SST

1. We live in an ageing world.
While this has been recognized for some time in

developed countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully
acknowledged. Global communication is "shrinking" the world, and global
ageing is "maturing" it. The increasing presence of older persons in the world is
making people of all ages more aware that we live in a diverse and
multigenerational society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless
of whether one views it positively or negatively. Demographers note that if
current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a demographic revolution,
wherein the proportions of the young and the old will undergo a historic
crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the
world's population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution
traditionally considered the most significant social and economic
breakthrough in the history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked
the beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic growth in
much the same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented
and sustained movement toward a "global culture". The demographic
revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as powerful. While the future effects
are not known, a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as well as
the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which exploration and
research, dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and
economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of
diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present
themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources
societies stand to gain from their contribution. The Brundtland Report, Our
Common Future (1987), defines sustainable development as "development
which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs'. Implicit in this definition is the
idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained. Is this true?
Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new
technologies and huge improvements in living standards. To assume that we
know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is
mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on
borrowed time. Only if we assume that society will remain static can we
understand the needs of the future. The way we live today could not have
been predicted twenty years ago. The sustainability paradigm fails to
recognize this. It is a static view and thus places limits on human ingenuity.
Similarly, a whole host of false assumptions dominate environmental thought;
the scale of problems is exaggerated, the amount of resources is
underestimated and spurious links are made between areas such as green
policies and profit, poverty and environmental degradation. Those of us who
want a better future need to question these assumptions.
Answer:
The Brundtland Report defines sustainable development as the development
which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs; moreover, only if we assume that
society will remain static can we understand the needs of the future, and the
sustainability paradigm is a static view and thus places limits on human
ingenuity, and lastly, we need to question spurious links between green
policies and profit.
2. On October 12, 1492 (the first day he encountered the native people of the
Americas), Columbus wrote in his journal: They should be good servants. I, our
Lord being pleased, will take hence, at the time of my departure, six natives
for your Highnesses. These captives were later paraded through the streets of
Barcelona and Seville when Columbus returned to Spain. From his very first
contact with native people, Columbus had their domination in mind. For
example, on October 14, 1492, Columbus wrote in his journal, with fifty men
they can all be subjugated and made to do what is required of them. These
were not mere words: after his second voyage, Columbus sent back a
consignment of natives to be sold as slaves. Yet in an April, 1493, letter to Luis
de Santangel (a patron who helped fund the first voyage), Columbus made
clear that the people he encountered had done nothing to deserve ill
treatment.
Answer:
On October 12, 1492, Columbus wrote in his journal that the native people of
the Americas should be good servants; moreover, from his very first contact
with native people, Columbus had their domination in mind, and after his
second voyage, Columbus sent back a consignment of natives to be sold as
slaves, and lastly, in a letter to Luis de Santangel, Columbus made clear that
the natives had done nothing to deserve ill treatment.
3. By living in close contact with humans, dogs have developed specific skills
that enable them to interact and communicate effectively with people.
Recent studies have shown that the canine brain can pick up on emotional
cues contained in a person's voice, body odor and posture, and read their
faces. In this study, the authors observed what happened when they
presented photographs of the same two adults' faces (a man and a woman)
to 26 feeding dogs. The images were placed strategically to the sides of the
animals' line of sight and the photos showed a human face expressing one of
the six basic human emotions: anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise,
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disgust or being neutral. The dogs showed greater response and cardiac
activity when shown photographs that expressed arousing emotional states
such as anger, fear and happiness. They also took longer to resume feeding
after seeing these images. The dogs' increased heart rate indicated that in
these cases they experienced higher levels of stress. In addition, dogs turned
their heads to the left when they saw human faces expressing anger, fear or
happiness. The reverse happened when the faces looked surprised, possibly
because dogs view it as a non-threatening, relaxed expression. These
findings, therefore, support the existence of an asymmetrical emotional
modulation of dogs' brains to process basic human emotions. Negotiation is a
common process in business to mainly solve business conflicts between both
parties. Compromise is a basic negotiation state in which both parties give up
something that they want in order to get something else they want more.
Compromise usually occurs in unfair parties when there is a fixed pie to be
divided up, and whatever on one side gets, the other side loses. In
compromise situations, neither side gets all of what they really want, but they
each make concessions in order to reach an agreement that is acceptable to
both. Both parties usually can reach win-win concept through compromise.
However, negotiation cannot resolve all the conflict if one party is unwilling to
resolve the problem.
Answer:
Negotiation is a common process in business to mainly solve business conflicts
between both parties; moreover, a compromise is a basic negotiation state in
which both parties give up something that they want in order to get
something else they want more, and lastly, a negotiation cannot resolve all
the conflict if one party is unwilling to resolve the problem.</html>
4. A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order,

an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or
presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can
mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet persuasion to
the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic
leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies
through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of leadership as a
spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one
end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the
president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or
a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is
casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around the
world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals
whose lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind–the out-infront,
authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by men. Some
men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a
strategy of “leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have
been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well as some men)
have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern
has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible,
authoritative leadership. If you are inspired to take concrete action for global
peace and development, take a look at the United Nations Volunteers (UNV)
program. Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and experienced women and men
of some 160 different nationalities volunteer at least six months of their lives to
help others. These UN Volunteers work in some 130 countries promoting peace,
responding to disasters, empowering communities and helping to build
sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN Volunteers come from
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dozens of professional backgrounds but all of them are catalysts of positive
change. They are encouraged to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster
volunteerism for peace and development both within and beyond their
assignments. They work at the heart of communities in partnership with
governments, United Nations entities and civil society. Being a UN Volunteer is
not a career (you are currently limited to four years of service), but it is rich
with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal rewards. As a UN
Volunteer you receive a Volunteer Living Allowance (VLA) which covers basic
needs, housing and utilities. Additionally, UNV will provide a settling-in-grant,
life, health, and permanent disability insurance, return airfares and a nominal
resettlement allowance.
Answer:
Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and experienced women and men of some
160 different nationalities volunteer to help others at the United Nations
Volunteers (UNV) program; moreover, these UN Volunteers work in some 130
countries promoting peace, responding to disasters, empowering
communities and helping to build sustainable livelihoods and lasting
development, and lastly, being a UN Volunteer is not a career, but it is rich
with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal rewards.
5. Negotiation is a common process in business to mainly solve business conflicts
between both parties. Compromise is a basic negotiation state in which both
parties give up something that they want in order to get something else they
want more. Compromise usually occurs in unfair parties when there is a fixed
pie to be divided up, and whatever on one side gets, the other side loses. In
compromise situations, neither side gets all of what they really want, but they
each make concessions in order to reach an agreement that is acceptable to
both. Both parties usually can reach win-win concept through compromise.
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However, negotiation cannot resolve all the conflict if one party is unwilling to
resolve the problem.
Answer:
In the process of negotiation, compromise is a basic negotiation state in
which both parties give up something and get something else in order to
reach an agreement that is acceptable to both, but negotiation cannot
resolve all the conflict if one party is unwilling to resolve the problem.
6. Tim Berners-Lee believes the internet can foster human understanding and
even world peace. He is the man who has changed the world more than
anyone else in the past hundred years. Sir Tim Berners-Lee may be a mildmannered
academic who lives modestly in Boston, but as the inventor of the
world wide web he is also a revolutionary. Along with Galileo, William Caxton
and Sir Isaac Newton, he is a scientist who has altered the way people think
as well as the way they live Since the web went global 20 years ago, the way
we shop, listen to music and communicate has been transformed. There are
implications for politics, literature, economics even terrorism because an
individual can now have the same access to information as the elite. Society
will never be the same. The computer scientist from Oxford, who built his own
computer from a television screen and spare parts after he was banned from
one of the university computers, is a cultural guru as much as a technological
one. It is amazing how far we've come, he says. But you're always wondering
what’s the next crazy idea, and working to make sure the web stays one web
and that the internet stays open. There isn't much time to sit back and reflect.
We speak for more than an hour about everything from Facebook to fatwas,
Wikipedia to Google. He invented the web, he says, because he was
frustrated that he couldn't find all the information he wanted in one place. It
was an imaginary concept that he realized.
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Answer:
Tim- Berners-Lee, the inventor of the world wide web, is a revolutionary
scientist who has altered the way people think as well as the way they live,
believing the internet can foster human understanding and even world peace,
because an individual now have the same access to information as the elite;
there is not much time to sit back and reflect because society will never be
the same.
7. With the population growth, the demand for resources has been growing as
well. There is an expected increase in demand for various alternative
resources, raw materials, timber for paper using, (…energy… materials…). The
increase of demand also happens in the non-renewable resource field, such
as metal. The demand for petrol, diesel and crude oil is also huge to cope with
the demand for manufacturing plastics. People should ensure natural world
can still work well to earn the future wellbeing because the world population
rises.
Answer:
There is an expected increase in demand for various alternative resources,
but people should ensure natural world can still work well to earn the future
well-being because the world population rises.
8. Brand loyalty exists when consumers repeat-purchase your brand rather than
swapping and switching between brands. It is widely agreed that it is far more
expensive to have to find a new customer than to keep existing ones happy,
so brand loyalty is crucial for achieving high-profit margins. For charities, it is
important to set a marketing objective of improving brand loyalty. If existing
donors can be persuaded to set up a direct debit to the charity, its cash flow
will improve significantly. Although some brands stay fresh for generations
(Marmite is over 100 years old) others become jaded due to changes in
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consumer tastes and lifestyles. At this point, the firms need to refresh the
brand image to keep the products relevant to the target market. A clear
objective must be set. For instance: what brand attributes do we want to
create? What do we want the brand to stand for? This occurs when a firm
aims to a change a brand’s image, so that the brand appeals to a new
target market. Twelve years into its life cycle, McVitie's decided to reposition
its Hobnobs biscuit brand. Hobnobs had been positioned as a homely, quite
healthy biscuit for middle-aged consumers. Research pointed McVitie's in a
new direction: younger, more male, and less dull. So new packaging was
designed and then launched in conjunction with a new, brighter advertising
campaign. In 2013 Hobnobs sales were worth 36 million pounds, 9 percent up
on the previous year.
Answer:
9. When people start thinking about language, the first question which often
occurs to them is this: is language natural to humans? - in the same way that
grunting is natural to pigs, and barking comes naturally to dogs. Or is it just
something we happen to have learned? - in the same way that dogs may
learn to beg, or elephants may learn to waltz, or humans may learn to play
the guitar. Clearly, in one sense, children 'learn' whatever language they are
exposed to, be it Chinese, Nootka or English. So no one would deny that
'learning' is very important. But the crucial question is whether children are
born with 'blank sheets' in their head as far as language is concerned - or
whether humans are 'programmed' with an outline knowledge of the structure
of languages in general. This question of whether language is partly due to
nature or wholly due to learning or nurture is often referred to as the
naturenurture controversy, and has been discussed for centuries. For example, it
was
the topic of one of Plato's dialogues, the Cratylus. Controversies which have
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been going on for literally ages tend to behave in a characteristic fashion.
They lie dormant for a while, then break out fiercely. This particular issue
resurfaced in linguistics in 1959 when the linguist Noam Chomsky wrote a
devastating and witty review of Verbal Behavior, a book by the Harvard
psychologist B.F. Skinner (Skinner 1957; Chomsky 1959). This book claimed to
'explain' language as a set of habits gradually built up over the years.
According to Skinner, no complicated innate or mental mechanisms are
needed. All that is necessary is the systematic observation of the events in the
external world which prompt the speaker to utter sounds.
Answer:
This question of whether language is partly due to nature or wholly due to
learning or nurture is often referred to as the nature-nurture controversy,
because this issue resurfaced in linguistics when the linguist Noam Chomsky
wrote a devastating and witty review of Verbal Behavior, while Skinner’s book
claimed to 'explain' language as a set of habits gradually built up over the
years.
10. Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been
commercially viable. What's been lacking is the performance data needed to
demonstrate that these technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally
beneficial, and suitable to be insured. Over the past 13 years, our Department
of Architecture & Civil Engineering has led on research into straw as a lowimpact
building material. This work, which has included developing a unique
straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and testing, has now
culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM TRADA’s Q-Mark
certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety,
durability and weather-resilience and means that developers and
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homebuyers can now get insurance and mortgages for straw homes and
buildings. The innovative straw walls in the new houses provide two times
more insulation than required by current UK building regulations. Based on
monitoring a residential straw-bale development in Leeds, fuel bill reductions
up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using ModCell
technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame
infilled with straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable limebased
system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology
combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best operational CO²
performance of any system of construction currently available. In fact, as an
agricultural co-product, straw buildings can be carbon negative as straw
absorbs CO² when it grows.
Answer:
Our Department has led research into straw as a low-impact building
material and the BM TRADA’s Q-Mark certification guarantees a straw
building’s energy efficiency, fire safety, durability and weather-resilience as
the technology combines the lowest carbon footprint and the best
operational CO² performance, which enables the innovative straw walls to
provide insulation and reduce fuel bills.
11. In such an environment, warfare is no longer purely directed against the
military potential of adversarial states. It is rather directed at infiltrating all
areas of their societies and to threaten their existences. The comparatively
easy access to weapons of mass destruction, in particular relatively and lowcost
biological agents, is of key concern. Both governmental and nongovernmental actors
prefer to use force in a way that can be characterized
as “unconventional” or also as “small wars.” War waged according to
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conventions is an interstate phenomenon. The “small war” is the archetype of
war, in which the protagonists acknowledge no rules and permanently try to
violate what conventions do exist. The protagonists of the “small war” observe
neither international standards nor arms control agreements. They make use
of territories where they do not have to fear any sanctions because there is no
functioning state to assume charge of such sanctions or because the state in
question is too weak to impose such sanctions. This type of war does not
provide for any warning time. It challenges not only the external security of the
nation states and international community, but also their internal safety.
Answer:
Since warfare is directed at infiltrating all areas of society, the easy access to
weapons of mass destruction is of key concern, but both governmental and
non-governmental actors prefer to use “small wars” in which the protagonists
acknowledge no rules and observe neither international standards nor arms
control agreements by making use of territories with no sanctions, which
challenges both the external security and the internal safety of the nation
states and the international community.
12. Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in
Southeast Asia. Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts
some of the most superb beaches, mountains and national parks in the
region. Malaysia is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort
to lure 20 million visitors here this year. Any tourist itinerary would have to
begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find the Petronas Twin
Towers, which once comprised the world tallest buildings and now hold the
title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are
connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu
Caves, located 9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and
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feature ornate Hindu shrines, including a 141-foot tall gold-painted statue of a
Hindu deity. To reach the caves, visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272
steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to be confused with Indonesia’s
Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan island, off the coast of
Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world. Sipadan is the
only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the Celebes
Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia,
visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a
glimpse of the bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with
a huge pendulous nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking
sounds. While you're in Malaysia, consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this
southern state was a powerful Malay sultanate and a booming trading port in
the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this historical state is now a place of
intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples and reminders of
European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is Penang, known
as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of Malaysia
boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
Answer:
While Malaysia is one of the most pleasant countries to visit in Southeast Asia,
it is also launching its biggest-ever tourism campaign to lure more visitors this
year, and people can visit lots of places, such as the Petronas Twin Tower in
Kuala Lumper, the limestone temple Batu Caves, the Sipadan island in Sabah,
the Mount Kinabalu as well as Malacca.
13. According to new research, house mice (Mus musculus) are ideal biomarkers of
human settlement as they tend to stow away in crates or on ships that end
up going where people go. Using mice as a proxy for human movement can
add to what is already known through archaeological data and answer
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important questions in areas where there is a lack of artifacts, Searle said.
Where people go, so do mice, often stowing away in carts of hay or on ships.
Despite a natural range of just 100 meters (109 yards) and an evolutionary
base near Pakistan, the house mouse has managed to colonize every
continent, which makes it a useful tool for researchers like Searle. Previous
research conducted by Searle at the University of York supported the theory
that Australian mice originated in the British Isles and probably came over
with convicts shipped there to colonize the continent in the late 18th and 19th
centuries. In the Viking study, he and his fellow researchers in Iceland,
Denmark and Sweden took it a step further, using ancient mouse DNA
collected from archaeological sites dating from the 10th to 12th centuries, as
well as modern mice. He is hoping to do just that in his next project, which
involves tracking the migration of mice and other species, including plants,
across the Indian Ocean, from South Asia to East Africa.
Answer:
House mice can be used as ideal biomarkers of human settlement to add to
what is already known through archaeological data and answer important
questions where there is a lack of artifacts, which has been supported by the
research conducted by Searle of Australian mice and the DNA matching of
ancient mouse and modern mouse in the Viking study.
14. THE BOOKSELLERS OF HOOKHAM AND CARPENTER (hereafter referred to only
as Hookham) were located on New Bond Street in London, and their records
span the most politically turbulent decade of the eighteenth-centurythe
1790's. Clients who frequented Hookham were primarily from the aristocratic or
gentry classes. In fact, of Hookhams total buyers, 22% were aristocracy, and
35% of the aristocracy purchased novels. We can also confidently assume
that untitled female customers were of gentry income because their
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addresses were primarily in London's fashionable West End. Hookhams
ledgers not only reveal a dramatic increase in the proportion of female
purchasers of novels by comparison to earlier studies of provincial women, but
they also reveal a remarkable increase in the proportion of female purchases
of novels authored by females. Such a marked increase illustrates that
Hookhams leisured female customers were able to buy more novels.
Furthermore, the fact that these female aristocrats and gentry have accounts
under their own name, not their husbands, demonstrates the greater degree
of agency and independence that these urban, moneyed women had relative
to provincial women. However, because our study does not include an
examination of male customers, we are very limited in what claims we can
make about whether or not these women behaved according to the clich that
women were the predominant consumers of novels in the eighteenth-century.
Moreover, while more disposable income and leisure time certainly accounts
for the significant increase in female purchases of novels authored by women
in the 1790s, this increase also strongly suggests a desire on the part of
women readers to engage in this politically charged decade. Thus, novelreading
provided women readers with the means through which they were
able to participate in the male-dominated world of politics. The latter part of
our paper will more fully explore this hypothesis in the context of certain
recent literary scholars claims that both Gothic and sentimental novels are
actively engaged in political debate and discussion.
Answer:
According to the Hookham's found, there is a dramatic increase in the
proportion of female purchasers of novels and purchases of novels authored
by females, and also, these female aristocrats and gentry have accounts
under their own names, and more disposal income and leisure time certainly
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account for the significant increase, thus more female were able to
participate in the male-dominated world of politics.
15. The British Crime Survey (BCS) provides an important source of information
about levels of crime, public attitudes to crime and other related issues. The
results play an important role in informing Home Office policy. The BCS
measures the amount of crime in England and Wales by asking people about
crimes they have experienced in the last year. This includes crimes not
reported to the police, so it is an important alternative to police records.
Victims do not report crime for various reasons, and without the BCS there
would be no official source of information on these unreported crimes.
Because members of the public are asked directly about their experiences,
the survey also provides a consistent measure of crime that is unaffected by
the extent to which crimes are reported to the police, or by changes in the
criteria used by the police when recording crime. The survey also helps to
identify those most at risk of different types of crime, and this helps in the
planning of crime prevention programs. The BCS also examines people's
attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures they
take to avoid it. The survey also covers attitudes to the Criminal Justice
System (CJS), including the police and the courts, and has also been
successful at developing special measures to estimate the extent of domestic
violence, stalking and sexual victimization, which are probably the least
reported to the police, but among the most serious of crimes in their impact
on victims.
Answer: The British Crime Survey provides an important source of information,
and the survey also provides a consistent measure of crime that is unaffected,
which means that the survey also helps to identify those most at risk of
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different types of crime, so the BCS also examines people's attitudes to crime;
the survey also covers attitudes to the Criminal Justice System.
16. When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray,
greenhouse gases are produced. In economic terms, this creates a classic
negative externality. Most of the cost (in this case, those arising from global
warming) are borne by individuals other than the one making the decision
about how many miles to drive or how much hair spray to use. Because the
driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities but suffers only part
of the cost, that individual engages in more than the economically efficient
amount of the activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases
parallels the problem that occurs when someone smokes a cigarette in an
enclosed space or litters the countryside with fast-food wrappers. If we are to
get individuals to reduce production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate,
we must somehow induce them to act as though they bear all the costs of
their actions. The two most widely accepted means of doing this are
government regulation and taxation, both of which have been proposed to
deal with greenhouse gases.
Answer:
While an individual’s behaviors produced greenhouse gases, he enjoys all the
benefits but suffers only part of the costs, so we must induce individuals to act
as though they bear all the costs of their actions if we want individuals to
reduce production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate, and the two
most widely accepted means to deal with greenhouse gases are government
regulations and taxation.
17. American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety
of
English in the world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United
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States is, at present, the most powerful nation on earth and such power
always brings with it influence. Indeed, the distinction between a dialect and
a language has frequently been made by reference to power. As has been
said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political
influence is extended through American popular culture, in particular through
the international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As
Kahane has pointed out, the internationally dominant position of a culture
results in a forceful expansion of its language... the expansion of language
contributes... to the prestige of the culture behind it. Third, the international
prominence of American English is closely associated with the extraordinarily
quick development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an
American, Bill Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for language is
American English, although of course this can be changed to suit one’s own
circumstances. In short, the increased influence of American English is caused
by political power and the resultant diffusion of American culture and media,
technological advance, and the rapid development of communications
technology.
Answer:
While American English is a dialect with an army because the United States is
the most powerful nation on the earth and such power brings with it influence,
America’s political influence is extended through American popular culture
which also results in an expansion of its language, and the international
prominence of American English is associated with the quick development of
communications technology, which suggests American English is the most
influential and powerful variety of English.
18. We live in an ageing world. While this has been recognized for some time in
developed countries, it is only recently that this phenomenon has been fully
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acknowledged. Global communication is "shrinking" the world, and global
ageing is "maturing" it. The increasing presence of older persons in the world is
making people of all ages more aware that we live in a diverse and
multigenerational society. It is no longer possible to ignore ageing, regardless
of whether one views it positively or negatively. Demographers note that if
current trends in ageing continue as predicted, a demographic revolution,
wherein the proportions of the young and the old will undergo a historic
crossover, will be felt in just three generations. This portrait of change in the
world's population parallels the magnitude of the industrial revolution
traditionally considered the most significant social and economic
breakthrough in the history of humankind since the Neolithic period. It marked
the beginning of a sustained movement towards modern economic growth in
much the same way that globalization is today marking an unprecedented
and sustained movement toward a "global culture". The demographic
revolution, it is envisaged, will be at least as powerful. While the future effects
are not known, a likely scenario is one where both the challenges as well as
the opportunities will emerge from a vessel into which exploration and
research, dialogue and debate are poured. Challenges arise as social and
economic structures try to adjust to the simultaneous phenomenon of
diminishing young cohorts with rising older ones, and opportunities present
themselves in the sheer number of older individuals and the vast resources
societies stand to gain from their contribution.
Answer:
As it is fully acknowledged that we live in an ageing world, a powerful
demographic revolution will be a possible result if current trends in ageing
continue as predicted, which will not only bring challenges of adjusting social
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and economic structures but also opportunities to present themselves in older
people and vast resources.
19. In 2005 Japan had the highest median age of all countries in the world, while
Australia's population was only moderately aged. Some 50 years ago the
demographic situation was quite different, with the median age of Australia's
population being seven years older than Japan's. The ageing of the
population is a major issue for Australian policy makers, particularly in regard
to the long-term implications for reduced economic growth and the
increasing demand for Age Pensions, and health and aged care services. As
the population ages, growth in the number of people of working age will slow,
while the proportion of people of retirement age will increase. Sustained
population ageing also leads to slowing or negative population growth. While
declining population growth in developed countries is welcomed by some
environmentalists and social scientists, economists tend to agree that
population decline brings gloomy economic prospects. In addition to the
decrease in the labor supply, the demand side of the economy may be
affected through shrinking markets for goods and services. How quickly this
occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas migration.
While a moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual
adjustment of the economy and policies to the changing population
demographics, rapid changes are more difficult to manage. As a result,
governments and society as a whole may need to take actions to address
these issues. But how severe is the ageing of Australia's population, relative to
other countries? One way of applying a degree of perspective to the ageing
debate is to compare ageing in Australia with that of other countries. This
article examines the population structures in Australia and Japan and the
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demographic forces that shape the respective populations, both historically
and projections for the future.
Answer:
While Australia’s population was moderately aged, the ageing of the
population is still a major issue for Australian policy makers because it not only
has long-term implications for reduced economic growth and the increasing
demand for Age Pensions and aged care services, but also leads to slowing
or negative population growth, so governments and society need to take
actions to address these issues together.
20. The age-old question of whether human traits are determined by nature or
nurture has been answered, a team of researchers say. Their conclusion? It’s a
draw. By collating almost every twin study across the world from the past 50
years, researchers determined that the average variation for human traits and
disease is 49 percent due to genetic factors and 51 percent due to
environmental factors. University of Queensland researcher Beben Benyamin
from the Queensland Brain Institute collaborated with researchers at VU
University of Amsterdam to collate 2,748 studies involving more than 14.5
million pairs of twins. “Twin studies have been conducted for more than 50
years but there is still some debate in terms of how much the variation is due
to genetic or environmental factors,” Benyamin said. He said the study
showed the conversation should move away from nature versus nature,
instead looking at how the two work together. “Both are important sources of
variation between individuals,” he said. While the studies averaged an almost
even split between nature and nurture, there was wide variation within the
17,800 separate traits and diseases examined by the studies. For example, the
risk for bipolar disorder was found to be 68 percent due to genetics and only
32 percent due to environmental factors. Weight maintenance was 63 percent
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due to genetics and 37 percent due to environmental factors. In contrast, risk
for eating disorders was found to be 40 percent genetic and 60 percent
environmental, whereas the risk for mental and behavioral disorders due to
use of alcohol was 41 percent genetic and 59 percent environmental.
Benyamin said in psychiatric, ophthalmological and skeletal traits, genetic
factors were a larger influence than environmental factors. But for social
values and attitudes it was the other way around.
21. A miner in the state of Chiapas found a tiny tree frog that has been preserved
in amber for 25 million years, a researcher said. If authenticated, the preserved
frog would be the first of its kind found in Mexico, according to David Grimaldi,
a biologist and curator at the American Museum of Natural History, who was
not involved in the find. The chunk of amber containing the frog, less than half
an inch long, was uncovered by a miner in Mexico’s southern Chiapas state in
2005 and was bought by a private collector, who loaned it to scientists for
study. A few other preserved frogs have been found in chunks of amber — a
stone formed by ancient tree sap — mostly in the Dominican Republic. Like
those, the frog found in Chiapas appears to be of the genus Craugastor,
whose descendants still inhabit the region, said biologist Gerardo Carbot of
the Chiapas Natural History and Ecology Institute. Carbot announced the
discovery this week. The scientist said the frog lived about 25 million years
ago, based on the geological strata where the amber was found. Carbot
would like to extract a sample from the frog’s remains in hopes of finding DNA
that could identify the particular species but doubts the owner would let him
drill into the stone.
Answer:
A miner in Mexico found a tiny tree frog preserved in amber for 25 million years,
which would be the first of its kind found in Mexico, with a few other preserved
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frogs found in chunks of amber, and Carbot would like to extract a sample
from the frog’s remains to find DNA that could identify the particular species
but the owner may not allow.
22. Although we tend to think of electric cars as being something completely
modern, they were in fact some of the earliest types of motorized vehicle. At
the beginning of the twentieth century electric cars were actually more
popular than cars with an internal combustion engine as they were more
comfortable to ride in. However, as cars fueled by petrol increased in
importance, electric cars declined. The situation became such that electric
vehicles were only used for certain specific purposes - as fork-lift trucks,
ambulances and urban delivery vehicles, for example. Although electricity
declined in use in road vehicles, it steadily grew in importance as a means of
powering trains. Switzerland, for example, was quick to develop an electrified
train system, encouraged in this no doubt by the fact that it had no coal or oil
resources of its own. Nowadays there is renewed interest in electricity as a
means of powering road vehicles. Why is this the case? Well, undoubtedly
economic reasons are of considerable importance. The cost of oil has risen so
sharply that there is a strong financial imperative to look for an alternative.
However, there are also environmental motivations. Emissions from cars are
blamed in large part for - among other things – the destruction of the ozone
layer and the resultant rise in temperatures in the polar regions. A desire not
to let things get any worse is also encouraging research into designing
effective electric transport.
Answer:
Although electric cars were actually more popular than cars with an internal
combustion engine as they were more comfortable to ride in, they declined
because cars fuelled by petrol increased in importance, ; however because of
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economic reasons and environmental motivations, nowadays there is
renewed interest in electricity as a means of powering road vehicles.
23. The feature of being “double blind”, where neither patients nor physicians are
aware of who receives the experimental treatment, is almost universally
trumpeted as being a virtue of clinical trials. Hence, trials that fail to remain
successfully double blind are regarded as providing inferior evidential support.
The rationale for this view is unobjectionable: double blinding rules out the
potential confounding influences of patient and physician beliefs.
Nonetheless, viewing double blind trial as necessarily superior is problematic.
For one, it leads to the paradox that very effective experimental treatments
will not be supportable by best evidence. If a new drug were to make even
the most severe symptoms of the common cold disappear within seconds,
most participants and investigators would correctly identify it as the latest
wonder drug and not the control (i.e. placebo) treatment. Any trial testing the
effectiveness of this wonder drug will therefore fail to remain double blind.
Similar problems arise for treatments, such as exercise and most surgical
techniques, whose nature makes them resistant to being tested in double
blind conditions. It seems strange that an account of evidence should make
priori judgments that certain claims can never be supported by ‘best
evidence’. It would be different if the claims at issue were pseudoscientific –
untestable. But so far as treatments with large effects go, the claim that they
are effective is highly testable and intuitively they should receive greater
support from the evidence than do claims about treatments with moderate
effects.
Answer:
While double blind is a virtue of clinical trials because it rules out the
potential
confounding influences of patients and physician beliefs, viewing double blind
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trial as necessarily superior is problematic because it leads to the paradox
that effective experimental treatments will not be supportable by the best
evidence, but claims treatments are effective is highly testable and intuitively
they should receive greater support from the evidence than do claims about
treatments with moderate effects.
24. The Home Office’ s periodic British Crime Survey estimates that the true level
of crime (the sorts, anyway, which inform the official figures) is about four times
that which is registered in the annual statistics. Quite often, especially in the
financial services sector, businesses do not report crimes against themselves
for fear of lowering their public image. Many citizens today are not insured
against car theft or property loss (because they cannot afford the premiums)
so they have no incentive to tell the police if they become victims. A steep
statistical rise in crime can sometimes arise not from a real growth in a
particular type of conduct but from a new policing policy - offences of "lewd
dancing" rose by about 300 per cent during 12 months in the 1980s in
Manchester, but only because the zealous Chief Constable James Anderton
had deployed a great many officers in gay night clubs. Sometimes the
enactment of a new range of offences or the possibility of committing old
offences in a new way (like computer offences involving fraud and deception)
can cause an upward jolt in crime levels. The figures just released show a
startling jump in street robbery but much of this seems to be a very particular
crime: the theft of the now ubiquitous mobile phones. Conversely, if crimes like
joyriding and some assaults are kept out of the categories measured in the
annual statistics, as is the case, the official figures do not reflect even what is
reported to the police as criminal. The way that criminal statistics are
compiled by the Home Office is also relevant. From April 1998, police forces
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started to count crime in a way which, according to the government, will give
"a more robust statistical measure".
Answer:
There are several reasons that contribute to a rise in crime rate including
those businesses do not report crimes against themselves for fear of lowering
their public image, that citizens have no incentive to tell police if they become
victims, a new policing policy, the enactment of a new range of offenses or
the possibility of committing old offenses in a new way, and the way that
criminal statistics are compiled by the Home Office.
25. Consider the current situation: like their counterparts in the United States,
engineers and technicians in India have the capacity to provide both
computer programming and innovative new technologies. Indian
programmers and high-tech engineers earn one-quarter of what their
counterparts earn in the United States; Consequently, India is able to do both
jobs at a lower dollar cost than the United States: India has absolute
advantage in both. In other words, it can produce a unit of programming for
fewer dollars than the Unites States, and it can also produce a unit of
technology innovation for fewer dollars. Does that mean that the United
States will lose not only programming jobs but innovative technology job, too?
Does that mean that our standard of living will fall if the United States and
India engage in the international trade? David Ricardo would have answered
no to both questions - as we do today. While India may have an absolute
advantage in both activities, that fact is irrelevant in determining what India
or the United States will produce. India has a comparative advantage in
doing programming in part because of such activity requires little physical
capital. The flip side is that the United States has a comparative advantage
in technology innovation partly because it is relatively easy to obtain capital
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in this country to undertake such long-run projects. The result is that Indian
programmers will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been
doing in the past. In contrast, American firms will shift to more and more
innovation.
