KERLQEC RMCNEH]K]EC JE IEIIEM

NF Q]ECG @MIL^MQERF MNMKWFZ

QZ]N ]KFC AECDEQIEZFC

]ctu` Imcymkmsef`ec ^uges @mpmrewetec Imnf`ek Amneh

Rrlgrei Ztunf Rrlomsf Cmrs

Nfsusuc Lkmh4
Qlhecnf Vusuo
5556>?61552512

RQLGQEI Z^]NF RQLOMZF CMQZ

OE@]K^EZ @MZMHE^EC
]CF_MQZF^EZ ZEQF I]KFE
AECDEQIEZFC
1215
 KMIAEQ RMQZM^]D]EC

D]N]K @EZ]Z 4 Je Ieiiem

CEIE IEHEZFZWE 4 Qlhecnf Vusuo
CFI 4 5556>?61552512

Aecderiesfc, Clvmiamr 1215

Imcymtuduf,

QZ]N ]kfc Rrlgrei Ztunf Rrlomsf Cmrs

A
Re
rmcsde
mrpi
tlers@
fckfcf` (R@) O
]ec`fvumktressfte@smZ
smehrfeI
teuckfe
Rrmsmptlr E`enmif` (RE)
5. @lcsmp
@lcsmp Ecetlif
Ecetlif nec
nec Ofsflklgf
Ofsflklgf Zfstmi
Zfstmi
e. Ecetl
Ecetlif
if Zfstmi
Zfstmi

a. Ofs
Ofsflkl
flklgfs
gfs Zfst
Zfstmi
mi
De
Derf
rfcg
cgec
ec peyu
peyune
nere
re nf amct
amctu`
u` lkmh
lkmh gken
gkenuk
uke
e ye
yecg
cg sf
sfoe
oetc
tcye
ye ye
yeft
ftu
u
imiprlnu`sff smaueh efr susu eteu nfsmaut duge nmcgec (klaukus) yeftu yecg
imiprlnu`s
afesecye nfekfr`ec `m ereh puttfcg eteu nfsmaut (cfppkm) yeftu imkekuf nu`tus.
Ztru`tur kefccye yeftu enekeh smaueh derfcgec kmie` yecg duge imrupe`ec
smaueh `liplcmc yecg tmramser, nec jlccmjtfvm tfssum, nmcgec pmiaukuh

nereh nec duge sekurec

nereh sekurec yecg amsmrte
amsmrte `mkmcder
`mkmcder kfioetf`.
kfioetf`. Ie`e Zmtfep nerf
peyunere ftu e`ec imcgecnucg `fre-`fre 5=-12 klaus yecg nepet tmrsusuc
sfr`ukmr
sfr`ukmr.. Rene Derfcge
Derfcgec
c kmie
kmie`
` (suajute
(suajutecmlu
cmlus
s enfplsm
enfplsm tfssum)
tfssum) yeftu yecg
imiaucg`us setu klaus nepet imiamrf`ec smaueh amctu` nec u`urec nerf
peyunere. Rene ^fep klaus ftu duge tmrnfrf nerf amamrepe klaukms yecg duge
imrupe`ec tmipet uctu` prlnu`sf efr susu yecg amroucgsf smaegef rmsplc
nerf suetu sfgcek nec hlrilcek. ^mrnepet : iejei dmcfs hlrilc yecg afse
imipmc
imipmcge
geruh
ruhff nerf
nerf pe
peyun
yunere
ere yeftu
yeftu ye
ye`cf
`cf ms
mstrl
trlgmc
gmc,, prlgms
prlgmstmr
tmrlc
lcm,
m, nec
prlkejtfc
prlkejtfc.,
., yecg imcymaea
imcymaea`ec
`ec derfcge
derfcgec
c grecnuk
grecnuke
e peyunere
peyunere nec nf utmrus
utmrus
tm
tmru
rus
s imcg
imcgek
ekei
eiff aecy
aecye`
e` pmru
pmruae
aehe
hec
c smke
smkeie
ie neke
nekei
i imcd
imcdek
ekec
ecff sf
sf`k
`kus
us
imcstruesf. nec Ermlke enekeh hfpmrpfgimctesf
hfpmrpfgimctesf nf sm`fter cfppkm.
 Derfcgec pene peyunere duge nepet nfnu`ucg lkmh smaueh kfgeimctui
susp
suspmc
mcsl
slrf
rfi
i jllp
jllpmr
mr.. Nec
Nec smau
smaueh
eh Kfge
Kfgeim
imct
ct fcf
fcf e`ec
e`ec tm
tmru
rus
s amrd
amrdek
ekec
ec
smpecdec
smpecdecg
g dekur
dekur permcg`f
permcg`fi
i nec duge nerf oesfe aegfec
aegfec nekei
nekei eteu (nmmp
oesfe) nec e`ec imkm`et `m aegfec nmrifs. Df`e kfgeimctui fcfimimcnm`
lkmh
lkmh `ermce
`ermce fcofktres
fcofktresff smk `ec`mr, e`ec imcerf` nmrifs yecg imiamrf`ec
imiamrf`ec
geiaerec s`fc neipkfcg. ^fne` ene ltlt nekei peyunere, tepf ltlt tmrkmte`

nfaeweh peyunere nec imcutup fge.

Ekfrec nereh `m ereh `ukft peyunere ftu tmrgectucg duge pene pkm`sus
suanm
suanmrie
riek,d
k,dug
uge
e am
amsmr
smrte
te yec
yecg
g tmrhu
tmrhuauc
aucg
g nmcge
nmcgec
c pm
pmiau
iaukuh
kuh nereh
nereh yecg
yecg
secget nekei eteu afse duge nfsmaut nmcgec (nmmpmr vmssmk) ofcgsfcye yecg
e`ec imcsupkef ekfrec nereh `m permcg`fi peyunere. Zupkef nereh amresek
nerf4
pmrolretlr nerf ertmrf ieierfe fctmrce.
5) Ertm
Ertmrf
rf tlr
tlre`
e`ek
ekfs
fs ket
ketmr
mrek
ekfs
fs..
1) Ertm
Ertmrf
rf tlre`
tlre`ln
lnlr
lrse
sekf
kfs.
s.
:) Rmrol
Rmrolret
retlr
lr ertmr
ertmrff fct
fctmr`
mr`lst
lstekf
ekfs.
s.
>) Ertm
Ertmrf
rf tlre
tlre`l
`le`
e`rl
rlif
ifek
ekfs
fs..
Fccmrvesf
Fccmrvesf smcslrf
smcslrf amresek
amresek nerf jeaecg
jeaecg ectmrlke
ectmrlketmrek
tmrek nec ectmrlim
ectmrlimnfek
nfek
cmrvus fctmr`lstekfs ^:-^=. Cmrvus supre`kevf`uke eteu yeftu yecg amresek
duge nerf pkm`sus smrvf`ekfs nec e`ec duge imcsereof aegfec pekfcg etes nec
pene aegfec ketmrek peyunere. Rere pmcmkftf imye`fcf smcsesf nemreh cfppkm
amresek nerf jeaecg jutecmlus ketmrek ^>.
Rmiaukuh nereh nerf kfioetf` nec nerf `mkmcder gmteh amcfcg (`ga) nerf
gkecnuke peyunere nekeh secget pmctfcg. Rmiaukuh kfioetf` fcf e`ec amrdekec-
dekec nf tmpf aegfec ketmrek nf ius`ukus pm`tlrekfs ieylr nec e`ec amrsetu
nmcgec `ga pmjtlrek, yecg e`ec smkeku imcgfrfcgf pmiaukuh nereh tlre`ekfs
ketmrekfs. @mkmcder gmteh amcfcg imcymaer `m ius`ukus smretus ectmrflr nerf
sfcff ekf
sfc ekfrec
rec kf
kfioe
ioetf`
tf` `miunf
`miunfec
ec `m `ga e`sfk
e`sfke
e (imsmc
(imsmctmr
tmrf`
f`e
e supmrf
supmrflr
lr ne
nec
c
fctmrpm`tlrek). Dekur kfioetf` nrefcegm kefccye enekeh imkeku pm`tlrekfs ieylr
nm`et gerfs perestmrcek nec imkekuf fctmrjlstek spejm imcudu `ga perestmrcek
yecg tmrkmte` smpecdecg pmiaukuh nereh ieiierfe fctmrce
1. @lcsmp
@lcsmp Rmcye`
Rmcye`ft
ft Je Ieiiem
Ieiiem
e. Nm
Nmof
ofcf
cfsf
sf
Je ieiiem eteu jerjfclie ieiiem yeftu smaueh `mgecesec yecg
suneh amresek nerf smaueh smk `mkmcder ,sekurec `mkmcder nec pene derfcgec
nmcgec pmcucdecg peyunere. Je ieiiem enekeh smdmcfs tuilr geces yecg
 suneh
suneh tuiau
tuiauh
h nf nekei
nekei derfc
derfcge
gec
c smk nf peyun
peyunere
ere.. @ec`mr
@ec`mr fcf
fcf afse
afse iukef
iukef
tuiauh yeftu nf nekei `mkmcder peyunere smsmlrecg, sekurec peyunere, nf
derfcgec kmime` ieupuc ene nf derfcgec f`et pene smaueh peyunere (Curetfo
& @usuie, 125=).
Je ieiem enekeh yeftu sm`mklipl` smk yecg tfne` clriek pene smaueh
peyunere e`ec nec tmrus imcmrus tuiauh e`ec amrupe gecne. Imtestesm

