INDEX

1. Theory 03 - 14

2. Exercise - 1 15 - 20

3. Exercise - 2 21

4. Exercise - 3 22

3. Answers Key 23
 THEORY 3

PERIODIC PROPERTIES

1. INTRODUCTION 2.2 Newland’s Law of Octaves

In 1865, an English chemist, John Alexander Newlands observed
Periodic table may be defined as the table which classifies all
that
the known elements in accordance with their properties in such
a way that elements with similar properties are grouped together When the lighter elements were arranged in order of their increasing
in the same vertical column and dissimilar elements are atomic weights, the properties of every eighth element were similar
separated from one another. to those of the first one like the eighth note of a musical scale. This
generalization was named as Newlands’s law of octaves.
2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
THE PERIODIC TABLE Element Li Be B C N O F

All earlier attempts of the classification of the elements were based At. wt. 7 9 11 12 14 16 19
upon their atomic weights. Element Na Mg Al Si P S Cl

2.1 Dobereiner’s Triads At. wt. 23 24 27 29 31 32 35.5

Element K Ca
In 1829, Dobereiner classified certain elements in the groups of
three called triads. The three elements in a triad had similar At. wt. 39 40
chemical properties. When the elements in a triad were arranged Drawback or Limitation of Newland’s octave rule:
in the order of increasing atomic weights, the atomic weight of the
(a) This rule is valid only upto Ca, because after Ca due to
middle element was found to be approximately equal to the
presence of d-block element there is difference of 18 element
arithmetic mean of the other two elements.
instead of 8 element
1. Triad Iron Cobalt Nickel Mean of 1st
(b) After the discovery of Inert gas and included in the
and 3rd
periodic table it becomes the 8th element from Alkali metal
At. wt. 55.85 58.93 58.71 Atomic weights so law had to be dropped out.
are nearly same 2.3 Lothar Meyer’s Curve
2. Triad Lithium Sodium Potassium
“Physical properties of elements are periodic functions of
7  39 their atomic masses.”
At. wt. 7 23 39  23
2 According to Lothar Meyer, elements having similar
3. Triad Chlorine Bromine Iodine properties occupy the similar positions in atomic volume
versus atomic mass curve
35.5 127
At. wt. 35.5 80 127  81.25
2
4. Triad Calcium Strontium Barium

40  177
 88.5
At. wt. 40 87.5 137 2

Drawback or Limitation of Dobereiner’s Triads:

Dobereiner could not arrange all the elements known at that time
into triads. He could identifty only three such triads that have
been mentioned.

SCAN CODE
Periodic Properties
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 4
2.4 Mendeleev’s Periodic Law Initially, it was found that equivalent wt. of Be is 4.5 and it is
Mendeleev arranged elements in horizontal rows and vertical trivalent (V=3), so the weight of Be was 13.5 and there is no
columns of a table in order of their increasing atomic weights space in Mendeleev’s table for this element. So, after
in such a way that the elements with similar properties correction, it was found that Be is actually divalent (V = 2).
occupied the same vertical column or group. So, the weight of Be became 2  4.5=9 and there was a space
Characteristic of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table - between Li and B for this element in Mendeleev’s table.
Correction were done in at. wt. of elements are - U, Be , In,
(a) It is based on atomic weight.
Au, Pt.
(b) 63 elements were known, noble gases were not
Demerits of Mendeleev’s periodic table -
discovered.
(a) Position of hydrogen - Hydrogen resembles both, the
(c) He was the first scientist to classify the elements in
alkali metals (IA) and the halogens (VIIA) in properties so
systematic manner i.e. in horizontal rows and in vertical
Mendeleev could not decide where to place it.
columns.
(b) Position of isotopes - As atomic wt. of isotopes differs,
(d) Horizontal rows are called periods and there were 7
they have placed in different position in Mendeleev’s
periods in mendeleev’s Periodic table.
periodic table. But there were no such places for isotopes in
(e) Vertical columns are called groups and there were 8 Mendeleev’s table.
groups in mendeleev’s Periodic table.
(c) Anomalous pairs of elements - There were some pair of
(f) Each group upto VIIth is divided into A & B subgroups elements which did not follow the increasing order of atomic
‘A’ sub groups element are called normal elements and ‘B’ wts.
sub groups elements are called transition elements.
eg. Ar and Co were placed before K and Ni respectively in
(g) The VIIIth group was consists of 9 elements in rows the periodic table, but having higher atomic weights.
(Transitional metals group).
(h) The elements belonging to same group exhibit similar  Te I   Te I 
   
properties. 127.5 127   127.5 127 
Merits or advantages of Mendeleev’s periodic table -
 Co Ni   Th Pa 
(a) Study of elements - First time all known elements were    
classified in groups according to thier similar properties.  58.9 58.6   232 231 

So study of the properties become easier of elements. (d) Like elements were placed in different groups.
(b) Prediction of new elements - It gave encouragement to There were some elements like Platinum (Pt) and Gold (Au)
the discovery of new elements as some gaps were in it which have similar properties but were placed in different
Sc (Scandium), Ga (Gallium), Ge (Germanium), Tc groups in mendeleev’s table.
(Technetium) Pt Au
were the elements for whom position and properties were VIII IB
defined by Mendeleev even before their discoveries and (e) Unlike elements were placed in same group.
he left the blank spaces for them in table.
e.g.- Blank space at atomic wt. 72 in silicon group was called
Eka silicon (means properties like silicon ) and element
discovered later was named Germanium. Similarly other
elements discovered after mendeleev periodic table were.
Eka aliminium - Gallium (Ga), Eka Boron - Scandium (Sc),
Eka Silicon - Germanium (Ge),
Eka Mangense - Technetium(Tc)
(c) Correction of doubtful atomic weights - Correction were More reactive Less reactive
done in atomic wt. of some elements.
Alkali metal Coin metal
At. Wt.=Valency  Equivalent weight. Normal elements Transition element
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 5
Cu, Ag and Au placed in I st group along with Na, K etc. Merits of long form of periodic gtable -
While they different in their properties (Only similar in having (a) Position of isotopes - Atomic No. of isotopes are similar,
ns1 electronic configuration ) so, different isotopes can be placed at same place in periodic
2.5 Modern Periodic Law table.