Answer:
While India might have absolute advantage in providing both computer
programming and innovative new technologies because of the low cost, the
United States has a comparative advantage in technology innovation
because of easier capital obtaining, which suggests that Indian programmers
will do more and more of what U.S. programmers have been doing in the past
and American firms will shift to more and more innovation.
26. Human remains are a fundamental part of the archaeological record, offering
unique insights into the lives of individuals and populations in the past.
Recently a new set of challenges to the study of human remains has emerged
from a rather unexpected direction: the British government revised its
interpretation of nineteenth-century burial legislation in a way that would
drastically curtail the ability of archaeologists to study human remains of any
age excavated in England and Wales. This paper examines these
extraordinary events and the legal, political and ethical questions that they
raise. In April 2008 the British government announced that, henceforth, all
human remains archaeologically excavated in England and Wales should be
reburied after a two-year period of scientific analysis. Not only would
internationally important prehistoric remains have to be returned to the
ground, removing them from public view, but also there would no longer be
any possibility of long-term scientific investigation as new techniques and
methods emerged and developed in the future. Thus, while faunal remains,
potsherds, artifacts and environmental samples could be analyzed and re-
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analyzed in future years, human remains were to be effectively removed from
the curation process. Archaeologists and other scientists were also concerned
that this might be the first step towards a policy of reburying all human
remains held in museum collections in England and Wales including
prehistoric, Roman, Saxon, Viking and Medieval as well as more recent
remains.
Answer:
While human remains are the fundamental part for analysis and interpretation
of any archaeological records, they still need to be reburied after a two-year
scientific period because of the appearance and development of new
technologies and methods, so human remains should be removed from the
curation process with scientists concerned that this might be the first step
towards a policy of reburying all human remains.
27. With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no
surprise that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the
production of labor intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States
will specialize in the production of goods that are human and physical capital
intensive because of the relative abundance of a highly educated labour
force and technically sophisticated equipment in the United States. This
division of global production should yield higher global output of both types
of goods than would be the case if each country attempted to produce both
of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce more
expensive labour intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and
the developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical
capital intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This
logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global
competitor in the production green technologies that are not relatively
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intensive in human and physical capital. Nevertheless, during the early stages
of the development of a new technology, the United States has a
comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by this
innovation. However, once these technologies become well understood and
production processes are designed that can make use of less skilled labor;
production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.
Answer:
While developing countries specialize in labor-intensive production because
of the abundance of lowpriced labor, the United States specializes in human
and physical capital intensive production because of the abundance of highly
educated labor force and technically sophisticated equipment, suggesting
the global production should yield higher global output of both types of
goods, but once technologies become well understood and production
processes are designed, production will migrate to countries with less
expensive labor.
28. As warmer winter temperatures become more common, one way for some
animals to adjust is to shift their ranges northward. But a new study of 59
North American bird species indicates that doing so is not easy or quick -- it
took about 35 years for many birds to move far enough north for winter
temperatures to match where they historically lived. The researchers used 35
years of data from the North American Christmas Bird Count to match winter
temperatures to where birds were seen. They tested 59 bird species
individually and found that they responded differently to climate change.
When summarized across bird species, there was evidence for a strong delay
lasting about 35 years. For example, black vultures have spread northward in
the last 35 years and now winter as far north as Massachusetts, where the
minimum winter temperature is similar to what it was in Maryland in 1975. On
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the other hand, the endangered red-cockaded woodpecker did not alter its
range at all despite the warming trend, possibly because it’s very specific
habitat requirements precluded a range shift. Both of these scenarios could
represent problems for birds, La Sorte said. Species that do not track changes
in climate may wind up at the limits of their physiological tolerance, or they
may lose important habitat qualities, such as favored food types, as those
species pass them by. But they also can't move their ranges too fast if the
habitat conditions they depend on also tend to lag behind climate. If warming
trends weaken, as they did over the past few years, birds may be able to
catch up. But accelerated warming, which is likely as global carbon emissions
continue to increase, may put additional strain on birds. The study highlights
these challenges and the high potential climate change has for disrupting
natural systems. It also underscores the challenges ecologists face in
predicting the long-term consequences of climate change for many species
simultaneously.
Answer:
As warmer winter temperatures become more common, a new study of 59
bird species found that shifting birds' range northward is not that easy and
quick enough and different species responded differently to climate change,
which highlights the challenges and the high potential climate change has for
disrupting natural systems.
29. Promoting active lifestyles can help us address some of the important
challenges facing the UK today. Increasing physical activity has the potential
to improve the physical and mental health of the nation, reduce all-cause
mortality and improve life expectancy. It can also save money by significantly
easing the burden of chronic disease on the health and social care services.
Increasing cycling and walking will reduce transport costs, save money and
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help the environment. Fewer car journeys can reduce traffic, congestion and
pollution, improving the health of communities. Other potential benefits linked
to physical activity in children and young people include the acquisition of
social skills through active play (leadership, teamwork and co-operation),
better concentration in school and displacement of anti-social and criminal
behavior. The importance of physical activity for health was identified over 50
years ago. During the 1950s, comparisons of bus drivers with more physically
active bus conductors and office-based telephonists with more physically
active postmen demonstrated lower rates of coronary heart disease and
smaller uniform sizes in the more physically active occupations. This research
led the way for further investigation, and evidence now clearly shows the
importance of physical activity in preventing ill health. It is important for us to
be active throughout our lives. Physical activity is central to a baby’s normal
growth and development. This continues through school, and into adulthood
and older years. Being physically active can bring substantial benefits and
there is consistent evidence of a dose–response relationship, i.e., the greater
the volume of physical activity undertaken, the greater the health benefits
that are obtained.
Answer:
While increasing physical activity has the potential to not only improve the
physical and mental health of the nation but also save money, other potential
benefits linked to physical activity in children and young people include the
acquisition of social skills, better concentration in school and displacement of
anti-social and criminal behavior, which suggests that promoting active
lifestyles can help us address some of the important challenges facing the UK
today.
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30. In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to
its
indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country. 'There can be
little doubt that using an indigenous product must qualify a dish as Australian
notes Stephanie Alexander. Similarly, and without qualification, states that ‘A
uniquely Australian food culture can only be based upon foods indigenous to
this country, although, as Craw remarks, proposing Australian native foods as
national symbols relies more upon their association with 'nature' and
geographic origin than on common usage. Notwithstanding the lack of
justification for the premise that national dishes are, of necessity, founded on
ingredients native to the country—after all, Italy's gastronomic identity is tied
to the non-indigenous tomato, Thailand's to the non-indigenous chili—the
reality is that Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities.
The exceptions are fish, crustaceans and shellfish from oceans, rivers and
lakes, most of which are unarguably unique to this country. Despite valiant
and well-intentioned efforts today at promoting and encouraging the
consumption of native resources, bush foods are not harvested or produced
in sufficient quantities for them to be a standard component of Australian
diets, nor are they generally accessible. Indigenous foods are less relevant to
Australian identity today than lamb and passionfruit, both initially imported
and now naturalized.
Answer:
In its periodic quest for culinary identity, Australia automatically looks to its
indigenous ingredients, the foods that are native to this country,
notwithstanding the lack of justification for the premise that national dishes
are founded on ingredients native to the country and the reality that
Australians do not eat indigenous foods in significant quantities, and
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indigenous foods are less relevant to Australian identity today than lamb and
passionfruit, both initially imported and now naturalized.
31. American English is, without doubt, the most influential and powerful variety
of
English in the world today. There are many reasons for this. First, the United
States is, at present, the most powerful nation on earth and such power
always brings with it influence. Indeed, the distinction between a dialect and
a language has frequently been made by reference to power. As has been
said, a language is a dialect with an army. Second, America’s political
influence is extended through American popular culture, in particular through
the international reach of American films (movies, of course) and music. As
Kahane has pointed out, the internationally dominant position of a culture
results in a forceful expansion of its language... the expansion of language
contributes... to the prestige of the culture behind it. Third, the international
prominence of American English is closely associated with the extraordinarily
quick development of communications technology. Microsoft is owned by an
American, Bill Gates. This means a computer’s default setting for language is
American English, although of course this can be changed to suit one’s own
circumstances. In short, the increased influence of American English is caused
by political power and the resultant diffusion of American culture and media,
technological advance, and the rapid development of communications
technology.
Answer:
While American English is a dialect with an army because the United States is
the most powerful nation on the earth and such power brings with it influence,
America’s political influence is extended through American popular culture
which also results in an expansion of its language, and the international
prominence of American English is associated with the quick development of
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communications technology, which suggests American English is the most
influential and powerful variety of English.
32. Assessment is a central process in education. If students learned what they
were taught, we would never need to assess; we could instead just keep
records of what we had taught. But as every teacher knows, many students
do not learn what they are taught. Indeed, when we look at their work, it is
sometimes hard to believe that they were in the classroom. In fact, it is
impossible to predict with any certainty what students will learn as the result
of a particular sequence of classroom activities. And because we cannot
teach well without finding out where our students are starting from, we have
to assess. Even if all our students started out at the same point (a highly
unlikely situation!), each of them will have reached different understandings of
the material being studied within a very short period of time. That is why
assessment is the bridge between teaching and learning—it is only through
assessment that we can find out whether what has happened in the
classroom has produced the learning we intended. Of course, assessment is
also used for other purposes in education, which makes the picture much
more complicated. In all countries, assessments of the performance of
individual students are used to determine which students are, and which
students are not, qualified for subsequent phases of education, and also to
decide which kinds of education students should receive.
Answer:
Assessment is a central process in education and a bridge between teaching
and learning as many students do not learn what they are taught because
they have reached different understandings of the material being studied, but
assessment is also used for other purposes in education such as assessments
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of the performance of students, and also to decide which kinds of education
students should receive.
33. The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable
development as "development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'.
Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could
not be sustained. Is this true? Development in the past was driven by growth
and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge improvements in living
standards. To assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of
future generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating
sense that we are living on borrowed time. Only if we assume that society will
remain static can we understand the needs of the future. The way we live
today could not have been predicted twenty years ago. The sustainability
paradigm fails to recognize this. It is a static view and thus places limits on
human ingenuity. Similarly, a whole host of false assumptions dominate
environmental thought; the scale of problems is exaggerated, the amount of
resources is underestimated and spurious links are made between areas such
as green policies and profit, poverty and environmental degradation. Those of
us who want a better future need to question these assumptions.
Answer:
Although the implicit of sustainable development is that the old pattern of
development which was driven by innovation and led to huge improvements
could not be sustained, we assume that society remains static and we can
understand the needs of the future, which means that sustainability paradigm
fails to recognize that the way we live today couldn’t be predicted and
placed limits on human ingenuity, so we need to question these assumptions.
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34. We can't see it, but brains hum with electrical activity. Brain waves created
by
the coordinated firing of huge collections of nerve cells pinball around the
brain. The waves can ricochet from the front of the brain to the back, or from
deep structures all the way to the scalp and then back again. Called neuronal
oscillations, these signals are known to accompany certain mental states.
Quiet alpha waves ripple soothingly across the brains of meditating monks.
Beta waves rise and fall during intense conversational turns. Fast gamma
waves accompany sharp insights. Sluggish delta rhythms lull deep sleepers,
while dreamers shift into slightly quicker theta rhythms. Researchers have long
argued over whether these waves have purposes, and what those purposes
might be. Some scientists see waves as inevitable but useless by-products of
the signals that really matter — messages sent by individual nerve cells.
Waves are simply a consequence of collective neural behavior, and nothing
more, that view holds. But a growing body of evidence suggests just the
opposite: instead of by-products of important signals, brain waves are key to
how the brain operates, routing information among far-flung brain regions
that need to work together. MIT’s Earl Miller is among the neuroscientists
amassing evidence that waves are an essential part of how the brain
operates. Brain oscillations deftly route information in a way that allows the
brain to choose which signals in the world to pay attention to and which to
ignore, his recent studies suggest.
35. The extraordinary flying ability of dandelion seeds is possible thanks to a
form
of flight that has not been seen before in nature, research has revealed. The
discovery, which confirms the common plant among the natural world’s best
fliers, shows that movement of air around and within its parachuteshaped
bundle of bristles enables seeds to travel great distances — often a kilometer
or more, kept afloat entirely by wind power. Researchers from the University of
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Edinburgh carried out experiments to better understand why dandelion seeds
fly so well, despite their parachute structure being largely made up of empty
space. Their study revealed that a ring-shaped air bubble forms as air moves
through the bristles, enhancing the drag that slows each seed’s descent to
the ground. This newly found form of air bubble — which the scientists have
named the separated vortex ring — is physically detached from the bristles
and is stabilized by air flowing through it. The amount of air flowing through,
which is critical for keeping the bubble stable and directly above the seed in
flight, is precisely controlled by the spacing of the bristles. This flight
mechanism of the bristly parachute underpins the seeds’ steady flight. It is
four times more efficient than what is possible with conventional parachute
design, according to the research. Researchers suggest that the dandelion’s
porous parachute might inspire the development of small-scale drones that
require little or no power consumption. Such drones could be useful for remote
sensing or air pollution monitoring.
36. People differ greatly in all aspects of what is casually known as intelligence.
The differences are apparent not only in school, from kindergarten to college,
but also in the most ordinary circumstances: in the words people use and
comprehend, in their differing abilities to read a map or follow directions, or in
their capacities for remembering telephone numbers or figuring change. The
variations in these specific skills are so common that they are often taken for
granted. Yet what makes people so different? It would be reasonable to think
that the environment is the source of differences in cognitive skills — that we
are what we learn. It is clear, for example, that human beings are not born
with a full vocabulary; they have to learn words. Hence, learning must be the
mechanism by which differences in vocabulary arise among individuals. And
differences in experience — say, in the extent to which parents model and
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encourage vocabulary skills or in the quality of language training provided by
schools — must be responsible for individual differences in learning. Earlier in
this century, psychology was in fact dominated by environmental
explanations for variance in cognitive abilities. More recently, however, most
psychologists have begun to embrace a more balanced view: one in which
nature and nurture interact in cognitive development. During the past few
decades, studies in genetics have pointed to a substantial role for heredity in
molding the components of intellect, and researchers have even begun to
track down the genes involved in cognitive function. These findings do not
refute the notion that environmental factors shape the learning process.
Instead they suggest that differences in people’s genes affect how easily they
learn.
37. It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our feet and why
it's so important to protect it. One tablespoon of soil contains more organisms
than there are people on Earth; billions of bacteria, fungi and other
microorganisms combine with minerals, water, air and organic matter to
create a living system that supports plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil
can
store as much as 3,750 tons of water per hectare, reducing the risk of flooding,
and the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has said that 89% of all
agricultural emissions could be mitigated if we improved the health of our soil.
Good soil management also increases disease resistance in livestock and
ultimately drives profits for farmers - yet soil and its impact on the health of
our animals has, over recent decades, been one of the most neglected links in
UK agriculture. Over the last 50 years' agriculture has become increasingly
dependent on chemical fertilizers, with applications today around 10 times
higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often think the chemical fertilizer NPK
(nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) provides all the nutrition a plant
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requires, but it also has a detrimental effect on the long-term health of the
land: research suggests there are fewer than 100 harvests left in many of the
world's soils.
Answer: Soil, containing so many organisms, combine with minerals, water, air
and organic matter to create a living system for all life, which reduces the risk
of flooding, mitigates agricultural emissions, increases disease resistance in
livestock and ultimately drives profits for farmers, but soil and its impact on
the health of our animals has been one of the most neglected links in UK
agriculture because they use fertilizers, which has a detrimental effect on the
land.
38. Banks provide short-term finance to companies in the form of an overdraft on
a current account. The advantage of an overdraft is its flexibility. When the
cash needs of the company increase with seasonal factors, the company can
continue to write cheques and watch the overdraft increase. When the goods
and services are sold and cash begins to flow in, the company should be able
to watch the overdraft decrease again. The most obvious example of a
business which operates in this pattern is farming. The farmer uses the
overdraft to finance the acquisition of seed for arable farming, or feed
through the winter for stock farming and to cover the period when the crops
or animals are growing and maturing. The overdraft is reduced when the
crops or the animals are sold. The main disadvantage of an overdraft is that it
is repayable on demand. The farmer whose crop fails because of bad
weather knows the problem of being unable to repay the overdraft. Having
overdraft financing increases the worries of those who manage the company.
The other disadvantage is that the interest payable on overdrafts is variable.
When interest rates increase, the cost of the overdraft increases. Furthermore,
for small companies there are often complaints that the rate of interest
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charged is high compared with that available to larger companies. The banks
answer that the rates charged reflect relative risk and it is their experience
that small companies are more risky.
Answer: Banks provide short-term finance to companies in the form of an
overdraft，with the advantage of flexibility，and the most obvious example is
farming, but the main disadvantages of an overdraft are that it is repayable
on demand and the interest payable on overdrafts is variable because when
interest rates increase, the cost of the overdraft increases.
39. The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research into the
potential risks and benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources, some of
which are essential for low-carbon technology, as well as using ocean robots
to estimate the environmental impact of these potential deep-sea mining
activities. Late last year the NOC led an expedition on the RRS James Cook
that found enough of the scarce element Tellurium present in the crust of a
submerged volcano that, if it were all to be used in the production of solar PV
panels, could provide two-thirds of the UK's annual electricity supply.
Recently, the NOC also led an international study demonstrating deep-sea
nodule mining will cause long-lasting damage to deep-sea life, lasting at
least for decades. These nodules are potato-sized rocks containing high
levels of metals, including copper, manganese and nickel. They grow very
slowly on the sea-bed, over millions of years. Although no commercial
operations exist to extract these resources, many are planned. Professor
Edward Hill, Executive Director at the NOC commented, "By 2050 there will be
nine billion people on earth and attention is increasingly turning to the ocean,
particularly the deep ocean, for food, clean supplies of energy and strategic
minerals. The NOC is undertaking research related to many aspects and
perspectives involved in exploiting ocean resources. This research is aimed at
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informing with sound scientific evidence the decisions that will need to be
taken in the future, as people increasingly turn to the oceans to address some
of society's greatest challenges."
Answer: The National Oceanography Center (NOC) is engaged in research
into the potential risks and benefits of exploiting deep-sea mineral resources,
and NOC also led an international study demonstrating deep-sea nodule
mining will cause long-lasting damage to deep-sea life, so it aimed at
informing that decisions need to be taken as people increasingly turn to the
oceans to address some of society's greatest challenges.
40. If it seems like you’re not getting enough sleep, you’re not alone. People have
evolved to sleep much less than chimps, baboons or any other primates
studied so far, a new study finds. Charles Nunn and David Samson are
evolutionary anthropologists. They study how humans have evolved to
behave the way we do. Nunn works at Duke University in Durham, N.C. Samson
works at the University of Toronto Mississauga in Canada. In their new study,
the two compared sleep patterns in 30 different species of primates, including
humans. Most species slept between nine and 15 hours daily. Humans
averaged just seven hours of shut-eye. Based on lifestyle and biological
factors, however, people should get 9.55 hours, Nunn and Samson calculate.
Most other primates in the study typically sleep as much as the scientists
predicted they should. Nunn and Samson shared their findings online February
14 in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. The researchers argue
that two long-standing features of human life may play into our short sleep
times. The first stems from when humans’ ancestors descended from the trees
to sleep on the ground. At that point, people probably had to spend more
time awake to guard against predators. The second may reflect the intense
pressure humans face to learn and teach new skills and to make social
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connections. That has left less time for sleep. As sleep declined, rapid-eye
movement — or REM — sleep took on an outsize role in humans, Nunn and
Samson propose. REM sleep is when we dream. And it has been linked to
learning and memory. “It’s pretty surprising that non-REM sleep time is so low
in humans,” Nunn says. “But something had to give as we slept less.”
Answer: People have evolved to sleep much less because humans’ ancestors
descended from the trees to sleep on the ground, having to spend more time
awake to guard against predators, and another feature may reflect intense
pressure humans face to learn and teach new skills and to make social
connections; as sleep declined, rapid-eye movement took on an outsize role,
but REM has been linked to learning and memory.
41. His product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, each with its
characteristics that mean different things for businesses that are trying to
manage the life cycle of their particular products. Introduction Stage – This
stage of the cycle could be the most expensive for a company launching a
new product. The size of the market for the product is small, which means
sales are low, although they will be increasing. On the other hand, the cost of
things like research and development, consumer testing, and the marketing
needed to launch the product can be very high, especially if it’s a competitive
sector. Growth Stage – The growth stage is typically characterized by strong
growth in sales and profits, and because the company can start to benefit
from economies of scale in production, the profit margins, as well as the
overall amount of profit, will increase. This makes it possible for businesses to
invest more money in promotional activity to maximize the potential of this
growth stage. Maturity Stage – During the maturity stage, the product is
established and the aim for the manufacturer is now to maintain the market
share they have built up. This is probably the most competitive time for most
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products and businesses need to invest wisely in any marketing they
undertake. They also need to consider any product modifications or
improvements to the production process which might give them a competitive
advantage. Decline Stage – Eventually, the market for a product will start to
shrink, and this is what’s known as the decline stage. This shrinkage could be
due to the market becoming saturated (i.e. all the customers who will buy the
product have already purchased it), or because the consumers are switching
to a different type of product. While this decline may be inevitable, it may still
be possible for companies to make some profit by switching to less-expensive
production methods and cheaper markets.
Answer: The product life cycle has 4 very clearly defined stages, including the
Introduction Stage, the Growth Stage, the Maturity Stage and the Decline
Stage, each with its characteristics that mean different things for businesses
that are trying to manage the life cycle of their particular products.
42. Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set,
performance on nearly every level – productivity, creativity, engagement -
improves. Yet happiness is perhaps the most misunderstood driver of
performance. For one, most people believe that success precedes happiness.
“Once I get a promotion, I'll be happy,” they think. Or, “Once I hit my sales
target, I'll feel great.” But because success is a moving target – as soon as
you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that results from success
is fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who cultivate a
positive mind-set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the
"happiness advantage” – every business outcome shows improvement when
the brain is positive. I've observed this effect in my role as a researcher and
lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between employee happiness and
success. And I'm not alone: In a meta-analysis of 225 academic studies,
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researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed Diener found strong
evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful
business outcomes. Another common misconception is that our genetics, our
environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are. To
be sure, both factors have an impact. But one's general sense of well-being is
surprisingly malleable. The habits you cultivate, the way you interact with
coworkers, how you think about stress – all these can be managed to
increase your happiness and your chances of success.
Answer:
People who cultivate a positive mind-set perform better in the face of
challenge, which is called "happiness advantage”, supported by strong
evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful
business outcomes, and another common misconception is that our genetics,
our environment, or a combination of the two determines how happy we are,
despite the fact that one's general sense of well-being is surprisingly
malleable.
43. Ethics is a set of moral obligations that define right and wrong in our
practices
and decisions. Many professions have a formalized system of ethical practices
that help guide professionals in the field. For example, doctors commonly take
the Hippocratic Oath, which, among other things, states that doctors "do no
harm" to their patients. Engineers follow an ethical guide that states that they
"hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public." Within these
professions, as well as within science, the principles become so ingrained that
practitioners rarely have to think about adhering to the ethic – it's part of the
way they practice. And a breach of ethics is considered very serious,
punishable at least within the profession (by revocation of a license, for
example) and sometimes by the law as well. Scientific ethics calls for honesty
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and integrity in all stages of scientific practice, from reporting results
regardless to properly attributing collaborators. This system of ethics guides
the practice of science, from data collection to publication and beyond. As in
other professions, the scientific ethic is deeply integrated into the way
scientists work, and they are aware that the reliability of their work and
scientific knowledge in general depends upon adhering to that ethic. Many of
the ethical principles in science relate to the production of unbiased scientific
knowledge, which is critical when others try to build upon or extend research
findings. The open publication of data, peer review, replication, and
collaboration required by the scientific ethic all help to keep science moving
forward by validating research findings and confirming or raising questions
about results.
Answer:
Within the professions, where many professions have a formalized system of
ethical practices, ethical principles become so ingrained that practitioners
rarely have to think about adhering to the ethic, a set of moral obligations
defining right and wrong, and scientific ethics, deeply integrated into the way
scientists work, calls for honesty and integrity in all stages of scientific
practice, which guides the practice, with the ethical principles relating to the
production of unbiased scientific knowledge.
44. Working nine to five for a single employer bears little resemblance to the way
a substantial share of the workforce makes a living today. Millions of people
assemble various income streams and work independently, rather than in
structured payroll jobs. This is hardly a new phenomenon, yet it has never
been well measured in official statistics and the resulting data gaps prevent a
clear view of a large share of labor-market activity. To better understand the
independent workforce and what motivates the people who participate in it,
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the McKinsey Global Institute surveyed some 8,000 respondents across
Europe and the United States. We asked about their income in the past 12
months-encompassing primary work, as well as any other income-generating
activities, and about their professional satisfaction and aspirations for work in
the future. The resulting report, independent work: Choice, necessity, and the
gig economy, finds that up to 162 million people in Europe and the United
States-or 20 to 30 percent of the working-age population - engage in some
form of independent work. While demographically diverse, independent
workers largely fit into four segments (exhibit): free agents, who actively
choose independent work and derive their primary income from it; casual
earners, who use independent work for supplemental income and do so by
choice; reluctant, who make their primary living from independent work but
would prefer traditional jobs; and the financially strapped, who do
supplemental independent work out of necessity.
Answer:
To better understand the independent workforce and what motivates millions
of people who assemble various income streams and work independently,
researchers surveyed respondents across Europe and the United States,
about their income, professional satisfaction and aspirations for work in the
future, finding up to 162 million people there engage in some form of
independent work, and they largely fit into four segments: free agents, casual
earners, reluctant, and the financially strapped.
45. A day would come, Percy Shelley predicted in 1813, when "the monopolizing
eater of animal flesh would no longer destroy his constitution by eating an
acre at a meal". He explained: "The quantity of nutritious vegetable matter
consumed in fattening the carcass of an ox would afford 10 times the
sustenance if gathered immediately from the bosom of the earth." Two
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hundred years later, mainstream agronomists and dietitians have caught up
with the poet. A growing scientific consensus agrees that feeding cereals and
beans to animals is an inefficient and extravagant way to produce human
food, that there is a limited amount of grazing land, that the world will be
hard-pressed to supply a predicted population of 9 billion people with a diet
as rich in meat as the industrialized world currently enjoys, and that it's not a
very healthy diet anyway. On top of this, livestock contribute significantly
towards global warming, generating 14.5% of all manmade greenhouse gas
emissions, according to one much-quoted estimate from the United Nations.
Now that the problem has been identified, the challenge is to persuade
people in wealthy countries to eat less meat. That might seem a tall order, but
governments have successfully persuaded people to quit smoking through a
combination of public information, regulation and taxation.
Answer:
A scientific consensus agrees feeding cereals and beans to animals is an
inefficient and extravagant way to produce human food as a very healthy
diet, with a limited amount of grazing land, the world hard-pressed to supply
a predicted population of 9 billion with a meat-rich diet, livestock contributing
significantly towards global warming, and now the challenge is to persuade
people to eat less meat, as governments have persuaded people to quit
smoking through taxation.
46. Ecology is the study of interactions of organisms among themselves and with
their environment. It seeks to understand patterns in nature (e.g., the spatial
and temporal distribution of organisms) and the processes governing those
patterns. Climatology is the study of the physical state of the atmosphere –
its instantaneous state or weather, its seasonal-to-interannual variability, its
long-term average condition or climate, and how climate changes over time.
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These two fields of scientific study are distinctly different. Ecology is a
discipline within the biological sciences and has as its core the principle of
natural selection. Climatology is a discipline within the geophysical sciences
based on applied physics and fluid dynamics. Both, however, share a common
history. The origin of these sciences is attributed to Aristotle and Theophrastus
and their books Meteorological and Enquiry into Plants, respectively, but their
modern beginnings trace back to natural history and plant geography.
Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century naturalists and geographers
saw changes in vegetation as they explored new regions and laid the
foundation for the development of ecology and climatology as they sought
explanations for these geographic patterns. Alexander von Humboldt, in the
early 1800s, observed that widely separated regions have structurally and
functionally similar vegetation if their climates are similar. Alphonse de
Candolle hypothesized that latitudinal zones of tropical, temperate, and
arctic vegetation are caused by temperature and in 1874 proposed formal
vegetation zones with associated temperature limits.
Answer:
The origin of ecology, the study of interactions of organisms among
themselves and with their environment, and climatology, the study of the
physical state of the atmosphere, is attributed to Aristotle and Theophrastus,
but their modern beginnings trace back to natural history and plant
geography, with naturalists and geographers saw changes in vegetation
while exploring new regions and laying the foundation for ecology and
climatology as they sought explanations for these geographic patterns.
47. Current research into the nature of the relationship between participation in
physical activity/sport and educational performance has produced mixed,
inconsistent and often non-comparable results. For example, some cross-
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sectional studies illustrate a positive correlation between participation in
sport and physical activity and academic success (e.g., math’s, reading,
acuity, reaction times). However, critics point to a general failure to solve the
issue of direction of cause — whether intelligence leads to success in sport,
whether involvement in sport enhances academic performance, or whether a
third factor (e.g. personality traits) explains both. Longitudinal studies also
generally support the suggestion that academic performance is enhanced, or
at least maintained, by increased habitual physical activity. Yet such studies
are criticized for not being definitive because some do not use randomized
allocation of pupils to experimental and control groups (to control for preexisting
differences), others tend to use (subjective) teacher-assigned grades
to assess academic achievement, rather than standardized and comparable
tests; and some programmers include parallel interventions, making it difficult
to isolate specific effects. More generically, one key piece of research
illustrates that both acute exercise and chronic training programmers have
small, but beneficial, positive impacts on cognitive performance. However, this
study concludes that as experimental rigor decreased, effect size increased.
Further, generalization is limited because effect size is influenced by the
nature and type of exercise, the type of participants, the nature of the
cognitive tests and the methodological quality of the study.
Answer:
Current research into the nature of the relationship between participation in
physical activity/sport and educational performance has produced mixed,
inconsistent, and often non-comparable results, including conclusions that
academic performance is enhanced or at least maintained, by increased
habitual physical activity and that both acute exercise and chronic training
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programs have small, but beneficial, positive impacts on cognitive
performance.
48. An international team of scientists is set to go to Arctic to investigate the
Greenland shark longevity mystery. The shark is known to be the longest living
vertebrate animal on the planet Earth. One of the members is Dr. Holy Shiels, a
physiologist and senior lecturer in the Faculty of Life Sciences at the University
of Manchester. She will be the only British scientist in the team to study
Greenland shark, which is believed to be the vertebrate animals and
mammals with the longest living. The shark is reported to have lived for more
than 200 years, and possibly close to or more than 400 years. The shark is
both hunter and a scavenger, that feed on seals and other animals including
polar bears and whales. It is also known as one of the largest sharks, reaching
to five and a half meters (1 8 feet), very close to the size of a great white. The
research team is commissioned by the Greenland government and will
conduct the research on board the multi-purpose research vessel Sanna,
operated by the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources. A Greenland shark
is estimated to be able to live for 400 years according to Science Magazine.
Professor Shiels expects to gather sufficient data of Greenland shark, a top
predator in the Arctic Sea. She wanted to find a clue of how Greenland shark
is able to survive in the deep sea of the Arctic Sea, by examining how its heart
and circulation work in its normal habitat, as she specializes in the
cardiovascular function. "Greenland sharks are classified as data deficient,"
Shiels said. "This means that we don't know enough to put measures in place
to protect them from over-fishing, pollution or climate change."
Answer:
Greenland sharks, which are believed to be the vertebrate animals and
mammals with the longest living and one of the largest sharks, are classified
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as data deficient, which means that people don't know enough to protect
them from over-fishing, pollution or climate change, so an international team
of scientists is set to go to Arctic to investigate the Greenland shark longevity
mystery.
49. Skipping Breakfast Has Drawbacks - It's no mystery why so many people
routinely skip breakfast: bad timing. It comes at a time when folks can be
more occupied with matters of grooming, attire and otherwise making
themselves presentable for a new day. However, studies conducted both in
the United States and internationally have shown that skipping breakfast can
affect learning, memory and physical well-being. Students who skip breakfast
are not as efficient at selecting critical information for problem-solving as
their peers who have had breakfast. For school children, skipping breakfast
diminishes the ability to recall and use newly acquired information, verbal
fluency, and control of attention, according to Ernesto Pollitt, a UC Davis
professor of pediatrics whose research focuses on the influence of breakfast
on mental and physical performance. Skipping breakfast can impair thinking
in adults, also. For both children and adults, a simple bowl of cereal with milk
goes a long way toward providing a sufficiently nutritious start to the day.