afse duge tmrdenf pene smaueh `mkmcder gmteh amcfcg eteu (kfiom) nf `mtfe`
eteupuc afse duge nfetes tukecg amkf`et. Nec Zmkefc ftu `ec`mr duge e`ec afse
amrserecg nf nekei tukecg, nf peru-peru, nf hetf nec `ukft.
Je ieiiem enekeh yeftu nfiece sm`mklipl` smk yecg tfne` clriek pene
peyunere smsmlrecg yecg tmrus tuiauh nec e`ec amrkfpet gecne. nec Rene
e`hfrcye smiue smk-smk fcf tmrus e`ec imcdenf amctu` smaueh amcdlkec nf
peyunere. nec Df`e smaueh amcdlkec `ec`mr ftu tfne` afse nf auecg eteu tfne`
tmr`lc
tmr`lctrl
trlk,s
k,smk
mk-sm
-smkk `ec`m
`ec`mrr afse
afse imcyma
imcymaer
er (amrim
(amrimste
steste
stesm)
sm) pene
pene smaue
smaueh
h
aegfec- aegfec tuauh yecg kefc nec cectfcye duge e`ec nepet imcge`faet`ec
`mietf
`mietfec.
ec. Imtese
Imtesesm
sm afse
afse duge
duge tmr
tmrde
denf
nf yeftu
yeftu pe
pene
ne smaueh
smaueh `mkmc
`mkmcder
der gmteh
gmteh
amcfcg pene `mtfe` eteu puc afse duge yeftu nfetes tukecg amkf`et. Zmkefc ftu
pene smk- smk `ec`mr duge afse amrserecg nf nekei tukecg, afse duge nf peru-
peru, nf hetf `ukft nec nf aeweh `ukft nec `ec`mr peyunere imrupe`ec smaueh
pmcye`ft yecg afse duge nfsmaea`ec `erce tmrdenfye pmiamkehec smaueh smk-
smk nf nekei
nekei tuauh
tuauh sm
smsml
smlrec
recg
g smjere
smjere tfn
tfne`
e` tmretu
tmreturr ne
nec
c smhfcg
smhfcgge
ge pene
pene
pmrtuiauhec smk duge tfne` nepet nf`mcnekf`ec nec nfe e`ec tuiauh imcdenf
smaueh amcdlkec eteu tuilr (`ec`mr) nerf smk tmrsmaut (^esrfpfyeh, 1251).
a. Mtfl
Mtflkl
klgf
gf
Imcurut ^esrfpfyeh (1251) pmcymaea Je Ieiiem yeftu 4
5) Gmcmtf`
e) Enec
Enecye
ye `mjm
`mjmcn
cnmr
mruc
ucge
gec
c pene
pene suet
suetu
u `mku
`mkuer
erge
ge tm
tmrt
rtmc
mctu
tu yecg
yecg kmaf
kmafh
h
aecye` imcgekeif gecgguec `ec`mr peyunere nerfpene ecgglte
`mkuerge smhet yecg kefc.
a) Rene
Rene `miaer
`miaer suetu
suetu nerf
nerf ilcl
ilclzy
zygl
gltm
tm,, nec
nec duge
duge tmrnep
tmrnepet
et `ec`
`ec`mr
mr
pmcye`ft yecg seie.
j) ^erne
^ernepet
pet `mseie
`mseieec
ec nec duge
duge ketmrek
ketmrekfse
fsesf
sf pene
pene `ec`mr
`ec`mr aueh
aueh nene
nec duge pene `mkuerge tmrnm`et nerf lrecg yecg imcnmrfte `ec`mr
peyunere ftu
 n) Zmsmlrec
Zmsmlrecg
g nmcgec
nmcgec `kfcf
`kfcfomktm
omktmrr e`ec imcep
imcepet
et `miucg`
`miucg`fcec
fcec kmafh
kmafh nerf
?? `ek
`ekff ne
nerf
rf pe
pene
ne smlrec
smlrecg
g prf
prfe
e cl
clrie
riekk eteu
eteu nerf
nerf duike
duikeh
h ec
ecg`e
g`e
tmrdenfcye 1%
1) Hlrilc
e) @ec`
c`m
mr pe
peyun
une
ere ye
yec
cg uiu
uiui
icy
cye
e sm
smrfc
rfcg tmr
tmrddenf pene wecf
ecfte
te,,
nec `mdenfec pene ke`f-ke`f e`ec `miucg`fceccye secgetkmcfh `mjfk.