In 1913, the English physicist, Henry Moseley observed (b) (Ar-K), (Co-Ni), (Te-I) are now in increasing order of
regularities in the characteristic X-ray spectra of the elements. A atomic number.

plot of (c) Lanthanides and actinides are in IIIB group.

v (where v is frequency of X-rays emitted) against
(d) In modern periodic table diagonal line separates out
atomic number (Z) gave a straight line and not the plot of v vs metals, metalloids and non metals.
atomic mass.
(e) Elements of same group have same general formula of
Mendeleev’s Periodic Law was, therefore, accordingly modified. electronic configuration of outer most shell.
This is known as the Modern Periodic Law and can be stated as:
Demerits of long form of periodic table -
The physical and chemical properties of the elements are
(a) Position of hydrogen is still controversial.
periodic functions of their atomic numbers.
(b) ‘He’ is a inert gas but it has different electronic
Characteristic of Modern Periodic Table -
configuration than other inert gas elements.
(a) 9 vertical columns called groups.
(c) Lanthanides and actinides are still not placed in main
(b) Ist to VIII group + 0 group of inert gases. frame.
(c) Inert gases were introduced in periodic table by Ramsay. (d) Isotopes have different physical properties but have
(d) 7 horizontal series called periods. same place in periodic table.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 6

Nomenclature of elements with Atomic Numbers > 100 3. PREDICTION OF BLOCK, PERIOD & GROUP
The naming of the new elements had been traditionally the privilege
of the discoverer and the suggested name was ratified by the Block - last e– enters into which orbital
IUPAC. Period - Max value of principal quantum number
Notation for IUPAC Nomenclature of Elements Group - s block - no. of valence electron
Digit Name Abbreviation p block - 10 + no. of valence electron
0 nil n
d block – ns + no. of (n – 1) d e–
1 un u
f block – III B
2 bi b
Boiling Points and Melting Points :
3 tri t
It is a property of aggregate of atoms and not of a single
4 quad q
atom. i.e. why it is a molecular property.
5 pent p
In period - Along the period from left to right B.P and M.
6 hex h P. first increases then decreases.
7 sept s
Alkali metals - Crystal structure BCC (low B.P. & M.P)
8 oct o
Transition metals- .....”.....FCC(High B.P.&M.P.)
9 enn e
Inert gases.......... ......Lowest B.P.&M.P.(Vander wall force)
Nomenclature of Elements with
Transition elements ..... .....Highest M.P.
Atomic Number Above 100
Atomic Number Name Symbol  W(Tungston)Max.M.P.(3410C)
Metals 
101 Unnilunium Unu  Hg(Mercury)Lowest M.P.( 38C)
102 Unnibium Unb
Non  Carbon (In the form of diamond)Highest.M.P.(3727C)
103 Unniltrium Unt
Metals  Helium Lowest M.P.( 270C)
104 Unnilquadium Unq
105 Unnilpentium Unp In group -
106 Unnilhexium Unh (a) In s-block elements B.P. & M.P. decreases down the
107 Unnilseptium Uns group

108 Unniloctium Uno Li, Na ( solid )  Cs, Fr (liquid )

109 Unnilennium Une
110 Ununnillium Uun
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 7
It is due to more repulsion of non-bonding electrons which 4.3 Electron Gain Enthalpy
weakens the metallic bond. When an electron is added to a neutral gaseous atom (X) to convert
(b) In d-block elements B.P.&M.P. decreases down the it into a negative ion, the enthalpy change accompanying the
group (due to lanthanide contraction, Zeff increases and process is defined as the Electron Gain Enthalpy (egH). Electron
hence bond energy increases). gain enthalpy provides a measure of the ease with which an atom
(c) In p-block elements adds an electron to form anion as represented by

(i) From IIIA-IVA group B.P.& M.P. decreases down the X(g) + e–  X–(g)
group and from VA to ‘0’ group, B.P. & M.P. increases down Depending on the element, the process of adding an electron to
the group. (Atomic or molecular wt  vander wall force). the atom can be either endothermic or exothermic. For many
(ii) B.P. and M.P. of monoatomic molecules are lesser than elements energy is released when an electron is added to the
diatomic molecules. ‘0’ group < Halogens. atom and the electron gain enthalpy is negative. For example,
group 17 elements (the halogens) have very high negative electron
(iii) Atomic solid non-metals like B,C and Si has higher B.P.
gain enthalpies because they can attain stable noble gas electronic
and M.P. due to strong covalent bond.
configurations by picking up an electron. On the other hand,
iv- B.P. & M.P. of molecular solids are less because of weaker noble gases have large positive electron gain enthalpies because
vander wall force among molecules. e.g. I2 the electron has to enter the next higher principal quantum level
leading to a very unstable electronic configuration.
4. PROPERTIES OF AN ELEMENT
Variation of Electron Gain Enthalpy
4.1 Atomic Radius (a) Variation along a period
We cannot measure the exact size of an isolated atom because its Electron gain enthalpy becomes more and more negative
outermost electron have a remote chance of being found quite far from left to right in a period. This is due to decrease in size
from the nucleus. So, different types of atomic radius can be used and increase in nuclear charge as the atomic number
based on the environment of atoms i.e., covalent radius, van der increases in a period. Both these factors favour the addition
Waal’s radius, metallic radius. of an extra electron due to higher force of attraction by the
4.1.1 Covalent Radius nucleus for an incoming electron.
The half of the distance between the nuclei of two identical atoms (b) Variation along a group
joined by single covalent bond in a molecule is known as covalent The electron gain enthalpies, in general, become less
radius. negative in going down from top to bottom in a group. This
is due to increase in size on moving down a group. This
factor is predominant in comparison to other factor, i.e.,
increase in nuclear charge.

Increases

Period

El
Decreases

e
af ctr
fin on
ity

So, covalent radius for A-A

Group

d A A
rA  Factors affecting electron affinity :
2

If covalent bond is formed between two different elements then 1

(a) Atomic size  EA  Atomic size
d A  B  rA  rB  0.09 ( A   B )
1
where A and B are electronegative of A and B (b) Screening efect  EA  Screening effect
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 8
(c) Effect nucleat charge (Z eff )  The periodic trends of elements in the periodic table
Factors Affecting electronegativity :
EA  Zeff
(a) Atomic size -
(d) Stability of completely filled or half filled
orbitals  1
electronegativity 
Electron affinity of filled or half filled orbital is very Atomic size
less or zero or energy is given to introduce any
electron. It is because of its stability. (b) Effective nuclear charge (Z eff ) 
Applications of Electron affinity :
Electronegativity  Zeff
(a) Electron affinity  Oxidising nature
(c) Hybridisation state of an atom -
But F has more oxidising power than CI because F Electronegativity  % of s character in hybridlised atom
has more standard reduction potential.
sp > sp 2 > sp3
(b) Electron affinity  Reactivity
s character 50% 33% 25%
- They form anions by gaining electron
Electronegativity 3.25 2.75 2.5
- Their bond nature is ionic
Because s-orbital is near to nucleus so by increasing s-
(c) Electron affinity  electronegativity character in hybridisation state, EN also increases.
(d) Elements of high electron affinity form oxide and (d) Oxidation state -
hydroxides, which are acidic in nature Electronegativity  oxidation state
4.4 Electronegativity
Mn 2  Mn 4  Mn 7
The tendency of an atom to attract the shared pair of electrons
towards itself is known as its electronegativity. O  O  O 
According to Pauling, the electronegativity of F is 4.0 and Fe  Fe 2  Fe3
electronegativity of other elements can be calculated as
 As atomic radius decreases by increasing
(A – B) = 0.208 [EA–B – (EA–A × EB–B)1/2]1/2 oxidation state of cation species, EN increases.
According to Mulliken  In anionic species, the order of electronegativity is