Green-Burgeson recommends choosing a cereal that's low in sugar — less
than five grams per serving — and using nonfat or one percent milk. Frederick
Hirshburg, a pediatrician at UC Davis Medical Group, Carmichael, says that
babies and other preschoolers rarely skip breakfast because they're usually
the hungriest at the beginning of the day. Breakfast then becomes more of a
"learned experience" than a response to a biological need, Hirshburg says.
Answer: Skipping breakfast has drawbacks for both children and adults, for
whom a simple bowl of cereal milk can provide a nutritious start to the day,
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but babies and other preschoolers rarely skip breakfast because they are
usually the hungriest at the beginning of the day, so breakfast then becomes
more of a "learned experience" than a response to a biological need.
50. What is known as prior knowledge or pre-existing knowledge is the
knowledge, skill or ability that a learner brings to a new learning encounter.
This includes all knowledge that is available before the learning event, and
which has been gathered or developed by any means, and in any situation,
including both formal and, quite often, informal learning situations. Learners
need enough previous knowledge and understanding to enable them to learn
new things; they also need help making links with new and previous explicit
knowledge. It is considered to be valuable to go through a process of what
has been called activating prior knowledge. Teachers often go through this
process at the beginning of a new topic. They also use introductory strategies
at the beginning of lessons which are continuations from previous lessons. In
terms of the practicalities of teaching, this is a process of making children
think about the topic or remember what has been covered already. In terms
of theory, it is to do with activating particular schemas.
51. Currently, Americans only eat about 16 grams of fiber — the parts of plants
that can’t be digested — per day. That’s way less than the 25 to 30 grams
that’s recommended. There are so many reasons why, from fast-food
marketing to agriculture subsidies, but one contributing factor is the slow
death of cooking, and the rise of the restaurant meal. Americans now spend
more on food at restaurants than they do at grocery stores, but restaurant
food tends to have even less fiber than the food we would otherwise eat at
home. One problem seems to be that restaurant meals aren’t typically loaded
with two of the best sources of fiber, unprocessed fruits and vegetables. A
revealing study from 2007, in which researchers interviewed 41 restaurant
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executives, showed that restaurants think fruits and vegetables are too
expensive to feature prominently on the menu, and “61 percent said profits
drive menu selections.” They also opposed labeling certain menu items as
healthier choices, saying that would be “the kiss of death.” So people like to
eat out, and when they do, they prefer mushy, fiber-free comfort foods. But
that’s a pretty dangerous road to go down.
52. According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M.D., M.P.H. the average American consumes
more than 150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high
fructose corn syrup every year. In comparison, we consume only around 1.3
pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S. According to new research, if
you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure raw honey
instead, the health benefits can be enormous. What is raw honey? Its a pure,
unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from the nectar of
flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that's been
heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed
honey, raw honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value and
health powers. It can help with everything from low energy to sleep problems
to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey may even help weight-loss
efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose corn syrup.
I'm excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favorite natural
sweeteners today.
Answer:
According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of defined sugar
and use pure raw honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous, and
unlike processesd honey, raw honey is a pure, unfiltered, and unpasteurized
sweetener made by bees and does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional
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value and health power, which can help with low energy, sleep problems,
seasonal allergies, and even weight-loss.
53. It might seem a little eccentric, but reviewing your work by reading it aloud
can help to identify the woolliest areas. This works best if you perform your
reading in a theatrical way, pausing at the commas and ends of sentences. If
you run out of breath during a sentence, it is probably too long. You ought to
be able to convert your writing into a speech in this way if it sounds too stilted
and convoluted, perhaps you could rework these parts until they sound fluid. It
is unlikely that your reader will be fooled by the idea that long words make
you sound clever. Cluttering a sentence with too many complicated words
can prevent its meaning from being understood at all. A short word is always
preferable to a long one. Why should anyone choose the word erroneous over
the word wrong in an essay? Usually, writers who employ more obscure words
are trying to sound impressive but can appear pretentious. Direct words
enable you to control what you are saying, and are not necessarily babyish,
but the most appropriate ones for the job. When you read your writing aloud,
you will notice that the key stress comes at the end of your sentence. It is,
therefore, most effective to end with a short and emphatic word to secure
your point. Try to resist the impulse to waffle at the end of your sentence by
trailing off into qualifying clauses. It might be worth relocating the clause to
the beginning of the sentence or losing it altogether if you feel that it adds
little to its meaning. Your sentences might be the most grammatically perfect
in the world, but still, cause your writing to sound wrong if you have misjudged
its tone. A colloquial style, which uses slang and exclamations, is an
inappropriately chatty tone for an essay. However, style can be equally jarring
if your vocabulary is too formal or ambitious for its context. It is much more
impressive to make complicated points using simple language and grammar.
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Answer:
Reviewing your work by reading it aloud can help to identify the woolliest
areas, including cluttering a sentence with too many complicated words,
which can prevent its meaning from being understood because direct words
enable you to control what you are saying, and your sentences might be the
most grammatically perfect while a colloquial style is an inappropriate tone
for an essay and style can be jarring if your vocabulary is too formal or
ambitious.
54. Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much
customers can save by cutting back on food waste, thanks to a Knowledge
Transfer Partnership (KTP) with the University of Leeds. The idea behind the
KTP was for the University, using Asda’s customer insight data, to apply its
research to identify, investigate and implement ways of helping customers to
reduce their food waste. This was one of the first times that a major retailer
had tried to deliver large-scale sustainability changes, with the two year
project seen as a way for Asda to position themselves as true innovators in
this area. The campaign focused on providing customers with advice on
everything from food storage and labelling, to creative recipes for leftovers.
Meanwhile, in-store events encouraged customers to make changes in their
own. They will make changes to how they deal with food waste in their own
homes, leading to an average saving of 57 pounds per customer, as well as a
reduction in waste. A key aspect of a KTP is that an associate is employed by
the University to work in the firm and help deliver the desired outcomes of the
KTP. As a part of the collaboration with Asda, Laura Babbs was given the task
of driving forward the sustainability changes in the retailer. As a result of the
success of her work, Laura eventually became a permanent member of the
team at Asda.
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Answer:
Asda has become the first food retailer in the country to measure how much
customers can save by cutting back on food waste, with a campaign
focusing on providing customers with advice on everything from food storage
and labelling, to creative recipes for leftovers, and with in-store events
encouraging customers to make changes in their own, and an associate is
employed by the University to work in the firm.
55. Is the purpose of history to promote a strong national identity and support
national myths? Certainly, it has been used in this way for centuries, and this is
often reflected in the history curriculum. We can all remember history at school
as being a matter of learning lots of facts and dates, and long lists of kings
and queens - a grand narrative of how we got from a· not so civilized past to
the great nation we are today. Putting aside the fact that national identity is
a complex and divisive question - especially in countries like the UK, which is
comprised of several nationalities - this approach to history emphasizes a
broad understanding, rather than a detailed understanding. Yet history is, or
should be, a critical, skeptical discipline: some historians see their work as
disproving myths, demolishing orthodoxies. and exposing politicallymotivated
narratives which claim to be objective. What students need to
develop are more critical and analytical skills; in other words, to think for
themselves. They can do this by studying certain historical problems in depth.
This involves being critical of the narratives presented by historians and
skeptical of the myths preserved in the national memory.
Answer:
Despite the purpose of history to promote a strong national identity and
support national myths emphasizing a broad understanding rather than a
detailed understanding, history is a critical, skeptical discipline with some
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historians seeing their work as disproving myths, demolishing orthodoxies, and
exposing politically-motivated narratives which claim to be objective, and
what students need to develop are more critical and analytical skills.
56. The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for millennia.
The San, the original inhabitants of this land, were migratory people who lived
in small groups of about 15 to 20 people. They survived by fishing and hunting
and by gathering roots and other wild foods. They did not build permanent
dwellings but used rock shelters as temporary dwellings. Around 2,000 years
ago Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the coast. In the eastern part of
present-day South Africa, iron-working societies date from about 300 AD. The
Sotho-Tswana and Nguni peoples arrived in this region around 1,200 AD. They
lived by agriculture and stock farming, mined gold, copper and tin and hunted
for ivory and built stone-walled towns. Over the centuries, these societies had
diverse contacts with the Khoisan. Strife between the San and the Khoikhoi
developed over competition for game; eventually the Khoikhoi became
dominant. These peoples lived in the western part of present-day South Africa
and are known collectively as the Khoisan.
Answer:
The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for millennia,
as the San, the original inhabitants of this land, were migratory people and
around 2,000 years ago Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the coast; the
Sotho-Tswana and Nguni people arrived in this region around 1,200 AD, but
eventually the Khoikhoi became dominant, and these people lived in the
western part of present-day South Africa and are known as the Khoisan.
57. They call it the “marshmallow test.” A four- to six-year-old-child sits alone
in a
room at a table facing a marshmallow on a plate. The child is told: “If you
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don’t eat this treat for 15 minutes you can have both it and a second one.”
Kids on average wait for five or six minutes before eating the marshmallow.
The longer a child can resist the treat has been correlated with higher general
competency later in life. Now a study shows that ability to resist temptation
isn’t strictly innate—it’s also highly influenced by environment. Researchers
gave five-year-olds used crayons and one sticker to decorate a sheet of
paper. One group was promised a new set of art supplies for the project—but
then never received it. But the other group did receive new crayons and
better stickers. Then both groups were given the marshmallow test. The
children who had been lied to waited for a mean time of three minutes before
eating the marshmallow. The group that got their promised materials resisted
an average of 12 minutes. Thus, the researchers note that experience factors
into a child’s ability to delay gratification. When previous promises have been
hollow, why believe the next one.
Answer:
The “marshmallow test” showed that the longer a child can resist the treat has
been correlated with higher general competency later in life, but now a study
shows that the ability to resist temptation isn’t strictly innate—it’s also highly
influenced by environment and experience, which can factor into a child’s
ability to delay gratification.
58. As economic troubles stops flare up around the globe, the earning estimates
of American firms who do business abroad begin to flatten. Without these
international consumers to buy their products, there are fewer sales, which
means that inventories pile up. When there is more supply than demand,
prices go down. Lower prices would normally cause demand to pick up, but in
an uncertain economy people tend to postpone purchases. We see this
tendency in the American economy with computer products where consumers
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believe that the prices will go down if they wait another six months, so they
decide to hold off. This tendency causes further gluts in the market, which
eventually leads manufacturers to slow production. They lay off workers,
causing domestic consumption to fall further since there is less money to buy
goods. These effects ripples throughout the economy and create a
deflationary spiral that can lead to a recession or even a depression.
Answer:
Fewer sales, which means that inventories pile up and there is more supply
than demand, lead to prices going down, which normally cause demand to
pick up, and people to tend to postpone purchases, and further gluts in the
market, which eventually lead manufacturers to slow production, and cause
domestic consumption to fall further since there is less money to buy goods.
59. A farming technique practiced for centuries by villagers in West Africa, which
converts nutrient-poor rainforest soil into fertile farmland, could be the answer
to mitigating climate change and revolutionizing farming across Africa. A
global study by researchers has for the first-time identified and analyzed rich
fertile soils found in Liberia and Ghana. They discovered that the ancient West
African method of adding charcoal and kitchen waste to highly weathered,
nutrient poor tropical soils can transform the land into enduringly fertile,
carbon-rich black soils which the researchers dub ‘African Dark Earths’. Similar
soils created by Amazonian people in pre-Columbian eras have recently been
discovered in South America — but the techniques people used to create
these soils are unknown. Moreover, the activities which led to the creation of
these anthropogenic soils were largely disrupted after the European
conquest. Encouragingly researchers in the West Africa study were able to live
within communities as they created their fertile soils. This enabled them to
learn the techniques used by the women from the indigenous communities
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who disposed of ash, bones and other organic waste to create the African
Dark Earths.
Answer:
As a farming technique in West Africa can convert nutrient-poor rainforest soil
into fertile farmland, researchers discovered enduringly fertile, carbon-rich
black soils named ‘African Dark Earths’, and similar soils in pre-Columbian eras
have also been discovered although the techniques are unknown, so
researchers in the West Africa study were able to live within communities as
they created their fertile soils, which could be the answer to mitigating climate
change and revolutionizing farming across Africa.
60. To understand the final reason why the news marketplace of ideas dominated
by television is so different from the one that emerged in the world dominated
by the printing press, it is important to distinguish the quality of vividness
experienced by television viewers from the “vividness” experienced by readers.
I believe that the vividness experienced in the reading of words is
automatically modulated by the constant activation of the reasoning centers
of the brain that are used in the process of concreating the representation of
reality the author has intended. By contrast, the visceral vividness portrayed
on television has the capacity to trigger instinctual responses similar to those
triggered by reality itself—and without being modulated by logic, reason, and
reflective thought. The simulation of reality accomplished in the television
medium is so astonishingly vivid and compelling compared with the
representations of reality conveyed by printed words that it signifies much
more than an incremental change in the way people consume information.
Books also convey compelling and vivid representations of reality, of course.
But the reader actively participates in the conjuring of the reality the book’s
author Is attempting to depict. Moreover, the parts of the human brain that
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are central to the reasoning process are continually activated by the very act
of reading printed words: Words are composed of abstract symbols—letters—
that have no intrinsic meaning themselves until they are strung together into
recognizable sequences.
Answer:
The news marketplace of ideas dominated by television is so different from
the one that emerged in the world dominated by the printing press, because
the quality of vividness experienced by television viewers is different from that
by readers, and the simulation of reality accomplished in the television
medium is much more compelling and vivid compared with the representation
of reality conveyed by printed words.
61. Until the early 1960s, newspapers published separate job listing for men and
women. It wasn't until the passage of the Equal Pay Act on June 10, 1963 that
it became illegal to pay women lower rates for the same job strictly on the
basis of their sex. The wage gap is a statistical indicator often used as an
index of the status of women's earnings relative to men's. It is expressed as a
percentage (e.g., in 2005, women earned 81% as much as men) and is
calculated by dividing the median annual earnings for women by median
annual earnings for men. Since 1963, when the Equal Pay Act was signed, the
closing of the wage gap between men and women has been at a rate of
about half a penny a year.
Answer:
Until the early 1960s, newspapers published separate job listing for men and
women, and the wage gap, whose closing has been at a rate of about half a
penny a year since 1963, when the Equal Pay Act was signed, is a statistical
indicator often used as an index of the status of women’s earnings relative to
men's.
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62. In a study in the current issue of the journal PLOS One, a team of scientists
in
Germany showed experts and novices simple geometric objects and simple
chess positions and asked the subjects to identify them. Reaction times were
measured and brain activity was monitored using functional M.R.I. scans. On
the identification of the geometric objects, the subjects performed the same,
showing that the chess experts had no special visualization skills. When the
subjects were shown the chess positions, the experts identified them faster.
Focusing on an element of an earlier study on pattern and object recognition
by chess experts, the researchers had expected to see parts of the left
hemispheres of the experts' brains — which are involved in object recognition
— react more quickly than those of the novices when they performed the
chess tasks. But the reaction times were the same. What set the experts apart
was that parts of their right brain hemispheres — which are more involved in
pattern recognition — also lit up with activity. The experts were processing the
information in two places at once. The researchers also found that when the
subjects were shown the chess diagrams, the novices looked directly at the
pieces to recognize them, while the experts looked on the middle of the
boards and took everything in with their peripheral vision.
Answer:
The chess experts had no special visualization skills on the identification of the
geometric objects, while the subjects were shown the chess positions, the
experts identified them faster, and parts of the left hemispheres of the
experts’ brains react the same as those of the novices when they performed
the chess tasks, with their right brain hemispheres also lighting up with activity,
suggesting the experts were processing the information in two places at
once.
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63. Most of the time when I embark on such an investigation, it quickly becomes
clear that matters are much more complicated and ambiguous several
shades grayer than I thought going in. Not this time. The deeper I delved into
the confused and confusing thicket of nutritional science, sorting through the
long-running fats versus carb wars, the fiber skirmishes and the raging dietary
supplement debates, the simpler the picture gradually became. I learned that
in fact, science knows a lot less about nutrition than you would expect - that
in fact, nutrition science is, to put it charitably, a very young science. Ifs
still
trying to figure out exactly what happens in your body when you sip a soda,
or what is going on deep in the soul of a carrot to make it so good for you, or
why in the world you have so many neurons - brain cells! - in your stomach, of
all places. It's a fascinating subject, and someday the field may produce
definitive answers to the nutritional questions that concern us, but — as
nutritionists themselves will tell you - they're not there yet. Not even close.
Nutrition science, which after all only got started less than two hundred years
ago, is today approximately where surgery was in the year 1650 -very
promising, and very interesting to watch, but are you ready to let them
operate on you? I think I'll wait a while.
Answer:
Nutrition science is a very young science, and someday the field may produce
definitive answers to the nutritional questions that concern us, but it knows a
lot less about nutrition than you would expect because it only got started less
than two hundred years ago and is today approximately where surgery was in
the year 1650.
64. One of Guinness World Records' more unusual awards was presented at the
National Maritime Museum yesterday. After a 100-day trial, the timepiece
known as Clock B — which had been sealed in a clear plastic box to prevent
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tampering — was officially declared, by Guinness, to be the world's "most
accurate mechanical clock with a pendulum swinging in free air". It was an
intriguing enough award. But what is really astonishing is that the clock was
designed more than 250 years ago by a man who was derided at the time for
Lian incoherence and absurdity that was little short of the symptoms of
insanity", and whose plans for the clock lay ignored for two centuries. The
derision was poured on John Harrison, the British clockmaker whose marine
chronometers had revolutionized seafaring in the 18th century (and who was
the subject of Longitude by Diva Sobel). His subsequent claim — that he would
go on to make a pendulum timepiece that was accurate to within a second
over a 100- day period — triggered widespread ridicule. The task was simply
impossible, it was declared. But now the last laugh lies with Harrison. At a
conference, Harrison Decoded: Towards a Perfect Pendulum Clock, held at
Greenwich yesterday, observatory scientists revealed that a clock that had
been built to the clockmaker's exact specifications had run for 100 days
during official tests and had lost only five eighths of a second in that period.
Answer:
John Harrison, the British clockmaker claimed that he would go on to make a
pendulum timepiece that was accurate to within a second over a 100-day
period, which triggered widespread ridicule, but now the last laugh lies with
Harrison as Clock B, which was designed more than 250 years ago, and was
officially declared, by Guinness, to be the world’s “most accurate mechanical
clock with a pendulum swinging in free air”.
65. It’s important to realize that the brain doesn't see the world around it simply
as though the scene was projected onto a cinema screen on the inside of
your skull. Before a scene can be observed "in your head" it has to be broken
down into a number of different components for processing, and these
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components then have to be recombined into the meaningful form that we
call "an image". Amongst other things, the scene is broken down into its
different colors — red, green and blue — in a way that's analogous to the
manner in which a television image or magazine photograph is broken down
into tiny dots of primary colors (which are too small to be noticed individually
when we look at them, but which when seen collectively give the impression of
a continuous full color image). However, unlike and magazine images, the
image that we see with our eyes is broken down not only into separate color
components but into other components too. It is, rather incredibly,
deconstructed into component parts such as horizontal lines, vertical lines,
circles and so on. Each of these component parts is sent to a separate area
of the brain for processing, with the different components of the scene only
merging again when they are unified into what you perceive as the image.
Answer:
The brain doesn't see the world simply as though the scene was projected
onto a cinema screen because the image that we see with our eyes is broken
down into separate color components and other components; each of these
component parts is sent to a separate area of the brain for processing, with
the different components of the scene only merging again when they are
unified into what you perceive as the image.
66. With a good system of crop rotation, and especially with the addition of any
sort of fertilizer you may be able to come up with, it's possible to grow crops
on a plot of land for upwards of 2 - 3 years at a time with good results.
Ultimately, though, you must let the land rest if you hope to continue farming
there in the long-run. Allowing a plot of land to rest for a period of time is
known as letting the field go fallow, and there are several reasons for this.
Allowing a field or plot to lie fallow means that you don't grow anything new
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on it, don't harvest anything and don't graze any animals on the land for at
least a year. Sometimes a field will lay fallow for two, three or even four years,
but the traditional standard on many farms was to let a field lie fallow once
every 2 - 3 years. This fallow period allows the land to replenish many of its
nutrients. The root networks of various grasses or groundcovers (like clover)
have a chance to expand and grow, which further strengthens the soil and
protects it from erosion. During the fallow period, there are many beneficial
flora and micro-fauna, including cyanobacteria, which live in the soil. These
microorganisms continue to be active at the root level, steadily improving the
quality of the soil so that when you come back in a year or two, you can begin
planting food or cash crops anew.
Answer:
The reasons why you must let the land rest if you hope to continue farming
there in the long-run, which is letting the field go fallow are that this allows
the
land to replenish many of its nutrients, the root networks of various grasses or
ground covers have a chance to expand and grow, and there are many
beneficial flora and micro-fauna.
67. The 1920's movie goers experience was largely dominated by silent movies but
saw the introduction of synchronized sound. In the 1920's movie stars were
really stars - with huge salaries, the fashions and activities of the Hollywood
greats echoed around the world and 100,000 people would gather in cities all
over the world, including such diverse cities as London and Moscow, to greet
Mary Pickford and Douglas Fairbanks when they toured of Europe. Early silent
movies were often accompanied by live piano or organ music and provided
enormous entertainment value to audiences captivated by the experience of
watching moving pictures on the silver screen. Although there had been
previous attempts to introduce sound, it wasn’t until 1923 that a synchronized
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sound track was photographically recorded and printed on to the side of the
strip of motion picture film and made it on to a commercially distributed
movie. It would still be seven long years before taking pictures gained total
supremacy and finally replaced the silent film era. The first movie theatres
were called Nickelodeons, and were very basic compared the luxurious
picture palaces that followed but what an aura of excitement, of laughter, fun
and tears surrounded them! Before the introduction of movie soundtracks,
movies were often accompanied by scripted music from a piano.
Answer:
With early silent movies often accompanied by live piano or organ music
audiences captivated by the experience of watching moving pictures on the
silver screen, and it wasn’t until 1923 that a synchronized sound track was
photographically recorded and printed on to the side of the strip of motion
picture film and made it on to a commercially distributed movie, and the first
movie theatres were called Nickelodeons.
68. Americans in the mid-nineteenth century could point to plenty of examples,
real as well as mythical, of self-made men who by dint of “industry, prudence,
perseverance, and good economy” had risen “to competence, and then to
affluence.” With the election of Abraham Lincoln, they could point to one who
had risen from a log cabin to the White House. “I am not ashamed to confess
that twenty-five years ago I was a hired laborer, mauling rails, at work on a
flat-boat—just what might happen to any poor man’s son!” Lincoln told an
audience at New Haven in 1860. But in the free states a man knows that “he
can better his condition there is no such thing as a freeman being fatally fixed
for life, in the condition of a hired laborer.” “Wage slave” was a contradiction
in terms, said Lincoln. “The man who labored for another last year, this year
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labors for himself, and next year he will hire others to labor for him.” If a man
“continue through life in the condition of the hired laborer, it is not the fault
of
the system, but because of either a dependent nature which prefers it, or
improvidence, folly, or singular misfortune.” The “free labor system,” concluded
Lincoln, “opens the way for all—gives hope to all, and energy, and progress,
and improvement of condition to all.”
Answer:
Americans in the mid-nineteenth century could point to plenty of examples,
and in the free states a man knows that he can better his condition, but wage
slave was a contradiction in terms; if a man continues through life in the
condition of the hired laborer, it is not the fault of the system, but due to a
dependent nature, so Lincoln concluded that the free labor system opens the
way for all.
69. As a family therapist, I often have the impulse to tell families to go home and
have dinner together rather than spending an hour with me. And 20 years of
research in North America, Europe and Australia back up my enthusiasm for
family dinners. It turns out that sitting down for a nightly meal is great for the
brain, the body and the spirit. And that nightly dinner doesn’t have to be a
gourmet meal that took three hours to cook, nor does it need to be made with
organic arugula and heirloom parsnips. For starters, researchers found that for
young children, dinnertime conversation boosts vocabulary even more than
being read aloud to. The researchers counted the number of rare words –
those not found on a list of 3,000 most common words – that the families
used during dinner conversation. Young kids learned 1,000 rare words at the
dinner table, compared to only 143 from parents reading storybooks aloud.
Kids who have a large vocabulary read earlier and more easily. Older children
also reap intellectual benefits from family dinners. For school-age youngsters,
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regular mealtime is an even more powerful predictor of high achievement
scores than time spent in school, doing homework, playing sports or doing art.
Other researchers reported a consistent association between family dinner
frequency and teen academic performance. Adolescents who ate family
meals 5 to 7 times a week were twice as likely to get as in school as those who
ate dinner with their families fewer than two times a week.
Answer:
Sitting down for a nightly meal is great for the brain, the body and the spirit,
because dinnertime conversation boosts vocabulary even more than being
read aloud to, and kids who have a large vocabulary read earlier and more
easily; older children also reap intellectual benefits from family dinners, and
other researchers reported a consistent association between family dinner
frequency and teen academic performance.
70. Delivering packages with drones will scale back CO2 emissions inbound
circumstances as compared to truck deliveries, a brand-new study from
University of Washington transportation engineers finds. In a paper to be
revealed in associate degree coming issue of Transportation analysis half D,
researchers found that drones tend to own CO2 emissions blessings over
trucks once the drones haven't got to fly terribly way to their destinations or
once a delivery route has few recipients. Trucks — which may provide
environmental edges by carrying everything from garments to appliances to
the article of furniture in a very single trip — become a lot of climate-friendly
various once a delivery route has several stops or is farther off from a central
warehouse. For small, light-weight packages — a bottle of drugs or a kid's
bathing costume — drones contend particularly well. However, the carbon
edges erode because the weight of a package increase since these
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unmanned aerial vehicles have to be compelled to use extra energy to remain
aloft with a significant load.
Answer:
Delivering packages with drones will scale back CO2 emissions if the drones
haven't got to fly terribly way to their destinations, while the carbon edges
erode because the weight of a package increase, but trucks become a lot of
climate-friendly various once a delivery route has several stops.
71. By 1984, the internet had grown to include 1,000 host computers. The National
Science Foundation was one of the first outside institutions hoping to connect
to this body of information. Other government, non-profit, and educational
institutions followed. Initial attempts to catalogue this rapidly expanding
system of networks were simple. Among the first was Archie, a list of FTP
information created by Peter Deutsch at McGill University in Montreal.
However, the greatest innovation in the Internet was still to come, brewing in
an MIT laboratory in Cambridge, Mass. The World Wide Web, or the Web, is
often confused with the Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet,
along with email, video conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989,
Tim Berners-Lee, now a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
introduced a new system of communication on the Internet which used
hyperlinks and a user-friendly graphical interface. His slice of the Internet pie
camera to be known as the World Wide Web. Berners- Lee says, “The Web is
an abstract (imaginary) space of information. On the Net, you find computers
–on the Web, you find documents, sounds, videos, …information. On the Net,
the connections are cables between computers; on the web, connections are
hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which communicate
between computers on the Net. The Web could not be without the Net. The
Web made the Net useful because people are really interested in information
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(not to mention knowledge and wisdom!) and don’t really want to know about
computers and cables.”
Answer:
In 1989, Tim Berners-Lee introduced a new system of communication on the
Internet, and his slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as the World
Wide Web, and it is the greatest innovation in the Internet, and the Web is an
abstract space of information, and the Web made the Net useful because
people are really interested in information.
72. According to Dr. Ron Fessenden, M.D., M.P.H. the average American consumes
more than 150 pounds of refined sugar, plus an additional 62 pounds of high
fructose corn syrup every year. In comparison, we consume only around 1.3
pounds of honey per year on average in the U.S. According to new research, if
you can switch out your intake of refined sugar and use pure raw honey
instead, the health benefits can be enormous. What is raw honey? It’s a pure,
unfiltered and unpasteurized sweetener made by bees from the nectar of
flowers. Most of the honey consumed today is processed honey that's been
heated and filtered since it was gathered from the hive. Unlike processed
honey, raw honey does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional value and
health powers. It can help with everything from low energy to sleep problems
to seasonal allergies. Switching to raw honey may even help weight-loss
efforts when compared to diets containing sugar or high fructose corn syrup.
I'm excited to tell you more about one of my all-time favorite natural
sweeteners today.
Answer:
According to new research, if you can switch out your intake of defined sugar
and use pure raw honey instead, the health benefits can be enormous, and
unlike processed honey, raw honey is a pure, unfiltered, and unpasteurized
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sweetener made by bees and does not get robbed of its incredible nutritional
value and health power, which can help with low energy, sleep problems,
seasonal allergies, and even weight-loss.
73. Let us begin by asking why the conviction that our language is decaying is so
much more widespread than the belief that it is progressing, in an intellectual
climate where the notion of the survival of the fittest is at least as strong as
the belief in inevitable decay, it is strange that so many people are convinced
of the decline in the quality of English, a language which is now spoken by an
estimated half billion people – a possible hundredfold increase in the number
of speakers during the past millennium. One’s first reaction is to wonder
whether the members of the anti-slovenliness brigade, as we may call them,
are subconsciously reacting to the fast-moving world we live in, and
consequently resenting change in any area of life. To some extent this is likely
to be true. A feeling that ‘fings ain’t wot they used to be’ and an attempt to
preserve life unchanged seem to be natural reactions to insecurity, symptoms
of growing old. Every generation inevitably believes that the clothes, manners
and speech of the following one have deteriorated. We would therefore
expect to find a respect for conservative language in every century and every
culture and, in literate societies, a reverence for the language of the ‘best
authors’ of the past.
Answer:
While English is widely spoken in the world, it is strange that so many people
are convinced of the decline in the quality of English, and the reason may be
that the members of the anti-slovenliness brigade are subconsciously
reacting to the fast-moving world and consequently resenting change in any
area of life because every generation inevitably believes that things in the
following generation have deteriorated.
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74. In order to have a competitive edge, athletes often use drugs with high
athletic performance. The National Honey Board recently found that honey
has the same functions but less negative impact. This clinical trial is the third
in
a series of studies focusing on the use of honey by athletes. The first study
(involving 71 subject) determined that honey has a milder effect on blood
sugar than other popular forms of carbohydrate gel. The second study in the
series (with 39 weights trained subjects) investigated the combination of
honey with a protein supplement and suggested that honey speeds muscle
recovery after a workout.
Answer:
Honey, with the same functions as drugs used by athletes for high athletic
performance and less negative impact, has a milder effect on blood sugar
than other popular forms of carbohydrate gel, and speeds muscle recovery
after a workout.
75. What is known (prior knowledge or pre-existing knowledge) is the knowledge,
skill or ability that a learner brings to a new learning encounter. This includes
all knowledge that is available before the learning event, and which has been
gathered or developed by any means, and in any situation, including both
formal and, quite often, informal learning situations. Learners need enough
previous knowledge and understanding to enable them to learn new things;
they also need help making links with new and previous knowledge explicit. It
is considered to be valuable to go through a process of what has been called
'activating prior knowledge'. Teachers often go through this process at the
beginning of a new topic. They also use introductory strategies at the
beginning of lessons which are continuations from previous lessons. In terms of
the practicalities of teaching, this is a process of making children think about
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the topic or remember what has been covered already. In terms of theory, it is
to do with activating paticular schemas.
76. A medical doctor and professor for international health at Stockholm’s
Karolinska Institute, Rosling became famous as the public educator who used
statistics to show how the world is changing. He chose this public role after
making two significant discoveries. Rosling’s first discovery was that many
people are not aware of even the most basic facts about global health and
global development. Through surveys he conducted, Rosling found that at a
time when poverty is falling faster than ever before, the majority of people
think that the proportion of the world population living in extreme poverty is
rising. Similarly, he found that many underestimate global life expectancy
widely, and are not aware of the success of delivering healthcare services—for
example, vaccines—globally. He found that people’s worldviews often do not
have much grounding in facts, even long before the “post-fact” era. Rosling
was convinced that this unawareness of global progress matters. He made it
his mission to fight this “devastating ignorance” that turns us into cynics, as we
falsely believe that global development must be a mirage. Rosling’s second
discovery was that this lack of factual knowledge was not because people
are not interested in global development, but because it is too hard for those
that want to know about global development to access this knowledge.
Neither the experts nor the media were presenting how global development
changes the world. Based on these two insights, Hans Rosling made it his
mission to bridge this gap and present the evidence that global development
is a reality. His approach to communicating research on global development
was through public talks and the use of data visualisation.