a) Fcsfn
Fcsfnmc
mc fcf e`e
e`ec
c deuh kmafh
kmafh tfcggf
tfcggf tmrde
tmrdenf
nf pene
pene wecfte
wecfte yecg usfec
usfecye
ye
nfetes := tehuc.
j) Zeet
Zeet fcf
fcf pmcgl
pmcglae
aete
tec
c nmcge
nmcgec
c imcgg
imcgguc
uce`
e`ec
ec tmre
tmrepf
pf hlri
hlrilc
lc yecg
yecg
hesfkcye secget imiues`ec.
:) Ie`ecec
Veftu yecg tmruteie ie`ecec yecg aecye` imcgecnucg kmie`.
>) Qenfesf
^mrepf fcf suneh ju`up keie nf`mtehuf lkmh lrecg, tspf renfesf duge e`ec
nepet imcymaea`ec `mdenfec iutegmc.
Oe`tlr rmsf`l `ec`mr peyunere yeftu 4
5) ]sfe
]sfe smsml
smsmlrec
recg
g ye
yecg
cg nfet
nfetes
es uiu
uiurr >2 tehu
tehuc.
c.
1) Imip
Imipu
ucye
yeff rfwey
fweyet
et `e
`ec`
c`m
mr pene peyu
yune
nere
re lkm
kmh
h fcnfvf
nfvfn
nu ete
teu
u
`mkuergecye.
:) Imcgekei
Imcgekeiff Imcstru
Imcstruesf
esf pene seet usfe yecg iune/usfe
iune/usfe nfcf.
nfcf.
>) Imclpe
Imclpeusm
usm pe
pene
ne smsm
smsmlre
lrecg
cg u
usfe
sfe kecd
kecdut.
ut.
=) Zmsmlrec
Zmsmlrecg
g yecg ^fne`
^fne` imipucye
imipucyeff ece`
ece` nec afse
afse duge
duge imipucy
imipucyef
ef ece`
ece`
yecg pmrteie pene usfe yecg suneh kecdut.
?) Neke
Nekei
i Rmcg
Rmcggu
guce
ceec
ec aehe
aehec
c mstm
mstmrl
rlgm
gmc
c m`sm
m`smrl
rlgm
gmc
c nmcg
nmcgec
ec decg
decg`m
`m
pecdecg.
7) Zmsmlrec
Zmsmlrecg
g yecg
yecg imilu
imilucyef
cyef Qfweyet
Qfweyet pmcye`ft
pmcye`ft ofarl`fs
ofarl`fstf`.
tf`.
8) Imcg
Imcgek
ekei
eiff @ec`
@ec`mr
mr mcnl
mcnlim
imtr
trfe
fek,
k, nec
nec `ec`
`ec`mr
mr lver
lverfu
fui
i et
eteu
eu afse
afse dugs
dugs
`ec`mr `lklc.
j. Re
Retl
tlof
ofsf
sflk
lklg
lgff
Zmk-smk nrf `ec`mr ftu nfamctu` nerf smaueh smk-smk yecg clriek nf nekei
suetu prlsms yecg secget ruift yecg afse nfsmaut duge nmcgec trecsolriesf,
yecg duge tmrnepet nerf smtfep fcsfesf nec prlilsf 4
5) Oesm Fcsfesf
Rene tehep pmrteie
pmrteie yeftu
yeftu fcsfesf
fcsfesf e`ec tmrdenf
tmrdenf smaueh
smaueh pmruaehe
pmruaehec
c nf
nekei aehec yecg gmcmtfj smk yecg smrfcg imiecjfcg smk ftu imcdenf
secget geces. Rmruaehec yecg ene
ene nf nekei aehec yecg gmcmtfj smk
 fcf smrfcg nfsmaea`ec lkmh sekeh setu egmc yecg afsenfsmaut `ersfclgmc,
yecg
yecg duge
duge af
afse
se amrupe
amrupe aehe
aehec
c yecg
yecg amr `fife vfrus,
vfrus, eteu
eteu afse
afse duge
duge
renfesf/ (pmcyfcerec) nerf sfcer ieteherf. ^mtepf tfne` duge smiue smk
yecg
yecg imif
imifkf
kf`f
`f `mpm
`mpm`e
`eec
ec yecg
yecg seie
seie smiu
smiuec
ecye
ye tm
tmrh
rhen
enep
ep suet
suetu
u
`ersfc
`ersfclgm
lgmc.
c. Ie`e
Ie`e @mkef
@mkefce
cec
c gmcmtf
gmcmtfj
j nf ne
nekei
kei smk eteu
eteu aehec
aehec `f
`fife
ife
kefccye
kefccye nfsmaut
nfsmaut nmcgec
nmcgec prliltlr
prliltlr,, e`ec imcymaea`ec
imcymaea`ec smk yecg kmafh

rmctec tmrhenep sekeh suetu `ersfclgmc.nec

`ersfclgmc.nec duge Aeh`ec gecgguec ofsf`
yecg suneh imcehucpuc duge afse imiauet smk imcdenf e`ec kmafh
pm`esm`ekf uctu` imcgekeif gecgguec suetu `mgecesec
1) Oesm Rr
Rrlilsf
Rene
Rene tehe
tehep
p `mnu
`mnue
e fcf
fcf yeft
yeftu
u prli
prlils
lsf,
f, seke
sekeh
h setu
setu smk
smk yecg
yecg sune
suneh
h
imcgekeifoesm fcsfesf e`ec afse amruaeh ucut` imcdenf geces. Zmk fcf
yecg amkui ieipu imkmwetf tehep pmrteie fcsfesf ie`e tfne` e`ec
afse tmrpmcgeruh pkmh prlilsf. @erce ftu nfpmrku`ec amamrepe oejtlr
uctu` tmrdnefcye `mgecesec eteu (geaucgec nerf smiue smk yecg suneh
pm`e nec pene suetu `ersfclgmc) (wfdeye, 125:)
n. Re
Reth
thwe
wey
y

Wfdeye, 125:
m. Iecfom
Iecfomste
stesf
sf @k
@kfcf
fcfs
s.
Oesm ewek `ec`mr smsmlrecg peyunere esfiptlietf`e eteu nfsmaut duge
(tecpe smnf`ftpuc ene tecne nec gmdekecye). ^ecne ewek yecg pekfcg secget
aecye` tmrdenf yeftu enekeh enecye smaueh amcdlkec eteu enecye pmcmaekec
pene `ukft peyunere. Nec @maecye`ec 62% nftmiu`ec nerf smlrecg wecfte

