MGT - Chapter 3 For Students (I.b.)
MGT - Chapter 3 For Students (I.b.)
MGT - Chapter 3 For Students (I.b.)
We can arrange the world’s three political ideologies on a horizontal scale, with
one on either end and one in the middle.
1) Totalitarianism
The belief that every aspect of people’s live must be controlled in order for a
political system to be effective.
It does not tolerate opposing viewpoints.
Totalitarian governments tend to share three features:
- Imposed Authority
- Lack of Constitutional Guarantees
- Restricted Participation
Theocratic Totalitarianism: A political system in which a country’s religious
leaders are also its political leaders is called a theocracy.
Secular Totalitarianism: A political system in which political leaders rely on
military and bureaucratic power is called secular totalitarianism. It takes three
forms: communist, tribal, and right-wing.
2) Anarchism
The belief that only individuals, and private groups should control a nation’s
political activities.
3) Pluralism
The belief that both private and public groups play important roles in a
nation’s political activities.
A democracy is a political system in which government leaders are elected
directly by the wide participation of the people or by their representatives.
Democracy differs from totalitarianism in nearly every respect.
For practical reasons most nations resort to a representative democracy in
which citizens elect individuals from their groups to represent their political
views.
Representative democracies strive to provide some or all of the followings:
- Freedom of Expression
- Periodic Elections
- Full Civil and Property Rights
- Minority Rights
- Nonpolitical Bureaucracies
2. Economic Systems
3. Legal Systems
1) The common law system originated in England ten centuries ago. Common
law takes into account particular situations and circumstances.
It is based on:
- Tradition, or a nation’s legal history.
- Precedent, or past cases that have come before the courts.
- And usage, or how laws are applied in specific situations.
2) Civil law can be traced to Rome in the fifth century B.C. and is the most
common legal tradition.
3) Firms operating in countries with theocratic legal systems must be sensitive
to local values and beliefs.
Islamic law is the most widely practiced theocratic legal system today.
CULTURE MATTERS
Understanding legal systems in other countries begins with an awareness
about culture differences. Here are examples of several nations’ legal
environment:
1) Japan
Japan’s harmony-based, consensus-driven culture considers court battles
to be a last resort (((((last option or choice))))). But with growing patent
disputes and a rise in cross-border mergers, Japan is discovering the value
of lawyers. Japan has just 22,000 licensed attorneys compared with more
than one million in the United States. So Japan is minting thousands of
new lawyers every year. Japan businesses now litigate disputes that once
might have been settled between parties.
2) Saudi Arabia
Islam permeates every aspect of life in Saudi Arabia and affects its laws,
politics, economics, and social development. Islamic law is grounded in
religious teachings contained in the Koran and governs both criminal and
civil cases. The Koran, in fact, is considered Saudi Arabia’s constitution. The
king and the council of ministers exercise all executive and legislative
authority within the framework of Islamic law.