77. The colors that we see are a result of the light reflected within a narrow
range
of wavelengths – what we call the visible spectrum. But sunlight also spans
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wavelengths that we cannot see. Humans can’t see ultraviolet wavelengths,
which many other animals can see. But there’s one set of wavelengths that
elude all of us – these are near infra-red (NIR) wavelengths. And
understanding how bird feathers interact with these wavelengths is important,
not just for birds, but also for humans through the potential for improvements
in thermal efficiency. Our research in the School of BioSciences at the
University of Melbourne suggests that some Australian birds can control their
temperature and avoid overheating by reflecting near-infrared wavelengths
of sunlight. We collected information on 90 species of Australian birds and
found a very strong link between living in hot, arid regions and reflecting a
higher proportion of near-infrared light. Researchers in the field of animal
colouration have largely ignored near-infrared light, because it isn’t easy to
measure and there’s no evidence that animals can see these wavelengths.
Because these wavelengths are invisible, they don’t affect camouflage or
sexual attractiveness, which are very important in the animal world. This
means that many animals can control their temperature by altering reflection
of near-infrared light without compromising their ability to hide or attract a
mate.
78. Education for Global Leadership: The Importance of International Studies and
Foreign Language Education for U.S. Economic and National Security
Committee for Economic Development. To confront the twenty-first century
challenges to our economy and national security, our education system must
be strengthened to increase the foreign language skills and cultural
awareness of our students. America's continued global leadership will depend
on our students' abilities to interact with the world community both inside and
outside our borders.
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79. Water is at the core of sustainable development. Water resources, and the
range of services they provide, underpin poverty reduction, economic growth
and environmental sustainability. From food and energy security to human
and environmental health, water contributes to improvements in social wellbeing and
inclusive growth, affecting the livelihoods of billions. In a sustainable
world that is achievable in the near future, water and related resources are
managed in support of human well-being and ecosystem integrity in a robust
economy. Sufficient and safe water is made available to meet every person's
basic needs, with healthy lifestyles and behaviors easily upheld through
reliable and affordable water supply and sanitation services, in turn
supported by equitably extended and efficiently managed infrastructure.
Water resources management, infrastructure and service delivery are
sustainably financed. Water is duly valued in all its forms, with wastewater
treated as a resource that avails energy, nutrients and freshwater for reuse.
Human settlements develop in harmony with the natural water cycle and the
ecosystems that support it, with measures in place that reduce vulnerability
and improve resilience to water-related disasters. Integrated approaches to
water resources development, management and use and to human rights are
the norm. Water is governed in a participatory way that draws on the full
potential of women and men as professionals and citizens, guided by a
number of able and knowledgeable organizations, within a just and
transparent institutional framework.
80. The advantages and disadvantages of solar power compared to other forms
of renewable energy have been greatly debated. While obviously superior to
some forms of energy, solar power's high cost and efficiency dependent on
geography have limited its appeal. However, a large number of advantages
also merit further development and even possible adaptation for residences.
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Advantages of Solar Power Solar energy remains popular because it is both a
renewable and clean source of energy. These advantages along with the
hope that eventually nations can use solar power to decrease global
warming ensure its popularity. Renewable Solar energy is a true renewable
resource. All areas of the world have the ability to collect some amount of
solar power and solar power is available for collection each day. Clean Solar
energy is non-polluting. It does not create greenhouse gases, such as oil
based energy does, nor does it create waste that must be stored, such as
nuclear energy. It is also far more quiet to create and harness, drastically
reducing the noise pollution required to convert energy to a useful form.
Residential size solar energy systems also have very little impact on the
surrounding environment, in contrast with other renewable energy sources
such as wind and hydroelectric power. Low Maintenance Solar panels have no
moving parts and require very little maintenance beyond regular cleaning.
Without moving parts to break and replace, after the initial costs of installing
the panels, maintenance and repair costs are very reasonable.
Answer:
Despite great debate, solar energy, whose advantages merit further
development and possible adaptation for residences, remains popular
because it is a true renewable resource which is available for collection in all
areas of the world each day and it is non-polluting, creating no greenhouse
gases or waste, reducing noise pollution and having very little impact on the
surrounding environment, without reasonable maintenance and repair costs.
81. Many insecurities, fears, and doubts stem from lack of understanding or lack
of knowledge about something. The more you understand and know about a
situation, the more comfortable you will be and thus the less power your
shyness will have over you. Let’s take for example the subject of public
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speaking. This is an activity that terrifies most people half to death, but only
because most people don’t have much knowledge about it. If you do some
research and investigation, you’ll come to learn that it’s perfectly natural to
be terrified of public speaking, and that almost every single person has the
same fears and insecurities that you do. When you take it further and ask
yourself why you are so terrified of this, you’ll come to learn that you are
scared of being judged, or of being laughed at. From there, you can go and
read and learn about people who are good at public speaking—learn their
tips and strategies. This way you are much more prepared because your
knowledge on the subject is vast. As a result of this, your confidence will
already be much higher than before, which might allow you to attempt public
speaking when you join a club like Toastmasters. As you practice more, you
will naturally become even more confident. This rule applies to any area where
you feel insecure. Read and research as much about the topic as possible.
This will help increase your confidence enough to give the activity a try to see
if you might be able to become better at it. And that initial confidence to take
action is all you need to get the ball rolling and overcome your shyness.
Answer:
Public speaking, an activity that terrifies most people half to death, but only
because they do not have much knowledge about it, terrifies you as you are
scared of being judged or laughed at, and you can go read and learn about
people good at public speaking, by which you are more prepared with higher
confidence allowing you to attempt public speaking.
82. Disabled people were among the early adopters of personal computers. They
were quick to appreciate that word processing programs and printers gave
them freedom from dependence on others to read and write for them. Some
of these disabled early adopters became very knowledgeable about what
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could be achieved and used their knowledge to become independent
students at a high level. They also gained the confidence to ask that
providers of education make adjustments so that disabled students could
make better use of course software and the web, rather than just word
processing. For some disability groups, information in electronic format
(whether computer-based or web-based) can be more accessible than
printed information. For example, people who have limited mobility or limited
manual skills can find it difficult to obtain or hold printed material; visually
impaired people can find it difficult or impossible to read print, but both these
groups can be enabled to use a computer and, therefore, access the
information electronically. Online communication can enable disabled
students to communicate with their peers on an equal basis. For example, a
deaf student or a student with Asperger’s syndrome may find it difficult to
interact in a faceto-face tutorial, but may have less difficulty interacting when
using a text conferencing system in which everyone types and reads text. In
addition, people’s disabilities are not necessarily visible in online
communication systems; so disabled people do not have to declare their
disability and are not perceived as being different.
Answer:
Disabled people were among the early adopters of personal computers, for
some of which, information in electronic format can be more accessible than
printed information, and online communication can enables disabled students
to communicate with their peers on an equal basis, so people’s disabilities are
not necessarily visible in online communication systems and disabled people
do not have to declare their disability and are not perceived as being
different.
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1. Some large factories are built near the communities. What are the benefits
and problems of this phenomenon?
2. Movies and television have a bad influence on people’s behaviors. To what
extent do you agree with this statement?
3. Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Do you
agree with that?
4. To live in a small town or a big city has become a hot topic. Which place
would you prefer to live in?
5. People argue whether it is hard work or luck that contributes to success. What
is your opinion?
6. Universities should give the same amount of money to their students’ sports
activities as they give to their university libraries. Do you agree or disagree
with the statement?
7. Some people are attracted to dangerous sports or other dangerous activities.
Why do you think people like them? What are the advantages and
disadvantages?
8. Some people prefer to eat at food stands or restaurants. Other people prefer
to prepare and eat food at home. Which do you prefer? Explain it with your
own experience.
9. Some people believe that university students should be required to attend
classes. Others believe that going to classes should be optional for students.
Which point of view do you agree with?
10. Neighbors are the people who live near us. A good neighbor should have some
specific qualities. What is your advice? List some types.
Write Essay
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11. Environment is important. It is better for children to grow up in the
countryside
than in a big city. To what extent do you agree with this statement?
12. In general, people are living longer now. What are the cause and problems it
may bring?
13. People should sometimes do things that they do not enjoy doing, such as
learning a new language. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?
14. Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention
to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities.
What is your opinion?
15. Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed by human activity. Others
feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your
opinion?
16. Some think it is better to enjoy your money when you earn it, others think it
is
better to save it for some time in the future. What is your opinion?
17. Businesses should hire employees for their entire lives. What is the
disadvantage? What is your solutions?
18. Learning about the past has no value for those of us living in the present. Do
you agree or disagree?
19. With the help of technology, students nowadays can learn more information an
d learn it more quickly. Do you agree or disagree with the statement?
20. Some famous entertainers earn millions of dollars every year. Few people think
t
hey deserve such high salaries. What is your opinion?
21. In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing.
Please describe a new invention, and determine whether it will bring
advantages or disadvantages.
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22. Nowadays, more and more people engage in dangerous activities, such as
skydiving, skiing and motorcycling. Are you in favor of such activities or not?
Use examples to support your opinion.
23. Some employers involve employees in the decision-making process of
products and services. What are the advantages and disadvantages of such
policy?
24. The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students
learning. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
25. There is no value to travel overseas for study, as you can be a good scholar
even without leaving your home base. It is or isn’t necessary to travel overseas
for a better education?
26. Is travel an important component for a successful scholar? Some people think
scholars should read books and never need to leave their home. To
which extend do you agree? Explain why.
27. The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries are as great as the
advantages. What is your opinion?
28. In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or
adventure sports?
29. The information revolution by modern mass communication has both positive
and negative consequences for individuals and for society. To what extent do
you agree? Explain with your own experience.
30. Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans,
particularly on the younger generation. It has a pivotal role in shaping
people's opinions. Discuss the extent you agree or disagree. Use your own
experience or examples.
31. Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the
responsibilities, governments, big companies, or individuals?
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32. What is the role of writing theater plays and discussing ancient writings in
the
study of high school students?
33. Some people feel that success lies in achieving professional and economic
targets, while others say that success lies in spending quality time with family
and friends. What is your opinion?
34. In the past years, there have been many inventions, such as antibiotics,
airplanes, and computers. What do you think is the most important of them?
Why?
35. Should marketing in companies produce consumer goods like food and
clothing, place emphasis on reputation of the company or short-term
strategies like discount and special offers? Why?
36. Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence can translate a foreign
language easily. Do you think learning a foreign language is still necessary?
Support your point of view with your own experience
37. While artificial intelligence becomes so advanced, people can use computers
to translate foreign languages. Do you agree with it? Use examples or your
own experiences
38. Some people point that experiential learning (i.e., learning by doing it) can
work well in formal education. However, others think a traditional form of
teaching is the best. Do you think experiential learning can work well in high
schools or colleges?
39. Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is
your opinion? Support it with personal examples.
40. Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance
between work and other aspects of one’s life, such as leisure time with family
members. How important do you think is this balance? Why do people find it
hard to achieve?
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41. Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for
disseminating news and information, and for some it acts as a companion.
What is your opinion about this?
42. Should there be a wage cap for highly-paid people? Is it good or bad?
43. It is harder for children living in the 21st century than that in the past. How
far
do you agree with this statement? Give your opinions.
44. Information revolution brought about by modern mass media has both
positive and negative consequences to individuals and society. To what
extent do you agree with this statement? Discuss and use your own
experience.
45. Nowadays, many young people are imitating celebrities in sports and movies.
What do you think about this?
46. There are many people who are defined by the place where they grow up.
Please think of a celebrity you know who becomes famous because of his/her
hometown or the place where he/she grows up. Give examples of how his/her
accomplishment is influenced by the place where he/she grows up.
47. There are many people who are defined by the place where they grow up.
Please think of a celebrity you know who becomes famous because of his/her
hometown or the place where he/she grows up. Give examples of how his/her
accomplishment is influenced by the place where he/she grows up.
48. More and more women are raising a family with a career. Please give your
suggestions on a personal level and national level.
49. Unemployment among young people is a serious problem. Some people
suggest shorter working weeks instead of laying off employees. What do you
think are the advantages and disadvantages? Is it also applicable to adults?
50. Should schools have strict rules on wearing uniforms?
51. Should celebrities give up the right to privacy?
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52. In the future, people will work fewer hours at their jobs. To what extent do
you
agree with it? Please support your opinion with your own experience.
53. Should schools make learning a foreign language compulsory?
54. Nowadays, more and more people believed that overburden can help
complete higher quality in achievements. For example, professional teachers,
coaches believe that this applies to students and athletes, on the individual
and national level. What is your point of view? Give examples to support it.
55. Advanced technology such as artificial intelligence can translate a foreign
language easily. Do you think learning a foreign language is still necessary?
Support with your own experience.
56. Television has many functions to play in everyone's life. For some it's
relaxation;
for some, it is the companion. To what extent do you think the statement is
true? Please provide your argument and supporting evidence from your own
experience.
57. Living in the countryside or having a city life, which one do you prefer?
Please
use examples or your personal experience to support your opinion.
58. Do you agree that taking part in sports is important for an adult's health and
happiness? Discuss.
59. Do you think students who had gone to universities and paid full fees should
earn higher salaries when compared to those who did not go to university at
all?
60. People attend college or university for many different reasons (for example,
new experiences, career preparation, or to increase knowledge). Which
according to you is the foremost factor? Discuss this by giving specific
reasons & examples.
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61. Some languages are become more popular in some countries, while the use of
others is rapidly declining. Do you thing this this is a positive development or a
negative one?
62. To what extent do you agree with the statement that schools should prepare
students for university rather than for work.
63. Tourism is good for some less developed countries, but also has some
disadvantages. Discuss.
64. With the increase of digital information available online, the role of the
library
has become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather
than constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages
of this position and give your own point of view.
65. Global problems are related to governments and international organizations.
What are the problems and what is your opinion?
66. Experience is the best teacher. Some people believe it is more effective than
formal school study and books, what do you think?
67. Effective study requires time, comfort and peace. Study and employment
distract one from another. So, it is impossible to combine study and
employment. To what extent do you think the statements are realistic?
Support your opinion with examples.
68. There are many global problems. What is the most pressing problem? What
solutions would you suggest?
69. Imagine you have been assigned on the study of the climate change. Which
area of climate change will you choose and why? Use examples.
70. Some people think the purpose of education is to prepare for the future
workforce and make good members of society. Others think the purpose of
education should lead to self-fulfillment. What is your opinion?
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71. What do you think are the strengths and weaknesses of the education system
in your country? Use your own experience to support your idea.
72. As cities expand, some people claim governments should try to create better
networks of public transportation available for everyone rather than building
more roads for vehicle owning population. What’s your opinion? Give some
examples or experience to support your opinion.
73. Governments promise continuous economic growth, but it's actually an
illusion. Some people think that governments should abandon this. Please talk
about the validity and the implications.
74. University experience is more important than a university’s degree. Some
people argue that university life is much more important than an educational
degree in job market. Do you agree or not agree?
75. Mass media, such as TV, radio and newspapers, has an influence on people,
particularly on younger generations. It plays a pivotal role on shaping the
opinions of people, especially teenagers and young people. Do you agree
with this? Please give examples.
76. Should marketing in companies which produce consumer goods like food and
clothing, place emphasis on reputation of the company or short-term
strategies like discount and special offers? Why?
77. Animal rights have been a subject of debate since the 1970s. Are zoos helping
or hurting animals?
78. Some people argue that experience is the best teacher. Life experiences can
teach more effectively than books or formal school education. How far do you
agree with this idea? Support your opinion with reasons and/or your personal
experience.
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79. Nowadays television has become an essential part of life. It is a medium for
disseminating news and information, and for some, it acts like a companion.
What is your opinion about this?
80. With the increase of digital media available online, the role of the library
has
become obsolete. Universities should only procure digital materials rather
than constantly textbooks. Discuss both the advantages and disadvantages
of this position and give your own point of view.
81. Some people argue that young people should concentrate on study or work,
some people think it is better to put energy in activities designed to broaden
their experience, such as international travel and volunteering. Support with
examples or cases.
82. As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward to
creating better networks of public transportation available for everyone
rather than building more roads for vehicle owning population. What’s your
opinion? Give some examples or experience to support.
83. Poor lifestyles have a negative impact on people's health. List some unhealthy
lifestyles and discuss what government services could help?
84. What do you think is the most important invention for the past 100 years?
antibiotics, airplanes, or computers? And why?
85. The time people devote to job leaves very little time for personal life. How
widespread is the problem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?
86. What do you think are the strengths and weakness of the education system in
your country? Use your own experience to support your idea.
87. Nowadays, people believe that the environment influences their
accomplishments. Some people think their success and accomplishment were
influenced by the places where they grew up. Do you think the environment
does or does not affect people’s accomplishment and how it affects?
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88. Governments promise continuous economic growths, but it’s actually an
illusion. Some people think that governments should abandon this. Please talk
about validity and implications.
89. In this technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing.
Please describe a new invention and determine whether it will bring
advantages or disadvantages.
90. Nowadays, it is increasingly more difficult to maintain the right balance
between work and other aspects of one’s life, such as leisure time with family
members. How important do you think this balance is? What are the reasons
that make some people think that it is hard to achieve?
91. In many towns and cities, large shopping malls are replacing small local
shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you think this is a positive
development? Use your own experiences.
92. Many education systems assess students using formal written examinations.
Those kinds of exams are a valid method. To what extent do you agree or
disagree? Give examples with your own experience.
93. It is often argued that studying overseas is overrated. There are many
scholars who study locally. To what extent do you agree with this?
94. Some people think human behavior can be limited by laws, while others think
laws have little effect. What is your opinion?
95. There are both advantages and disadvantages of company workers
assessing their own products and services. Discuss.
96. People dispute whether travel is or is not a component of a quality education.
Some believe travel is overrated. What is your opinion?
97. Despite all the advancement made by mankind, some people still argue that
gender equality is a myth. What is your opinion?
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98. Mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers, plays a pivotal role in
shaping our opinions and characters. Do you agree or disagree with it?
Support your answer with reasons, examples and experiences.
99. Do you think the design of buildings affects positively or negatively where
people live and work?
100. The advanced medical technology will extend human’s life. Do you think it is a
blessing or a curse?
101. Some universities deduct students’ marks if students' work is late. What is
your
opinion and suggest some alternative actions?
102. Should marketing for consumer goods companies like clothing and food
emphasize reputation or short-term strategies like discounts and special
offers?
103. Employers should get their employees involved in the decision-making
process. What are the pros and cons of such a policy about products and
services?
104. Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the extent that they
hardly have time for their personal life. How widespread do you think it is?
Discuss the problems caused by the shortage of time.
105. Mass media has an influence on people, particularly on younger generations.
It plays a pivot role on shaping the opinions of people, especially teenagers
and young people. What do you think about it? Please give examples.
106. Large shopping malls are replacing small local shops. What is your opinion on
this? Do you think this is a good or bad development? Use your own
experiences.
107. It is argued that getting married before finishing your study or getting
established in a good job is foolish. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
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108. Television serves many useful functions. It helps people to relax. Besides, it
can
also be seen as a companion for lonely people. To what extent do you agree
with this? Explain it with your own experience.
109. The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’
learning. To what extent do you agree or disagree?
110. Do you think extreme sports like skiing, water rafting, etc. are dangerous and
should be prohibited /banned? Are you in favor of these activities, why?
111. Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is impossible to
combine study and employment. Study and employment distract one from
another. To what extent do you think the statements are realistic? Support
your opinion with examples.
112. Space travel is fantastic these days, but there are many issues, such as
environmental problems, that we should be focusing on. What are your views
on the allocation of public funding?
113. Mass media, including TV and newspaper, have a great influence on humans,
particularly on the younger generation. It can shape people’s opinions. What
is your opinion?
114. Nowadays, the mass media including TV, radio, and newspaper have become
an essential part of our lives. What is your opinion?
115. "The information revolution by modern mass media has both positive and
negative consequences for individuals and for society.” To what extent do you
agree?
116. Some universities deduct students’ marks if the assignment is given late. What
is your opinion and suggest some alternative actions?
117. Should parents be held legally responsible for the actions of their children?
Do
you agree with this opinion? Support your position with your own study,
experience or observations.
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118. Employers involve employees in the decision-making process of products and
services. What are the advantages and disadvantages?
119. Do you think experiential learning is beneficial in high schools or colleges?
120. Lifestyle influence people’s health. Talk about what political services could
help.
121. Some people argue that science is more important than arts. What is your
opinion?
122. Some universities deduct students’ work if assignment is given late. What is
your opinion and suggest some alternative actions?
123. There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays
and works of theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own
experience.
124. Many people choose to immigrate to other countries. What are the
advantages and disadvantages of living in a foreign country? Discuss with
your own experience.
125. A healthy diet is more important for keeping fit than exercise. To what extent
do you believe with this statement? Give example or personal experiences.
126. Students can obtain information of academic subject from online, the printed
books and articles, and discussion with their teachers and their peers. Which
one is the most reliable source?
127. The medical technology is responsible for increasing the average life
expectancy. Do you think it is a curse or a blessing?
128. Advertising may make people buy something they don’t need or cannot
afford, but also, they can convey information to increase their life quality.
What is your opinion?
129. How does the design of building affect, either positively or negatively, where
people work and live?
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130. Some people think schools should group students according to their
academic abilities while others think students can achieve better
performance in mixed groups. Discuss both opinions and give your own
opinion.
131. As national services, which one deserve to receive more financial support,
education or health?
132. In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions such as antibiotics,
airplanes and computers. What do you think is the most important of them?
Why?
133. Some universities deduct marks from students' works if they are given in late.
What is your opinion and suggest some alternative actions?
134. Some countries have free health services. However, some people claim that
those who live unhealthy lives should not receive free health services. Do you
agree or disagree with this statement?
135. Do you agree that privatization of public sector undertakings is beneficial to
society?
136. Many believe that many kinds of media simultaneously communicating to
people help people get correct information. Do you agree with it?
137. Television serves many functions. It helps people to relax. We can learn from
TV programs. Besides, TV can also be seen as a companion for lonely people.
To what extent do you agree with this? Explain it with your own experience.
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READING
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1.
Correct Order:
A) World Mental Health Day, started by the World Federation for Mental Health,
first took place on 10 October 1992.
B) It has been celebrated on this date ever since.
C) For a brief definition from the World Health Organization, World Mental Health
Day aims to raise awareness of mental health issues around the world and to
mobilize efforts in support of mental health.
D) This year's theme is 'Make mental health and well-being for all a global
priority.
2.
Correct Order:
A) Slow travel is all about pacing yourself in a way that'll reduce the stress of
fast
and furious sightseeing.
B) It is a way of mindful travelling, where you intentionally devote time to get
immersed into things of importance to you rather than following a checklist of
things to see and do.
C) The greatest benefit is that you get to know the place better.
D) When you really let yourself soak the environment around you, you start
noticing all the hidden nooks and crannies there, which gives you a chance to
truly learn about the host culture.
3.
Correct Order:
A) You've heard it from your fitness-junkie friends, and you've heard it on the TV:
exercise is good for you.
RE-ORDER PARAGRAPHS
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B) However, exercise does not need to be a strenuous daily grind.
C) It is not all about running a marathon and then some, and it is definitely not
meant to resemble strongman competitions.
D) On the contrary, exercising should be enjoyable and include a level of effort
you're able to give at that particular time.
E) For beginners, that may be a light jog or a dance class, and for more
advanced exercisers, that could look like a sweat-fest in the gym.
4.
Correct Order:
A) Krill eat algae that grows beneath the sea ice.
B) While krill may last over a hundred days without food, if there isn't enough
ice,
they eventually starve.
C) Some scientists estimate Antarctic krill populations have fallen 80% since the
1970s.
D) Part of the decline is almost certainly due to climate change, but other factors
include increased commercial fishing and disease.
5.
Correct Order:
A) A promising approach to career planning is the so-called career clusters.
B) Career clusters encompass a series of similar and related careers within a
particular branch.
C) What you need to do is tick the boxes that fit, and cross off what sounds
unappealing or downright off-putting.
D) Finally you should set measurable goals to get to more attractive professions.
6.
Correct Order:
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A) Researchers have found that as many as 8% of rams (male sheep) demonstrate
sexual attraction to other rams.
B) A larger percentage demonstrates attraction to both males and females.
C) While researchers continue to examine why these differences in sexual
behavior occur, they have made one significant discovery related to animal
brains.
D) The difference occurs in a region of the brain called the anterior hypothalamus,
where researchers identified the existence of what they called an 'ovine
Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus.
7.
Correct Order:
A) As if life as a student isn't difficult enough, you have to consider getting a
job
too.
B) Working as a student can seem taxing and even scary if you haven't got much
experience.
C) However, on the other hand, getting that job means accumulating more
practice and being able to supplement your income.
D) Online tutoring is one of the more popular options students turn to in order to
make some money and boost their knowledge.
E) As an online tutor, you will most likely work through an intermediary. i.e. a
company that offers to connect you with students.
8.
Correct Order:
A) The traditional method for cooking a lobster, boiling it alive, raises the
question
of whether or not lobsters feel pain.
B) This cooking technique (and others, such as storing the live lobster on ice) is
used to improve humans' dining experience.
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292
C) However, if lobsters are capable of feeling pain, these cooking methods raise
ethical questions for chefs and lobster eaters alike.
D) Now a device called the CrustaStun has been invented to electrocutes a
lobster, rendering it unconscious in less than half a second, after which it can
be cut apart or boiled.
9.
Correct Order:
A) Miss Brill is a regular visitor on Sundays to the Jardins Publiques (the Public
Gardens) of a small French suburb.
B) She listens to the band playing, and enjoys contemplating the world as a great
stage upon which actors perform.
C) One Sunday Miss Brill puts on her fur and goes to the Public Gardens as usual.
D) That evening ends with her sudden realization that she is old and lonely, a
realization brought to her by a conversation she overhears a comment on her
unwelcome presence in their vicinity,
E) Miss Brill is sad and depressed as she returns home.
10.
Correct Order:
A) Career planning is a comprehensive venture which encompasses defining your
goals and developing a feasible plan to achieve them.
B) The great news about defining your career goals is that you will hear quite a
few ideas and stories during your studies.
C) Your lecturers might mention possible career paths, and there may be
obligatory internships that can guide you towards your future job.
D) Additionally, lots of university programs are structured in a way that will
equip
you with the necessary skills to find multiple employment options in the future.
11.
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Correct Order:
A) The automat is often considered to be an exclusively American phenomenon.
B) However, in fact, the world's first restaurant of this kind opened in Berlin,
Germany in 1895.
C) Named Quisisana, this high-tech eatery established itself in other northern
European cities.
D) Quisisana soon licensed its technology to Joseph Horn, who opened the first
American automat in Philadelphia in 1902.
12.
Correct Order:
A) Traditional ways of finding an internship are not the only way to do it.
B) In our digital world. looking for internships online brings just as satisfactory
results as networking and calling companies.
C) For instance, LinkedIn is one of those websites that'll make your search easier.
D) This best-known job-hunting website covers internships too, you just need to
apply the appropriate search filter.
13.
Correct Order:
A) The mantle is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth's interior.
B) The rocks that make up Earth's mantle are mostly silicates a wide variety of
compounds that share a silicon and oxygen structure.
C) Common silicates found in the mantle include olivine, garnet, and pyroxene.
D) The other major type of rock found in the mantle is magnesium oxide.
14.
Correct Order:
A) Deserts are dry areas where rainfall is less than 50 centimeters (20 inches) per
year.
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B) They can be either very cold or hot, although most of them are found in
subtropical areas.
C) Because of this extreme condition, there is not as much biodiversity found in
deserts.
D) Any vegetation and wildlife living in a desert must have special adaptations for
surviving in a dry environment.
15.
Correct Order:
A) A biome is a large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and
wildlife.
B) There are five major types of biomes: aquatic, grassland, forest, desert, and
tundra.
C) As the most significant biome, aquatic biomes include both freshwater and
marine biomes.
D) Freshwater biomes are bodies of water surrounded by land that have a salt
content of less than one percent.
E) On the other hand, marine biomes cover close to three-quarters of Earth's
surface.
16.
Correct Order:
A) In August 1988, high winds changed small, smoldering wildfires in Yellowstone
National Park into raging firestorms - an event that came to be known as
"Black Saturday.
B) Today, wildfire experts call the burning of Yellowstone. located in the western
United States, something else: a "megafire."
C) The U.S. Interagency Fire Center defines a megafire by its size: It is a
wildfire
that burns more than 40,500 hectares (100,000 acres) of land.
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D) Other wildfire experts expand the definition of a megafire beyond "acres
burned" to mean wildfires that have an unusually large impact on people and
the environment.
17.
Correct Order:
A) Over time, fashion and people's tastes change.
B) Such changes affect the demand for products and services.
C) Changes in work patterns tend to mean that fewer families sit down in the
evening for a traditionally produced family meal, often because a lack of time.
D) Consequently, people are now more likely to buy takeaway meals or
convenience food, as opposed to ingredients for meals that take time to
prepare.
E) In contrast, people now tend to spend more time shopping and are therefore
more likely to spend time relaxing in a coffee shop or restaurant while on a
shopping trip.
18.
Correct Order:
A) The natural structure found within leaves could improve the performance of
everything from rechargeable batteries to high-performance gas sensors,
according to an international team of scientists.
B) The researchers have designed a porous material that utilises a vascular
structure, such as that found in the veins of a leaf, and could make energy
transfers more efficient.
C) The material could improve the performance of rechargeable batteries,
optimising the charge and discharge process and relieving stresses within the
battery electrodes, which, at the moment, limit their life span.
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D) The same material could be used for high performance gas sensing or for
catalysis to break down organic pollutants in water.
19.
Correct Order:
A) Meerkats, a small group-living mongooses in southern Africa, have been so
extensively studied and filmed that we can follow individuals through their lives
like characters in an animal soap opera.
B) The Kalahari Desert meerkats, Suricata Suricatta, have been followed over
generations.
C) They are so habituated to humans that they will climb on and off weighing
scales when a scientist wants to weigh an animal.
D) It is remarkable that behavior, which at one time could only be observed by
dedicated field workers, is now readily available for all of us to see.
20.
Correct Order:
A) Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of
ancient Greece's most important patrons of mathematics.
B) Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his Academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he
stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about reality.
C) In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the
secrets of the universe.
D) The sign above the Academy entrance read: 'Let no-one ignorant of geometry
enter here'.
21.
Correct Order:
A) In 1844 the Mendip Hills Mining Company began work in the Charterhouse area.
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B) The company employed Cornish miners with experience and expertise of
working deep tin mines.
C) Initially, the aim was to exploit the ore at depth, which previous miners could
not reach.
D) Four deep shafts were sunk, up to 108m deep.
22.
Correct Order:
A) Mandarin is the most common language in the world as it is the official
language of Mainland China, Taiwan, and one of the official languages of
Singapore.
B) Thus, Mandarin is commonly referred to as ‘Chinese’.
C) But in fact, it is just one of many Chinese languages.
D) Depending on the region, Chinese people also speak Wu, Hunanese,
Jiangxinese, Hakka, Min, and many other languages.
E) Even in one province, there can be multiple languages spoken. For example, in
Fujian province, you can hear Min, Fuzhounese, and Mandarin being spoken,
each being very distinct from the other.
23.
Correct Order:
A) Researchers need to understand why different forms of locomotion evolved.
B) Long-held assumptions, such as the need for energy efficiency, have already
been overturned.
C) For example, a mechanical ankle brace can improve the metabolic efficiency
of human walking, implying that walking is inefficient.
D) But variation of movement is important, too: such an ankle brace holds you
back if you try to skip, gallop or skitter.
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E) Similarly, legged robots struggle to deploy different gaits, just as roboticists
struggle to enumerate them.
24.
Correct Order:
A) Over time, fashion and people's tastes change.
B) Such changes affect the demand for products and services.
C) Changes in work patterns tend to mean that fewer families sit down in the
evening for a traditionally produced family meal, often because a lack of time.
D) Consequently, people are now more likely to buy takeaway meals or
convenience food, as opposed to ingredients for meals that take time to
prepare.
E) In contrast, people now tend to spend more time shopping and are therefore
more likely to spend time relaxing in a coffee shop or restaurant while on a
shopping trip.
25.
Correct Order:
A) History is selective.
B) What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but
what historians have selected.
C) They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made.
D) Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be
formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons.
26.
Correct Order:
A) About what an email list is. Sentence
B) What the use of email list is. You can arrange contacts into a particular group
in the email list. Sentence
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C) For example, if I am a group member, I can choose group-sending. Sentence
D) Further explanation for the example. No new words, and very easy.
27.
Correct Order:
A) A review is a survey of what you have covered.
B) It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going
to do.
C) Rereading is an important part of the review process.
D) Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the
process.
28.
Correct Order:
A) If you look at how a US city is laid out on a map, you usually find a grid
pattern
of streets going from north to south and east to west, and they cross at a very
precise 90-degree angle.
B) In cities elsewhere, such as those in many European countries, streets follow a
meandering pattern, following the rivers and natural landmarks.