ftu smcnfrf,
smcnfrf, nec e`ec tmtepf nftmiu`ec
nftmiu`ec smjere
smjere `mam
`mamtuke
tukec
c sede,
sede, eteu tfne`
nmcgec imcgguce`ec eteu tfne` imke`u`ec pmimrf`seec pene peyunere
smcnfrf eteu nfsmaut (senerf) (^esrfpfyeh, 1251).
^ecne nec gmdeke yecg kecdut nerf pmcye`ft `ec`mr peyunere yeftu imkfputf
`ukft yecg sm`ucg eteu nfsmaut duge (kmsucg), amramctu` rmtre`sf eteu afse
duge nmvfesf putfcg susu, cymrf neet nftm`ec eteu nf reaes `hususcye e`ec
amrnereh nerf putfcg. @ukft Rmeu n‖lrecgm, `ukft tmaek nmcgec plrf-plrf yecg
smrfc
smrfcg
g imclc
imclcdlk
dlk nec amr
amramc
amctu`
tu` seie
seie nmcgec
nmcgec `ukft
`ukft dmru`
dmru`,, nec duge
duge eteu
eteu
uksmresf pene `ukft nf peyunere `mnuecye nec duge imrupe`ec tecne yecg
suneh kecdut nerf pmcye`ft (^esrfpfyeh, 1251).
Imcurut (^esrfpfyeh, 1251) tecne nec gmdeke Je ieiiem ectere kefc
yeftu smaegef amrf`ut fcf 4
5) Enecye
Enecye amcdlk
amcdlkec
ec ye
yecg
cg tmrese
tmrese secget
secget `mres
`mres nf
nf aegfec
aegfec peyunere
peyunere
1) Amctu`
Amctu` putfc
putfcg
g amruaeh
amruaeh (afse
(afse iesu`
iesu` `mneke
`mnekei
i eteu
eteu smrfcg
smrfcg tmrese
tmrese secget
secget
se`ft tmrus imcmrus), imcgmkuer`ec jefrec/ nereh
:) Ene aecye` pmruaehec pene pmriu`eec `ukft peyunere
yeftu nfecterecye tmrkfhet amr`mrut, smpmrtf frftesf, nec duge smpmrtf
`ukft dmru`
>) Enecye
Enecye am
amcd
cdlke
lkec-a
c-amc
mcdlk
dlkec
ec `mjfk
`mjfk
=) Reyune
Reyunere
re tmres
tmrese
e peces,
peces,imi
imimre
mreh
h nec a
amcg
mcg`e`
`e`
?) Enecye
Enecye ku`e
ku`e nf aegfec
aegfec peyune
peyunere
re yecg
yecg sukft
sukft uctu`
uctu` nfsmia
nfsmiauh`e
uh`ec
c
7) ^mre
^mrese
se se
se`f
`ft/
t/ cym
ymrf
rf (afse duge fcf au`e
au`ec
c pmcy
mcymae
maea se
se`f
`ftt `e
`erm
rmc
ce
imcgekeif `ec`mr, tepf duge tmtep herus nf wespene)
8) ^mre
^mrese
se e`ec
e`ec secg
secget
et gete
getekk pene
pene aegf
aegfec
ec nfne
nfnemr
mreh
eh sm`f
sm`fte
terr smpu
smpute
tere
rec
c
puttfcg
6) Amcdlkec
Amcdlkec yecg
yecg secge
secgett `mres ftu
ftu tfne`
tfne` e`ec
e`ec afse
afse amrgmre`
amrgmre` eteu
eteu (tmrof`s
(tmrof`sesf)
esf)
nec hecye sede afesecye pene ewek-ewekcye imcgekeifftu tfne` ene
tmrese rese se`ft. Epeafke smaueh amcdlkec ftu `ec`mr, ie`e ewekcye
afesecye hecye sede tmrnepet pene 5 peyunere.
o. Rmi
Rmimrf
mrf`se
`seec
ec Rmc
Rmcuc
ucdec
decg
g
Rmimrf`seec pmcucdecg imcurut Wfdeye (125:) smaegef amrf`ut 4
5) Clc fcvesfvm
fvm
e) ZEN
ZENEQF
EQF (R
(Rmim
mimrf`
rf`see
seec
c Rey
Reyune
unere
re nmc
nmcgec
gec Z
Zmcn
mcnfrf)
frf)
Df`e nekei ZENEQF nfke`u`ec nmcgec jere yecg rutfc, ie`e
smlr
smlrec
ecg
g we
wecf
cfte
te pe
pest
stff e`
e`ec
ec ne
nepe
pett im
imcm
cmiu
iu`
`ec sm
smau
aueh
eh
amcdlkec pene stenfui yecg iesfh nfcf. Zeaef`cye ZENEQF
fcf nfke`u`ec yeftu pene we`tu yecg smkeku seie nekei smtfep
aukec. Aegf wecfte df`e yecg iesfh nekei imcgekeif prlsms
imcstruesf, fcfkeh we`tu yecg pekfcg secget tmpet uctu` `fte
neke
nekei
i im
imke
ke`u
`u`e
`ec
c pm
pmim
imrf
rf`s
`see
eec
c ZE
ZENE
NEQF
QF en
enek
ekeh
eh ye
yeft
ftu
u
7seipef52 hetf smsueneh herf 5 smtmkeh `fte imcstruesf. Nec
Aegff wec
Aeg wecfte
fte yec
yecg
g pes
pesje
je imc
imclpe
lpeus
usm,
m, ie
ie`e
`e pmi
pmimrf
mrf`se
`seec
ec
ZENEQF e`ec afse nfke`u`ec nekei we`tu `epec sede nmcgec
smjere rutfc imke`u`eccye nekei smtfep aukec.
jlctlh(ifsekcye nekei smtfep nfewek aukec)
a) Ieiilgreof
Rmimrf`seec Ieiilgreof yeftu enekec pmimrf`seec nmcgec
imcgguce`ec imtlnm renflklgfs yecg imcgguce`ec sfcer X
yecg e`ec nfrenfesf`ec pene sekeh setu peyunere. @mkmafhec
nerf imimrf`se ieiilgreof enekeh yeftu nekei `mieipuec
uctu`
uctu` im
imcnm
cnmtm`
tm`sf
sf smd
smduie
uiekeh
keh tui
tuilr
lr ye
yecg
cg amkui
amkui afs
afse
e uct
uctu`
u`
tmreae
tmreae ne
nekei
kei (ren
(renfus
fus 2,= jmc
jmctfim
tfimtmr
tmr)) sm`
sm`ekf
ekfpu
puc
c `mc
`mc`mr
`mr fcf
iesfh
iesfh ne
nekei
kei ste
stenfu
nfui
i ye
yecg
cg nfc
nfcf.
f. We`
We`tu
tu yec
yecg
g sec
secget
get tmp
tmpet
et
tmpet uctu` `fte imke`u`ec tms ieiilgreof pene wecfte yecg
usfecye iesfh prlnu`tfo enekeh yeftu herf `m 5seipef5> nerf
sf
sf`k
`kus
us ne
neke
kei
i he
hefn
fn.. df`e
df`e Re
Rene
ne pm
pmrm
rmip
ipue
uec
c ye
yecg
cg us
usfe
fe cl
clc
c
prlnu`tfo secget nfecdur`ec uctu` imimrf`se`ec `epec sede.
@mtmpe
@mtmpetec
tec ne
nekei
kei pmi
pmimrf
mrf`se
`seec
ec fcf `e
`enec
necg
g amr
amramn
amne-a
e-amne
mne
amr`fser ectere 8:%- 6=%.
j) ]ktreslucn
 ]ktreslucn fcf tmkeh aecye` nfguce`ec yeftu smde` ewek tehuc
=2-ec.
=2-ec. Nec Eke
Ekett tmr
tmrsma
smaut
ut dug
duge
e se
secge
cgett amr
amrguc
guce
e nec se
secge
cgett
e`ur
e`uret
et ne
neke
kei
i im
imke
ke`u
`u`e
`ec
c mv
mvek
ekue
uesf
sf ne
nei
i nm
nmcs
csft
ftes
es ne
neke
kei
i
peyunere
peyunere nec se
secget
cget e`
e`uret
uret nf nekei im
imiamn
iamne`ec
e`ec ie
iece
ce
yecg `fste nmcgec iece iesse penet. ^epf df`e uctu` iesse
yecg
yecg deuh
deuh kmaf
kmafh
h `m
`mjf
jfkk ye
yeft
ftu
u ec
ecte
tere
re =-
=-se
seip
ipef
ef52
52 ii tf
tfne
ne`
`
nepetnf vesuekfsesf nec df`e iesse pene derfcgec yecg kmie`
nf peyunere ftu e`ec sukft uctu` nfmvekuesf. @muctucgeccye
enekeh yeftu tfne` ene tmrnepet renfesf nec duge tfne` ene
tmrese cymrf.
n) Jl
Jli
ipu
putm
tmn
n ^li
lil
lgreo
greoff ne
nec
c nmc
mcg
gecI
cIe
egcm
cmtf
tfj
j Qms
msl
lcec
ecjm
jm
Fiegfcg Zjecs
Veftu nmcgec Rmcgguceec J^ nec imcgguce`ec IQF uctu`
imke`u`ec sjeccfcg nec imcgmvekuesf `mkefcec yecg ene nf
peyunere nec sm`erecg sueh iukef smrfcg nfsmkfnf`f. ^m`cf` fcf
nekei imcgeiafk pmrec yecg nekei uctu` imcgmvekuesf exfk,
imnfestfcui nec nf nekei erme suprekfvf`uke uctu` imreae