IP  EA O  O  O
2

Electronegativity 
2 (e) Electronegativity does not depends on filled or half filled
orbitals, because it is a tendency to attract bonded
(where IP = Ionization potential, EA = Electron affinity) electron, not to gain electron from out side
If IP and EA are taken in electron volt Applications of electronegativity :
* Percentage ionic character = 16 (A – B) + 3.5 (A – B)2 (A) Metallic and non metallic nature -
where A and B are electronegativities of A and B.
Low electronegativity  Metals
* If the difference in the electronegatives of combining atoms
is 1.7, the bond is 50% covalent and 50% ionic. High electronegativity  Non metals
* If the difference in electronegativities of oxygen and element
Metallic character increases down the group but
is very high the oxide shows a basic character.
decreases along a period.
Increases

Period
(B) Bond length -
El
ec
tro
ne
1
Decreases

g at
iv
ity EN 
Bond length
Group
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 9
Here EN  difference in electronegativities of
As bond energy  difference of electronegativities
bonded atoms
HF < HCl < HBr < HI 1
So,  Electronegativity  Stability  Reactivity
HF has minimum bond length because of much
difference in the electronegativities of H and F.
HF HCl HBr HI
(C) Bond energy - By increasing EN bond length  
Reactivity
decreases and hence bond energy increases.
 HI is most reactive hydrohalides or strongest acid
Bond energy  Electronegativity difference among all hydrohalides.
HF > HCl > HBr > HI (G) Nature of hydroxides -
(D) Acidic strength of hydrides - (a) As per Gallis, In AOH if electronegativity of A is more
Order of stability of hydrohalides is than 1.7 (Non metal) then it is acidic in nature.
HF > HCl > HBr > HI and so order of their (b) If electronegativity of ‘A’ is less than 1.7 (metal) than
acidic strength will be - AOH will be basic in nature
HF < HCl < HBr < HI e.g. NaOH CIOH
 In VA group - XA 0.9 3.0
Nature Basic Acidic

(c) If X A  X O  X O  X H then AO bond will be more polar

and will break up as

In PH 3 and AsH 3 there is less difference in the

electronegativities of X A and X B , so their bond
energy decreases and hence acidic character (losing (d) If X A  X O  X O  X H

H  ion) increases.
(E) Reactivity -

1 e.g. In NaOH
Bond energy  Stability 
Reactivity
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 10
4.5 Periodic Trends in Chemical Properties 4.5.2 Anomalous Properties of Second Period Elements
4.5.1 Periodicity of Valence or Oxidation States It has been observed that some elements of the second period
The electrons present in the outermost shell of an atom are called show similarities with the elements of the third period placed
valence electrons and the number of these electrons determine diagonally to each other, though belonging to different groups.
the valence or the valency of the atom. It is because of this reason For example, lithium (of group 1) resembles magnesium (of
that the outermost shell is also called the valence shell of the group 2) and beryllium (of group 2) resembles aluminium (of group
atom and the orbitals present in the valence shell are called 13) and so as. This similarity in properties of elements placed
valence orbitals. diagonally to each other is called diagonal relationship.
In case of representative elements, the valence of an atom is
generally equal to either the number of valence electrons (s- and
p-block elements) or equal to eight minus the number of valence
electrons.

The anomalous behaviour is due to their small size, large charge/

radius ratio and high electronegativity of the elements. In addition,
In contrast, transition and inner transition elements, exhibit variable
the first member of group has only four valence orbitals (2s and
valence due to involvement of not only the valence electrons but
2p) available for bonding, whereas the second member of the groups
d- or f-electrons as well. However, their most common valence are
have nine valence orbitals (3s, 3p, 3d). As a consequence of this, the
2 and 3.
maximum covalency of the first member of each group is 4 (e.g.,
Let us now discuss periodicity of valence along a period and within boron can only form [BF4])–, whereas the other members of the
a group. groups can expand their valence shell to accommodate more than
(a) Variation along a period four pairs of electrons e.g., aluminium forms [AlF6]3–. Furthermore,
As we move across a period from left to right, the number of the first member of p-block elements displays greater ability to form
valence electrons increases from 1 to 8. But the valence of p-p multiple bonds to itself (e.g., C=C, CC, N=N, NN) and to
elements, w.r.t. H or O first increases from 1 to 4 and then other second period elements (e.g., C=O, C=N, CN, N=O)
decreases to zero. compared to subsequent members of the same groups.

In the formation of Na2O molecule, oxygen being more 4.5.3 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactivity
electronegative accepts two electrons, one from each of the Reactivity of Metals
two sodium atoms and thus shows an oxidation state of –2. The reactivity of metals is measured in terms of their tendency to
On the other hand, sodium with valence shell electronic lose electrons from their outermost shell.
configuration as 3s1 loses one electron to oxygen and is
In a period
given an oxidation state of +1. Thus, the oxidation state of
an element in a given compound may be defined as the The tendency of an element to lose electrons decreases in going
charge acquired by its atom on the basis of electronegativity from left to right in a period. So, the reactivity of metals decreases
of the other atoms in the molecule. in a period from left to right. For example, the reactivity of third
period elements follows the order.
(b) Variation within a group
When we move down the group, the number of valence Na  Mg  Al
more reactive reactive
electrons remains the same, therefore, all the elements in a
group exhibit the same valence. For example, all the elements In a group
of group 1 (alkali metals) have valence one while all the The tendency to lose electrons increases as we go down a group.
elements of group 2 (alkaline earth metals) exhibit a valence So, the reactivity of metals increases down the group. Thus, in
of two. group 1, the reactivity follows the order.
Noble gases present in group 18 are zerovalent, i.e., their
Li  Na  K  Rb  Cs
valence is zero since these elements are chemically inert. Least reactive Most reactive
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 11

–— Reactivity increases 
 –— Reactivity decreases 

Reactivity of Non-Metals The normal oxide formed by the element on extreme left is the most
The reactivity of a non-metal is measured in terms of its basic (e.g., Na2O) whereas that formed by the element on extreme
tendency to gain electrons to form an anion. right is the most acidic (e.g., Cl2O7). Oxides of elements in the
In a period centre are amphoteric (e.g., Al2O3, As2O3) or neutral (e.g., CO,
NO, N2O). Amphoteric oxides behave as acidic with bases and as
The reactivity of non-metals increases from left to right in a period.
basic with acids, whereas neutral oxides have no acidic or basic
During reaction, non-metals tends to form anions. For example, in
properties.
the second period, the reactivity of non-metals increases in the order.