C) This is not simply a case of an older, irregular pattern giving way to a later
American invention, however.
D) The ancient Romans, for example, laid out their streets mathematically many
years previously, and this also produced a grid pattern.
29.
Correct Order:
A) There is a difference between Gandhiji's concept of secularism and that of
Nehru's.
B) In Gandhiji's view, secularism stands for equal respect for all religions.
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C) Nehru's idea of secularism was equally indifferent to all religions and
bothering
about none of them.
D) Such secularism which means the rejection of all religions is contrary to our
culture and tradition.
E) Instead of doing any good, such secularism can do harm.
30.
Correct Order:
A) We know very little about wild pandas because they are so rare and live in
almost impenetrable forest.
B) But in 2010 and 2011, Vanessa Hull of Michigan State University and her
colleagues were given permission to attach GPS tracking collars to five pandas
in the Wolong National Nature Reserve in China.
C) The collars transmitted each animal's position every four hours, for up to two
years.
D) The team found that the home ranges of individual pandas overlapped and,
on a few occasions, two animals spent several weeks in close proximity.
E) "Sometimes the pandas were within 10 or 20 meters of each other, which
suggests the pandas were in direct interaction," Hull says.
31.
Correct Order:
A) Roads of rails called Wagonways were being used in Germany as early as 1550.
B) These primitive railed roads consisted of wooden rails over which horse-drawn
wagons or carts moved with greater ease than over dirt roads. Wagonways
were the beginnings of modern railroads.
C) By 1776, iron had replaced the wood in the rails and wheels on the carts.
D) In 1789, Englishman, William Jessup designed the first wagons with flanged
wheels.
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E) The flange was a groove that allowed the wheels to better grip the rail, this
was an important design that carried over to later locomotives.
32.
Correct Order:
A) Within the country, there are more than 100 schools in the country providing
course and accommodations.
B) Never choose a school without going to the place and having a look. You
should go and see once you have a chance.
C) You can see the facilities and accommodations around the school.
D) Because you might be living there.
E) And they can be helpful to your study as well.
33.
Correct Order:
A) Heart attack is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a
blood clot.
B) When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
C) The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
D) Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
34.
Correct Order:
A) Sherbet powder is a mix of baking soda and citric acid.
B) When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs,
taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
C) Another example of an endothermic reaction is the cold packs used by
athletes to treat injuries.
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D) This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and
cooling the injured part of your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice
pack.
35.
Correct Order:
A) Formal medical education in Manchester began in 1814 when Joseph Jordan
opened the first anatomy school in the English provinces.
B) Previous lecture courses in medicine had included a series given by Peter Mark
Roget, then a physician at Manchester Infirmary (1804-1808), but better known
for his later Thesaurus.
C) Jordan, however, offered dissections as well as lectures, and medical
education proved good business.
D) In London, the private anatomy schools, which had competed with each other
for decades, became incorporated with the hospitals, but in the provinces,
private medical schools continued beyond 1870, using the hospitals for clinical
teaching but not formally attached to them.
36.
Correct Order:
A) Students probably don't know how to achieve high marks in exams.
B) Actually, you don't have to write down everything you know.
C) Before writing, you should figure out what the question is after, and what is
not
relevant.
D) And then you will have an idea of what you should write: write as many points
as the number in the question indicates.
E) If there is a 'three', you should arrange your response as three points.
37.
Correct Order:
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A) Due to its ability to solve all main problems associated with digital goods,
Digital Rights Management is the favorite option used by companies to tackle
piracy.
B) The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of DRM for consumers,
firms and society.
C) The rationales of DRM are discussed and the expected benefits for firms are
presented.
D) In contrast, consumers are shown to be likely to see few benefits in DRM.
E) The article concludes with some public policy recommendations.
38.
Correct Order:
A) Around 1 billion people depend on water resources originating from the HinduKush
Karakoram Himalayan region, attributable to both rainfall and melting of
snow and ice.
B) The wind in the valleys in the region plays an important role in transporting
clouds and moisture and redistributing snow in the valleys, and so
understanding what drives this wind is crucial.
C) Around the world, wind in valleys generally travels up the valley, and up the
sides of mountains, during the day.
D) This is often driven by differences in pressure caused by the slopes of the
mountains and the shape of the valleys.
39.
Correct Order:
A) Poincare had an especially interesting view of scientific induction.
B) Laws, he said, are not direct generalizations of experience; they aren’t mere
summaries of the points on the graph.
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C) Rather, the scientist declares the law to be some interpolated curve that is
more or less smooth and so will miss some of those points.
D) Thus a scientific theory is not directly falsifiable by the data of experience;
instead, the falsification process is more indirect.
40.
Correct Order:
A) Scientists have known for over a decade that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has
been losing mass and contributing to sea level rise.
B) Its eastern neighbor is, however, ten times larger and has the potential to
raise
the global sea level by some 50 meters.
C) Despite its huge size and importance, conflicting results have been published
on the recent behavior of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.
D) A study led by a group of NASA scientists, that was published in 2015,
suggested that this part of Antarctica was gaining so much mass that it
compensated for the losses in the west.
41.
Correct Order:
A) Drug resistance is the leading cause of death in women with estrogenreceptor-
positive breast cancer, the most common form of the disease.
B) Now, researchers have identified an ordinary dietary element that may
increase the chances of a breast cancer becoming drug-resistant.
C) The connection of the amino acid leucine to drug resistance raises hopes that
a relatively simple intervention, like a shift to a low-leucine diet, can reduce
the
incidence of drug resistance, which is responsible for a large portion of the
roughly 40,000 breast cancer deaths every year.
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D) The work also raises the possibility that a drug could be developed to mirror
the effects of that dietary restriction, by blocking cells' ability to take in
leucine
from the surrounding environment.
42.
Correct Order:
A) Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study.
B) Others study best in crowded, noisy rooms because the noise actually helps
them concentrate.
C) The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own
studying.
D) However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be
more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the TV off
when you are reading or studying. Also, don't let yourself distracted by
computer games, email, or internet surfing.
43.
Correct Order:
A) Vision and echolocation have many features in common.
B) One narrow range of radiation — light in the case of vision, ultrasounds in the
case of echolocation — provides information relevant to a wide variety of
cognitive and practical goals.
C) Why, then, is vision so common and echolocation so rare?
D) Because, in most environments, vision is much more effective.
E) Echolocation is adaptive only in an ecological niche where vision is impossible
or badly impaired—for instance, when dwelling in caves and hunting at night,
as bats do.
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44.
Correct Order:
A) The people and events of the past can only be understood when viewed within
the larger context in which they existed.
B) That is not possible when historical events or topics are isolated and extracted
from the web of historic time to serve some other curricular purpose.
C) The value of history also depends upon the chronological presentation of
events through time.
D) It is only through a chronological survey that students can begin to understand
the process of social and cultural change, which is one of the principal
purposes of history.
45.
Correct Order:
A) Photogrammetry involves taking hundreds of photos of an object at slightly
different angles and ‘stitching’ them together to create an interactive digital
3D model.
B) The process is already being used by the University of Aberdeen’s anatomy
department to create digital models of organs and other body parts to aid
teaching and learning for young doctors.
C) Now the same technology is being used to create virtual replicas of artifacts
within the University’s museum’s collections, including an ancient Egyptian
mummified cat, prehistoric skulls and ancient Greek pottery.
D) These artifacts are rarely handled as they are so fragile.
E) Photogrammetry lets the public and students get to see them close-up and in
very high detail.
46.
Correct Order:
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A) To celebrate his first publication, Frost had a book of six poems privately
printed; two copies of Twilight were made—one for himself and one for his
fiancée.
B) Over the next eight years, however, he succeeded in having only 13 more
poems published.
C) During this time, Frost sporadically attended Dartmouth and Harvard and
earned a living teaching school and, later, working a farm in Derry, New
Hampshire.
D) But in 1912, discouraged by American magazines’ constant rejection of his work,
he took his family to England, where he found more professional success.
47.
Correct Order:
A) Historians are now agreed that beginning in the 17th century and continuing
throughout the 18th century, England witnessed an agricultural revolution.
B) English (and Dutch) farmers were the most productive farmers of the century
and were continually adopting new methods of farming and experimenting
with new types of vegetables and grains.
C) They also learned a great deal about manure and other fertilizers.
D) In other words, many English farmers were treating farming as a science, and
all this interest eventually resulted in greater yields.
48.
Correct Order:
A) In a wonderful set of studies and subsequent book, Elly A. Konijn looked to the
question of how much actors are aware of their performance as they perform
it, and how much they let the character 'take over'.
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B) She asked Dutch actors to rate their own emotions and the emotions of the
characters they were playing across a range of affective states (from disgust
and anxiety to tenderness and pleasure).
C) She found that positive emotions were often felt by the actors as they played
those character's emotions.
D) However, the more negative the emotion of the character, the less likely the
actor would report feeling that emotion onstage.
49.
Correct Order:
A) Aboard the ship Discovery, Hudson left England in April 1610.
B) He and his crew, which again included his son John and Robert Juet, made
their way across the Atlantic Ocean.
C) After skirting the southern tip of Greenland, they entered what became known
as the Hudson Strait.
D) The exploration then reached another of his namesakes, the Hudson Bay.
50.
Correct Order:
A) Cameras help autonomous vehicles read street signs and the color of traffic
lights.
B) But LiDARs, aka light detection and ranging systems, do the important work of
sensing and helping cars avoid obstacles, whether that's a fallen tree, a drunk
driver, or a child running out into the road.
C) Now, a startup called Luminar Technologies Inc., is unveiling a high-resolution
LiDAR sensor that was five years in the making.
D) The startup, which has raised $36 million in seed-stage funding so far, built
its
LiDAR systems from scratch.
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51.
Correct Order:
A) The Earth just had the hottest month in recorded history, and it’s even worse
than normal.
B) The record comes in a run of unprecedentedly hot months.
C) Not only does it break through the all-time record set a year before, it also
continues a now 10-month long streak of months that are the hottest ever
according to Nasa data.
D) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration calculates temperatures
slightly differently.
52.
Correct Order:
A) Sherbet powder is a mix of baking soda and citric acid.
B) When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs,
taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
C) Another example of an endothermic reaction is the cold packs used by
athletes to treat injuries.
D) This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and
cooling the injured part of your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice
pack.
53.
Correct Order:
A) Short-term memory (SMT) can hold information anywhere between 15-30
seconds.
B) According to Miller's Magical Number Seven (1956), short-term memory has a
limited capacity, being able to store 5 to 9 items simultaneously.
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C) However, if we hear concepts or ideas repeatedly in an audio form we can
acoustically encode the information.
D) It is a process referred to as ”rehearsal”, thereby committing it to our long-
term
memories.
54.
Correct Order:
actor would report feeling that emotion onstage.
55.
Correct Order:
A) According to the research, more car accidents occur in the morning.
B) Particularly, most of those accidents happen between 1 am and 5 am, for
example in Port Macquarie.
C) Especially, this happens very often among teenage drivers.
D) This should draw the public attention, and people should put more concerns on
teenagers.
E) As a new method, it is advised to have more qualifications for teenagers to get
licenses.
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56.
Correct Order:
A) Playwrights come to their craft with different aesthetic sensibilities.
B) They create recognizable worlds with troubling relevance to human behavior
and social themes.
C) Others dismiss the “illusion of the real” to engage us in political arguments or
absurdist metaphors.
D) Thornton Wilder and Tennessee Williams, on the one hand, and Bertolt Brecht
and Samuel Beckett, on the other, are playwrights with very different
approaches to empathy and aesthetic distance.
E) However, these writers have in common their means of artistic expression – the
play.
57.
Correct Order:
A) Although there is always some risk that a large impact could occur, careful
study shows that this risk is quite small.
B) The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that
impacts from meteorites can indeed be hazardous.
C) Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to decades ago.
D) In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard
posed today by large impacts on Earth.
58.
Correct Order:
A) But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
B) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing
their bad practices.
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C) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously
inspected by watchdog groups.
D) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than
it
was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
59.
Correct Order:
A) Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from
7
to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
B) They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air
masses. There are four major jet streams.
C) Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike
fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds
considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
D) Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail
winds or head winds are encountered.
E) In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in
order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
60.
Correct Order:
A) All over the world students are changing countries for their university studies.
B) They don't all have the same reasons for going or for choosing a particular
place to study.
C) They may choose a university because of its interesting courses or perhaps
because they like the country and its language.
D) Some students go overseas because they love travel.
E) Whatever the reason, thousands of students each year make their dreams of a
university education come true.
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61.
Correct Order:
A) I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often
overdramatized in order to secure an audience - but not of science itself.
B) Of course, there may be the extremely rare example of scientific dishonesty,
which will be seized upon by the news organizations, but the role of science
within modern society remains valuable.
C) Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on
the phone instead of looking at roads.
D) But no one would deny that mobile phones can help us to make a phone call
when we are under a crisis.
E) In other words, I firmly believe that the development of science and the
extension of understanding is a public good.
62.
Correct Order:
A) Over the years many human endeavors have had the benefit of language.
B) In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past
events, places, people and things.
C) But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to
specify a
tune.
D) It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century that
allowed music to be documented in a physical form.
E) Now music could be communicated efficiently and succeeding generations
would know something about the music of their ancestors.
63.
Correct Order:
A) Your main job in taking lecture notes is to be a good listener.
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B) To be a good listener, you must learn to focus and concentrate on the main
points of the lecture.
C) Get them down, and then later reorganize them in your own words.
D) Once you have done this, you have set the stage for successful reviewing and
revising.
64.
Correct Order:
A) During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and
omnipotent.
B) Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical
information about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems
with relative ease.
C) We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
D) The information would be more nebulous, and the outcomes of our decisions
would be unpredictable.
E) So, in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of
our minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to
the challenge?"
65.
Correct Order:
A) In language learning there is a distinction between competence and
performance. Competence is a state of the speaker’s mind. What he or she
knows?
B) Separate from actual performance – what he or she does while producing or
comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through
performance.
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C) An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the
code and have indeed be untested on it to obtain a driving license.
D) In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the code to a continuous
flow of changing circumstances and may even break it from time to time.
E) Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
66.
Correct Order:
A) All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than
others.
B) It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of
evolution.
C) If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick,
they do
not bother so much with the general complexities of the world around them.
D) So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear is gum leaves, then
they are satisfied, and the living is easy.
E) The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never
afford to relax.
67.
Correct Order:
A) Some psychologists believe that independent, peer-reviewed research in the
decades since the MBTI was devised has provided something better than
Myers-Briggs.
B) They champion the notion of the “Big Five” personality traits — openness,
conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism.
C) Of these, only one trait is closely shared with the MBTI — extroversion.
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D) Myers-Briggs does not focus on “neuroticism” or, indeed, any similarly negative
trait, which may point to one of the reasons why the criticisms lobbed at the
test by modern science have yet to undermine its popularity.
E) As Adam Grant says, ‘Going around telling people that they’re neurotic and
disagreeable will not win you any friends.'
68.
Correct Order:
A) SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in a
pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the Urubamba.
B) That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally loggable land sandwiched
between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the
town. “Boundaries are on maps,” says a local logger, “maps are only in Lima,”
the capital.
C) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate
logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is
allowed.
D) It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
E) Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with the
right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict
management plans and sustainable extraction.
69.
Correct Order:
A) During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation,
including the first transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles
Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith's
transpacific flight the following year.
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B) One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which
became the first airliner to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively,
starting the modern era of passenger airline service.
C) By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and
there were numerous qualified pilots available.
D) The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft
and the first liquid-fueled rockets.
70.
Correct Order:
A) The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great areas
the available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
B) However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of
special surveys since 1920.
C) A broad, well-defined ridge-the Mid-Atlantic ridge-runs north and south
between Africa and the two Americas.
D) Numerous other major irregularities diversify the Atlantic floor.
E) Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors are
rugged as mountainous regions of the continents.
71.
Correct Order:
A) In addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of
Earth.
B) A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable
orbit
of a Sun-like star.
C) Four of the planets are so-called Super-Earths, larger than our own planet, but
smaller than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
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D) Using observations gathered by NASA’s Kepler Mission, the team found five
planets orbiting a Sun-like star called Kepler-62.
E) These new super Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6 and 1.9 times that of Earth.
72.
Correct Order:
A) The consequence is that refugee acceptance is slowing down.
B) Australian immigration policy was relatively loose before.
C) We accept more refugees than we were expected.
D) At the same time, new refugee policies have been changed secretly.
E) Because of the election, refugee applications are extended.
73.
Correct Order:
A) If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.
B) That's where you'll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there
are
species that could probably survive on Mars as well.
C) For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species
that inhabit the Acigol, Saida and Yareli lakes.
D) They're hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the
kinds of biology that could help microbes exist on Mars or other potentially
habitable planets and moons.
74.
Correct Order:
A) This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a
German sociologist.
B) The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts
and
oral communications, in a variety of media and including reprints and
translations.
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C) The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date.
D) There is, however, no search facility.
75.
Correct Order:
A) Why Applied Computer Science?
B) With rapid advances in technology and new applications being developed
constantly, it is hard to say what those problems will be.
C) Our Applied Computer Science major is all about giving you the skills to solve
computer related problems.
D) One thing is for sure, though, it is going to be exciting finding out.
76.
Correct Order:
A) To do this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
B) However, this is easier said than done.
C) The job of a manger in a workplace is to get things done through employees.
D) Motivation is something that everyone needs.
77.
Correct Order:
A) For example, before writing the thesis, try to understand the requirement of the
topic and find out the relevant facts.
B) Students may not know how to achieve good grades in exams.
C) Actually, you don’t have to write down everything you know.
D) And then you will have an idea of what you should write.
E) Before writing, you should figure out what the question is, and what is not
relevant
78.
Correct Order:
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A) Later on, someone invented a wagon.
B) With the industrial development, steel railway was invented which then
replaced the wood railway.
C) The railway can save time and money.
D) The railway is a good invention, but there was only wood railway in the
beginning.
79.
Correct Order:
A) But what Darwin rightly recognized is that—panda fans avert your eyes – worm
conservation is much more important once we factor in their provision of what
we now call “ecosystem services”, which are crucial to human survival.
B) Not all wildlife is created equal in our eyes.
C) Take the earthworm, which doesn’t have the widespread appeal of larger,
more charismatic animals such as gorillas, tigers of pandas.
D) Worms are never going to get a strong “cute response” and they won’t ever be
the face of a conservation campaign.
80.
Correct Order:
A) On the one hand, they differ concerning the degree to which gender equality
concepts are embedded in various legislative acts.
B) Most European countries are concerned about gender inequalities in
education.
C) However, the comprehensiveness of legislative and policy frameworks differs
widely.
D) On the other hand, they can frame gender equality in different ways, focusing
on one or more of the various concepts that are associated with this term.
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81.
Correct Order:
A) It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and other
cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways.
B) For one thing, the use of language is universal—all normally developing children
learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than one.
C) By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical
reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry a
tune.
D) Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand language, it
may seem to be simple.
E) But just the opposite is true language is one of the most complex of all human
cognitive abilities.
82.
Correct Order:
A) Amino acid, which is also known as Leucine, is a fundamental element in the
muscle’s formation
B) Animals’ protein has a x% of the Leucine, which is higher than those in plants’
protein.
C) Plants’ protein
D) However, there are also some exceptions exist.
83.
Correct Order:
A) With the Arctic the fastest-warming region on the planet, climate change is
already altering key components of the Arctic environment.
B) Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea ice
and the migration of species into the Arctic that normally live at lower latitudes.
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C) The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented
impact on how the Arctic ecosystem operates.
D) This is likely to affect the UK's climate and economy, with anticipated impacts
on industries like tourism and fisheries.
84.
Correct Order:
A) The Earth just had the hottest month in recorded history, and it’s even worse
than normal.
B) The record comes in a run of unprecedentedly hot months.
C) Not only does it break through the all-time record set a year before, it also
continues a now 10-month long streak of months that are the hottest ever
according to Nasa data.
D) The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration calculates temperatures
slightly differently.
85.
Correct Order:
A) In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are
not persuaded by information.
B) Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
C) Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to
listen
to those that offer us some reward.
D) He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should
show where the rewards might lie.
E) We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a
crisis,
of resourcefulness and community action.
86.
Correct Order:
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A) Take an underperforming company
B) Add some generous helping of debt, a few spoonsful of management
incentives and trim all the fat.
C) Leave to cook for five years and you have a feast of profits.
D) That has been the recipe for private-equity groups during the past 200 years.
87.
Correct Order:
A) The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and
looming over it for the next 10 years.
B) Engineers, in particular, are much needed to develop greener technologies.
C) Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there’s a lot of money
going into the research side, too.
D) With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years
funding from the research councils has probably doubled.
88.
Correct Order:
A) The European Union has two big fish problems.
B) One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own
fisheries can no longer meet European demand.
C) The other is that its governments won’t confront their fishing lobbies and
decommission all the surplus boats.
D) The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa.
Since 1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting
our fleets access to its waters.
E) As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as
ours.
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89.
Correct Order:
A) New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world’s
most dynamic, emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia
and Mexico.
B) We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment and worked with 250
innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable
environmental benefits, such as clean energy, efficient water use, and
sustainable agriculture.
C) Often, they also address the challenges experienced by the world’s poor.
D) For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Eco-star,
refurbishes copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them
for 20 percent less than a branded photocopier.
90.
Correct Order:
A) The "Festival in The Desert" is a celebration of the musical heritage of the
Touareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
B) It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north west of
Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
C) Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to
negotiate.
D) The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day
feast of music and dance.
91.
Correct Order:
A) This is likely to affect the UK’s climate and economy with anticipated impacts
on industries like tourism and fisheries.
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B) The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented
impact on how the Arctic ecosystem operates.
C) Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea ice
and the migration of species into the Arctic that normally live at lower latitudes.
D) With the Arctic, the fastest warming region on the planet, climate change is
already altering key component of the Arctic environment.
92.
Correct Order:
A) This makes you memorize; for these you take notes, and should construct
sentences,
B) After that, it would help you in revising and exercising key words.
C) To be a good listener, you should take notes.
D) In the lecture, you should be a good listener.
93.
Correct Order:
A) Moreover, he had been studying in four different schools.
B) Moreover his academic performance was not good.
C) There is one 11-year old boy who had been adopted by five families.
D) The consequence is that he has problem fitting in the society.
E) He was sent to his relatives’ family for him to be well taken care of.
94.
Correct Order:
A) A University of Canberra student has launched the nation's first father- led
literacy project, to encourage fathers to become more involved in their
children's literacy. Julia Bocking's Literacy and Dads (LADS) project aims to
increase the number of fathers participating as literacy helpers in K-2 school
reading programs at Queanbeyan Primary Schools.
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B) "There's no program like this in Australia," Ms Bocking said, who devised the
project as the final component of her community education degree at the
University.
C) Having worked as a literacy tutor with teenagers, Ms Bocking saw the need for
good attitudes towards reading to be formed early on - with the help of more
male role models.
D) "Teachers depend on parent helpers in the earlier school years, though
research shows that nationally only five percent of these helpers are male"; she
said, "A male that values reading sets a powerful role mode, particularly for
young boys, who are statistically more likely to end up in the remedial literacy
program."
95.
Correct Order:
A) Priority sectors include agriculture, small scale industries, housing, exports,
etc
B) Economics say that a market has failed when the market does not provide
efficient outcomes for society
C) It is not clear how sectors get identified for the priority tag. as there is no
clearly
articulated logic
D) The government of India directs substantial bank credit to what it deems are
'priority sectors' for the Indian economy
E) In my view, a priority sector should be an area of market failure
96.
Correct Order:
A) The fiscal deficit has deteriorated.
B) There are big gaps in perception and capability of managers
C) Government finances are terminally impaired with uncontrolled fiscal deficits
D) The current pace of reforms is too slow
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E) Thus, we can say a good budget is one which makes a sincere attempt to
change the policy environment.
F) Industry too is not ready to deliver growth, should even the government pursue
the right policies.
97.
Correct Order:
A) Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study.
B) Others study best in crowded, noisy rooms because the noise actually helps
them concentrate.
C) The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own
studying.
D) However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be
more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so leave the TV off
when you are reading or studying. Also, don't let your self-distracted by
computer games, email, or internet surfing.
98.
Correct Order:
A) In 1875, the geologist Eduard Suess used the term biosphere to describe the
location where all living things dwell.
B) Since this initial formulation, the term has been further developed and is now
considered to encompass all the ecosystems of the Earth.
C) It includes every living organism on the planet as well as their interactions
with
the earth, water, and air.
D) The biosphere is thought to have developed about 3.5 billion years ago when
the first living organisms began to appear.
E) Today, some scientists have argued that the biosphere itself is a kind of super
organism.
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F) Each of the plants, animals and other organisms serve as just a piece of the
whole.
99.
Correct Order:
A) School has different ways to let parents know how they provide education
services.
B) One of the common ways is open days.
C) Open days are good chances for parents to ask what they want to know.
D) These are times when parents can know what works for their children will be
doing at school.
100.
Correct Order:
A) For many years, I had been thinking of writing a book.
B) Not an ordinary book, but a literature book.
C) I would do extensive literature reading and think about how I could do as well
as they had done.
D) What I did is what you will need to do.
101.
Correct Order:
A) The research by Will and colleagues dressed 6-month-old babies in different
colored outfits that did not necessarily match their gender, so the participants
had no way of knowing if the baby was in fact a boy or a girl.
B) Sometimes, the infant was dressed in blue and was called Adam and
sometimes it was dressed in pink and was called Beth.
C) There were three toys in the room: a train (boy stereotype), a doll (girl
stereotype) and a fish (neutral).
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D) This study found that babies dressed in blue and thought to be boys were
more likely to be given the train.
E) Babies in pink or 'girls' were more likely to be given the doll and more people
smiled at 'Beth' then at 'Adam'.
102.
Correct Order:
actor would report feeling that emotion onstage
103.
Correct Order:
A) So now that you’ve completed the research project, what do you do?
B) I know you won’t want to hear this, but your work is still far from done.
C) In fact, this final stage – writing up your research – may be one of the most
difficult.
D) Developing a good, effective and concise report is an art form in itself.
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E) And, in many research projects you will need to write multiple reports that
present the results at different levels of detail for different audiences.
104.
Correct Order:
A) Cameras help autonomous vehicles read street signs and the color of traffic
lights.
B) But LiDARs, aka light detection and ranging systems, do the important work of
sensing and helping cars avoid obstacles, whether that's a fallen tree, drunk
driver, or a child running out into the road.
C) Now, a startup called Luminar Technologies Inc., is unveiling a high-resolution
LiDAR sensor that was five years in the making.
D) The startup, which has raised $36 million in seed-stage funding so far, built
its
LiDAR systems from scratch.
105.
Correct Order:
A) Vision and echolocation have many features in common.
B) One narrow range of radiation — light in the case of vision, ultrasounds in the
case of echolocation — provides information relevant to a wide variety of
cognitive and practical goals.
C) Why, then, is vision so common and echolocation so rare?
D) Because, in most environments, vision is much more effective.
E) Echolocation is adaptive only in an ecological niche where vision is impossible
or badly impaired—for instance, when dwelling in caves and hunting at night,
as bats do.
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106.
Correct Order:
A) Drug resistance is the leading cause of death in women with estrogenreceptor-
positive breast cancer, the most common form of the disease.
B) Now, researchers have identified an ordinary dietary element that may
increase the chances of a breast cancer becoming drug-resistant.
C) The connection of the amino acid leucine to drug resistance raises hopes that
a relatively simple intervention, like a shift to a low-leucine diet, can reduce
the
incidence of drug resistance, which is responsible for a large portion of the
roughly 40,000 breast cancer deaths every year.
D) The work also raises the possibility that a drug could be developed to mirror
the effects of that dietary restriction, by blocking cells' ability to take in
leucine
from the surrounding environment.
107.
Correct Order:
A) A team of scientists has discovered two Earth-like planets in the habitable
orbit
of a Sun-like star.
B) Using observations gathered by NASA's Kepler Mission, the team found five
planets orbiting a Sun like star called Kepler-62.
C) Four of these planets are so-called super-Earths, larger than our own planet,
but smaller than even the smallest ice giant planet in our Solar System.
D) These new super-Earths have radii of 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, and 1.9 times that of Earth.
In
addition, one of the five was a roughly Mars-sized planet, half the size of Earth.
108.
Correct Order:
A) Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills,
says
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Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
B) Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable
them to provide services in a more cost-effective way.
C) This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
D) He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource
research to foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.
E) This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having
to
produce them myself says Mr. Maria.
109.
Correct Order:
A) But beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
B) Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing
their bad practices.
C) Today, the projects of organizations like the World Bank are meticulously
inspected by watchdog groups.
D) Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than
it
was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.
110.
Correct Order:
A) For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of
Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across the
time zones of the world.
B) This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic difficultly
in grasping the concept of punctuality.
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C) But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now
seems very primitive.
D) This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard the
reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons.
111.
Correct Order:
A) A simple way to disprove this hypothesis (the Innateness Hypothesis) is to
demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some
reason simply have not developed speech.
B) A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of
the human genetic code.
C) Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike homo sapiens, their vocal cords
are located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as delicately as
human vocal cords.
D) It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are
incapable of language.
E) Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if they could only express it
some other way.
112.
Correct Order:
A) In the early years of the twenty-first century the impact of immigrants on the
welfare state and, specifically, the capacity of the welfare state to absorb large
numbers of immigrants has become a staple of discussion among policy makers
and politicians.
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B) It is also a recurrent theme in the press, from the highbrow pages of Prospect
to the populism of the Daily Mail.
C) Inevitably, these discussions focus on present-day dilemmas.
D) But the issues themselves are not new and have historical roots that go much
deeper than have been acknowledged
113.
Correct Order:
A) Unlike Barnes' previous books, Mother of Storms has a fairly large cast of
viewpoint characters.
B) This usually irritates me, but I didn't mind it here, and their interactions are
wellhandled and informative, although occasionally in moving them about the
author's manipulations are a bit blatant.
C) They’re not all necessarily good guys, either, although with the hurricanes
wreaking wholesale destruction upon the world's coastal areas, ethical
categories tend to become irrelevant.
D) But even the Evil American Corporate Magnate is a pretty likable guy.
114.
Correct Order:
A) SEPAHUA, a ramshackle town on the edge of Peru's Amazon jungle, nestles in
a pocket on the map where a river of the same name flows into the
Urubamba.
B) That pocket denotes a tiny patch of legally luggable land sandwiched
between four natural reserves, all rich in mahogany and accessible from the
town.
C) In 2001 the government, egged on by WWF, a green group, tried to regulate
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logging in the relatively small part of the Peruvian Amazon where this is
allowed.
D) It abolished the previous system of annual contracts.
E) Instead, it auctioned 40-year concessions to areas ruled off on a map, with
the right to log 5% of the area each year. The aim was to encourage strict
management plans and sustainable extraction.
115.
Correct Order:
A) Piano keys are generally made of spruce or
basswood, for lightness.
B) Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
C) Traditionally, the black keys were made from ebony
and the white keys were covered with strips of ivory.
D) But since ivory-yielding species are now
endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are
now almost exclusively used.
E) Also, ivory tends to chip more easily than plastic.
116.
Correct Order:
A) During the 1920s and 1930s great progress was made in the field of aviation,
including the first transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown in 1919, Charles
Lindbergh's solo transatlantic flight in 1927, and Charles Kingsford Smith's
transpacific flight the following year.
B) One of the most successful designs of this period was the Douglas DC-3, which
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became the first airliner to be profitable carrying passengers exclusively,
starting the modern era of passenger airlineservice.
C) By the beginning of World War II, many towns and cities had built airports, and
there were numerous qualified pilots available.
D) The war brought many innovations to aviation, including the first jet aircraft
and the first liquid-fueled rockets.
117.
Correct Order:
A) After World War II, especially in North America, there was a boom in general
aviation, both private and commercial, as thousands of pilots were released
from military service and many inexpensive war-surplus transport and training
aircraft became available.
B) Manufacturers such as Cessna, Piper, and Beechcraft expanded production to
provide light aircraft for the new middle-class market.
C) By the 1950s, the development of civil jets grew, beginning with the de
Havilland
Comet, though the first widely used passenger jet was the Boeing 707, because
it was much more economical than other aircraft at that time.
D) At the same time, turboprop propulsion began to appear for smaller commuter
planes, making it possible to serve small-volume routes in a much wider range
of weather conditions.
118.
Correct Order:
A) The topography of the ocean floors is none too well known, since in great
areas the available soundings are hundreds or even thousands of miles apart.
B) However, the floor of the Atlantic is becoming fairly well known as a result of
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special surveys since 1920.
