Handout 2
Handout 2
Handout 2
Configurations & Systems Designer can introduce more than one mutually-exclusive
bridge alternative for the same bridge, a feature useful for
comparing design alternatives
For example, a two-span bridge can be compared to a one-
span bridge for the same crossing
Each mutually-exclusive alternative configuration for a bridge
is called a Bridge Alternative
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Cable Stayed Bridges
Cables are attached to the towers, which alone bear the
load
Appropriate for medium span bridges (500 to 2800ft)
Requires less cable then a suspension bridge
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Parallel attachment: cables are made nearly parallel by having the height
of attachment on the pillar be similar to the
To prevent sideways & vertical movements of the distance from the pillar along the roadway
tower/pylon & deck under asymmetrical live loading Radial attachment: cables connect to or pass over the top of the pillar
Possible to maintain stability of the whole structure by
resisting only the horizontal & vertical components of the
forces generated
These distances
are equal
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Parallel & Radial Cable attachments Tension & Compression Important!
The tower is responsible for
absorbing & dealing with
compression forces Tension
Tension occurs along the cable lines
A moving load is not applied evenly
across the bridge, & as it moves one
set or the other of the diagonals
will find itself in tension
Compression
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Similar to that used for normal pre-stressing work S- section wires Polyethylene duct
May comprise of: multi-strand cable made up of Trapezoidal section wires Cement grout
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Methods of Erection
Methods of Erection
Various methods in practice include:
Erect on temporary props
Free cantilever with progressive placing
Balanced cantilever
Push-out
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Suspension Bridges
Suspension Bridges
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Suspension Bridges
Suited to spans exceeding 500 m, can span distances from 2,000 to 7,000 ft
Comprise of cables slung over two towers
Suspension Bridge Wobble
Cable ends are usually earth anchored
Girder generally has fixed hinges at the piers & movable ones at the towers
Apart from the towers, all the highly stressed parts of a suspension bridge are in
tension
A suspension bridge suspends the roadway from huge main cables, which
extend from one end of the bridge to the other
These cables rest on top of towers & are secured at each end by anchorages
Aesthetic, light & strong
Can span distances far longer than any other kind of bridge
The most expensive bridges to build
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
The Tower
The Tower
The towers are the struts for the suspension bridge. They receive
all of the compressive forces
These members have to be thick enough to resist buckling,
flexure, & oscillation
They have to withstand minor changes as a result of live loads &
temperature changes
The main job of the towers is to withstand the forces that are
exerted on it by the cables
Depends upon the height & mode of erection & may be:
shop-fabricated in steel as complete units
Made up from cellular or box girder sections
In situ concrete either cast lift-by-lift or slip-formed
Hangers
Cable Clamped directly to the suspension cable with tightly bolted bands
The main cable wrapping only extends up to the bands as these
All of the tension forces in the bridge is
are fixed prior to the wrapping operation
transferred to the main cable through the
suspenders
The cables need to allow vibration & be
resistant to corrosion
Generally span in place from individual
galvanized wires, or positioned similar to the
method used for cable-stayed bridges
The wire or stands are compacted together &
then bound in galvanized wire & coated with
weather- resistant paint to aid corrosion
protection
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Deck Unit
The deck needs to be rigid to prevent any dipping as live loads Anchorages
pass, yet it needs to be as light as possible
The deck is a major factor in calculating the dead load & tension Fundamental to the stability of a
in the main cable suspension bridge
Two types of deck system are used for suspension bridges:
The anchorages pull the side spans to the
Trussed girders & Steel box sections ground & fixes them in place
The anchors must be able to hold down
the cable with its weight or by transferring
the tension in the ropes to the ground
There are commonly three types:
Rock anchors
Tunnel anchorage
Gravity anchorage
Anchorages Saddles
The moment of the weight of the anchor must be greater
than that coming from the tension in the cable The saddle at the top of each tower & the splay saddles are cast
in steel & grooved, stepped & divided with steel spacers to aid
wire location during spinning
A cover plate is provided for protection against corrosion
The whole unit is bolted down to resist movement
y 3
W per unit length
From eq. 2
Neglect :because 2nd
x dx For small angles order term
1
2
Expanding Eq. 1
4
For very small angles
Equation 4 states that the rate of change of Horizontal Force is Zero;
Neglect: because that means the horizontal force is constant.
2nd order term
T sin T cos d dT sin cos d dT T sin wdx 0
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
H V L/ L/
V H
Let us say that the Horizontal Force is H Integrating the above equation
2 2
Therefore from Eq. 4 5 y s=sag
x
Substituting Eq. 5 in Eq. 3
H dy
d( sin ) wdx
cos At the origin 0 and therefore
dx
Integrating ; 6 ; or 7
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, UNIVERSITY OF PERADENIYA
Basic Modeling Issues Basic Loads
Modeling of Cables Modeling of Pylons
The Dead load of deck is primary loading
Modeling the Flexibility & Stability
Consider the Nonlinearity due
to profile & material Partial construction loading & unbalanced Aero elastic loading due to wind
conditions
Modeling of Saddles & Resonance, Flutter, Vortex shedding
Anchors Modeling of Expansion Joint
Seismic load & amplification
Modeling of Deck Accommodating Large Moments
The extent of deck model & Transfer of large forces Expansion due temperature change
level of detail
Modeling of Foundations Cable elongation effects
Global Model & Local Models
Foundations are often under water
Modeling of Hangers Traffic/ Truck load is less important
Very large loads & moments
Modeling Water waves, collision etc. Generally uniformly distributed load is considered
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