C  N  O  F
Less reactive More reactive

–— Reactivity increases 

In a group
The reactivity of non-metals in a group decreases as we go down
the group. This is because the tendency to accept electrons
decreases down the group. The reactivity of halogens follows
the order

F  Cl  Br  I
Most reactive Least reactive
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 12

5. SOME IMPORTANT FACTS ABOUT ELEMENTS (xxvi) Iodine is the element which sublimes.

(i) Bromine is a non-metal which is liquid at room temperature. (xxvii) Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe.

(ii) Mercury is the only metal that is liquid at room (xxviii) Only ozone is the coloured gas with garlic smell.
temperature. (xxix) Metalloids have electronegativity values closer to 2.0.
(iii) Gallium (m.pt. 29.8ºC), cesium (m.pt. 28.5ºC) and francium (xxx) First synthetic (i.e., man-made) element is technetium
(m.pt. 27ºC) are metals having low melting points.
(At. No. 43).
(iv) Tungsten (W) has the highest melting point (3380ºC)
among metals. (xxxi) Most poisonous metal-Plutonium.

(v) Carbon has the highest melting point (4100ºC) among (xxxii) Rarest element in earth’s crust-Astatine.
non-metals. (xxxiii) The elements coming after uranium are called transuranic
(vi) Oxygen is the most abundant element on the earth. elements. The elements with Z = 104 – 112, 114 and 116
are called trans-actinides or super heavy elements. All
(vii) Aluminium is the most abundant metal. these elements are synthetic, i.e., man-made elements.
(viii) Iron is the most abundant transition metal. These are radioactive elements and not found in nature.

(ix) Highest density is shown by osmium (22.57 g cm–3) or (xxxiv) The elements ruthenium (Ru), germanium (Ge), polonium
iridium (22.61 g cm–3). (Po) and americium (Am) were named in honour of the
countries named Ruthenia (Russia), Germany, Poland
(x) Lithium is the lightest metal. Its density is 0.54 g cm–3. and America, respectively.
(xi) Silver is the best conductor of electricity. (xxxv) The members of the actinide series are radioactive and
(xii) Diamond (carbon) is the hardest natural substance. majority of them are not found in nature.

(xiii) Francium has the highest atomic volume. (xxxvi) The element rutherfordium (Rf, 104) is also called
Kurchatovium (Ku) and element dubnium (Db, 105), is
(xiv) Boron has the lowest atomic volume. also called hahnium.
(xv) The most abundant gas in atmosphere is nitrogen. (xxxvii) Promethium (Pm, 61) a member of lanthanide series is not
(xvi) Fluorine is the most electronegative element. found in nature. It is a synthetic element.

(xvii) Chlorine has the maximum negative electron gain (xxxviii) Special names are given to the members of these groups
enthalpy. in periodic table.

(xviii) Helium has the maximum ionisation enthalpy. Group 1 or IA Alkali metals
Group 2 or IIA Alkaline earth metals
(xix) Cesium or francium has the lowest ionisation enthalpy.
Group 15 or VA Pnicogens
(xx) Helium and francium are smallest and largest atoms
Group 16 or VIA Chalcogens
respectively.
Group 17 or VIIA Halogens
(xxi) H– and I – ions are the smallest and largest anions
Group 18 or VIIIA Inert or noble gases
respectively.
(zero)
(xxii) H+ and Cs+ ions are the smallest and largest cations
respectively.
(xxiii) Cesium is the most electropositive element.
(xxiv) Element kept in water is phosphorus, P4 (white or yellow).
(xxv) Element kept in kerosene are Na, K, Rb, Cs, etc.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 13

SUMMARY
 Mendeleev’s periodic table was based on atomic masses of p-block elements occupy IIIA(13), IVA(14), VA(15), VIA(16),
the elements. When Mendeleev presented the periodic table, VIIA(17) and VIIIA(18) groups, i.e., right portion of the
only 63 elements were known. He left 29 places in the table periodic table.
for unknown elements.
d-block elements occupy IIIB(3), IVB(4), VB(5), VIB(6),
 Modern Mendeleev periodic table is based on atomic VIIB(7), VIIIB(8, 9 and 10), IB(11) and IIB(12) groups, i.e.,
numbers of the elements. The modern periodic law is : “The central portion of the periodic table. There are four d-block
physical and chemical properties of the elements are series, i.e., 3d series, 4d series, 5d series and 6d series each
periodic function of their atomic numbers”. consisting of ten elements, i.e., in all forty d-block elements
The horizontal row in the periodic table is called a period are present in periodic table.
and vertical column is called group. There are seven periods f-block elements are accommodated in two horizontal rows
and nine groups in the modern Mendeleev periodic table. below the main periodic table, each row consists of 14
 The long or extended form of periodic table consists of seven elements, i.e., 28 f-block elements are present in periodic
periods and eighteen vertical columns (groups or families). table. The elements in first row are termed 4f-elements or
The elements in a period have same number of energy shells, rare earth or lanthanides while the elements of second row
i.e., principal quantum number (n). These are numbered 1 to 7. are termed 5f-elements or actinides.

1st period 1s 2 elements  The elements are broadly divided into three types :

2nd period 2s 2p 8 elements (i) Metals comprise more than 78% of the known elements.
s-block, d-block and f-block elements are metals. The
3rd period 3s 3p 8 elements higher members of p-block are also metals.
4th period 4s 3d 4p 18 elements (ii) Non-metals are less than twenty. (C, N, P, O, S, Se, H, F,
5th period 5s 4d 5p 18 elements Cl, Br, I, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn are non-metals).
6th period 6s 4f 5d 6p 32 elements (iii) Elements which lie in the border line between metals
and non-metals are called semimetals or metalloids. B,
7th period 7s 7f 6d 7p 32 elements
Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po and At are regarded metalloids.
Total *118 elements
 IUPAC given a new scheme for assigning a temporary name
At present 114 elements are known. to the newly discovered elements. The name is derived
In a vertical column (group), the elements have similar directly from the atomic number of the elements. However,
valence shell electronic configuration and therefore exhibit IUPAC has accepted the following names of the elements
similar chemical properties. from atomci numbers 104 to 110.
Rutherfordium (Rf), Dubnium (Db), Seaborgium (Sg)
 There are four blocks of elements: s-, p-, d- and f-block
depending on the orbital which gets the last electron. The 104 105 106
general electronic configuration of these blocks are : Bohrium (Bh), Hassium (Hs), Meitnerium (Mt),
s-block : [Noble gas] ns 1 or 2
. However, hydrogen has 1s 1
107 108 109
configuration. Darmstadtium (Ds)
p-block : [Noble gas] ns np2 1–6
110
d-block : [Noble gas] (n – 1)d 1–10
ns 1 or 2
The temporary names of the elements discovered recently are :
f-block : [Noble gas] (n – 2)f 1–14
(n – 1)d 0 or 1
ns 2
Unununium (Uuu), Ununbium (Uub)
s-block elements occupy IA(1) and IIA(2) groups, i.e., 111 112
extreme left portion of the periodic table. Ununquadium (Uuq) and Ununhexium (Uuh)
114 116
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 14