C) A broad, well-defined ridge the Mid-Atlantic ridge runs north and south
between Africa and the two Americas, and numerous other major irregularities
diversify the Atlantic floor.
D) Closely spaced soundings show that many parts of the oceanic floors in the
Atlantic are rugged as mountainous regions of the continents.
119.
Correct Order:
A) Despite posting healthy profits, Volkswagen shares trade at a discount to peers
due to bad reputation among investors, high capital expenditure and its close
links to the state of Lower Saxony, which effectively has a blocking minority.
B) A disastrous capital hike, an expensive foray into truck business and
uncertainty about the reason for a share buyback has in recent years left
investors bewildered.
C) The main problem with Volkswagen is the past. Many investors have been
disappointed and frightened away, said one Paris-based fund managers.
D) Volkswagen shares trade at about nine times the 2002 estimated, compared
to BMWs 19 and are the second cheapest in the sector.
120.
Correct Order:
A) The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous
among travelers for being free with drinking water.
B) Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing
fast due to big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants
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and thus four-fifths of the children in Liberals public- school system is Hispanic.
C) This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr. Trump easily won
the county of which it forms part.
D) Liberals’ mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near
Chicago and moved to Liberal in search of work.
E) Mr. Denoyer voted for Mr. Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he
thinks it unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
121.
Correct Order:
A) Another common mistake is to ignore or rule out data which do not
support the hypothesis.
B) Ideally, the experimenter is open to the possibility that the
hypothesis is correct or incorrect.
C) Sometimes, however, a scientist may have a strong belief that the
hypothesis is true (or false) or feels internal or external pressure to
get a specific result.
D) In that case, there may be a psychological tendency to find
something wrong, such as systematic effects, with data which do
not support the scientist's expectations, while data which do agree
with those expectations may not be checked as carefully.
122.
Correct Order:
A) My study of the history of religion has revealed that human beings are spiritual
animals. Indeed, there is a case for arguing that Homo sapiens is also Homo
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religious.
B) Men and women started to worship gods as soon as they became
recognizably human; they created religions at the same time as they created
works of art.
C) This was not simply because they wanted to propitiate powerful forces.
D) These early faiths expressed the wonder and mystery that seems always to
have been an essential component of the human experience of this beautiful
world.
123.
Correct Order:
A) Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
B) This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if
not managed well.
C) Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to
this special diet.
D) Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also
attract those who are not vegetarians.
E) These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of
vegetarians.
124.
Correct Order:
A) There are more than 100 schools in the country.
B) Never, if you can avoid it, accept the offer before going to the place and
having a look. You should go and see once you have a chance.
C) This is important that you see the facilities and accommodations around the
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school.
D) Because you might be living off campus in the second year.
125.
Correct Order:
A) There is many color such as red and blue in the color system
behind the camera.
B) Use the system to receive colors to generate a black and
white image.
C) And then there comes the color TV/And that’s how color TV
was invented.
D) (Further development of color TV)
126.
Correct Order:
A) Although experts like journalists are expected to be unbiased, they inevitably
share the system biases of the disciplines and cultures in which they work.
B) Journalists try to be fair and objective by presenting all sides of a particular
issues.
C) Practically speaking, however, it is about as easy to present all sides of an
issue as it is to invite all candidates from all political parties to a
presidential
debate.
D) Some perspectives ultimately are not included.
127.
Correct Order:
A) In language learning there is a distinction between competence and
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performance. Competence is a state of the speaker’s mind. What he or she
knows?
B) Separate from actual performance what he or she does while producing or
comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through
performance.
C) An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the
code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
D) In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the code to a continuous
flow of changing circumstances and may even break it from time to time.
E) Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.
128.
Correct Order:
A) All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is
more crucial than others.
B) It depends on how specialized they have become during the
course of evolution.
C) If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick,
they do
not bother so much with the general complexities of the world around them.
D) So long as the ant eater has its ants and the koala bear has gum leaves,
then they are satisfied, and the living is easy.
E) The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never
afford to relax.
129.
Correct Order:
A) It is wrong, however, to exaggerate the similarity between language and
other cognitive skills, because language stands apart in several ways.
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B) For one thing, the use of language is universal all normally developing children
learn to speak at least one language, and many learn more than one.
C) By contrast, not everyone becomes proficient at complex mathematical
reasoning, few people learn to paint well, and many people cannot carry
a tune.
D) Because everyone is capable of learning to speak and understand
language, it may seem to be simple.
E) But just the opposite is true language is one of the most complex of all
human cognitive abilities.
130.
Correct Order:
A) In 1992 a retired engineer in San Diego contracted a rare brain disease that
wiped out his memory.
B) Every day he was asked where the kitchen was in his house, and every day he
didn’t have the foggiest idea.
C) Yet whenever he was hungry, he got up and propelled himself straight to the
kitchen to get something to eat.
D) Studies of this man led scientists to a breakthrough: the part of our brains
where habits are stored has nothing to do with memory or reason.
E) It offered proof of what the US psychologist William James noticed more than
a century ago that humans are mere walking bundles of habits
131.
Correct Order:
A) In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on
the issue with a review article that looked at more than 300 studies on the
health benefits of green tea.
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B) They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to lower
rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette
smoking.
C) They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians
each day provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants.
D) These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health.
E) Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the “bad”
type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries, the
researchers wrote.
132.
Correct Order:
A) International Date Line, imaginary line on the earth's surface, generally
following the 380° meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement,
travelers change dates.
B) The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
C) For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hr would
elapse as it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the
airplane while it would be one day later for those on the ground below them.
D) The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions
to a point on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
E) The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the
date line change his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when
they meet.
133.
Correct Order:
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A) A simple way to disprove this hypothesis (the Innateness Hypothesis) is to
demonstrate that other species have the capacity to speak but for some
reason simply have not developed speech.
B) A logical candidate for such a species is the chimpanzee, which shares 98.4% of
the human genetic code.
C) Chimpanzees cannot speak because, unlike homo sapiens, their vocal cords
are located higher in their throats and cannot be controlled as delicately as
human vocal cords.
D) It does not follow from their lack of speech, however, that chimpanzees are
incapable of language.
E) Perhaps they can acquire grammar like humans if they could only express it
some other way.
134.
Correct Order:
A) Paleontologists still argue about the origins of major groups, though new fossil
finds since Darwin's time have cleared up many of the disparities in the fossil
record. Even during Darwin's lifetime, some transitional forms were found.
B) Today, many years later, many believe that evolution has progressed at the
same steady rate and that the absence of transitional forms can be explained
by Darwin's argument that there are huge gaps in the fossil record and that
transition usually occurred in one restricted locality.
C) Others, however, believe that the fossil evidence suggests that, at various
stages in the history of life, evolution progressed rapidly, in spurts, and that
major changes occurred at these points.
D) An evolving group may have reached a stage at which it had an advantage
over other groups and was able to exploit new niches in nature. Climate
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change may also have produced a "spurt", as might the extinction of other
groups or species, leaving many niches vacant.
135.
Correct Order:
A) When Vijay Govindarajan and Christian Sarkar wrote a blog entry on Harvard
Business Review in August 2010 mooting the idea of a "$300- house for the
poor", they were merely expressing a suggestion.
B) Of course, the idea we present here is an experiment," wrote Prof
Govindarajan, a professor of international business at the Tuck School of
Business at Dartmouth and Mr Sarkar, a marketing consultant who works on
environmental issues - an almost apologetic disclaimer for having such a "farout"
idea.
C) Who could create a house for $300 and if it was possible, why hadn't it been
done before?
D) Nonetheless, they closed their blog with a challenge: "We ask chief executives,
governments, NGOs, foundations: Are there any takers?"
136.
Correct Order:
A) Recent research has revealed that more than 60,000 species of trees are
available globally.
B) The BCGI (Botanical Gardens Conservation International), a charity that
compiled the list of trees on the basis of data gathered from its network of 500
members organizations.
C) The researchers claim to have collected information over a period of two years
from sources including over 500 published contents and 80 experts in the
BCGI's network.
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D) The data will be kept updated with the discovery of new species or the
extinction of some, said the researchers.
E) All the data required for the world’s trees is now available in one database,
thanks to Global Tree Search.
137.
Correct Order:
A) Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have long been intrigued by
games, and not just as a way of avoiding work.
B) Games provide an ideal setting to explore important elements of the design of
cleverer machines, such as pattern recognition, learning and planning.
C) They also hold out the tantalizing possibility of fame and fortune should the
program ever clobber a human champion.
D) Ever since the stunning victory of Deep Blue, a program running on an IBM
supercomputer, over Gary Kasparov, the world chess champion, in 1997, it has
been clear that computers would dominate that particular game.
E) Today, though, they are pressing the attack on every front.
138.
Correct Order:
A) Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this
year studying at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash
Abroad program.
B) Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash
journey at Monash College in October 2006.
C) There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as
a second-year student.
D) Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her
complete four units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
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139.
Correct Order:
A) Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything.
B) Why is that?
C) Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
D) They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information.
E) Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why
they keep quiet.
140.
Correct Order:
A) Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from
7 to 8 mi (11.3–12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
B) They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air
masses.
C) Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike
fashion; the waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at
speeds considerably slower than the wind speed itself.
D) Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether
tail winds or head winds are encountered.
E) In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in
order to gain speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
141.
Correct Order:
A) Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills,
says
Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
B) Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable
them to provide services in a more cost-effective way.
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C) This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
D) He suggests the country’s computer services industry can simply outsource
research to foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.
E) “This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having
to
produce them
142.
Correct Order:
A) Humans appear to be the only species which is able to translate their
communication into another medium, and in this case the medium provides a
semi-durable record of the elements of the communication.
B) So reading is a very special ability that we have.
C) Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children have to be
taught to read, write and spell.
D) So though we may be predisposed to being able to read and usually have the
abilities necessary to master reading, it is something that most of us only
accomplish through the direct help of others.
143.
Correct Order:
A) Earlier this year, researchers from Duke University went to Gabon to monitor
that country's dwindling elephant population. They took along three drones,
which they planned to use to count the elephants, follow their herds, and map
their migrations.
B) Only things didn't exactly go as planned.
C) The elephants noticed the drones, which hovered anywhere from 25 feet to 300
feet above them. And it wasn’t just that the elephants noticed them; in many
cases, the elephants were clearly agitated. Some of them took off running. In at
least one case, an elephant used her trunk to hurl mud in the drone's direction.
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D) The elephants reacted so strongly, the researchers believe, because drones, it
turns out, sound a lot like bees. And elephants do not like bees. At all.
144.
Correct Order:
A) It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that disease is
the rule and good health, the exception.
B) Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all
are suffering from some ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic.
C) There is too much illness, too much suffering.
D) We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their productive
prime.
E) The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society
than he could be.
145.
Correct Order:
A) Advertising is introducing goods and … and is sponsored by identical
companies. Sentence
B) This allows companies to present their products in a less costly way to lots of
people (something like that) that are channel members. Sentence
C) (something about advertising on TV) marketers also find a less costly way for
advertisement is digital media such as social media. Sentence
D) Marketers also consider other media: cinema, station.
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1) Increasing the amount of sleep a person gets has been linked to eating
fewer sugary foods, and making better nutritional choices. Wendy Hall, at
King's College London, and her team _______ 42 volunteers to help them
investigate the link between sleep and diet. Half the participants were
given advice on how to get more sleep- such as avoiding caffeine before
bed, establishing a relaxing _______, and trying not to go to bed too full
or hungry. This advice was intended to help them boost the amount of
sleep they each got by 90 minutes a night. The remaining 21 volunteers
received no such advice. The team found that, of those who were given
the advice, 86 per cent spent more time in bed, and around half slept for
longer than they used to. These _______ sleep patterns were associated
with an average reduction in the intake of free sugars of 10 grams a day.
People who were getting more sleep also ate fewer carbohydrates. There
were no significant changes in diet in the control group.
Option:
1) collided, enlisted, summarized, indicted
2) routine, muscle, tissue, joint
3) exercised, decisive, inhaled, extended
Answer: enlisted, routine, extended
2) People who live in dense urban areas, particularly those with closely
packed apartments, are more likely to experience loneliness and _______,
a large-scale study of UK cities has found. Chris Webster at the University
of Hong Kong and his colleagues analyzed health data from nearly
READING & WRITING : FILL IN THE BLANKS
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406,000 people in 22 UK cities held by the UK Biobank and compared it
with detailed data of their environment, such as their _______ to busy
roads and green spaces. The team found that people's self-reported
loneliness increased by 2.8 per cent for every additional 1000 housing
units within 1 kilometer of their home, while their self-reported social
isolation increased by 11.4 per cent. The researchers controlled for factors
including age, health and socioeconomic status, finding that the effects
were more _______ in men and retirees. Compared with their _______ living
in the lowest residential densities, men in the highest densities were 23.5
per cent more likely to report loneliness, while retirees in areas with the
densest housing were 17.4 per cent more likely to do so.
Option:
1) correlation, legislation, isolation, relation
2) family, proximity, business, knowledge
3) pronounced, denounced, announced, renounced
4) counterparts, disparts, imparts, underparts
Answer: isolation, proximity, pronounced, counterparts
3) "Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter."
This _______ of wisdom, often attributed to Mark Twain, has been turned
into many an _______ internet meme over the years. As a 51-year-old who
is starting to feel the gathering momentum of the inevitable slide, it strikes
me as little more than a platitude that makes people feel better about
getting old. But according to a growing body of research, there is more to
it than that. Subjective age - how old we feel - has a very real impact on
health and _______. People who feel younger than their years often
actually are, in terms of how long they have left to live. The question of
what controls our subjective age, and whether we can change it, has
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always been tricky to _______ scientifically.
Option:
1) repository, pile, nugget, lumber
2) inspirational, invalid, unconventional, instrumental
3) subjectivity, sensitivity, longevity, objectivity
4) test, produce, address, measure
Answer: nugget, inspirational, longevity, address
4) When pain lasts for three months or longer, it is classified as chronic, a
condition that affects more than 30 per cent of the world's population.
Chronic pain was long believed to be a stubborn version of _______ pain -
which passes in less than three months once the damage is healed - and
it was treated in much the same way. Yet an increasing body of research
has led doctors to believe that chronic pain should be treated as a
disease in its own right, rather than an _______ symptom of tissue
damage or physical trauma. This could have major _______ for the
treatment of lasting pain, together with the way we prescribe addictive
opioids. Recent research has revealed that in some people, chronic pain
is a problem with the brain. An injury can lead to pain that _______ after
the tissue has recovered because the brain has rewired itself and learned
to send pain signals, despite there no longer being a reason. Known as
central sensitization, it is as if the volume has been turned up on pain.
Option:
1) accurate, acumen, acute, prosecute
2) endurance, endurable, endured, enduring
3) improvisations, importations, implications, supplications
4) demands, persists, perceives, tastes
Answer: acute, enduring, implications, persists
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5) Eco-anxiety is already causing people to lose sleep over climate change.
Now, a global study has found that a warming planet is also affecting
how long people sleep, and the problem will get significantly worse this
century even if humanity manages to _______ in its carbon emissions. Our
measurements of the impact of above-average night temperatures on
sleep have previously been limited by being _______ to single countries,
lab studies or notoriously unreliable self-reporting of sleep. To glean a
better real-world picture, Kelton Minor at the University of Copenhagen,
Denmark, took data from sleep-tracking wristbands used by 48,000
people in 68 countries between 2015 and 2017. He and his colleagues then
_______ the sleep data with local weather data, revealing that unusually
hot nights are causing people to fall asleep later, rise earlier and sleep
less.
Option:
1) join, rein, gain, vein
2) decided, expected, required, confined
3) contained, controlled, paired, accessed
Answer: rein, confined, paired
6) Do you want to know roughly how much longer you might live if you
permanently _______ a healthier diet? The "Food for healthy life" website
can give you an idea - and if you're under 60 and eat a typical Western
diet, the answer could be around a decade or more on average. The
website is based on data from hundreds of studies. "The estimated life
_______ is mainly due to a reduction in the risk of heart disease, diabetes
and cancer," says Lars Fadnes at the University of Bergen in Norway. His
team started with recent meta-analyses of the effect of eating various
amounts of particular food types, such as fruits. These findings were
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combined with data on global mortality and what people currently eat to
estimate the impact of a permanent change in diet. The highest
estimates of lifespan extension are based on a diet designed to _______
the health benefits. This optimized diet involves eating no red or _______
meat, drinking no sugar-sweetened beverages, reducing dairy and egg
consumption, and eating more legumes, whole grains and nuts.
Option:
1) accepted, scripted, adapted, adopted
2) insurance, policy, extension, style
3) maximize, compromise, idolize, franchise
4) assessed, recessed, accessed, processed
Answer: adopted, extension, maximize, processed
7) How can you get your business to reduce waste and help the
environment, yet at the same time reduce costs and increase customer
_______? It sounds like a dream, but it's undoubtedly possible through
joining the circular economy in both discrete and process manufacturing.
The circular economy is a system that looks to _______ waste and the
continual use of resources. As opposed to a traditional linear economy in
which we make, consume, and throw away, moving circular is all about
creating a circle where we design out waste and pollution by keeping
products and materials in use for as long as possible and finding ways to
create new resources from what we _______. With the circular economy,
we're extracting the maximum value from products while in use, then
recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each
service life. The circular economy puts a big focus on services,
maintenance, and _______ of assets. However, as resources become more
and more scarce, manufacturers and distributors in the circular economy
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are introducing additional value-added services.
Option:
1) reflection, satisfaction, confection, construction
2) subordinate, eliminate, disseminate, pomegranate
3) disconcert, displace, dispossess, discard
4) embarrassment, enlightenment, establishment, refurbishment
Answer: satisfaction, eliminate, discard, refurbishment
8) The International Monetary Fund (IMF), headquartered in Washington, DC,
is _______ of 189 member countries. The IMF works to foster global growth
and economic stability by providing policy, advice, and financing to its
members. It also works with developing nations to help them reduce
poverty and achieve macroeconomic _______. It now plays a central role
in the management of balance-of-payments difficulties and international
financial crises. When the IMF was founded, its primary functions were to
provide short-term capital to _______ the balance of payments and to
oversee fixed-exchange-rate arrangements between countries, thus
helping national governments manage their exchange rates and prioritize
economic growth. This _______ was meant to prevent the spread of
international economic crises. The IMF mission changed slightly after 1971,
and floating currency exchange rates made it harder to predict the
economic stability of a region. Today the IMF plays an active role in and
managing economic policy around the world.
Option:
1) presented, divided, apprised, comprised
2) stability, utility, docility, nasality
3) mobilize, prohibit, inhabit, aid
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4) substance, circumstance, instance, assistance
Answer: comprised, stability, aid, assistance
9) You open your lunch box to discover that the lovely apple you sliced this
morning now appears unsightly and brown. Why does this happen? This
_______ phenomenon is actually due to a chain of biochemical reactions
known as "enzymatic browning." When an apple is injured (or cut into
pieces), the plant tissue is exposed to oxygen. This _______ an enzyme
known as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) to oxidize polyphenols in the apple's
flesh. This results in new chemicals (o-quinones), which then react with
amino acids to produce brown-colored melanins. Different apple varieties
contain different amounts of both the initial enzyme and the polyphenols,
and thus they brown at different rates. Enzymatic browning is not _______
to apples; pears, bananas, and eggplants also turn brown fairly quickly
when cut. Enzymatic browning is also responsible for the desirable dark
color of prunes, coffee, black tea, and cocoa. Scientists are working to
genetically _______ apples that do not produce the PPO enzyme, so
perhaps brown apples will someday be a thing of the past.
Option:
1) unappetizing, galvanizing, anthologizing, characterizing
2) triggers, simplifies, fosters, constricts
3) contended, related, profiled, unique
4) resignate, envelope, dilute, engineer
Answer: unappetizing, triggers, unique, engineer
10) You may have heard that you can get water from a cactus if you are ever
lost and _______ in a desert. Does it sound like a nice survival tip to store
away, but is it really that easy? It turns out that a cactus is not actually a
spine-covered basin of fresh water. Such a plant would not last long in an
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_______ habitat filled with thirsty animals. Water is truly a precious
resource in a desert, so, in addition to their _______ spines, most cactus
species further protect their spongy flesh with acids and potent alkaloids.
These chemicals are usually too acrid for most humans to tolerate and
are _______ on the kidneys if ingested. The flesh of some cactus species
can also cause vomiting, diarrhea, or temporary paralysis none of which is
_______ to your survival in an emergency situation. Cactus fruits are a
better bet, though many are also unpalatable if eaten raw.
Option:
1) overrated, concentrated, dehydrated, saturated
2) acrid, arid, hybrid, avid
3) liquidating, invalidating, intimidating, elucidating
4) detoxing, fixing, taxing, affixing
5) coercive, conducive, enhancive, seductive
Answer: dehydrated, arid, intimidating, taxing, conducive
11) When potatoes are stored in a warm bright place, the tubers detect that
they might be in a suitable growing location and prepare to sprout.
Chlorophyll production increases, which slowly tints the peel, and
eventually some of the flesh, green. While chlorophyll is a harmless
chemical, its x _______ in potatoes indicates that the tubers have also
increased their production of a glycoalkaloid known as solanine. Solanine
protects potatoes and other plants in the family Solanaceae from
herbivory and serves to _______ the sprouting spud from hungry animal
mouths. Solanine is considered a neurotoxin, and _______ by humans can
cause nausea and headaches and can lead to serious neurological
problems and even death if enough is consumed. A recent study
suggested that a 16-oz (450-gram) fully green potato is enough to make
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a small adult ill. Cooking does not destroy the solanine toxin, so the green
parts of potatoes should be _______ entirely. Green potatoes should
especially not be served to children, whose smaller bodies make them
more susceptible to poisoning.
Option:
1) omnipresence, presence, absence, essence
2) preserve, deserve, conserve, reserve
3) ingestion, congestion, suggestion, predilection
4) regrouped, retired, removed, reformed
Answer: presence, preserve, ingestion, removed
12) In 1492, Italian sailor Christopher Columbus; sent by Spain, arrived in the
New World. This was a dramatic event for both the people who already
lived in the Americas and for Europe. Native Americans fell _______ to an
immense plague of European diseases which weakened them in the face
of armies led by Spanish conquistadors. Within a few decades, Spain
conquered the Caribbean, the Aztec Empire of modern-day Mexico, and
the Inca Empire stretching across the Andes. Native Americans were
_______ and forced to work on plantations and mines. As a result, Spain
grew rich and powerful. The other countries of Europe looked upon the
success of Spain with envy. They quickly hired explorers of their own and
sent them west in search of societies to conquer, gold to snatch, and
perhaps even a route to Asia for a _______ trade connection.
Option:
1) back, migration, victim, vacation
2) enclosed, engaged, enslaved, encountered
3) prosperous, porous, phosphorus, courteous
Answer: victim, enslaved, prosperous
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13) When considering what makes us who we are, it is easy to think our
memories are the answer. Aside from the physical traces of the passing of
time on your body, your _______ are perhaps the only thing that links the
you sitting here today to the many yous from every previous day of your
existence. Without them, your relationships would mean nothing, not to x
_______ your knowledge, tastes, and your many adventures. It might be
no _______ to say your memories are the essence of you. With this in mind,
it is not surprising that much of the burgeoning field of neuroscience has
turned its efforts to understanding what makes a memory and how to
keep hold of it. Perhaps the most _______ idea to come from recent
discoveries is a re-imagining of the dark side of memory - forgetting.
Option:
1) collections, maledictions, recollections, conjunctions
2) carry, mention, remain, take
3) transfiguration, exaggeration, generation, consideration
4) saluting, intriguing, indicting, corrupting
Answer: recollections, mention, exaggeration, intriguing
14) Microplastics in recent years have taken front and center as a massive
environmental problem _______ havoc on ecosystems in even the most
remote areas of the planet. In fact, since plastic is not decomposable,
environmental scientists have been scrambling to come up with ways to
_______ the planet of microplastics and keep our waterways clean. And
they have successfully used egg whites to create a lightweight and
porous aerogel material that can be used in several ways, including water
filtration, energy storage, and sound, as well as insulation. The structure
has the ability to remove both salt and microplastics from seawater in
remarkable ways, doing so with 98% and 99% efficiency, _______. And the
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experiments were done with regular store-bought eggs, which means
that future work can be done in a cost-effective way. The only issue with
this is that there would be such a large demand for eggs that it could
possibly outcompete the food industry. Once this is tackled, using these
structures will work _______ as an effective, energy-efficient, and costeffective
method.
Option:
1) freaking, wreaking, breaking, creaking
2) study, rid, dominate, surround
3) respectively, distributively, interrogatively, retrospectively
4) monthly, unearthly, smoothly, earthly
Answer: wreaking, rid, respectively, smoothly
15) A of researchers claim to have created a biodegradable and _______
alternative to both glass and plastic in the form of "transparent wood," a
futuristic new material that could greatly reduce the ecological impact of
more environmentally-unfriendly building materials. The material, which
was invented by German scientist Siegfried Fink in 1992, has seen several
changes and improvements over the intervening years. It's made by first
removing a naturally occurring polymer called lignin from wood and
_______ it with specially-designed, transparent plastic materials, Plastics
are used as a substitute for glass which is (naturally) fragile,” Dhar said.
"However, transparent wood is an even better alternative from an
ecological _______ as observed in our life-cycle analysis. In recent times
transparent wood has been used in construction, energy storage, flexible
electronics and packaging applications. But it won't be replacing glass
and plastic in their entirety anytime soon because scientists have yet to
figure out how to _______ up production of the material in an economical
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way.
Option:
1) gradable, unapproachable, knowledgeable, renewable
2) reciprocating, replacing, reverberating, resisting
3) respective, design, perspective, runaway
4) scale, mount, tailor, make
Answer: renewable, replacing, perspective, scale
16) There are soon to be 8 billion of us and counting. Yet while the world's
population is still growing fast overall, in many countries, the numbers are
_______ or will do soon. The population of China will begin to fall soon and
could halve by 2100. India's will peak around 2050. And the US population
would fall from the 2030s if not for immigration. So there are two _______
issues to deal with: rapid population growth in some nations and
population declines in others. Many see limiting population growth as vital
for tackling various environmental catastrophes _______ around the world,
as we report on in our article"
What will a population of 8 billion people mean for us and the planet?"
Yet for wealthy Westerners to call for lower-income countries to control
their populations simply in the name of protecting nature is hypocritical in
the extreme, given that the rich have vastly larger environmental
footprints. What's more, there is often more than a _______ of racism to
such calls.
Option:
1) combining, delectable, declining, reclining
2) selective, distinct, corresponding, extinct
3) shrinking, bustling, harnessing, unfolding
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4) variety, range, whiff, number
Answer: declining, distinct, unfolding, whiff
17) A Massey ecologist has teamed up with a leading wildlife photographer
to produce the definitive book on New Zealand's national bird, the kiwi.
Kiwi: A Natural History was written by Dr Isabel Castro and _______
photographs by Rod Morris. Dr Castro has been working with kiwi _______
1999, with a focus on their behavior. 'I've specifically been looking at the
sense of smell that kiwi uses when foraging, but _______ in their
interactions with their environment and other kiwi,' she says. The book
covers all aspects of kiwi, from their evolution, prehistory and closest
relatives to their feeding and breeding behavior and current conservation
issues, _______ this the perfect introduction for anyone with an interest in
these fascinating birds. The book is the second title in a new _______ on
New Zealand's wildlife, targeted at a family readership.
Option:
1) featuring, featured, features, feature
2) within, through, since, until
3) also, yet, either, never
4) assuming, making, defying, meaning
5) revision, derivation, series, means
Answer: features, since, also, making, series
18) For a start, we need to change our _______ of 'retirement', and we need to
change mind-sets arising from earlier government policy which, in the
face of high unemployment levels, encouraged mature workers to take
early retirement. Today, government encourages them to _______ their
retirement. We now need to think of retirement as a phased process,
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where mature age workers _______ reduce their hours, and where they
have considerable flexibility in how they combine their work and non-work
time. We also need to recognize the broader change that is occurring in
how people work, learn, and live. Increasingly we are moving away from a
linear relationship between education, training, work, and retirement, as
people move in and out of jobs, careers, caregiving, study, and leisure.
Employers of choice remove the _______ between the different segments
of people's lives, by creating flexible conditions of work and a range of
leave entitlements. They take an individualized approach to workforce
planning and development so that the needs of employers and
employees can be met _______. This approach supports the different
transitions that occur across the life course - for example, school to work,
becoming a parent, becoming responsible for the care of older relatives,
and moving from work to retirement.
Option:
1) contempt, confrontation, concept, conclusion
2) delay, commence, protract, drag
3) radically, disruptively, abruptly, gradually
4) hinges, barriers, nexus, bans
5) condescendingly, simultaneously, hypocritically, spontaneously
Answer: concept, delay, gradually, barriers, simultaneously
19) Look at the recent "Most Respected Companies" survey by the Financial
Times. Who are the most respected companies and business leaders at
the _______ time? Rather predictably, they are Jack Welch and General
Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft. _______ has achieved their worldclass
status through playing nice. Welch is still remembered for the brutal
downsizing he led his business _______, and for the environmental
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pollution incidents and prosecutions. Microsoft has had one of the _______
profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent times - and Gates
has been able to _______ the financial status where he can choose to
give lots of money away by being ruthless in business.
Option:
1) past, before, last, current
2) Also, Both, Neither, All
3) through, out, by, along
4) largest, highest, biggest, most
5) archive, acquaint, receive, achieve
Answer: current, Neither, through, highest, achieve
20) In the developed world, home appliances have greatly reduced the need
for physical labor. _______ people need to be involved in tasks that once
left them little time to do much else. For example, the word processor and
email have, to a great _______, replaced the dedicated secretarial staff
that briefly flourished with the rise of the typewriter. At _______ time all
copies were made with manual scribes, carefully duplicating what they
read. Then we had carbon paper. Then photocopiers. Then printers. Then
the requirement for physical copy reduced. An entire stream of labor
appeared and disappeared as technology advanced. We freed ourselves
of one kind of work; we just replaced it _______ another.
Option:
1) Fewer, More, Less, Many
2) extension, possibility, range, extent
3) once, some, one, a
4) with, as, for, to
Answer: Fewer, extent, one, with
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21) Decision making is central to the management of an enterprise. The
manager of a profit-making business has to decide on the manner of
implementation of the objectives of the business, at least one of which
may _______ relate to allocating resources so as to maximize profit. A
non-profit-making enterprise (such as a department of central or local
government) will be making decisions on resource allocation so as to be
economical, efficient and effective _______ finance. All organizations,
whether in the private sector or the public sector, _______ decisions which
have financial implications. Decisions will be about resources, which may
be people, products, services or long-term and short term investment.
Decisions will also be about activities, including whether and how to
undertake them. Most decisions will at some stage involve consideration
of financial matters, _______ cost.
Option:
1) well, definitely, also, thereby
2) in its use of, to an extent of, in the accordance with, on the level of
3) beget, uplift, adapt, take
4) eventually, consequently, particularly, spontaneously
Answer: well, in its use of, take, particularly
22) Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables
parents, particularly mothers, to be in paid employment. International
studies _______that countries with greater enrolment rates in publicly
funded or provided childcare also have higher maternal employment
rates, although untangling causal relationships is complex. From the point
of view of the household additional income, especially for the less well-off,
is itself associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty
_______ to be a key independent determinant of children's outcomes.
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From the point of view of the public purse, as mothers _______
employment, they are likely to claim fewer benefits and to generate extra
revenues _______ income tax.
Option:
1) are finding, found, have yet to find, have found
2) is shown, has been shown, was showing, showed
3) enact, enroll, enter, enlist
4) through, within, by, throughout
Answer: have found, has been shown, enter, through
23) While workers worry about whether robots will take their jobs, teachers
are wondering how to use education to insulate the next generation from
such a fate. This _______ before. When the last wave of automation swept
the developed world at the start of the 20th century, policymakers
decided education was the answer. If machines were going to substitute
for brawn, _______, more people would need to use their brains. The US
invested _______ in education, with good results. Workers reaped the
benefits through better jobs and higher wages. Economists Andrew
McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson summed it up like this: 'The industrial
revolution _______ a race between technology and education -- and, for
most of the 20th century, humans won that race.'
Option:
1) would work, was working, has worked, has yet to work
2) it was, they objected, they reasoned, it was
3) inadvertently, heavily, stingily, expensively
4) started, installed, adapted, stalled
Answer: has worked, they reasoned, heavily, started
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24) One of Australia's most remarkable natural gifts, the Great Barrier Reef is
blessed with the breathtaking beauty of the world' s largest coral reef.
