Directions: Read the following sentences carefully.

Underline the DEPENDENT CLAUSE once and the INDEPENDENT

CLAUSE twice.

1. Although he knew all the sum, Arvin could not finish the Mathematics test.
2. Because my mother is sleeping, my father is reading a book.
3. A bee stung me when I picked a flower for you.
4. My mom will take us to the park today if she is nice.
5. Wherever he might go, I will follow him.
6. As the lights dim, I will say goodbye.
7. I will stay with you until the sun sets.
8. Because I can't wait, I will go walking.
9. I will stop at the grocery store after I leave work.
10. If the dress is on sale, she will buy it.

Directions: Write ACTIVE if the statement is in active voice and PASSIVE it is passive voice.

1. The boy teased the girl.

2. A cake was made by my mother yesterday.
3. The fish was eaten by the cat.
4. She has written a novel.
5. The police have caught the thief.
6. Have you finished the report?
7. This experience will never be forgotten by me.
8. Somebody stole my pen yesterday.
9. She was not beaten by me.
10. My pen was stolen by somebody yesterday.

Direction: Convert the active voice to passive voice and vice versa.

1. They took all the necessary precautions.

2. Storms are forecasted by the weatherman tomorrow.
3. New dentures are wanted by the man with no teeth.
4. I will finish the job by end of this week.
5. Jason kicks the ball.
 LANGUAGE and JOURNALISM

According to Clark(1985) - Language is so built into the way people live that it has become an axiom of being human. It
is the attribute that most clearly distinguishes from all others. It is what makes possible much of what we do, and
perhaps even we think.

According to Carroll (1986) - A language is an infinite set or well-formed of sentences. A person who knows a language
knows it's grammar, which is a finite set of rules.

According to Carroll (1986) - A grammar is a formal device with a finite set of rules that generates the sentences in the
language. (Rules in the grammar)

FUNDAMENTALS of ENGLISH GRAMMAR

PHRASE - a small group of words without a subject - verb component.

Examples: the informative age, earnest in her desire, after the earthquake, etc.

In a sentence:

 I am feeling well today.

 She forgot her car keys.

CLAUSE - A group of words containing a subject and verb or has a subject and predicate.

2 Types of Clauses

1. Independent clause - contains a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a complete thought.
Example:
I will stop at the grocery store.
The guitar is for sale.
I am going out for a run.

2. Dependent clause - has a subject and a predicate but cannot stand alone.
- it is subordinated by a conjunction making it depend on a main clause for completion.
Examples:
After I leave work.
Although she is hungry.
Because I am feeling well.

Subordinate Conjunctions - a word or phrase that links a dependent clause to an independent clause.

Examples: after, although, as, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until,
whatever, when, whenever, whether and while

Let's try to identify the dependent and independent clause.

1. Although it is raining, I am going out for a run.

2. I will stop at the grocery store after I leave work.
3. I will go to the party with you if you promise we'll be home by 11:00 pm.
4. Beverly is back fro work so she must take rest.
5. If you want to succeed in life, you must work hard.

SENTENCE - is a group of words that has a complete thought and has a subject and predicate.

SUBJECT - is the doer of the action or the one being talked about in the sentence.

PREDICATE - describes the subject. It tells something about the subject.

Examples:

1. Julius Caesar conquered Gaul.

2. The rain waters all places around.
3. The Catholic religion explains the Holy Trinity.
4. Juvenile delinquency seems to be a challenge to the government.
5. Beverly is the smartest student in the class.

2 Kinds of Voices

1. Active voice - the subject performs the action expressed by the verb.
Examples:
 Giselle sings a song.
 James finished the homework.
 The puppy chewed the shoe.

2. Passive voice - the subject receives the action expressed by the verb.
Examples:
 A song is sung by Giselle.
 The homework was finished by James.
 The shoe was chewed by the puppy.

General rules of converting active voice to passive voice

1. The subject in the active voice becomes the object in the passive voice and the object of the active voice
becomes the subject in the passive voice.
2. Put "by" in front of the subject in the passive voice.

General rules of converting passive voice to active voice.

1. The subject of passive voice becomes object in the active voice and the object in passive voice becomes the
subject in ctive voice.
2. Remove the preposition 'by'.

Convert the following sentences into passive voice.

1. Sofia watered the flowers.

2. He sings a song.
3. The boy killed the spider.

Convert the following sentences into active voice.

1. The rice was cooked by Hernan.

2. The broom was used by Anna in the terrace.
3. A flower is held by Renzo.
It is confusing when you change the sentence from active to passive voice and vice versa. However, if you know how to
convert the tense of the verb then it is easy. Here are some examples below for better understanding of how to do it.

Tense/Verb Form Active Voice Passive Voice

Simple Present sells is sold

Present Continuous is selling is being sold

Simple Past sold was sold

Past Continuous was selling was being sold

Present Perfect has sold has been sold

Future will sell will be sold

Conditional would sell would be sold

Perfect Conditional would have sold would have been sold

Present Infinitive to sell to be sold

Perfect Infinitive to have sold to have been sold

Present Participle/Gerunds selling being sold

Perfect Participle having sold having been sold

Kind of Sentences according to use.

1. Declarative sentence - declares or asserts something. It ends with a period.

Examples:
The child is sick.
Alexander Dumas wrote "The Three Musketeers."
2. Interrogative sentence - asks a question. It ends with a question mark.
Examples:
Who is that charming girl?
What is home without a mother?
3. Imperative sentence - asks, request or commands someone to do something. It ends either with a period or
exclamation point.
Examples:
Please bring my book tomorrow.
Clear the road at once!
4. Exclamatory sentence - conveys a strong feeling or sudden emotion. It ends with exclamation point.
Examples:
He is the thief!
That is wonderful!