 The recurrence of similar properties of the elements after In isoelectronic ions, the size decreases if Z/e increases i.e.,
certain definite intervals when the elements are arranged in greater the nuclear charge, smaller is the size of the ion.
order of increasing atomic numbers in the periodic table is  The energy required to remove the most loosely held electron
termed periodicity. The cause of periodicity is the repetition
from the gaseous isolated atom is termed ionisation enthalpy.
of similar electronic configuration of the atom in the valence
shell after certain definite intervals. These definite intervals  Ionisation enthalpy values generally increase across the periods.
are 2, 8, 8, 18, 18 and 32. These are known as magic number.  Ionisation enthalpy values generally decrease down the group.
Periodicity is observed in a number of properties which are
 Removal of electron from filled and half filled shells requires
directly or indirectly linked with electronic configuration.
of higher energy. For example, the ionisation enthalpy of
 Effective nuclear charge increases across each period. nitrogen is higher than oxygen. Be, Mg and noble gases
 Atomic radii generally decrease across the periods. have high values.
 Atomic radii generally increase on moving from top to bottom
 Metals have low ionisation enthalpy values while non-metals
in the groups.
have high ionisation enthalpy values.
 Atomic radius is of three types :
(xv) Successive ionisation enthalpies of an atom have higher values.
(a) Covalent radius : It is half of the distance between the centres
of the nuclei of two similar atoms joined by a single covalent IEI < IEII < IEIII ...
bond. This is generally used for non-metals.
(xvi) The enthalpy change taking place when an electron is added
(b) Crystal or metallic radius : It is half of the internuclear to an isolated gaseous atom of the element is called electron
distance between two nearest atoms in the metallic lattice. It gain enthalpy. The first electron gain enthalpy of most of the
is generally used for metals. elements is negative as energy is released in the process but
(c) Van der Waal’s radius : It is half of the internuclear distance the values are positive or near zero in case of the atoms having
between the nearest atoms belonging to two adjacent stable configuration such as Be, Mg, N, noble gases, etc.
molecules in solid state.
 Electron gain enthalpy becomes more negative from left to right
Van der Waal’s radius > Metallic radius > Covalent
in a period and less negative from top to bottom in a group.
radius
 Successive electron gain enthalpies are always positive.
(for an atom)
 Cations are generally smaller than anions.  The elements with higher ionisation enthalpy have higher
negative electron gain enthalpy.
 Cations are smaller and anions are larger than neutral atoms
of the elements.  Electronegativity is the tendency of an atom to attract the
shared pair of electrons towards itself in a bond.
 Electronegativity increases across the periods and decreases
down the groups.
 Elements of 2nd and 3rd transition series belonging to same
vertical columns are similar in size and properties due to  Metals have low electronegativities and non-metals have
lanthanide contraction. high electronegativities.

 The first element is each group of the representative elements  Metallic character decreases across the periods and
shows abnormal properties, i.e., differs from other elements increases down the group.
of the group because of much smaller size of the atom.  Valency of an element belonging to s- and p- block (except
 The ions having same number of electrons but different noble gases) is either equal to the number of valence
nuclear charge are called isoelectronic ions. electrons or eight minus number of valence electrons.

Examples  The reducing nature of the elements decreases across the

period while oxidising nature increases.
(a) N3–, O2–, F–, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+
 The basic character of the oxides decreases while the acidic
(b) P3–, S2–, Cl–, K+, Ca2+, Sc3+ character increases in moving from left to right in a period.
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 15

8. Which of the following element was absent in

EXERCISE - 1 (Basic Exercise)
the Mendeleev's periodic table :-
INTRODUCTION
(a) Tc (b) Si
1. Mendeleev's periodic table is based on :- (c) B (d) F
(a) Atomic number 9. IUPAC name of the element placed just after
(b) Increasing order of number of protons actinide series :-
(c) Electronic configuration (a) Unniltrium (b) Unnilpentium
(d) None of the above (c) Unnilquadium (d) Ununbium
2. Which of the following is/are Dobereiners 10. Which statement is wrong for the long form
triad :- of periodic table :-
(a) P, As, Sb (b) Cu, Ag, Au (a) Number of periods are 7 and groups 18
(c) Fe, Co, Ni (d) S, Se, Te (b) No. of valence shell electrons in a period
Correct answer is :- are same
(a) a and b (b) b and c (c) IIIrd B group contains 32 elements
(c) a and d (d) All (d) Lanthanides and actinides are placed in
3. Which of the following sets of elements same group
follows Newland's octave rule :- 11. The elements which are cited as an example
(a) Be, Mg, Ca (b) Na, K, Rb to prove the validity of Mendeleev’s periodic
(c) F, Cl, Br (d) B, Al, Ga law are
4. Which are correct match :- (a) H, He (b) Ga, Sc
(a) Eka silicon – Be (c) Co, Ni (d) Zr, Hf
(b) Eka aluminium – Ga
PERIOD, GROUP AND BLOCK
(c) Eka mangenese – Tc
(d) Eka scandium – B 12. Which of the following set of elements

(a) b, c (b) a, b, d belongs to same period :-

(c) a, d (d) All (a) Zn, Cd, Hg (b) Fr, Ra, U

5. Which is not anomalous pair of elements in (c) K, Ca, Ag (d) None

the Medeleev's periodic table:- 13. The element with atomic number Z = 115 will

(a) Ar and K (b) Co and Ni be placed in :-

(c) Te and I (d) Al and Si (a) 7th period, IA group (b) 8th period, IVA

6. The law of triads is applicable to :- group

(a) Os, Ir, Pt (b) Ca, Sr, Ba (c)7th period, VA group (d) 6th period, VB

(c) Fe, Co, Ni (d) Ru, Rh, Pt group

7. In a period the elements are arranged in :– 14. In 6th period of the modern periodic table,

(a) Decreasing order of nuclear charge electronic energy levels are in the order :-

(b) Decreasing order of No. of electrons (a) 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p (b) 6s, 6p, 4f, 5d

(c) Increasing order of nuclear charge (c) 4f, 5d, 6s, 6p (d) None

(d) In order of same nuclear charge 15. The element with the electronic configuration
ns2(n-1)s2p6d0(n-2)s2p6d1f7 lies in the :-
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 16