enmclp
enmclpetf
etf ne
nec
c uct
uctu`
u` imi
imiaec
aectu
tu nfneke
nfnekei
i imk
imke`u
e`u`ec
`ec stg
stgfcg
fcg
pene seet imke`u`ec prlsms `mgeceec.
1) Fcvesfvm
e) Im
Imtl
tlnm
nm Zftl
Zftlkl
klgf
gfs
sEEsp
spfre
fresf
sf
Zftlklgf espfresf yeftu nfke`u`ec nmcgec imcgguce`ec smaueh
yecg derui hekus (nmcgec u`urec 12 ete yecg secget kmafh
`mjfk) nmcgec imcgguce`ec spuft uctu` imke`u`ec espfresf
smk pene suetu
suetu erme yecg secget n
nfjurfgef,
fjurfgef, keku nfsimer n
nfetes
fetes
sk
skfn
fnm
m ne
nec
c nfof
nfof`s
`sen
enff nm
nmcg
cgec
ec nf werc
wercef
ef uc
uctu
tu`
` im
imcg
cgmv
mvek
ekes
esff
sftlklgy. Df`e nekei spmjfimc nfeiafk nmcgec smjere tmpet,
ie`e
ie`e prl
prlsmn
smnur
ur fcf e`e
e`ec
c sec
secget
get e`ure
e`urett ne
nerf
rf yec
yecg
g . Cei
Ceiuc
uc
pmimrf`seec fcf
fcf duge tfn
fne
e` nepet uctu` imke`u`ec
pmimrf`seec geiaerec hfstlpetlklgf nf nekei derfcgec smaea
nekei pmimrf`seec fcf tfne` e`ec ieipu uctu` imcgeiafk
stru`tur pene derfcgec nf sm`fter (Wfkkfei, 1251).
a) Jl
Jlrm
rm Cm
Cmmn
mnkm
km Aflp
Aflpsy
sy (J
(JCA
CA))
 Aflpsy derui yeftu nmcgec jere imcgguce`ec smaueh derui
alr yecg ju`up amse necg secgetr smrfcg nfke`u`ec. `ermce
Hek fcf kmafh secget fcvesfvm nec e`uret nfaecnfcg`ec nmcgec
espfrms nmcgec derui. @erce JCA fcf kmafh e`uret nec duge
afse `fte guce`ec uctu` nekei imcmctu`ec rmsmptlr mstrlgmc
nec hlr
hlrilc
ilc prl
prlgms
gmstmr
tmrlcm
lcm smr
smrte
te duge
duge afs
afse
e nfk
nfke`
e`u`e
u`ec
c uct
uctu`
u`
imke`u`ec pmimrf`seec geiaerec nerf hfstlpetlklgf
j) Aflpsy
Fcf duge afse nfke`u`ec nmcgec jere yecg stmrmlte`tf` eteu
afse duge nmcgec jere aectuec uktreslucn.
g. Rmce
Rmceteke`
teke`secee
seceec
c
5) Rm
Rmce
cete
teke
ke`s
`sec
ecee
eec
c Im
Imnf
nfs
s
^mrepf yecg nepet nfamrf`ec `mpene pmcnmrfte `ec`mr peyunere
smjere imnfs nfecterecye (tesrfpfyeh,1251) 4
e) Rmiamnehec
Rene smaegfec amser pesfmc, tmrepf amneh amrtuduec uctu`
imcgecg`et tuilr, (imifcfiek`ec rmsf`l rm`urmcsf kl`ek) nec
uctu` imcmctu`ec stenfui nerf tuilr. Ene : jere
pmiamnehec eteu lpmresf peyunere yeftu 4
F. Iestm`tlif Q
Qe
enf`ek
nfsm
nfsmau
autt (kui
(kuipm
pm`t
`tli
lif)
f),, ye
yeft
ftu
u lpmr
lpmres
esff im
imcg
cgec
ecg`
g`et
et
smae
smaegf
gfec
ec ne
nerf
rf `m
`msm
smku
kuru
ruhe
hec
c `u
`ukft
kft pe
peyu
yune
nere
re.i
.ifc
fcgf
gf`u
`utf
tf
Lpmr
Lpmres
esff fcf
fcf he
heru
rus
s sm
smke
keku
ku nf
nff`
f`ut
utff nm
nmcg
cgec
ec pm
pmia
iamr
mrfe
fec-
c-
pmiamrfec tmrepf. Afesecye kuipm`tlif nfrm`lmcnesf`ec
pene lrecg yecg tuilrcue amser tfne` kmafh nerf 1ji
nec pene kmte`cye smkeku nf pfcggfr peyunere.
FF. Iestm`tlif ^ltek
nfsmaut (iesmtlif), yeftu smaueh lpmresf yecg nfke`u`ec
pmcgec
pmcgecg`e
g`etec
tec smk
smkuru
uruh
h fsf ner
nerff pey
peyune
unere
re sey
seye,
e, tet
tetepf
epf
au`ec uctu` imcgecg`et `mkmcder yecg ene nf `mtfe`.
FF
FFF.
F. Il
Ilnf
nfof
ofmn
mn I
Ies
estm
tm`t
`tli
liff Qe
Qenf
nf`
`ek
yeftu smaueh lpmresf yecg nfke`u`ec uctu`
pmcg
pmcgec
ecg`
g`et
etec
ec sm
smku
kuru
ruh
h ne
nerf
rf fsf
fsf pe
peyu
yune
nere
re,, ne
nec
c du
duge
ge
 derfcgec nf peyunere nec nf etes tukecg nene, smkuruh
smkecg`e sec tukecg fge, nec duge amsmrte amcdlkec yecg
nf sm`fter `mtfe`.
a) @miltmrepf
@mil
@miltm
tmre
repf
pf im
imru
rupe
pe`e
`ec
c te
tere
repf
pf sfst
sfstmi
miet
etf`
f` ye
yecg
cg sm
smke
keku
ku
nfguce`ec epeafke enecye pmcymaerec sfstmif` nec smaegfec
tmrepf eduvec, yecg `miltmrepf eduvec fcf nfamrf`ec `mpene
pesfmc
pesfmc pmi
pmimrf
mrf`s
`seec
eec hfs
hfstlp
tlpetl
etlkf`
kf` pes
pesje
je amn
amneh
eh ies
iestm`
tm`tli
tliff
nftm
nftmiu
iu`e
`ec
c su
suet
etu
u im
imte
test
stes
esfs
fs nf su
suet
etu
u et
eteu
eu nf am
amam
amre
repe
pe
`mkmcder.
j) Qenfltmrepf
Veftu
Veftu Qe
Qenfl
nfltmr
tmrepf
epf yec
yecg
g amr
amrouc
oucgsf
gsf uc
uctu`
tu` pm
pmcnm
cnmrfft
rffte
e `ec
`ec`mr
`mr
peyunere nec afesecye duge nfguce`ec smaegef eket tmrepf
ycg `uretfo nmcgec jere imipmrtehec`ec ieiiem nec afse
duge smaegef eket tmrepf
tmrepf teiaehec eteu tmrepf pekfetfo.
n) ^mrep
mrepff H
Hl
lri
rilc
lce
ek
Veft
Veftu
u sm
smau
aueh
eh Rm
Rmrtu
rtuia
iauh
uhec
ec pe
pene
ne `e
`ec`
c`mr
mr pe
peyu
yune
nere
re ye
yecg
cg
secget
secget amrge
amrgectucg
ctucg `mpene suet
suetu
u supk
supkef
ef hlril
hlrilcm
cm mstr
mstrlgmc,
lgmc,
nec duge lkmh `ermce ftu tmrepf fcf enekeh tfcne`ec amroucgsf
uctu` imcgurecgf nekei pmiamctu`ec hlrilcm yecg nepet
imcgheiaet kedu nerf pmr`miaecgec smiue smk `ec`mr ftu,
e`ec tmtepf tmrepf hlrilcek ftu afesecye nfsmaut duge nmcgec
smaueh tmrepf ectf mstrlgmc `erce tmrepf fcf systmi `mrdecye
tmrepf fcf secget imcgheiaet eteu duge nepet imcghmctf`ec
`mieipuec nerf hlrilcm mstrlgmc yecg suneh ene nf nekei
imcstfiukus pmr`miaecgec `ec`mr peyunere.
1) Rm
Rmce
cete
teke
ke`s
`sec
ecee
eec
c @m
@mpm
pmre
rewe
wete
tec
c
e) Imi
Imipmr
pmrteh
tehec`
ec`ec
ec fct
fctmgr
mgrfte
ftes
s derfc
derfcgec
gec ye
yecg
cg enm
enm`ue
`uett
a) Imi
Imipmr
pmrteh
tehec`
ec`ec
ec st
stetu
etus
s cut
cutrfs
rfsff yec
yecg
g enm
enm`ue
`uett
j) Imi
mip
pmre
mrege
ge`
`ec tl
tlkm
kmre
rec
csf e`tfv
`tfvft
fte
es yecg imc
mcfc
fcg`
g`et
et nec
`mkmtfhec yecg imcuruc
n) Rmcn
Rmcnmrfte
mrfte nepe
nepett imc
imcucdu`
ucdu``ec
`ec jftre tuauh nec herge nfrf
h. Rmcg
Rmcg`edfe
`edfec
c Ol`us @mpmre
@mpmrewetec
wetec
5) Fnm
Fnmctfte
tftes
s `kf
kfm
mc
Imkfpu
Imkfputf
tf ce
ceie,
ie, dmcfs
dmcfs `mkeif
`mkeifc,
c, ui
uiur,
ur, ekeiet
ekeiet,, egeie,
egeie, su`u/a
su`u/aecg
ecgse,
se,
pmcnfnf`ec,
pmcnfnf`ec, pm`mrdeec, tecggek iesu` ruieh se`ft, nfegclse imnfs, nec
clilr rm`ei imnfs.

