall be permitted. The
joining system shall incorporate elastomeric sealing gaskets, which
are designed to provide a watertight seal.

8.4 Grouting the Surface (Outer) Casing

8.4.1 Following placement of the surface (outer) casing in the open

borehole, it shall be tested for plumbness and alignment. This
shall be done by an approved method. The casing alignment must
be satisfactory before grouting is allowed.

8.4.2 Grouting of the surface (outer) casing shall be done in a continuous

operation. The base of the casing shall be pressure grouted. A
packer can be placed inside the surface (outer) casing a minimum
of five (5) feet above the bottom of the casing. A tremie pipe shall
be used to fill the annular space between the casing and the
borehole wall. Grouting shall begin at the bottom of the borehole
and proceed upward. Grout return shall be verified, and the
grouting process carried out continuously until the grouting is
considered satisfactory.

8.4.3 During and subsequent to the grouting, formation water shall be

continuously circulated and discharged within the casing for the
purpose of cooling the cement grout. The source of the water will
be determined by the on-site geologist / hydrogeologist depending
upon the quality of the formation water encountered during the
drilling of the borehole.

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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

8.4.4 No additional drilling or work shall progress on the well until the
cement grout has cured. The setting time shall be determined
based on the type of grout used, the results of the circulated water
temperature monitoring, and the temperature logs. Temperature
logs will be run at eight (8) hour intervals during which time water
circulation within the casing shall cease.

8.4.5 The grout shall be tested by an approved method and accepted. In

addition to the temperature logs performed during the curing
process, a final temperature log will run to confirm cure.
Pressure test (maintenance of air pressure at 7-10 psi for a
minimum of one (1) hour) will then be conducted.

8.5 Completing the Pilot Hole

After the cement grout seal has been placed for the surface (outer) casing,
the pilot hole shall be completed to a depth of 350 feet (+/-). The driller’s
log, borehole video survey and hole-caliper logs shall be continued,
analyzed, and a determination made on the final depth of the well.

8.6 Drilling the Injection (Inner) Casing Borehole

The injection (inner) casing borehole shall be prepared from the pilot
borehole by reaming it to approximately 14 inches. The final depth of this
borehole shall be determined from an analysis of the driller’s log, borehole
video survey and hole-caliper log.

8.7 Setting the Injection (Inner) Casing

8.7.1 The top of the injection (inner) casing (8.625-inch OD) shall be
completed a minimum of three (3) feet above grade. The casing
shall be centered in the 14-inch diameter borehole with a minimum
annular space of 3.0 inches (+/-) between the borehole wall and the
casing. The final depth of this casing string shall be determined
from an analysis of the driller’s and borehole video logs.

8.7.2 Installation of the injection (inner) casing shall be such that the
casing is suspended from the top with adequate support to hold the
weight of the casing. The bottom of the casing shall be fitted
with a Schedule 80 PVC flange and tail-piece located sufficient
distance above the bottom of the drilled borehole and shall not be
supported from below. Centralizers shall be used to
keep the casing centered in the borehole during installation and
cementing.

8.7.3 The PVC casing shall be joined using non-metallic couplings

which, together, have been designed as an integral system for
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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

maximum reliability and interchangeability. The coupling may be

replaced by an integral bell spline lock joint. High-strength
flexible thermoplastic splines shall be inserted into mating
precision-machined grooves to provide full 360• restraint with
evenly distributed loading. No external casing-to-casing
restraining devices which clamp onto or otherwise damage the
casing surface as a result of point-loading shall be permitted. The
joining system shall incorporate elastomeric sealing gaskets, which
are designed to provide a watertight seal.

8.8 Grouting the Injection (Inner) Casing

Grouting of the injection (inner) casing shall be done in accordance with

Sections 7.2 and 8.4. In addition, the grouting shall be done such that
no more than approximately 150 feet (+/- 10%) is grouted at any one
time.

8.9 Completing the Open Borehole

The open portion of the borehole or the injection zone shall be completed
by cleaning as necessary. The extent of the injection zone shall be
determined from the driller’s log, borehole video survey and hole-caliper
log.

8.10 Wellhead Design

The casing shall be landed as cemented. The well head shall be a flanged
design with pressure gages for monitoring injection pressure.

9.0 TESTING AND DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS

9.1 Testing and reporting guidelines are generally per the Technical
Specification.

9.1.1 Requirements include verification of cement grout integrity by

approved methods which include pressure testing (maintenance
of air at 7 to 10 psi for one (1) hour), and temperature logs.

9.1.2 An acceptance test of the injection well shall be carried out in

accord with the Injection Well Test Procedure set forth by the
Water Resources Management Unit of the Bahamas Water and
Sewage Corporation dated November 1996.

9.2 A borehole video camera survey and a hole caliper log shall be run and
recorded to determine the characteristics of the formations encountered
during drilling of the injection well. The analyses shall indicate the water

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 FUNCTIONAL AND TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS - DEEP INJECTION WELL

producing / acceptance characteristics of the formations encountered, the

optimum depth of the surface (outer) and injection (inner) casing strings,
the depth and extent of the injection zone, and the pumping requirements
(if any). Formation water samples shall be collected, handled, and
analyzed in the manner approved. Per the Technical Specification, the
following information shall be included in the driller’s log:

1) The reference point for all depth measurements and its elevation.
2) Depth at which each change of formation occurs
3) Identification of the material encountered during each five (5) foot
interval of drilling and/or change of formation.
4) Rate of drill bit penetration including note of any drop
5) Pressure on drill bit
6) Fluid circulation pressure, and
7) Any other pertinent data requested.

9.3 A report shall be prepared and submitted to include the following

information:

1) All driller’s logs, borehole video surveys and hole caliper logs
made during the course of well drilling and well construction;
2) Total depth of the completed injection well including the extent of
the open borehole injection zone;
3) Depth and location of the loss of any drilling fluid, drilling
materials, and/or drilling tools and equipment;
4) Annulus volume calculations for each borehole and casing string
and the actual volume of cement grout placed;
5) Depth and description of each casing string;
6) Description and results of the injection test; and,
7) Other pertinent data.

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 APPROX. 3' STICKUP (SURFACE AND
INJECTION CASING)
3'±
GROUND - 0'
8"Ø PILOT BOREHOLE

16" Ø SCHEDULE 80 PVC

CERTA-LOK CASING

24" BOREHOLE ENLARGEMENT

TYPE II ASTM
C-150 CEMENT

TYPE II ASTM
C-150 CEMENT GROUT

-100'±

14"Ø BOREHOLE ENLARGEMENT

-265'± 265'± DEPTH OF INJECTION CASING

-8.625" OD SCHEDULE 80 CERTA-LOK PVC

8"Ø PILOT BOREHOLE

OPEN BOREHOLE INJECTION ZONE

APPROX. 260'-360'

-360'±

FIGURE _
TYPICAL INJECTION WELL
CARNIVAL GRAND PORT
GRAND BAHAMA ISLAND - SHARP ROCKS POINT
COMMONWEALTH OF THE BAHAMAS

R.C. MINNING & ASSOCIATES.