(a) s - block (b) p - block 22. Which of the following statement is not
(c) d - block (d) f - block correct for given electronic configuration
16. The electronic configuration of d-block 1s2,2s22p6,3s23p63d10,4s24p64d104f14,5s25p6
elements is exhibited by :- 5d10,6s2
(a) ns1-2(n-1)d1-10 (b) ns2(n - 1) d10 (a) It belongs to IIB group and 6th period
10 2 2 5
(c) (n - 1)d s (d) ns np (b) It is liquid at room temperature
17. Element with the electronic configuration (c) It is a transition element
given below, belong to which group in the (d) It is not used in high temperature
2 2 6 2 6 10
periodic table 1s , 2s 2p , 3s 3p 3d , thermometer
2 6 10 2 3
4s 4p 4d , 5s 5p 23. General electronic configuration of outermost
(a) 3rd (b) 5th and penultimate shell is (n - 1) s2 (n - 1)p6 (n -
(c) 15th (d) 17th 1) dx ns2. If n = 4 and x = 5, then number of
18. True statement is :- protons in the nucleus will be :-
(a) All the transuranic elements are (a) > 25 (b) < 24
synthetic elements (c) 25 (d) 30
+3
(b) Elements of third group are called bridge 24. An ion M has electronic configuration [Ar]
elements 3d10 4s2 element M belongs to :-
(c) Element of 1s2 configuration is placed in (a) s-block (b) p-block
IIA Group (c) d-block (d) f-block
(d) Electronic configuration of elements of a 25. In sodium atom the screening is due to :-
group is same (a) 3s2, 3p6 (b) 2s1
19. Elements having ns2 np6 valence shell (c) 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 (d) 1s2, 2s2
electronic configuration lies in :- 26. Which of the following order of radii is
(a) '0' group. and 1st - 7th period correct
(b) 18th group. and 2nd - 6th period (a) Li < Be < Mg (b) H+ < Li+ < H-
(c) 18th group and 1st - 6th period (c) O < F < Ne (d) Na+ > F- > O-2
(d) All are correct elements 27. K+, Ar, Ca2+ and S2- contains -
20. The electronic configuration of elements X (a) Same electronic configuration and
and Z are 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 and 1s2 2s2 2p5 atomic volume
respectively. What is the position of element (b) Different electronic configuration but same
X with respect to position of Z in the periodic IP.
table - (c) Same electronic configuration but
(a) Just below Z (b) Just above Z different atomic volume
(c) Left to the Z (d) right to the Z (d) None
21. Which of the following sequence contains 28. Which of the following is not isoelectronic
atomic number of only representative series :-
elements (a) Cl-, P3-, Ar (b) N3-, Ne, Mg+2
(a) 55, 12, 18, 53 (b) 13, 33, 54, 83 (c)B+3, He, Li+ (d) N3-, S2-, Cl-
(c) 3, 33, 53, 87 (d) 22, 33, 55, 66
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 17

29. Which group of atoms have nearly same (a) 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s1 (b) 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p5
atomic radius:- (c) 1s2, 2s2 2p6, 3s2 3p2 (d) 1s2, 2s2 2p6 3s2
(a) Na, K, Rb, Cs (b) Li, Be, B, C 38. In which of the following pairs, the ionization
(c) Fe, Co, Ni (d) F, Cl, Br, I energy of the first species is less than that of
30. Which of the following order of atomic/ionic the second :-
radius is not correct :- (a) O-, O2- (b) S, P
- + +2 + -
(a) I > I > I (b) Mg > Na > F (c) N, P (d) Be+, Be
(c) P+5 < P+3 (d) Li > Be > B 39. The correct order of stability of Al+, Al+2, Al+3
31. The radius of potassium atom is 0.203 nm. is:-
The radius of the potassium ion in nanometer (a) Al+3 > Al+2 > Al+ (b) Al+2 > Al+3 >
will be :- Al+
(a) 0.133 (b) 0.231 (c) Al+2 < Al+ > Al+3 (d) Al+3 > Al+ >
(c) 0.234 (d) 0.251 Al+2
32. S-2 is not isoelectronic with :- 40. Least ionization potential will be of :-
(a) Ar (b) Cl- (a) Be3+ (b) H
- +3 +2
(c) HS (d) Ti (c) Li (d) He+
33. Which of the following ion has largest size :- 41. The energy needed to remove one electron
- +3
(a) F (b) Al from unipositive ion is abbreviated as :-
+ 2-
(c) Cs (d) O (a) 1st I.P. (b) 3rd I.P.
34. Which electronic configuration of an atom is (c) 2nd I.P. (d) 1st E.A.
smallest in size :- 42. Among the following elements (Whose
2 2 3
(a) 3s (b) 3s 3p electronic configuration is given below) the
(c) 3s1 2
(d) 3s 3p 3p 3p 2
x
2
y
1
z
one having the highest ionization energy is
(a) [Ne] 3s2 3p3 (b) [Ne] 3s2 3p4
PERIODIC TRENDS
(c) [Ne] 3s23p5 (d) [Ar] 3d104s24p2
35. Correct order of Ist I.P. are :- 43. The correct order of decreasing first
(a) Li < B < Be < C (b) O < N < F ionization energy is :-
(c) Be < N < Ne (a) Si > Al > Mg > Na (b) Si > Mg > Al >
(a) a, b (b) a, c Na
(c) b, c (d) a, b, c (c) Al > Si > Mg > Na (d) Mg > Li > Al >
36. The ionization potential of isotopes of an Si
element will be :- 44. Out of Na+, Mg+2, O-2 and N-3, the pair of
(a) Same species showing minimum and maximum IP
(b) Different would be.
(c) Depends on atomic masses (a) Na+, Mg+2 (b) Mg+2, N-3
(d) Depends on number of neutrons (c) N-3, Mg+2 (d) O-2, N-3
37. A sudden large jump between the values of 45. Lowest IP will be shown by the element
2nd and 3rd IP of an element would be having the configuration :-
associated with the electronic configuration :- (a) [He] 2s2 (b) 1s2
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 18

(c) [He] 2s2 2p2 (d) [He] 2s2 2p5 (b) Of fluorine is less than iodine
46. The strongest reducing agent among the (c) Of fluorine is less than chlorine
following is:- (d) Of Sulphur is less than oxygen
(a) Na (b) Mg 55. Which of the following element will form
(c) Al (d) K most stable bivalent anion.
47. Which one of the following has highest (a) Fluorine (b) Oxygen
ionization potential :- (c) Chlorine (d) Nitrogen
+ +
(a) Li (b) Mg 56. Consider the following conversions
(c) He (d) Ne (i) O(g) + e- → O¯(g) ; ΔH1
48. Consider the following ionization reactions (ii) F(g) + e- → F¯ (g) ; ΔH2
A(g) → A+(g) + e- IE in (KJ/mol) is A1 (iii) Cl(g) + e- → Cl¯(g) ; ΔH3
A+(g) → A+2(g) + e- IE in (KJ/mol) is A2 (iv) Na(g) → Na+(g) ; ΔH4
A+2(g) → A+3(g) + e- IE in (KJ/mol) is A3 incorrect statement is :-
then correct order of IE is :- (a) ΔH1 and ΔH2 is less negative than ΔH3
(a) A1 > A2 > A3 (b) A1 = A2 = A3 (b) ΔH2 is more negative than ΔH1
(c) A1 < A2 < A3 (d) A3 = A2 < A1 (c) ΔH2 , ΔH3 are negative while ΔH1 is
49. Select the correct order of I.E. :- positive
- + + -
(a) Cl > Cl > Cl (b) Cl > Cl > Cl (d) ΔH1, ΔH2 and ΔH3 are negative while ΔH4
+ - - +
(c) Cl > Cl > Cl (d) Cl > Cl > Cl is positive