1) @mkuhec `kfmc

Rene uiuicye `mkuhec uteie pene `esus

:) Qfweye
yett `ms
`msmhe
mhetec
tec
e) Qf
Qfwe
weye
yett `msm
`msmhe
hete
tec
c sm`e
sm`ere
recg
cg
Rene hek- hek yecg secget pmrku nf`edf yeftu enekeh epe`eh tmrnepet
`mimrehec pene aegfec tuauh tmrtmctu smpmrtf aehu, pecgguk, tuift,
epe`
epe`eh
eh tfia
tfiauk
uk rese
rese cymr
cymrf,
f, te
tecn
cne-
e-te
tecn
cne
e sf
sfst
stmi
mif`
f` pmre
pmrene
necg
cgec
ec
tmriesu`
tmriesu` yeftu nmiei
nmiei nec duge pmcfcg`e
pmcfcg`etec
tec hftucg
hftucg smk nekei
nekei
nereh putfh, epe`eh tmrdenf pmcurucec amret aenec.
a) Qf
Qfwe
weye
yett `ms
`msmh
mhet
etec
ec nehu
nehuku
ku
Hek yecg duge pmrku nf`edf epe`eh yeftu smamkuicye `kfmc pmrceh
nfrewet, nec smamkuicye imipucyef rfweyet pmcye`ft smpmrtf NI,
Hfpmrtmcsf, JE Ieiiem.
j) Qf
Qfwe
weye
yett `ms
`msmh
mhet
etec
ec `mku
`mkuer
erge
ge
Qfweyet pene pmcye`ft pene `mkuerge yecg nftecye`ec yeftu yecg
pmcye`ft `mturucec smpmrtf 4 pene NI, ekmrgf, nec duge Hfpmrtmcsf
( eteu J_E). Qfweyet pene pmcye`ft `ukft necduge prlsmnur imnfs
Rene
Rene ye
yecg
cg pmrc
pmrceh
eh nfek
nfekei
eifl
flkm
kmh
h `k
`kfm
fmc.
c. Hek
Hek fcf
fcf enek
enekeh
eh uctu
uctu`
`
imiamrf`ec suetu fcolriesf epe`eh ene pmruaehec pene `ukft yecg
imrupe`ec iecfomstesf nerf suetu pmcye`ft sfstmif` smpmrtf 4 pene
fcom`sf `rlcfs, nec `ec`mr, NI.
n) Qfwe
Qfweye
yett pmcg
pmcgla
laet
etec
ec
@kfmc
@kfmc imcge
imcgete`
te`ec
ec pmrce
pmrceh
h imcggu
imcgguce`
ce`ec
ec smaue
smaueh
h la
laet-
et- la
laete
etec.
c.
Vecg
Vecg duge
duge pmrk
pmrku
u nf`e
nf`edf
df pmre
pmrewe
wett enek
enekeh
eh ye
yeft
ftu4
u4 @epe
@epec
c `k
`kfm
fmc
c
pmcg
pmcgla
laet
etec
ec nfiu
nfiuke
kef,
f, duge
duge Nlsf
Nlsfs
s nec
nec orm`
orm`um
umcs
csf,
f, ene
ene we`t
we`tu
u
amre`hfrcye `kfmc ifcui laet.
m) Qfweyet n
nffmt
Rmcuru
curuc
cec amret
ret aen
aenec, nec
nec du
dug
ge tf
tfc
cggf aene
enec, aeh`e
eh`ec
c
pmrtuiauhec aenec nec pene ie`ecec yecg nf`lcsuisf nekei
smhe
mherf
rf-- her
erf.
f. Ie`
e`e
e cutrfs
trfsff yecg
yecg secge
cget `u
`ure
rec
cg enm`
m`u
uet
 imcymaea`ec pene `ukft iuneh uctu` tmr`mce kmsf nec duge prlsms
pmcymiauhec pene ku`e yecg suneh keie
o) Ztetu
tetus
s sl
slsf
sfe
ek m
m`l
`lc
clif
lif
]ctu` ftu imcgfnmctfof`esf oe`tlr nerf kfcg`ucgec nec tfcg`et pene
pmrm`lcl
pmrm`lclifec
ifec yecg duge nepet imipmcge
imipmcgeruhf
ruhf pene plke hfnup
`kfmc
`kfmc smherf
smherf-- he
herf,
rf, `ermce
`ermce ftu hek fcf imiuc
imiucg`f
g`fc`e
c`ec
c duge
duge nepet
nepet

imcymaea`ec pene pmcye`ft `ukft.