The reef contains an _______ of marine life and comprises of over 3000
individual reef systems and coral cays and literally hundreds of _______
tropical islands with some of the world's most beautiful sun-soaked,
golden beaches. Because of its natural beauty, the Great Barrier Reef has
become one of the world's most _______after tourist destinations. A visitor
to the Great Barrier Reef can enjoy many _______ including snorkeling,
scuba diving, aircraft or helicopter tours, bare boats (self- sail) glassbottomed
boat viewing, semi-submersibles and educational trips, cruise
ship tours, whale watching and swimming with dolphins.
Option:
1) access, acquaintance, equivalence, abundance
2) illusionary, exterritorial, picturesque, visionary
3) sought, thought, caught, met
4) expeditions, experiences, expectations, emporiums
Answer: abundance, picturesque, sought, experiences
25) Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her line of work.
Typically one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London.
"Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is
now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their
child's behavior, _______ doing corporate seminars for working parents.
Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability
that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been
in control their _______ lives and been successful. Suddenly a baby turns
up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" _______
her pledge to fix behavioral problems in children under the age of 12
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within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series
demonstrating her techniques. The _______ of the parenting consultant -
distinct from that of a nanny - has developed, she says, as people are
used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her case,
parenting advice.
Option:
1) as long as, in order to, in spite of, as well as
2) whole, all, full, every
3) related with, together with, because of, according to
4) percentage, performance, role, belief
Answer: as well as, whole, because of, role
26) The widespread use of artificial light in modern societies means that light
pollution is an increasingly common feature of the environments humans
inhabit. This type of pollution is _______ high in coastal regions of tropic
and temperate zones, as these are areas of high rates of human
population growth and settlement. Light pollution is a threat for many
species that inhabit these locations, particularly those whose ecology or
behavior depends, _______, on natural cycles of light and dark. Artificial
light is known to have detrimental effects on the ecology of sea turtles,
particularly at the hatchling stage when they emerge from nests on natal
beaches and head towards the sea. Under natural conditions, turtles
hatch predominantly at night (although some early morning and late
afternoon emergences occur) and show an innate and well-directed
orientation to the water, _______ mostly on light cues that attract them
toward the brighter horizon above the sea surface. Artificial lighting on
beaches is strongly attractive to hatchlings and can cause them _______
away from the sea and interfere with their ability to orient in a constant
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direction. Ultimately, this disorientation due to light pollution can lead to
death of hatchlings from exhaustion, dehydration and predation.
Option:
1) exceptionally, absolutely, nearly, rarely
2) in no way, in some way, by the way, by no means
3) imposing, figuring, relying, pouring
4) to move, moving, moved, move
Answer: exceptionally, in some way, relying, to move
27) Dance has played an important role in many musicals. In some _______,
dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and
spectacle of the show, but dance is more effective when it forms an
integral part of the _______. An early example is Richard Rodgers On Your
Toes(1936) in which the story about classical ballet meeting the world of
jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that _______, rather than
interrupts the drama.
Option:
1) dimensions, cases, brief, extent
2) prowess, plot, phenomenon, roundabout
3) encumbers, enhances, levels, crumples
Answer: cases, plot, enhances
28) The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that
countries must take full responsibility for their own development. National
responsibility for national development is the necessary consequence of
_______. The Monterrey Consensus states that each country has primary
responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the role
of national policies and development strategies cannot be _______. The
Johannesburg Plan of _______ called for all governments to begin
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implementing national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) by
2005 and the 2005 Summit agreed on a target to achieve the
internationally agreed goals. The automatic _______ of that principle is
that each country must be free to determine its own development
strategy. It is essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of
country ownership of national development strategies. This implies the
acceptance of the principle that development strategies should not only
be _______ to country circumstances but also be prepared and
implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries
themselves. The 2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard,
that all countries must recognize the need for developing countries to
strike a _______ between their national policy priorities and their
international commitments.
Option:
1) democracy, sovereignty, dependency, society
2) over-thought, countenanced, over-emphasized, over-heard
3) implement, implication, instruction, implementation
4) induction, conclusion, topic, corollary
5) attuned, attempted, terminated, wrapped
6) difference, relationship, balance, similarity
Answer: sovereignty, over-emphasized, implementation, corollary, attuned,
balance
29) Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music and
images easier than ever, and the _______ of copyright restriction harder.
This situation has encouraged the growth of IP law, and _______
increased industrial concentration on extending and 'policing' IP
protection, while also leading to the growth of an 'open access', or
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'creative commons' movement which _______ such control of knowledge
and _______.
Option:
1) detriment, solstice, enforcement, commissary
2) straggled, prompted, equated, grappled
3) challenges, hankered, allows, compelled
4) comparison, penmanship, quotient, creativity
Answer: enforcement, prompted, challenges, creativity
30) Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available
unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable for integrating suitable business,
office, residential, retail and other development in accessible locations so
as to maximize public transport _______ and encourage walking and
cycling. Also, this city can reduce the _______ of land for housing and
associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed
mixed business, mixed use and business park areas, there was no
employment data available for _______ areas. It is also concluded that
lack of housing supply will affect _______ in Sydney.
Option:
1) profit, perspective, percentage, patronage
2) consumption, replenishment, inventory, accumulation
3) compensatory, competitive, communicative, comparable
4) durability, floridity, fluidity, affordability
Answer: patronage, consumption, comparable, affordability
31) Because the instructional methods, expected class participation and the
nature of the courses vary, no fixed number of absences is _______ to all
situations. Each instructor is _______ for making clear to the class at the
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beginning of the semester his or her _______ and procedures in _______ to
class attendance and the reasons for them.
Option:
1) applicable, exceptional, ubiquitous, exempt
2) respectful, sensitive, responsible, negligible
3) stereotypes, policies, features, tempers
4) addition, regard, proportion, correspondence
Answer: applicable, responsible, policies, regard
32) A music student at the University of Salford who wrote a song in two
weeks is celebrating _______ being featured on a compilation album
produced by Metropolis Studios. Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael
Jackson and Sir Elton John have all recorded music at the world-famous
Metropolis Studios. Last year, the recording studios set _______ compiling
an album called ' Lost Songs', which features songs from relatively
unknown musicians. First-year student Zak Taylor Fray decided to submit
his song demo to be included in Volume Two of the Lost Songs album
which was released this year, after he saw _______ successful Volume One
had been. Zak 24, said: ' I found this competition when simply _______ the
internet for songwriting competitions one day, and was lucky that there
was still _______to enter. It amazes me that people who have worked with
huge pop stars thought my song was good and worth something.'
Option:
1) except, without, before, after
2) off, on, up, about
3) how, that, which, if
4) search, searching, have searched, searched
5) expiry, chance, opportunity, time
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Answer: after, about, how, searching, time
33) The writer, or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as
a unity, but must express it in a line of words; the reader, or listener, must
take this line of symbols and from it _______ the original wholeness of
thought. There is _______ difficulty in conversation, because the listener
receives innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the speaker;
there is a dialogue, and the listener can _______ in at any time. The
advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear
sequence of words by _______ on ideas from different directions; which
makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon
line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical _______ and emphasis
or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
Option:
1) recover, respect, reconstruct, reduce
2) little, no, many, few
3) lean, cut, intrude, get
4) inventing, spending, conceiving, converging
5) tune, thumb, tone, tile
Answer: reconstruct, little, cut, converging, tone
34) A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the
British Science Festival this week. The plastic containers, bottles and cups
were collected locally in Hull, where the event is taking place at the city's
university. Standing 3.5m tall (11.5ft), the art installation _______
commissioned by the University of Hull with the aim of raising awareness
of plastic waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university's Energy
and Environment Institute, said: 'Marine pollution is a mounting global
challenge, which is already having _______ consequences. We have a
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duty to protect these fragile environments and the marine life and
ecosystems which we _______ home. The university has commissioned this
installation as a physical _______ of what is ending up in the oceans, but
also to ask visitors to campus to stop and think what they could do to try
to reduce their own waste.'
Option:
1) has, being, have, was
2) devastated, devastating, devastate, to devastate
3) settle, call, originate, go
4) reminder, receipt, reinforcement, recognition
Answer: was, devastating, call, reminder
35) Assessments of language learning in 18-month-olds suggest that children
are better at grasping the names of objects with repeated syllables, over
words with non-identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help
explain _______ some words or phrases, such as 'train' and 'good night',
have given rise to versions with repeated syllables, such as choo-choo
and night-night. The researchers say such words are easier for infants to
learn, and may provide them _______ a starter point for vocabulary
learning. A team from the University of Edinburgh assessed the infants'
language learning behavior in a series of visual and attention tests
_______ pictures on a computer screen of two unfamiliar objects. The two
objects were named with made-up words which were _______ to the
infants by a recorded voice - one with two identical syllables, for example
neenee, and the other without repeated syllables, such as bolay. The
infants were then tested for their recognition of _______ word. Recordings
of their eye movements showed they looked more reliably at the object
labeled with repeated syllables, than the other object. Researchers
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validated their results with a control test, in which the infants responded
to pictures of familiar objects - such as a dog or an apple.
Option:-
1) that, whether, however, why
2) under, above, in, with
3) depleting, making, applying, using
4) communicated, expressed, accommodated, accelerated
5) another, dual, each, one
Answer: why, with, using, communicated, each
36) A novel invention for helping farmers to dry out hay more quickly has won
a University of Glasgow graduate a prestigious design award. Gavin
Armstrong, 23, from Kippen, Stirlingshire _______ the Glasgow 1999 Design
Medal for his design for a swath inverter— a _______ for flipping over a hay
crop to help dry out the damp underside. Dry hay is an essential farmyard
food source for sheep and cows. Gavin came up with the design as part
of his Product Design Engineering degree course, run in _______ with
Glasgow School of Art. He built a working prototype of the device which is
powered and towed by a tractor and uses a pair of parallel belts to invert
the swath. The rollers are driven from one hydraulic motor and are geared
so as to spin at the same speed and in opposite directions _______ that
the touching inner two faces of the belt that perform the inversion move
rearwards at the same speed.
Option:-
1) forged, consigned, renewed, scooped
2) suggestion, prediction, situation, device
3) comparison, accordance, conjunction, contrast
4) denying, supposing, imposing, ensuring
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Answer: scooped, device, conjunction, ensuring
37) Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel
_______ not only that I can tell what kind of _______ state my pets are in,
but also that they respond to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed
scientist, I try to take a more _______ and pragmatic view. These _______
observations seem more likely to result from my desire for a good
relationship with my dogs.
Option:-
1) relieved, sententious, embarrassed, confident
2) political, emotional, financial, physical
3) irregular, chaste, stoical, rational
4) communal, discrete, absurd, personal
Answer: confident, emotional, rational, personal
38) It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of
studying law, because far too many students are tempted to think that
they can succeed by relying on what they imagine to be their natural
ability, without bothering to add the _______ of effort. To take an analogy
some people prefer the more or less instant _______ which comes from
watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more
_______ process of reading the novel itself. Those who _______ watching
television to reading the book are less likely to study law successfully,
unless they rapidly acquire a _______ for text-based materials.
Option:-
1) expenditure, exhaustion, explanation, exclusion
2) gratification, excitement, temptation, obsession
3) simple, complex, effortless, laborious
4) prefer, Enjoy, interest, like
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5) knowledge, idea, motivation, taste
Answer: expenditure, gratification, laborious, prefer, taste
39) Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every
spring at the prospect of the annual influx of _______. From May to
October, the hyacinth-choked _______ of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly
painted Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young
travelers and wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers _______ their skills, as
did purveyors of anything remotely embroidered while the house boats
initiated by the British Raj provided unusual accommodation. Then, in
1989, separatist and Islamist militancy _______ and everything changed.
Hindus and countless Kashmiri business people bolted, at least 35,000
people were killed in a decade, the lake stagnated, and the houseboats
rotted. Any foreigners venturing there risked their _______, proved in 1995
when five young Europeans were kidnapped and murdered.
Option:-
1) volunteers, watchdogs, employees, tourists
2) waters, connection, atmosphere, volume
3) enacted, registered, honed, wasted
4) fell, enacted, followed, attacked
5) credits, insurances, lives, contributions
Answer: tourists, waters, honed, attacked, lives
40) The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and
responsibility. Since some people don't contribute and many are
irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute and are responsible
are either to _______ the free riders, refuse to pay for the _______ of their
irresponsibility or trust the state to _______ them. Hence the government
campaigns against smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the
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first two solidly in place, the other two ramping up. But the British state
now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial minorities. In the
case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal
disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as
a whole observes the new order.
Option:-
1) tolerate, believe, overlook, misunderstand
2) effects, contents, appearances, causes
3) educate, breach, divide, muster
Answer: tolerate, effects, educate
41) A creature may have fine physical defenses such as hard armor or sharp
spines. It may have powerful chemical defenses such as an _______ smell
or a foul taste but none of these defenses is much used in the _______ for
survival unless the animal also has the right behavior to go with it.
Evolution shapes a living creature’s size and color, and it also shapes an
animal’s actions and behavioral patterns. The most _______ behaviors are
instinctive or in-built. In other words, the creatures can perform the
actions without having to learn what to do it by _______ and error.
Option:-
1) agreeable, enchanting, ordinary, appalling
2) struggle, march, game, campaign
3) dangerous, automatic, difficult, ascetic
4) attempt, doing, trial, tasting
Answer: appalling, struggle, automatic, trial
42) New technologies are helping cities replace failing water infrastructure.
Piping systems allow polymer-based materials to be inserted into old
pipes to repair faults and _______ leaks without having to dig up and lay
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new pipes. When it comes to managing waste water, new systems are
_______, such as Advanced Immobilized Cell Reactor technology, which
uses a system based on the immobilization of bacteria, reducing the
power and land area needed for conventional waste water treatment
systems. And companies have realized that much can be achieved by reexamining their
products at the _______ stage. By designing items that
can be more easily picked apart and that use fewer different materials in
their construction, companies can increase the _______ content of what
they produce, cutting waste and generating cost-savings by being able
to re-use parts and materials.
Option:-
1) contain, stabilize, deposit, reduce
2) ongoing, adjourning, upbringing, emerging
3) envision, showcase, profile, development
4) dense, recyclable, crumpled, clumsy
Answer: reduce, emerging, development, development
43) Paraphrasing is often defined as putting a passage from an author into
your own words. However, what are your own words? How different must
your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should be _______
different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and
understood another person's ideas, and can summarize them in your own
writing style rather than borrowing their phrases. If you just change a few
words, or add some bits _______ your own to an otherwise reproduced
passage, you will probably _______for plagiarism. You should aim to
condense and simplify a writer's ideas and describe them using different
sentence structures and expressions. _______ also important to credit the
original writer by referencing.
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Option:-
1) considerable, considerate, considering, considerably
2) despite, of, on, off
3) be penalizing, be penalized, have penalized, penalize
4) That has, It is, There is, That is
Answer: considerably, of, be penalized, It is
44) The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic
enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of
material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present,
through careful study and _______ of the physical or material objects
generated by those societies. The source material for study is
exceptionally wide, _______ not just human-made artefacts but also
natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film
'Encountering a body'). Some specialists in the field of material culture
have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it
reigns _______. It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example,
especially in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or
non-existent. _______, objects are all scholars have to rely on in forming
an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents
survive, the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new
and interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, _______
the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the
physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians,
archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to remind
us that objects mean different things to different people.
Option:-
1) experiment, modification, consumption, observation
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2) includes, including, included, had included
3) power, supreme, force, strength
4) By no means, In such cases, In this time, In this way
5) as long as, as if, as a result of, as in
Answer: observation, including, supreme, In such cases, as in
45) Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since
the late nineteenth century. During this period there has been an _______
on scientific thinking. Because of this, there have been many scientific
studies in psychology which _______ different aspects of human nature.
These include studies into how biology (physical factors) influences human
experience, how people use their _______ (touch, taste, smell, sight and
hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why people
behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop
language, how people understand and think about the world, what
motivates people, why people have emotions and how personality
develops. These scientific _______ all contribute to an understanding of
human nature. What do we mean by the practical applications of these
studies? An _______ of psychology is useful in many different areas in life,
such as education, the workplace, social services and medicine. This
means that people who have knowledge of psychology can _______ or
apply that knowledge in areas such as the ones listed above.
Option:-
1) emphasis, attention, example, extension
2) exclude, summon, separate, explore
3) brains, skins, minds, senses
4) assumptions, correlations, investigations, stimulations
5) ideology, empowerment, understanding, equivalence
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6) register, classify, use, prepare
Answer: emphasis, explore, senses, investigations, understanding, use
46) In a new study _______ in the journal Nature Communications, scientists
from the universities of Nottingham and Durham and the British
Geological Survey (BGS), have discovered the cause of a mass extinction
within marine organisms called foraminifera. Foraminifera are an
important group in relation to biomass in the deep ocean and the cause
of their extinction was _______ unknown. Scientists tested various possible
_______ for the mass extinction and were able to discount others such as
ocean cooling. _______ they discovered that the extinction was caused
by a global change in plankton at the surface of the ocean.
Option:-
1) publishing, has published, published, be publishing
2) occasionally, necessarily, previously, currently
3) causes, consequences, elements, factors
4) Hence, Thus, So, Instead
Answer: published, previously, causes, Instead
47) As digitalization and smart automation progress, many will see their jobs
altered. Advances in automation technologies will mean that people will
________ work side by side with robots, smart automation and artificial
intelligence. Businesses will look for employees who are good at the tasks
that smart automation ________ to do and that add value to the use of
smart automation. In the past, technological progress has had a positive
impact on our society, increasing labor productivity, wages and
prosperity. Right now, a new technological wave of digitalization and
smart automation — ________ of artificial intelligence, robotics and other
technologies — is fundamentally transforming the way we work, at an
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unprecedented pace. ________, data analytics, the Internet of Things and
drones are already used in many industries to make production processes
better, faster, and cheaper. We already see shifts in the structure of
employment: in industries, tasks, educational levels and skills.
Option:-
1) increase, increasingly, increasing, increased
2) struggled, struggling, struggles, used to struggle
3) combinations, combines, combining, combine
4) Instead, Of course, No wander, For example
Answer: increasingly, struggles, combinations, For example
48) All of this suggests that our relationship to our phones might not be
sufficiently intellectualized, which is why Brian Merchant’s book comes as
a ________. Like the best historians, Merchant, an American journalist and
editor of Vice Media’s technology blog, Motherboard, ________ the history
of the iPhone in a way that makes it seem both inevitable in its outline
and ________ in its details.
Option:-
1) privilege, relief, demotion, flash
2) enriches, unpacks, detours, contorts
3) surprises, surprised, surprising, surprise
Answer: relief, unpacks, surprising
49) All of this suggests that our relationship to our phones might not be
sufficiently intellectualized, which is why Brian Merchant’s book comes as
a ________. Like the best historians, Merchant, an American journalist and
editor of Vice Media’s technology blog, Motherboard, ________ the history
of the iPhone in a way that makes it seem both inevitable in its outline
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and ________ in its details.
Option:-
1) privilege, relief, demotion, flash
2) enriches, unpacks, detours, contorts
3) surprises, surprised, surprising, surprise
Answer: relief, unpacks, surprising
50) Thanks to their ability to ________ our most primal desires for connection,
distraction and validation, smartphones have become some of the
bestselling devices of all time. Apple have sold more than a billion iPhones
since its launch in 2007. By one estimate, we spend an average of almost
five hours a day ________ at their little screens. The real figure is probably
higher: a team of British psychologists found that people tend to
underestimate the time spent on their phones by about half, whole hours
just ________ in the fog.
Option:-
1) hijack, describe, sharpen, conserve
2) watching, waggling, snoring, staring
3) has evaporated, evaporates, evaporate, evaporating
Answer: hijack, staring, evaporating
51) First, the scientific community that studies climate change is quietly
panic-stricken, because things are moving much faster than they
expected. Greenhouse gas emissions are going up faster than ________
both from industrializing countries in Asia and from melting permafrost in
Siberia and Canada. The Arctic Sea ice is melting so fast that the whole
ocean may be ice-free in late summer in five years' time. Most climate
scientists now see last year's report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change, whose forecasts are used by most governments for
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planning purposes, as a ________ historical document. Second, the
biggest early impact of global warming will be on the food supply, both
locally and globally. When the global average temperature hits one and
a half degrees hotter - and it will, the carbon dioxide already in the
atmosphere ________ us to that much warming - some countries will no
longer be able to feed their people. Others, further from the equator, will
still have enough food for themselves, but none to ________.
Option:-
1) credited, formed, predicted, ordered
2) purely, evenly, disproportionately, seemingly
3) commits, commit, committing, committed
4) spare, end, apply, span
Answer: predicted, purely, commits, spare
52) Individual human beings are relatively powerless creatures, no match for
lions or bears. It’s what they can do as groups that has ________ them to
take over the planet. These groupings – corporations, religions, states –
are now part of a vast network of ________ information flows. Finding
points of resistance, where smaller units can ________ up to the waves of
information washing around the globe, is becoming harder all the time.
Option:-
1) enabled, contented, embodied, conjured
2) interconnected, overlapping, fastened, exploited
3) stand, raise, hail, pump
Answer: enabled, interconnected, stand
53) Used in a variety of courses in various disciplines, Asking the Right
Questions helps students bridge the gap between simply memorizing or
blindly accepting information, and the greater challenge of critical
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analysis and synthesis. ________, this concise text teaches students to
think critically by exploring the components of arguments — issues,
conclusions, reasons, evidence, assumptions, language — and on how to
________ fallacies and manipulations and obstacles to critical thinking in
both written and visual communication. It teaches them to ________ to
alternative points of view and develop a solid foundation for making
personal choices about what to accept and what to reject.
Option:-
1) Articulately, Specifically, Conversely, Proportionately
2) escalate, spot, resume, stow
3) respond, descend, add, score
Answer: Specifically, spot, respond
54) Research demonstrates that facial appearance affects social
perceptions. The current research investigates the ________ possibility:
Can social perceptions influence facial appearance? We examine a
social tag that is associated with us early in life— our given name. The
hypothesis is that name stereotypes can be manifested in facial
appearance, producing a face-name matching effect, ________ both a
social perceiver and a computer are able to accurately match a person’s
name to his or her face. In 8 studies we demonstrate the existence of this
effect, as participants examining an unfamiliar face accurately select the
person’s true name from a list of several names, significantly above
chance level. We replicate the effect in 2 countries and find that it
extends ________ the limits of socioeconomic cues. We also find the effect
using a computer-based paradigm and 94,000 faces. In our exploration
of the underlying mechanism, we show that existing name stereotypes
produce the effect, as its occurrence is culture-dependent. A self-fulfilling
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________ seems to be at work, as initial evidence shows that facial
appearance regions that are controlled by the individual (e.g., hairstyle)
are sufficient to produce the effect, and socially using one’s given name is
necessary to generate the effect. Together, these studies suggest that
facial appearance represents social expectations of how a person with a
specific name should look. In this way a social tag may influence one’s
facial appearance.
Option:-
1) negligible, reverse, positive, sheer
2) notwithstanding, ever, whereby, despite
3) into, beyond, within, by
4) prophecy, observation, preference, stipulation
Answer: reverse, whereby, beyond, prophecy
55) The concept of health holds different meanings for different people and
groups. These meanings of health have also ________ over time. This
difference is no more ________ than in Western society today, when
________ of health and health promotion are being challenged and
________ in new ways.
Option:-
1) existed, changed, vanished, adopted
2) identical, unique, evident, ironic
3) contours, figures, notions, costs
4) emitted, served, dictated, expanded
Answer: changed, evident, notions, expanded
56) For the first time, dictionary publishers are ________ real, spoken English
into their data. It gives lexicographers (people who write dictionaries)
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________ to a more vibrant, up-to-date ________ language which has
never really been studied before.
Option:-
1) incorporating, enlarging, treating, excluding
2) honor, access, prevision, privilege
3) obscure, indifferent, vernacular, common
Answer: incorporating, access, vernacular
57) Roman poet Ovid wrote that “there is nothing ________ in the universe. All
ebb and flow, and every shape that’s born bears in its ________ the seeds
of change”. These words are remarkably ________ when one considers the
way life has changed through time as revealed by fossil record.
Option:-
1) orthodox, volatile, constant, cheap
2) heart, limb, womb, brain
3) prevalent, detached, relevant, dominant
Answer: constant, womb, relevant
58) Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to Tokyo’s Skytree, one of the
world’s monster skyscrapers, is 40 metres long and immensely detailed.
But ________ massive this form of digital art becomes — and it's a form
subject to rampant inflation — Inoko's theories about seeing are based on
more modest and often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic
books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he
recognised when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all
those forms had something ________: something about the way they
captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that
photographic lenses , ________ the conventions of western art, were the
logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real
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world onto a flat surface . ________ Japanese traditions employed 'a
different spatial logic', as he said in an interview last year with
jcollabo.org, that is 'uniquely Japanese'.
Option:-
1) however, ever, how, when
2) in fact, as whole, in common, of course
3) apart from, further afield, along with, out of
4) Thus, So, And, But
Answer: however, in common, along with, But
59) According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the
developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium
(a period of 1,000 years), when supercomputers will dramatically
accelerate progress in all areas of life. Pearson has ________ together the
work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a ________
millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can
expect hundreds of key ________ and discoveries to take place. Some of
the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an ________ life
expectancy and dozens of artificial organs ________ into use between
now and 2040.
Option:-
1) pieced, finalized, pictured, filled
2) hovering, compromised, unique, loose
3) plateaus, procrastinations, breakthroughs, devastations
4) shared, lubricant, entitled, extended
5) changing, coming, delving, squeezing
Answer: pieced, unique, breakthroughs, extended, coming
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60) I do not think I am twisting the usual meaning of drama if I define it as a
presentation before spectators by performers who take on roles and who
interact with each other to further a story or a text intended for such
presentations. This is intended as a ________ definition simple enough to
be recalled easily. Indeed, it is so simple that I should point out that it
makes one or two ________ that are perhaps not immediately obvious.
First, to say that performers "take on roles" leaves ________ the possibility
that they are not within the roles to other performances as such
alternative phrases as "performers in character" or "characters
represented by actors" do not. To say that the performers "interact with
each other" might seem ________, but is in fact important, for in traditional
societies there are many performances in which different characters
appear successively and simultaneously but, ________, do not interact.
And I say "to further a story" because a progression of the story may not
provide the structure of the performance.
Option:-
1) hanging, working, using, applying
2) implementations, distributions, distinctions, comprehensions
3) go, covered, undoubted, open
4) uneven, unnecessary, unabated, uncaring
5) accordingly, timely, nevertheless, subsequently
Answer: working, distinctions, open, unnecessary, nevertheless
61) Research from the Terry College of Business reveals ________ a happy,
helpful employee takes effort and, eventually, that effort ________ the
energy needed to do one’s job. It could lead to quiet quitting – the new
term for just doing your job but not going above and beyond – or even
actual quitting. The more people adjust their moods to be happy, the
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fewer emotional resources they have ________ the end of the day. That
means they are less able to handle challenging tasks and interactions
and have a harder time staying on task. Their tank is empty despite being
in a good mood, Frank explained. For managers, this means it may make
more sense to meet employees ________ they are emotional and not
force upbeat attitudes in the office. For employees, it may mean letting
bad days happen and leaving more mood-demanding work — such as
sales calls or tough conversations — for better days.
Option:-
1) becomes, becoming, become, become to
2) concludes, erodes, expects, collects
3) at, since, by, for
4) where, which, as, that
Answer: becoming, erodes, at, where
62) In this role, due to their working heritage, Border Collies are very
demanding, playful, and energetic. They thrive best in households that
can provide them with plenty of play and exercise, either with humans or
other dogs. Due to their demanding personalities and need for mental
________ and exercise, many Border Collies develop problematic
behaviors in households that are not able to provide for their needs. They
are infamous for chewing holes in walls and furniture, and ________
scraping and hole digging, due to boredom. Border Collies may exhibit a
strong desire to herd, a trait they may show with small children, cats, and
other dogs. The breed's herding trait has been deliberately encouraged,
as it was in the dogs from which the Border Collie was developed, by
selective breeding for many generations. However, being ________
trainable, they can live amicably with other pets if given proper
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socialization training. The American Border Collie Association
recommends that potential owners, before taking on the breed as a
household pet, should be sure they can provide regular exercise ________
with the collie's high energy and prodigious stamina. A working collie may
run many miles a day, using its experience, personality and intelligence to
control challenging livestock. These dogs will become ________ and
frustrated if left in isolation, ignored or inactive. Like many working breeds,
Border Collies can be motion-sensitive and may chase moving vehicles
and bicycles, but this behavior can be modified by training. Some of the
more difficult behaviors require patience, as they are developmental and
may disappear as the dog matures.
Option:-
1) establishment, estimation, stimulation, condition
2) abrupt, mild, destructive, periodical
3) whole, mostly, eminently, minor
4) commensurate, collaborative, collective, evenly
5) tossed, pinched, distressed, consistent
Answer: stimulation, destructive, eminently, commensurate, distressed
63) The primary goal for this year-long campaign, founded by the English
lawyer Peter Benenson and a small group of writers, academics and
lawyers including Quaker peace activist Eric Baker, was to identify
individual prisoners of conscience around the world and then campaign
for their release. In early 1962, the campaign had received enough public
support to become a permanent organization and was ________ Amnesty
International. Under British law, Amnesty International was classed as a
political organization and therefore excluded from tax-free charity status.
To work around this, the "Fund for the Persecuted" was established in 1962
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to receive donations to support prisoners and their families. The name
was later changed to the "Prisoners of Conscience Appeal Fund" and is
now a separate and independent charity which provides relief and
________ grants to prisoners of conscience in the UK and around the
world. Amnesty International has, since its founding, pressured
governments to release those persons it considers to be prisoners of
conscience. Governments, conversely, tend to deny that the specific
prisoners identified by Amnesty International are, in fact, being held on
the grounds Amnesty claims; they allege that these prisoners pose
________ threats to the security of their countries. The concept of
"Prisoners of conscience" became a controversy around Nelson Mandela's
________.
Option:-
1) recharged, renamed, refunded, erased
2) engagement, measurement, illusion, rehabilitation
3) raw, genuine, radiated, trivial
4) imprisonment, felon, redemption, redundancy
Answer: renamed, rehabilitation, genuine, imprisonment
64) A superintelligence is any intellect that vastly outperforms the best human
brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general
wisdom, and social skills. This definition leaves open how the
superintelligence ________: it could be in a digital computer, an ensemble
of networked computers, cultured cortical tissue, or something else. On
this definition, Deep Blue is not a superintelligence, since it is only smart
within one narrow domain (chess), and even there it is not vastly superior
________ the best humans. Entities such as corporations or the scientific
community are not superintelligences either. Although they can perform a
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number of intellectual feats of which no individual human is capable, they
are not ________ integrated to count as intellects, and there are many
fields in which they perform much worse than single humans. For example,
you cannot have a real-time conversation with the scientific community.
Option:-
1) has implemented, is implemented, implements, implementing
2) against, to, for, by
3) barely, sufficiently, vaguely, sparsely
Answer: is implemented, to, sufficiently
65) Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in
Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries. This ________ of culture
reflected inequalities within European societies and their colonies around
the world. This understanding of culture equates culture with civilization
and contrasts both with nature or non-civilization. According to this
understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others,
and some people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn’t
________ into this category is labeled as chaos or anarchy. From this
perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation, which is the progressive
refinement of human ________. In practice, culture referred to elite goods
and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture,
museum-caliber art and classical music. The word cultured referred to
people who knew about and took part in these activities. For example,
someone who used culture in this sense might ________ that classical
music is more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or
the indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples.
Option:-
1) classification, concept, renovation, identity
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2) cut, dismiss, fit, solve
3) blessing, curse, habit, behavior
4) argue, doubt, pretend, deny
Answer: concept, fit, behavior, argue
66) The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843
and was ________ the method of difference. A simple example of what he
meant by this is to take two glasses of water which are identical in every
________. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The
water changes color! ________ to Mill’s method of difference it is safe to
________ that the change in the color of the water is due to the
introduction of a new factor — the independent variable — in this case,
the ink.
Option:-
1) capped, charged, solved, named
2) measure, thought, identity, respect
3) Compared, According, Contrary, Sorted
4) assume, discuss, prefer, acclaim
Answer: named, respect, According, assume
67) The heart functions as a pump at the centre of the circulatory system. In
humans it is located in the chest cavity, between the lungs, ________ to
the left. The heart consists of four chambers surrounded by a very strong
muscular wall, the myocardium. The upper chambers, the right and left
atria, ________ blood entering the heart, and the lower chambers, the
right and left ventricles pump the blood out of the heart, via the
pulmonary and the systemic circulatory systems. The two systems work as
________. Blood from the body enters the right atrium, ________ passed
into the right ventricle and from there is propelled through the pulmonary
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artery to the lungs. In the lungs the blood releases carbon dioxide and
absorbs oxygen and is then ________ back to the heart into the left
atrium. From here it passes into the left ventricle, which pumps the
oxygenated blood around the body.