In the process Clg  e  Cl  g  , H 57. The correct set of decreasing order of
 H 
50.
electronegativity is :-
is
(a) Li, H, Na (b) Na, H, Li
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) H, Li, Na (d) Li, Na, H
(c) Zero (d) None
58. Polarity of a bond can be explained by :
51. Process in which maximum energy is
(a) Electron affinity (b) Ionization
released:-
potential
(a) O → O-2 (b) Mg+ → Mg+2
(c) Electronegativity (d) All of the above
(c) Cl → Cl- (d) F → F-
59. The pair with minimum difference in
52. Which of the following is energy releasing
electronegativity is :-
process
(a) F, Cl (b) P, H
(a) X- → X (g) + e-
(c) C,H (d) Na, Cs
(b) O- (g) + e- → O2-
60. In which of the following pairs of elements
(c) O (g) → O+ (g) + e-
the electronegativity of first element is less
(d) O (g) + e- → O- (g)
than that of second element :-
53. Element of which atomic number has highest
(a) Zr, Hf (b) K, Rb
electron affinity:-
(c) Cl, S (d) None of the
(a) 35 (b) 17
above
(c) 9 (d) 53
61. Among the following least and most polar
54. The electron affinity
bonds are respectively :-
(a) Of carbon is greater than oxygen
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 19

(a) C - I (b) N - O 68. In general, the properties that decrease and

(c) C - F (d) P - F increase down a group in the periodic table,
(a) d and c (b) a and d respectively, are
(c) b and d (d) b and c (a) Electronegativity and electron gain
62. The properties which are not common to both enthalpy
groups 1 and 17 elements in the periodic table (b) Atomic radius and electronegativity
are:- (c) Electron gain enthalpy and
(a) Electropositive character increases down electronegativity
the groups (d) Electronegativity and atomic radius
(b) Reactivity decreases from top to bottom 69. Aluminum is usually found in +3 oxidation
in these groups state. In contrast, thallium exists in +1 and +3
(c) Atomic radii increases as the atomic oxidation states. This is due to
number Increases (a) Lattice effect
(d) Electronegativity decreases on moving (b) Lanthanoid contraction
down the group (c) Diagonal relationship
63. Which compound strongly absorb CO2 ? (d) Inert pair effect
(a) BeO (b) K2O 70. The 71st electron of an element X with an
(c) H3PO4 (d) P4O6 atomic number of 71 enters into the orbital
64. Which of the following is different from other (a) 5 d (b) 6 p
three oxides :- (c) 4 f (d) 6 s
(a) MgO (b) SnO 71. The correct order of the atomic radii of C, Cs,
(c) PbO (d) ZnO Al, and S is
65. The correct sequence which shows decreasing (a) S < C < Al < Cs (b) C < S < Cs < Al
order of the ionic radii of the elements is (c) S < C < Cs < Al (d) C < S < Al < Cs
2– – + 2+ 3+
(a) O > F > Na > Mg > Al 72. The element with Z = 120 (not yet
3+ 2+ + – 2–
(b) Al > Mg > Na > F > O discovered) will be an/a
+ 2+ 3+ 2– –
(c) Na > Mg > Al > O > F (a) Inner-transition metal
+ – 2+ 2– 3+
(d) Na > F > Mg > O > Al (b) Transition metal
66. The increasing order of the ionic radii of the (c) Alkaline earth metal
given isoelectronic species is (d) Alkali metal
(a) S2–, Cl–, Ca2+, K+ (b) Ca2+, K+, Cl–, S2– 73. The size of the iso-electronic species Cl–, Ar
(c) K+, S2–, Ca2+, Cl– (d) Cl–, Ca2+, K+, S2– and Ca2+ is affected by
67. Which of the following represents the correct (a) Nuclear charge
order of increasing first ionization enthalpy (b) Principal quantum number of valence shell
for Ca, Ba, S, Se and Ar? (c) Azimuthal quantum number of valence
(a) Ca < S < Ba < Se < Ar shell
(b) S < Se < Ca < Ba < Ar (d) Electron-electron interaction in the outer
(c) Ba < Ca < Se < S < Ar orbitals
(d) Ca < Ba < S < Se < Ar
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 20

74. The element having greatest difference (III) 2s electron has more penetration power
between its first and second ionization than 2p electron
energies, is (IV) Atomic radius of B is more than Be
(a) K (b) Sc (atomic number B = 5, Be = 4)
(c) Ca (d) Ba The correct statements are
75. In comparison to boron, beryllium has (a) (I), (II) and (IV) (b) (I), (III) and (IV)
(a) Greater nuclear charge and lesser first (c) (I), (II) and (III) (d) (II), (III) and
ionization enthalpy. (IV)
(b) Greater nuclear charge and greater first 80. Among the statements (I – IV), the correct
ionization enthalpy. ones are
(c) Lesser nuclear charge and greater first (I) Be has smaller atomic radius compared
ionisation enthalpy. to Mg.
(d) Lesser nuclear charge and lesser first (II) Be has higher ionization enthalpy than
ionisation enthalpy. Al.
76. The third ionization enthalpy is minimum for (III) Charge/radius ratio of Be is greater than
(a) Mn (b) Fe that of Al.
(c) Co (d) Ni (IV) Both Be and Al form mainly covalent
77. The increasing order of the atomic radii of the compounds.
following elements is (a) (I), (III) and (IV) (b) (I), (II) and (IV)
(i) C (ii) O (c) (I), (II) and (III) (d) (II), (III) and
(iii) F (iv) Cl (IV)
(v) Br 81. The five successive ionization enthalpies of
(a) (iv) < (iii) < (ii) < (i) < (v) an element are 800, 2427, 3658, 25024 and
(b) (ii) < (iii) < (iv) < (i) < (v) 32824 kJ mol–1. The number of valence
(c) (iii) < (ii) < (i) < (iv) < (v) electrons in the element is
(d) (i) < (ii) < (iii) < (iv) < (v) (a) 3 (b) 4
78. The acidic, basic and amphoteric oxides, (c) 2 (d) 5
respectively, are
(a) Na2O, SO3, Al2O3 (b) Cl2O, CaO, 82. The process that is NOT endothermic in
P4O10 nature is
(c) MgO, Cl2O, Al2O3 (d) N2O3, Li2O, (a) Ar g   e   Arg  (b) H  g   e   H g 
Al2O3
(c) Na  g   Na g   e  (d) Og   e  O2g
79. B has a smaller first ionization enthalpy than
Be. Consider the following statements. 83. The set that contains atomic numbers of only