g) Ztet
Ztetus
us psf`
psf`ls
lsls
lsfe
fekk
@miucg`f
@miucg`fcec
cec pene hesfk
hesfk pmimrf`s
pmimrf`seec
eec psf`lsls
psf`lslsfek
fek yecg nepet
nepet
teip
teipe`
e` pene
pene smau
smaueh
eh `k
`kfm
fmc
c yeft
yeftu
u 4 pene
pene pmre
pmrese
seec
ec nmpr
nmprms
msf,
f,
necorustesf, eteu ecsfmtes/ `mjmiesec.
>) Rmimr
mimrf`
f`se
see
ec ofs
ofsf`
e) @meneec ui
uiui
Rene
Rene pesf
pesfmc
mc Rrm
Rrm Lp Je Ieii
Ieiiem
em afes
afesec
eccy
cye
e tf
tfne
ne`
` tm
tmrd
rden
enff
pmcurucec
`msenere
`msenerec
c (jliplsim
(jliplsimctfs
ctfs),
), uctu`
uctu` pmimrf`s
pmimrf`seec
eec tecne-tec
tecne-tecne
ne vftek
vftek
yecg nf`edf yeftu tm`ecec nereh, suhu, cenf, rmspfresf.
a) Reyu
Reyune
nere
re nec
nec `m
`mtf
tfe`
e`
F. Fcspm`sf
Af
Afese
esecy
cye
e en
ene
e amcdl
amcdlkec
kec yecg
yecg imcm`e
imcm`ec
c pe
peyun
yunere
ere,, en
enecy
ecye
e
uk`us
nec
nec amrw
amrwer
erce
ce imre
imreh
h, `m
`mku
kuer
er je
jefr
frec
ec nerf
nerf putt
puttcg
cg.. Zmrt
Zmrte
e
peyunere
imcgmrut smpmrtf `ukft dmru`.
FF. Rekpesf
^mre
^mreae
ae amcd
amcdlk
lkec
ec peyu
peyune
nere
re yecg
yecg imcm
imcmgm
gmre
res
s nec
nec tm
tmre
reae
ae
pmiamcg`
pmiamcg`e``e
e``ec,
c, tmrea
tmreae
e pmiamser
pmiamserec
ec `mkmcder
`mkmcder gmteh
gmteh amcfcg
amcfcg
nf`mtfe` eteu tfiauk amcdfkec `mjfk nf aeweh `mtfe` nec pene
pm
pmcnm
cnmrft
rfte
e Je Ieiiem
Ieiiem yecg
yecg suneh
suneh pereh
pereh e`ec
e`ec tmrne
tmrnepet
pet
jefrec
yecg `mkuer nerf putfcg `mtf`e nftm`ec.
f. Nf
Nfeg
egcl
clse
se @mpm
@mpmre
rewe
wete
tec
c
5) Gecgguec fctmgrftes derfcgec/
derfcgec/ `ukft
`ukft
1) Cymrf
Cymrf `rlcf`
`rlcf`
:) Gecgguec
Gecgguec ilafk
ilafkftes
ftes ofsf`
ofsf`
>) Nmofsft
Nmofsft pmrew
pmrewetec
etec nfrf
 =) Qmsf`
Qmsf`l
l fcom`
fcom`sf
sf
d. Fctmrvmcsf @mpmre
@mpmrewetec
wetec

Cl Nfegclse @mpmrewetec ^uduec @mpmrewetec Fctmrvmcsf @mpmrewetec

5 Gecgguec fctmgrftes derfcgec/ Zmtm
Zmtmke
keh
h nf
nfke
ke`u
`u`e
`ec
c tf
tfcn
cne`e`ec
ec Rmrewetec fctmgrftes `ukft
`ukft `mpmrewetec nfherep`ec Lasmrvesf4
fctm
fctmgr
grft
ftes
es `u
`ukf
kftt nec
nec de derf
rfcg
cgec
ec  Fnmctf
Fnm ctfof`
of`esf
esf pmc
pmcyma
ymaeaea
imcfcg`et gecg
gecggu guec
ec fc
fctm
tmgr
grft
ftes
es
`ukft
^mrepmutf`4
 ]aeh plsfsf tfep 1 dei
df`e tfreh aerfcg
 Guce`ec prlnu`
amra
amraehehec
ec pmtr
pmtrlklkfu
fuii
eteu ifcye` pene `ukft
`mrfcg
 Hfcnerf prlnu`
amraehec neser
ek`lhlk pene `ukft
Mnu`esf
 Ecdur`ec
imcgguce`ec
pmkmiaea
 Ecdur`ec ifcui efr
yecg ju`up
 Ecdur`ec
imcfcg`et`
imcfc g`et`ec
ec esupe
esupec
c
cutrfsf
 Ecdur`ec imcghfcnerf
tmrpeper suhu m`strmi
 Ecdur`ec iecnf nec
imcg
im cggu
guc`c`ec
ec seau
seauc
c
smju`upcye
Rmrewetec ku`e
Lasmrvesf4
 Ilcftl
Ilc ftlrr `er
`ere`t
e`tmrf
mrfstf
stf`
`
ku`e
 Ilcf
Il cftl
tlrr tecn
tecne-
e-te
tecn
cne e
fcom`sf
^mrepmutf`4
 Kmpes`ec
Kmpes `ec aekut
aekutec
ec nec
pkmstmr smjere
pmrkehec
 Amrs
mrsfh
fh``ec nmcg
nmcgecec
jefrec CeJk eteu
pmiamrsfh clctl`sf`
 Amrs
Amrsfh
fh`e
`ecc de
derf
rfcg
cgec
ec
cm`rltf`
 Amrf
Amrf`e
`ecc sekm
sekmp
p ye yecg
cg
smsuef `m `ukft/kmsf, df`e
pmrku

Resecg aekutec smsuef
dmcfs ku`e
 Rmrt
Rmrteh
ehec
ec`e
`ec
c tm`c
tm`cf`
f`
stmrfk
stmrfk seet
seet imk
imke`u
e`u`ec
`ec
pmrewetec ku`e
Mnu`esf
 Dmke
Dmkes`
s`ec
ec tecn tecne
e nec
nec
gmdeke fcom`sf
 Ecdur`ec
imcg`lcsuisf
ie`ece
ie` ececc tfcggf
tfcggf `eklrf
`eklrf
nec prltmfc
@lkealresf
 @lke
@lkeal
alre
resf
sf prls
prlsmn
mnur
ur
nmarfnmimct
 @lkealresf
@lkea lresf pmiapmiamrfec
mrfec
ectfafltf`, df`e pmrku

1 Cymrf `rlcf` Zmtmkeh nfke`u`ec tfcne`ec Iecedmimc cymrf

 `mpmrewetec nfherep`ec tfcg`et Lasmrvesf4
cymrf imcuruc  Fnmc
Fnmctf
tfof
of`
`esf
esf kl
kl`
`esf,
esf,
`ere`t
`er e`tmrf
mrfstf
stf`,
`, nur
nuresf
esf,,
orm`
orm`um
umcscsf,
f, `uek
`uekft
ftes
es,,
fctmcsftes cymrf
 Fnmctfof`esf s`eke cymrf
 Fnmc
Fnmctf
tfof
of`e
`esf
sf rmsp
rmsplclcs
s
cymrf clc vmraek
 Fnmctfof`esf oe`tlr yecg
imipmramret nec
imipmrfcgec cymrf

Fnmctfof`esf
pmcgmtehuec nec
`mye`
mye`fc fcec
ec tmct
tmctec
ecg g
cymrf
 Fnmctf
Fnm ctfof`
of`esf
esf pmcger
pmcgeruh uh
cy
cymrmrff pene
pene `uek `uekft
ftes
es
hfnup
 Ilcftlr
Ilcft lr mom` seipseipfcgfcg
pmcgguceec ecekgmtf`
^mrepmutf`4
 Amrf`ec tm`cf`
clcoerie`l
clcoer ie`lklgf
klgf uctu`
imcgurecgf rese cymrf
 @lct
@lctrl rlkk kf
kfcg
cg`u
`ucg
cgecec
yecg
yecg imi
mipm pmra
ramr
mret
et
rese cymrf
 Oesfkftesf
Oesfk ftesf fstfr
fstfrehet
ehet nec
tfnur

Rmrtfi
Rmr tfiaec
aecg`e
g`ec
c dmc
dmcfs
fs
nec suiamr cymrf
nekei pmifkfhec
stre
stretm
tmgf
gf im
imrmrmne
ne`e
`ecc
cymrf
Mnu`esf
 Dm
Dmkekes`
s`ecec pmcy
pmcyma maea
ea,,
pmrf
pmrflnlnm, m, nec
nec pmif
pmifjuju
cymrf
 Dmkes`ec stretmgf
imrmne`ec cymrf
 Eder`ec tm`cf`
clcoerie`lklgfs uctu`
imcgurecgf rese cymrf
@lkealresf
 @lkealresf
@lkea lresf pmia
pmiamrfec
mrfec
ecekgmtf`, df`e pmrku
: Gecgguec ilafkftes ofsf` Zmtmkeh nfke`u`ec tfcne`ec Nu`ucgec ilafkfsesf
`mpmrewetec nfherep`ec Lasmrvesf4
ilafkftes ofsf` imcfcg`et  Fnmc
Fnmctf tfof
of`e
`esfsf enec
enecyeye
cymrf eteu `mkuhec ofsf`
kefccye
 Fnmc
Fnmctf tfof
of`e
`esfsf tlkm
tlkmre
recs
csff
ofsf` imke`u`ec
pmrgmre`ec
 Ilcftlr orm`umcsf
dectucg nec tm`ecec
nereh smamkui
imiukef ilafkfsesf
 Ilcftlr
Ilcft lr `lcn
`lcnfsf
fsf uiui
smk
mkei
eie e imk
mke`
e`u`
u`ec
ec
ilafkfsesf
^mrepmutf`4
 Oes
Oesfk fkft
ftes
esff e`tf
e`tfvf
vfte
tes
s
ilafkfsesf nmcgec eket
aectu

Oesfkf
Oes fkftes
tesff imke`u
imke`u`ec`ec
 pmrgmre`ec, df`e pmrku
 Kf
Kfae
aet`
t`ec
ec `m
`mku
kue
erg
rge
e
uctu` imiaectu
pesfmc nekei
imcfcg`et`ec
pmrgmre`ec
Mnu`esf
 Dm
Dmke
kes`
s`ec
ec tudue
tuduec
c nec
nec
prlsmnur ilafkfsesf
 Ecdur`ec imke`u`ec
ilafkfsesf nfcf

Eder`ec ilafkfsesf
smnmrhece yecg herus
nfke`u`ec (ifs. Nunu`
nf tmipet tfnur)
> Nmofsft pmrewetec nfrf Zmtmkeh nfke`u`ec tfcne`ec Nu`ucgec pmrewetec nfrf
`mpmrewetec nfherep`ec Lasmrvesf4
pmrewetec nfrf imcfcg`et  Fnmctfof`es
Fnmctf of`esff `mafeseec
`mafeseec
e`tfvftes pmrewetec nfrf
smsuef usfe
 Ilcftlr tfcg`et
`miecnfrfec
 Fnmctfof`es
Fnmctf of`esff `mau
`mautuhec
tuhec
eket aectu `mamrsfhe
`mamrsfhec c
nfrf, amrpe`efec,
amrhfes, nec ie`ec
^mrepmutf`4
 Zmnfe`
Zmn fe`ec
ec kfcg`u
kfcg`ucge
cgec c
yecg tmreupmtf`

Zfep
Zfep`e `ecc `mpm
`mpmrkrkue
uec c
prfaenf
 Neipfcgf nekei
imke`u`ec
imke` u`ec pmrew
pmrewetec
etec
nfrf seipef iecnfrf
 Oesfkftesf uctu`
imcm
im cmrfrfie
ie `men
`menee eec c
`mtmrgectucgec
 Denw
Denwek ek`e
`ecc rutf
rutfcf
cfte
tess
pmrewetec nfrf
Mnu`esf
 Ecdur`ec imke`u`ec
pmrewetec
pmrew etec nfrf smje
smjere re
`lcsfstmc smsuef
`mieipuec
= Qmsf`l fcom`sf Zmtmkeh nfke`u`ec tfcne`ec Rmcjmgehec fcom`sf
`mpmrewetec nfherep`ec nmredet Lasmrvesf4
fcom`sf imcuruc  Ilcf
Il cftl
tlrr tecn
tecne e gmde
gmdeke ke
fcom`sf kl`ek nec
sfstmif`
^mrepmutf`
 Aetesf duikeh
pmcgucducg
 Amrf
Amrf`e`ecc pmre
pmrewe
wetetec c
`ukft pene nemreh
mnmie
 Jujff tec
Juj tecgec
gec smasmamku
mkuii
nec
nec sm smsu
sune
nehh `lct
`lcte` e`
nmcg
nmcgec ec pesfpesfmcmc nec nec
kfcg`ucgec pesfmc
 Rmrt
Rmrtehehecec`e
`ecc tm`c
tm`cf` f`
esmp
esmptf tf`
` pene
pene pesfpesfmc mc
amrfsf`l tfcggf
Mnu`esf
 Dmke
Dmkes`s`ec
ec tecntecnee nec nec
gmdeke fcom`sf

Eder`ec jere
 imimrf`se ku`e
 Ecdur`ec
imcfcg`et`
imcfc g`et`ec
ec esupe
esupecc
jefrec
@lkealresf
@lkealresf pmiamrfec
fiucfsesf, Df`e pmrku
Zuiamr 4 ZN@F, ZK@F, ZF@F 1256-1212
 NEO^EQ R]Z^E@E

Curerfo
Curerfo .E.H. nec @us
@usuie.
uie. H. (125=)
(125=).. ERKF@EZF
ERKF@EZF Esuhec
Esuhec @mpmrew
@mpmrewetec
etec Amrneser
Amrneser`ec.
`ec.
Nfegclse Imnfs & CECNE CFJ-CLJ. Dlgde`erte4 ImnfEjtflc
RRCF, ^fi Rl`de ZN@F NRR . (1258). Ztecner Nfegclsfs @mpmrewetec Fcnlcmsfe . NRR
RRCF. De`erte Zmketec.
RRCF, ^fi Rl`de ZN@F NRR . (1258). Ztecner Kuerec @mpmrewetec Fcnlcmsfe . NRR
RRCF. De`erte Zmketec.
RRCF, ^fi Rl`de ZF@F NRR . (1258). Ztecner Fctmrvmcsf @mpmrewetec Fcnlcmsfe . NRR
RRCF. De`erte Zmketec.
^esrfpfyeh. (1251).`lcsmp tmlrftfs je ieiiem, De`erte4 Enfteie
Wfdeye, E.Z nec Rutrf, V.I. 125:. @mpmrewetec Imnf`ek Amneh 1, @mpmrewetec Nmwese
^mlrf nec Jlctlh Es`mp. Vlgye`erte 4 Cuhe Imnf`e
Wfkkfei & @fcs. (1251). @mpmrewetec Imnf`ek Amneh. De`erte4 Zekmiae