(I) It is easier to remove 2p electron than 2s transition elements, is

electron (a) 21, 32, 53, 64 (b) 9, 17, 34, 38

(II) 2p electron of B is more shielded from (c) 37, 42, 50, 64 (d) 21, 25, 42, 72

the nucleus by the inner core of electrons

than the 2s electrons of Be
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 21

6. Choose that element which is most different

EXERCISE - 2
from the other three (NSEJS - 2016)
(NSEJS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS)
(a) Carbon (b) Nitrogen
1. Oxides are acidic, basic or amphoteric based
(c) Silicon (d) Phosphorous
on their metallic or non-metallic character.
7. Choose the correct sets which represent in the
Which one of the following oxides reacts with
oxides as → Acidic: basic: neutrals :
both HCl and NaOH? (NSEJS - 2013)
amphoteric respectively (NSEJS - 2017)
(a) CaO (b) ZnO
(i) CO2 : MgO : N2O : H2O
(c) SO2 (d) CO2
(ii) SO2 : NO : CO : Al2O3
2. Atomic number decides chemical property of
(iii) P2O3 : ZnO : NO : Al2O3
an element. It also decides which group the
(iv) SO3 : CaO : N2O : PbO
element belongs to. Identify which of the
(a) i & ii (b) ii & iii
following element are form the same group in
(c) iii & iv (d) i & iv
the periodic table. (NSEJS - 2013)
8. What would be the atomic number of the next
(a) 1, 3, 11, 19, 37 (b) 8, 24, 42, 74
halogen element, if discovered in future?
(c) 4, 12, 20, 58 (d) 5, 13, 27, 47
(NSEJS - 2017)
3. Which of the following series of elements
(a) 103 (b) 115
have nearly the same atomic radii?
(c) 117 (d) 121
(NSEJS - 2014)
3-
9. P has a larger radius than atom of P because
(a) F, Cl, Br, l (b) Na, K, Rb, Cs
(NSEJS - 2018)
(c) Li, Be, B, C (d) Fe, Co, Ni, Cu
(a) There is greater coulombic attraction
4. The following variation of properties is
between the nucleus and electrons in the
generally seen the periodic table.
P3- ion
(NSEJS - 2014)
(b) The core electrons in P3- exert a weaker
(a) Atomic radius and ionization energy
shielding force than those of a neutral
both increase across a period.
atom
(b) Atomic radius increases and ionization
(c) The nuclear charge is weaker in P3- than
energy decreases across a period.
it is in P
(c) Atomic radius decreases and ionization
(d) The electrons in P3- have a greater
energy increases across period.
coulombic repulsion than those in P
(d) Atomic radius and ionization energy
atom
both decreases across and period.
10. Which is the correct order of metals with
5. Arrange the following element in the
reference to their melting point in increasing
increasing order of their atomic radii.
order? (NSEJS - 2017)
(NSEJS – 2016)
(a) Hg, Ga, Li, Ca (b) Ca, Li, Ga, Hg
(a) Na < Li < Rb < C < K
(c) Hg, Li, Ga, Ca (d) Hg, Ga, Ca, Li
(b) Cs < Rb < K < Na < Li
(c) K < Rb < K < Na < Li
(d) Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 22

(a) 35.7 kJ (b) 26.2 kJ

EXERCISE - 3
(c) 68.5 kJ (d) 71.4 kJ
(INJSO/IJSO PREVIOUS YEAR
6. If the atomic number of a noble gas element is
QUESTIONS)
Z, then the element that has the greatest

1. As the elements of Group 17 are considered in electronegativity in the same period according

order of increasing atomic number, there is to the Pauling scale will have atomic number:

an increase in (INJSO - 2009) (INJSO - 2015)

(a) Atomic radius (a) Z – 1 (b) Z -2

(b) electronegativity (c) Z + 1 (d) Z + 2

(c) first ionization energy 7. Arrange in order of increasing energy for

(d) number of electrons in the first shell removing an electron from 19K+, 18Ar and 17Cl-

2. In the ground state, each atom of an element (IJSO- 2015)

has two valence electrons. This element has (a) K+ < Ar < Cl- (b) Ar < Cl- < K+

lower first ionization energy than calcium. (c) Cl- < K+ < Ar (d) Cl- < Ar < K+

Where is this element located on the Periodic 8. Which of the following is the correct order of

Table? (INJSO - 2009) the decreasing ionic radius for Na+, Mg2+, O2−,

(a) Group 1, Period 4 and F−? (IJSO- 2016)

+ 2+ − 2−
(b) Group 2, Period 5 (a) Na >Mg > F >O (b) Mg2+> Na+>

(c) Group 2, Period 3 O2−>F−

(d) Group 3, Period 4 (c) O2−>F−> Na+> Mg2+ (d) F−> O2−> Mg2+>

3. Choose the correct sequence of the following Na+

ions in increasing order of their ionic radii. 9. The elements A, B, C and D belong to the

(INJSO - 2012) group 1, 2, 14 and 17 respectively of the

(a) Be2+ < Li1+ < F1- <O2- periodic table. Which of the following pairs of

(b) Li1+ < Be2+ < O2- < F- elements would produce a covalent bond?

(c) O2- < F1- < Li1+< Be2+ (INJSO - 2018)

(d) Li1+ < Be2+ < F1- < O2- (a) A and D (b) B and C

4. Among the following, the third ionization (c) A and B (d) C and D

energy is highest for which one of the 10. Arrange the following in the increasing order

following elements? (INJSO - 2013) of their metallic character Na, C, O, Li, Be

(a) Boron (b) Magnesium (IOQJS- 2021-22)

(c) Aluminum (d) Beryllium (a) C < O < Na < Li < Be

5. How much energy in kJ is produced when 7.1 (b) O < C < Be < Na < Li

g of gaseous chlorine atoms are converted to (c) O < C < Be < Li < Na

gaseous chloride ions? (INJSO - 2014) (d) C < O < Be < Li < Na

(Electron affinity of chlorine is –3.7eV.

(1eV/atom = 96.49 kJ/moles)
PERIODIC PROPERTIES 23

ANSWERS KEY
EXERCISE - 1 (Basic Exercise)
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (d)
16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (c) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c)
26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 29. (c) 30. (b)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (d)
36. (a) 37. (d) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a)
46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (c) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (c) 55. (b)
56. (c) 57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (a)
61. (b) 62. (b) 63. (b) 64. (a) 65. (a)
66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (d) 70. (a)
71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (a) 74. (a) 75. (c)
76. (b) 77. (c) 78. (d) 79. (c) 80. (b)
81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (d)

EXERCISE - 2 (NSEJS PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)

EXERCISE - 3 (INJSO /IJSO PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (c)