Option:-
1) compared, rather than, a bit, less than
2) lower, receive, repel, transfer
3) following, followed, follows, follow
4) being, is, has, had
5) dissolved, transported, discharged, multiplied
Answer: a bit, receive, follows, is, transported
68) Light is usually described as a form of energy and it is indeed a kind of
electromagnetic energy, not much different from radio waves, television
signals, heat, and X-rays. All of these are made up of waves that
________, bend, interfere with one another, and react with obstacles in
their path, rather like waves in water. A physicist might tell you that light,
along with all its electromagnetic relatives, is really a form of matter, little
different from more ________ matter such as houses and, like them, it is
made up of individual particles. Light particles, called photons, travel in
streams, similar to the way in which water pours through a hose. To most
people, this might sound paradoxical or illogical, as many things to do
with physics seem to these days. How can light be both energy and
matter, wave and particle? The reason it can be is, in fact, not at all
________: all energy is a form of matter. Almost everybody recognizes —
even if they do not understand — Einstein’s famous equation, E =mc2,
which spells it out: E refers to energy and m to the mass of matter.
Furthermore, all matter has some of the characteristics of waves and
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some of the particles, but the waves of such solid-seeming things as
houses are not ________ and can generally be ignored because ordinary
matter acts as if it were made up of particles.
Option:-
1) spread, curve, occur, inflict
2) invisible, valuable, abstract, substantial
3) apparent, complicated, abrupt, implicit
4) responsible, accurate, discernible, consecutive
Answer: spread, substantial, complicated, discernible
69) Computer viruses have been a ________ of life at least since the 1980s, if
not before. They can cause companies to lose hours of working time and
they can also spread panic among computer users everywhere. There
are, however, several ________ types of computer infection – all loosely
referred to as viruses – and they each work in a slightly different way. A
particularly nasty one is the worm, which is a program designed to sneak
its way into an entire computer network, and reproduce itself over and
over again. Then there is the Trojan, which strictly ________ isn’t a virus,
but a piece of software that appears to do one thing, but actually does
something malicious instead. When the 'unsuspecting' operator
introduces it into the computer, the alien program will take over the
machine. With Trojans you have to be particularly careful because they
can often be introduced by way of a message advertising an antivirus
product. So what motivates someone to ________ a virus into the
computer systems of innocent victims? Perhaps it’s simply the desire to
prove that it can be done. Or because it gives the kind of pleasure you
get from solving a difficult problem – nowadays people protect their
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computers with all sorts of security software, so it takes considerable
________ to break through all the defences and introduce a virus.
Option:-
1) link, verge, fact, virtue
2) successive, distinct, discreet, opaque
3) speaking, doing, done, figured
4) deploy, deduce, introduce, imply
5) consumption, regret, skill, degree
Answer: fact, distinct, speaking, introduce, skill
70) In any given population, about ten percent of the people are left-handed
and this figure remains ________ stable over time. So-called “handedness”
runs in families, but what causes it and why the proportion of left-handed
to right-handed people is a constant are still a mystery. One thing we do
know is that hand ________ is related to brain asymmetry; and it seems to
be generally agreed that the human brain is profoundly asymmetric, and
that understanding how this works will tell us much about who we are and
how our brains work. Brain (function) is ________ into the left and right
hemispheres, and this is crucial for understanding language, thought,
memory, and perhaps even creativity. For righthanded people, language
activity is mainly on the left side. Many left-handers also have left-side
language dominance, but a significant number may have language either
more ________ distributed in both hemispheres or else predominantly on
the right side of the brain. Because left-handedness is seen as a key to
the complex anatomy of the brain, scientists are searching for links to
other ________, including immune disorders, learning disabilities, and
reduced life expectancy.
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Option:-
1) relative, closely, thus, relatively
2) dominance, proportion, strength, balance
3) figured, changed, distributed, added
4) largely, mainly, barely, evenly
5) conclusions, roundabouts, preferences, conditions
Answer: relatively, dominance, distributed, evenly, conditions
71) Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how
do you compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique
for looking at intelligence that ________ not require the cooperation of the
animal involved. The relative size of an individual's brain is a reasonable
indication of intelligence. Comparing ________ species is not as simple as
generally expected. An elephant will have a larger brain than a human
has simply because it is a large beast. ________, we use the Cephalization
index, which compares the size of an animal's brain with the size of its
body. Based on the Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the
planet are humans, ________ by great apes, porpoises and elephants. As
a general ________, animals that hunt for a living (like canines) are smarter
than strict vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to outsmart a
leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and
have larger EQ's than solitary animals.
Option:-
1) can, do, did, does
2) across, to, through, with
3) Then, Instead, Because, Otherwise
4) followed, follows, follow, following
5) theory, principal, rule, principle
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Answer: does, across, Instead, followed, rule
72) It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many
academics have tried. The ________ is that beauty is in the eye of the
________, and you cannot behold a politician’s face without a veil of
extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George Bush possess a
disarming grin, or a facetious ________? It’s hard to find anyone who can
look at the president without assessing him politically as well as ________.
Option:-
1) principle, idea, difficulty, concept
2) people, beholder, builder, audience
3) smell, complexion, smirk, binge
4) culturally, physically, economically, individually
Answer: difficulty, beholder, smirk, physically
73) Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in
________ to the solar system's biggest ________ and orbit very close to
their host stars, are excellent targets for ________ in their search for their
extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets is easy to
________ as they create a large decrease in brightness when passing in
front of their parent stars.
Option:-
1) borders, expressions, characteristics, shapes
2) frame, subordinate, planet, comet
3) members, astronomers, parties, makers
4) denounce, detect, deflect, determine
Answer: characteristics, planet, astronomers, detect
74) The introduction of security footage in courtrooms as evidence is
increasingly common. With the number of closed-circuit television (CCTV)
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cameras rising, the likelihood of images deemed relevant for criminal
proceedings being recorded also increases. However, while CCTV
footage may arguably have assisted in achieving ________ in some highprofile cases,
can it assist in the overall reduction of violence against
women? A well-known example in Australia of CCTV helping solve a crime
is the footage pulled from a shop on Sydney Road the night Jill Meagher
was raped and murdered by Adrian Bayley. This footage was mentioned
in his sentencing in 2013. In the same year, Simon Gittany was found
________ of the murder of his partner Lisa Harnum. CCTV footage – taken
from his own security cameras – was again ________ as key evidence.
Beyond the courtroom, news media reports of crime are saturated with
the use of CCTV footage. In both contexts, it is often seen to be ________
– an authoritative and objective witness that can tell us “what really
happened”. While used in a range of offenses, its inclusion in instances of
extreme (and public) violence against women can mean certain images
receive significant and sustained media ________, and may remain online
indefinitely. The strength of CCTV in our public consciousness is such that
questions of privacy are often dismissed as inconsequential. CCTV
installed in the homes of family violence victims has even been
considered.
Option:-
1) convictions, discharges, disclaimers, connections
2) guilty, excessive, obsessive, abundant
3) interpreted, changed, disciplined, dictated
4) doubtful, decisive, inclusive, incisive
5) abortion, conception, abruption, attention
Answer: convictions, guilty, interpreted, decisive, attention
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75) Finnish researchers have installed the world's first fully working "sand
battery", which can store green power for months at a time. The
developers say this could solve the problem of year-round supply, a major
issue for green energy. Using low-grade sand, the device ________ heat
made from cheap electricity from solar or wind. The sand stores the heat
at around 500C, ________ can then warm homes in winter when energy is
more expensive. Because of climate change and now thanks to the
rapidly rising price of fossil fuels, there's a surge of investment in new
renewable energy production. But ________ new solar panels and wind
turbines can be quickly added to national grids, these extra sources also
present huge challenges. ________, most batteries are made with lithium
and are expensive with a large, physical footprint, and can only cope with
a limited amount of excess power. One of the big challenges now is
whether the technology can be scaled up to really make a difference and
will the developers be able to use it to get electricity out ________ heat?
The efficiency falls dramatically when the sand is used to just return
power to the electricity grid.
Option:-
1) substitutes for, is caught up with, lives up to, is charged up with
2) which, however, what, that
3) except, therefore, while, then
4) Of course, Besides, Apart from, Right now
5) as well as, inside, despite, along
Answer: is charged up with, which, while, Right now, as well as
76) During the day, the sun heats up both the ocean surface and the land.
Water is a good absorber of the energy from the sun. The land absorbs
much of the sun's energy as well. However, water heats up much more
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slowly than land and so the air above the land will be _____ compared to
the air over the ocean. The warm air over the land will rise throughout the
day, causing low pressure at the surface. Over the water, high surface
pressure will form because of the colder air. To _________, the air will sink
over the ocean. The wind will blow from the higher pressure over the water
to lower pressure over the land causing the sea breeze. The sea breeze
strength will vary depending on the temperature __________ between the
land and the ocean.
Option:-
1) warmer, more frigid, freezer, more sizzling
2) cover, compensate, concentrate, precipitate
3) variation, distinction, differentiation, difference
Answer: warmer, compensate, difference
77) Sportswomen’s records are important and need to be preserved. And if
the paper records don’t _________, we need to get out and start
interviewing people, not to put too fine a _________ on it, while we still
have a ________. After all, if the records aren’t kept in some form or
another, then the stories are _______ too.
Option:-
1) exist, has, too
2) have, point, put
3) chance, force, paper
4) appear, pending, lost
Answer: exist, point, chance, lost
78) The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion.
Sometimes air moves slowly, giving a ________ breeze. At other times it
moves rapidly creating gales and hurricanes. Gentle or fierce, wind always
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starts in the same way. As the sun moves through the sky, it heats up
some parts of the sea and land more than others. The air above theses
_____ spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and
begins to rise. Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it’s heavier. Winds blow
because- air squeezed out by sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising,
warm air. Winds will blow wherever there is a ______ in air temperature
and pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure. Some winds blow
in one place, and have a local name — North America’s chinook and
France’s mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends
winds over the _____ globe.
Option:-
1) Heavy, pressure, gentle,
2) fierce, weighted, hot,
3) difference, expected, heavier
4) entire, workers, balance
Answer: gentle, hot, difference, entire
79) Evidence for a genetic basis of antisocial behavior stems from several
different lines of research. First, behavioral genetic studies of twins and
adoptees have demonstrated that _______ plays a role in antisocial
behavior, including various forms of aggression and criminality, by finding
greater concordance for such behavior in genetically __________
individuals, compared to non-relatives living in the same environment.
Second, various correlates of antisocial behavior, including personality
factors such as impulsivity, sensation seeking, risk-taking, and callousunemotional
traits, are known to be at least partly genetically
___________. Third, psychiatric outcomes related to antisocial behavior,
including antisocial personality disorder, gambling, and substance use
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and abuse, have also been ___________ in genetically informative designs,
and each of these has demonstrated significant genetic links.
Option:-
1) parenting, environment, heredity, culture
2) identical, related, diverse, idealized
3) delivered, managed, directed, influenced
4) inferred, investigated, inspected, integrated
Answer: heredity, related, influenced, investigated
80) A crime is generally a _______ act that results in harm, physical or
otherwise, toward one or more people, in a manner prohibited by law. The
determination of which acts are to be considered criminal has varied
historically and continues to do so among cultures and nations. When a
crime is committed, a process of discovery, trial by judge or jury,
_________, and punishment occurs. Just as what is considered criminal
varies between jurisdictions, so does the punishment, but elements of
__________ and deterrence are common.
Option:-
1) discreet, deliberate, demure, deliberative
2) convicts, conviction, convictive, controversy
3) restitution, constitution, reticulation, rehabilitation
Answer: deliberate, conviction, restitution
81) Drive down any highway and you'll see a proliferation of chain
restaurants—most likely, if you travel long and far enough, you'll see
McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for Burger King, Hardee's and
Wendy's the "big four" of burgers. Despite its name, though Burger King
has fallen short of _______the burger crown, unable to surpass market
leader McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never
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the bride, Burger King remains No. 2. Worse yet, Burger King has
experienced a six-year 22 percent decline in customer traffic, with its
overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three
______________ have increased. The decline has been _________ to
inconsistent product quality and poor customer service. Although the
chain tends to throw advertising dollars at the problem, an understanding
of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would suggest that
internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be
_________ before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The
________ of ________ in brand image and messages, at all levels of
communication, has become a basic tenet of IMC theory and practice.
The person who takes the customer's order must communicate the same
message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way," or the
customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems
more consistent and, therefore, more _________.
Option:-
1) claiming, winning, getting, filing
2) participants, contestants, contenders, members
3) dedicated, attributed, contributed, due
4) rectified, realized, recognized, ratified
5) importance, principal, significant, result
6) quality, service, consistency, management
7) available, reputable, quality, reliable
Answer: claiming, contenders, attributed, rectified, importance, consistency,
reliable
82) In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the
Mind Works, Pinker has argued that swathes of our mental, social and
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emotional lives may have _______ as evolutionary adaptations, well suited
to the lives our ancestors eked out on the Pleistocene savannah.
Sometimes it seems as if nothing is _________ from being explained this
way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism, our tendency to reward
senior executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the small
number of women who become mechanical engineers – all may have
their _____ in natural selection, pinker claims. The controversial
implications are obvious: that men and women might _____ in their inborn
abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may
have _____ influence on personality.
Option:-
1) Physical, tasks, originated,
2) immune, mental, implied
3) implications, instincts, roots,
4) differ, explained, single
5) improved, little, last
Answer: originated, immune, roots, differ, little
83) No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse
copyright can ______ so it may seem right that he should announce a
royalty for artists, amounting to 5 per cent of all sales after the original
one, which can go on giving to their families for as much as 150 years. But
that ignores the truth that copyright law is a _______, recently
exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required
extension of copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really
valuable copyrights end up in the ownership of corporations (although
Agatha Christie’s no-doubt worthy great-grandchildren are still ______
the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and members of the
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Garrick Club enjoy the continuing fruits of A.A. Milne’s Christopher Robin
books)? No. The scandal is that been peasants politicians have
attempted to appear cultured by creating private assets which depend
on an act of Parliament for their existence and by giving away much more
in value than any public benefit could _______. In doing so they have
betrayed.
Option:-
1) loyalty, floaty, royalty, confer
2) humiliation, slander, insult scandal
3) reaching, garnishing, reaping, gaining
4) testify, justify, satisfy, rubify
Answer: confer, scandal, reaping, justify
84) The space work for an astronaut can be inside or outside, inside they can
monitor machines and the work is carried out alongside the craft. They
also need to make sure the _______ Travel _________ the craft, they can
see how the seeds react in the space. Some seeds company send seeds
to them to investigate how seeds change their biological character.
When _______ the craft, they can set up experiments or clean ________
the space rubbish.
Option:-
1) Inhale, travel, Space,
2) Outside, moved, investigate
3) on, outside, carried
4) up, express, why
Answer: space, outside, outside, up
85) Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes eat only eggs as part of
their ______. Some eat only small eggs which are ______ to eat, while
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some snakes eat bird’s eggs, which they have to swallow ________, as the
snake has no teeth. Instead, these snakes have _______ that stick out
from the backbone. The spines crack the egg _________ as it passes
through the throat. Once the egg is punctured, muscles in the snake’s
body work in waves to squeeze out the contents, which then move down
into the stomach. The snake then forces the shell back into its mouth by
bending its body into an ‘S’ shape. The shell is now drained and flattened
into a compact shape. Egg eating snakes sometimes have to go for a
long time without any food. So, they eat as many eggs as they can when
they get them!
Option:-
1) Eat, stick, diet
2) moved, easy, swallow
3) whole, part, side,
4) money, payroll, spines
5) open, new, instant
Answer: diet, easy, whole, spines, open
86) Paris is very old— there has been a settlement there for at least 6000
years and its shape has been determined in part by the River Seine, and
in party by the edicts of France's rulers. But the great boulevards we
admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any
more barricades ___________ by the rebellious population; that work was
carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a
maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work
was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half
a million or so whose houses were _________ razed, and whose
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neighborhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone,
especially when buildings are torn __________.
Option:-
1) Creating, create, being created, having been created
2) Simply, merely, only, justly
3) down, up, apart, afar
Answer: being created, simply, down
87) The rest of the universe appears to be made of a mysterious, invisible
________ called dark matter and a force that _________ gravity known as
dark energy. Scientists have not yet __________ dark matter directly. It
doesn't interact with baryonic matter, and it's completely invisible to light
and other forms of electromagnetic radiation, making dark matter
impossible to detect with current instruments. But scientists are confident
it exists because of the __________ effects it appears to have on galaxies
and galaxy __________.
Option:-
1) Substance, material, property, subject
2) Repels, beats, gathers, fights against
3) Looked, tested, smelled, observed
4) Gravity, gravitational, constitutional, national
5) Balls, flocks, clusters, bunches
Answer: substance, repels, observed, gravitational, clusters
88) In reality, however, the causes of truancy and ____________ are diverse
and multi-faceted. There are as many causes of non-attendance as
there are non-attenders. Each child has his/her own _________ story, and
whilst there may often be certain identifiable factors in common, each
non-attending child demands and ________ an individual response,
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tailored to meet his/her individual needs. This applies ________ to the 14-
year-old who fails to attend school because a parent is terminally ill, the
overweight 11-year-old who fails to attend because he is __________
about changing for PE in front of peers, the 15-year-old who is ‘bored’ by
lessons, and to the seven-year-old who is teased in the playground
because she does not wear the latest designer label clothes.
Option:-
1) non-compliance, non-sense, non-attendance, non-binding
2) unorthodox, unique, novel, prolific
3) deserves, earns, combats, dissects
4) commonly, equally, instantly, gorgeously
5) ashamed, shy, embarrassed, embedded
Answer: non-attendance, unique, deserves, equally, embarrassed
89) Three degrees does not sound like much, but it _______ a rise in
temperature compared with the global heating that occurred between
the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and the warmth of the
eighteenth century. When Earth was cold, giant glaciers sometimes
extended from the polar regions as far south as St Louis in the US and the
Alps in Europe. Later this century when it is three degrees hotter glaciers
everywhere will be melting in a climate of often __________ heat and
drought, punctuated with storms and floods. The ________ for humanity
could be truly horrific; if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact of the plants
and animals with whom we share Earth. In a worst-case scenario, there
might - in the twenty-second century - be only a remnant of humanity
eking out a _________ existence in the polar regions and the few
remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.
Option:-
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1) proves, undermines, represents, explores represents,
2) tolerate, generate, intense unbearable,
3) evolution, aims, reasons consequences
4) diverse, direct, dilute, diminished
Answer: represents, unbearable, consequences, diminished
90) Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoids) in the Bronx and
other city spots grew to double the biomass of clones ______ outside
small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the
Environmental Protection Agency's western ecology division in Corvallis,
Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York
colleagues report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may
spike skyscraper high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees
actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from urban pollution
that _____ in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that this
hang-around ozone is the ______ factor in tree growth, the researchers
say in the July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing
us most vividly that rural areas pay the _____ for urban pollution," says
Stephen R Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "This
work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
Option:-
1) planted, produced, protected, preserved
2) breezes, blows, puffs, set
3) surprising, frightening, overwhelming, astonishing
4) lessons, price, effect, cost
Answer: planted, blows, overwhelming, price
91) Stress that tense feeling often connected to having too much to do, too
many ______ to pay and not enough time or money — is a common
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emotion that knows _____ borders. About three-fourths of people in the
United States, Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, South Korea
and Britain reported experiencing stress on a daily basis, according to
AP-Ipsos _____. Anxious feelings were more intense during the holidays.
Germans feel stress more ______ than those in other countries polled.
People in the United States ______ financial pressures as the top worry.
About half the people polled in Britain said they frequently or sometimes
felt that life was beyond their control, the highest level in the 10 countries
surveyed.
Option:-
1) practices, bills, money, time
2) printed, solid, dash, few
3) series, news, polling, pants
4) intensely, openly, early, traditionally
5) enjoyed, cited, created, exited
Answer; bills, few, polling, intensely, cited
92) Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most
of the range of the subspecies allowed us to test for genetic
discontinuities and identify landscape features that influence the
subspecies' genetic structure. Although no ______ genetic breaks were
found in northern spotted owls, ________ landscape features were
important in structuring genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and
the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains restricted gene flow,
while the lower Oregon Coast Range ______ gene flow, acting as a '
genetic corridor.' The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, _______ owls
readily fly over this large river. Thus, even in taxa such as northern spotted
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owls with potential for long-distance dispersal, landscape features can
have an important impact on gene flow and genetic structure.
Option:-
1) distinct, distinguished, different, divergent
2) specific, several, separate, a little
3) protected, prevented, impeded, facilitated
4) arguing, suggesting, insisting, sticking
Answer: distinct, several, facilitated, suggesting
93) Want to know what will make you happy? Then ask a total stranger — or
so says a new study from Harvard University, which shows that another
person’s experience is often more _______ than your own best guess. The
study, which appears in the current issue of Science, was led by Daniel
Gilbert, professor of psychology at Harvard and author of the 2007
bestseller “Stumbling on Happiness,” along with Matthew Killingworth and
Rebecca Eyre, also of Harvard, and Timothy Wilson of the University of
Virginia. “If you want to know how much you will enjoy an experience, you
are better off knowing how much someone else enjoyed it than knowing
anything about the experience itself,” says Gilbert. “Rather than closing
our eyes and _______ the future, we should examine the experience of
those who have been there. Previous research in psychology,
neuroscience, and behavioral economics has shown that people have
difficulty predicting what they will like and how much they will like it, which
_____ them to make a wide variety of poor decisions. Interventions aimed
at ________ the accuracy with which people imagine future events have
been generally unsuccessful.
Option:-
1) positive, predictable, informal, informative
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2) imitating, predicting, visualizing, imagining
3) leads, compels, requires, forces
4) reducing, improving, enhancing, controlling
Answer: informative, imagining, leads, improving
94) Nature is no longer an alien _______, but ______ something immediately
beautiful, an exuberant _____ with space for us to join in. Bird melodies
have always been called songs for a reason. As long as we have been
listening, people have ______ there is music coming out of those scissoring
beaks.
Option:-
1) enigma, alien, mystery, alienate
2) however, moreover, additionally, instead
3) composition, product, opus, effort
4) assumed, presumed, considered, consume
Answer: enigma, instead, opus, presumed
95) The trigger point causes the rest of the fiber segments to be ______ to
capacity. It becomes a tight band. Normally the regular contracting and
releasing of these little segments circulates blood in the capillaries that
supply them the segments with their nutrients. When they hold this
_________ blood flow is stopped to that are, there is not an oxygen supply
and waste products are not ______ _____. The trigger point then sends
out pain signals until the trigger point is put in a position of rest again.
Option:-
1) strengthened, tightened, contracted, stretched
2) concentration, contraction, contamination, contribution
3) pulled out, pushed out, dragged out, torn away
Answer: stretched, contraction, pushed out
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96) The study, of 322 overweight 10- to 14-year-olds, found that those whose
usual, sedentary video games were partly replaced with active games
________ less weight over six months. For years, experts have worried that
the growing amount of time children are spending in front of TVs and
computers is helping to feed an _______ of childhood obesity. Progressive
enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead ______
______ for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site
look the same in every browser, we should provide a core set of
functionality and information to all users, and __________ ________
enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more
capable browsers. It's a very productive development practice, ________
__ ________ hours working out how to add drop shadows to the borders
of an element in every browser, we simply use the standards-based
approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to
implement it in browsers that don't. After all, the users of older and less
capable browsers won't know what they are missing, ___________ to
progressive enhancement is the belief among developers and clients that
websites should look the same in every browser. As a developer, you can
simplify your life and dedicate your time to more interesting challenges if
you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive
enhancement.
Option:-
1) Lost, gained, loss, increased
2) epidemic, popularity, spread, prevalence
3) of designing, of devising, of managing, of cultivating
4) surprisingly, quantitatively, qualitatively, then progressively
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5) instead of spending, rather to waster, instead to spend, rather than
treasuring
Answer: gained, epidemic, of designing, then progressively, instead of spending,
the biggest challenges
97) There isn't a financial director around who wouldn't like to accelerate cash
flow by reducing debtors’ days — in other words, get customers to pay up
faster. In Europe's top loco quoted companies, nearly one quarter of all
invoices arc unpaid ____________, according to recent research carried
out by the ASF organization. This means they are sitting on a total of 274
bn overdue debt. Most of this is caused by poor collection practices.
According to Jan Porter. AST's Managing Director, " You can set up all the
systems you want, you can insist on watertight contracts and payment
terms, the government can even introduce late payment legislation, but
there are always come debtors who _________________” Once a payment
is overdue, your first step is to talk to your debtor. You should let them
know the payment is late and try to find out if there is a dispute about the
work, or if your debtor has financial problems. _________, , but Tim Vainio,
a chartered accountant, believes that too many companies are afraid of
losing a relationship, and that, ____________ _________ the focus should
be on recovering as much money as possible, rather than on preserving a
relationship.
Option:-
1) at any point, time, now and again, on time, from time to time
2) fail to pay on time, escape reminders, disappoint the payment, become
creditors
3) All companies do this, it seems nervous, this is plain, this is OK
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4) before undertaking any action, after all measures, the last resort, even
at this early stage
Answer: at any point in time, fail to pay on time, this is ok, before undertaking
any action
98) There were twenty-six freshmen __________ in English at Beijing Language
Institute in the class of 1983. I was assigned to Group Two with another
eleven boy and girls who had ________ big cities in China. I was told that
language study required smallness so that we would each get more
attention from the skillful teachers. The better the school, the smaller the
class. I realized that my classmates were ready all _________ in English,
simple sentences tossed out to each other in their red-faced
introductions and carefree chatting. Their intonations were curving and
dramatic and their pronunciation refined and accurate. But as I stretched
to catch the drips and drops of their humming dialogue, I couldn't
__________ it all, only that it was English. Those words now flying before
me sounded a little familiar. I had read them and tried to speak them, but
I had never heard them _________ back to me in such a speedy, fluent
manner. My big plan of ______ the city folks were thawing before my eyes.
Option:-
1) Getting, majoring, interesting, concentrating
2) come at, come along, come from, come across
3) talking, tying, drinking, looking at
4) suspect, understand, wonder, convince
5) speak, are speaking, spoke, spoken
6) cheering, beating, relying, staying
Answer: majoring, come from, talking, understand, spoken, beating
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99) In these distant times, the sun was seen to make its daily _______ across
the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or
waned a little and, on a few nights, it did not appear at all. At night the
great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They
______ know as the stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens
had its own purpose and that the _______ of the universe could be
discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were
wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their
neighbors and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact, it
took millennia, for man to _______ the true nature of these wandering
stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to
predict their positions in the sky.
Option:-
1) journey, voyage, travel, flight
2) had become, has become, is becoming, became
3) prediction, prophecy, secrets, system
4) distinguish, determine, distribute, dedicate
Answer: journey, became, secrets, determine
100) Top US business schools are recruiting younger, less experienced
candidates in an effort to boost applications and head off competition
for the best students from other graduate programs such as law and
public policy. In an attempt to _______ new students, leading business
schools – including Harvard, Stanford, the University of Chicago and
Wharton – have moved away from the unofficial admissions ________ of
four years’ work experience and ________ have set their sights on recent
college graduates and so-called “early career* _______ with only a
couple years of work under their belt.
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420
Option:-
1. Experience, expertise lure
2. Life, leading, prerequisite
3. develop, belt, instead
4. heard of, lure, professionals
Answer: lure, prerequisite, instead, professionals
101) In animals, movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal
cord called the central pattern __________(CPG). This produces signals
that drive muscles to _________ rhythmically in a way that produces
running or walking, depending on the pattern of ___________. A simple
signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different
________, such as going from a standstill to walking.
Option:-
1) Receptor, generator, genitors, generates
2) act, release, contract, construct
3) beats, rhythm, pauses, pulses
4) modes, elements, moods, moods elects
Answer: generator, contract, pulses, modes
102)Scientists make observations, have assumptions and do ________. After
these have been done, they get their _________. Then there is a lot of
________ from scientists. The scientists around the world have a
_____________ of world.
Option:-
1) publication, experiment, assumption, research
2)results, research, production, principles
3)dates, data, collection, discoveries
4) potential, picture, scientific, potently
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Answer: experiment, results, data, picture
103)Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then ______ the
appropriate price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors
including supply‐and‐demand, cost, desired profit, competition, perceived
value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price is determined by
what the market is willing to __________ for the product. Pricing theory can
be quite complex because so many ________ influence what the
purchaser _______ is a fair value.
Option:-
1) Detect, determine, deleted, dispose
2) exchange, change, promote, confirm
3) reasons, features, factors, messages
4) interact, debates, present, decides
Answer: determine, exchange, factors, decides
104)The writer- or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought ‘whole’,
as a unity, but must express it in a line of words; the reader- or listenermust
take this line of symbols and from it ________ the original wholeness
of thought. There is _________ difficulty in conversation, because the
listener receives innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the
speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can _____ in at any time. The
advantage of group discussion is that people can overcome linear
sequence of words by __________ on ideas from different directions; which
makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is confronted by line upon
line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical _______ and emphasis
or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
Option:-
1) flirted, reconstruct, engage, rename
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2) litter, more, few, little
3) cut, some, give, coming
4) changing, sharing, conversing, converting
5) tone, appearance, force, mood
Answer: reconstruct, little, cut, conversing, tone
105)Bhutan is the last standing Buddhist Kingdom in the World and, until
recently, has __________ much of their culture since the 17th century by
avoiding globalization and staying isolated from the world. Internet,
television, and western dress were banned from the country up until ten
years ago. But over the past ten years globalization has begun to change
in Bhutan, but things remain ______________ balanced. Bhutan is the only
country in the world that has a ‘GNH.’ You may think GNH is just another
_____________ based term with no real-life application, but it refers to
“Gross National Happiness.” The process of measuring GNH began when
Bhutan opened up to globalization. It measures people’s quality of life,
and makes sure that “material and spiritual development happen
together.” Bhutan has done an amazing job of finding this balance.
Bhutan has continually been (ranked) as the happiest country in all of
Asia, and the eighth Happiest Country in the world according to Business
Week. In 2007, Bhutan had the second fastest growing GDP in the world,
at the same time as ________ their environment and cultural identity.
Bhutan is the only Buddhist Kingdom in the world; Mahayana Buddhism is
the official religion of Bhutan. Over two thirds of the people are Buddhist,
and Buddhism is supported by the government both politically and
economically. The government gives _______ to Buddhist monasteries,
shrines, monks and other Buddhist programs.
Option:-
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1) prefer, preserved, preserves, selected
2) perfectly, greatly, fully, very
3) statistically, statistical, scientifically
4) keeping, balancing, marinating, maintaining
5) subsidy, special, subsidies, sanctity
Answer: preserved, perfectly, statistically, maintaining, subsidies
106)Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to
themselves as ‘the corn people’. The phrase is not intended as metaphor.
Rather, it’s mean to _________ their abiding dependence on this
miraculous grass, the _____ of their diet for almost 9000 years. [For an
American like me, growing up linked to a very different food chain, yet one
that is also rooted in corn, not to think of himself as a corn person
suggests either a failure of imagination or a triumph of capitalism. Or
perhaps a little of both. For the great edifice of variety and choice that is
an American supermarket rests on a remarkably narrow biological
foundation: corn. It’s not merely the feed that the steers and the chickens
and the pigs and the turkeys ate; it’s not just the source of the flour and
the oil and the leavenings, the glycerides and coloring in the processed
foods; it’s not just sweetening the soft drinks or lending a shine to the
magazine cover over by the checkout. fiberglass and adhesives out of
which the building itself has been built-is in no small measure a ________
of corn.
Option:-
1) Remember, renown, knowledge, acknowledge
2) fix, staple, range, variety
3) display, show, manifestation, exhibition
Answer: acknowledge, staple, manifestation
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107) The few people who live in Alaska’s Aleutian Islands have long been
accustomed to _________. They have been part of local consciousness
since a Japanese whaling ______ ran aground near the western end of
the 1,100-mile (1,800-km) volcanic _______ in 1780, inadvertently naming
what is now Rat Island when the ship’s _______ scurried ashore and made
itself at home. Since then, there have been at least 190 shipwrecks in the
islands.
Option:-
1) Ships, accidents, boost, shipwrecks
2) sail, ship, shipped, boat
3) islet, archaeology, archipelago, island
4) infestation, infest, infested, manifestation
Answer: shipwrecks, ship, archipelago, infestation
108)A DOG may be man’s best friend. But man is not always a dog. Over the
centuries _________ breeding has pulled at the canine body shape to
produce what is often a grotesque distortion of the underlying wolf.
Indeed, some of these distortions are, when found in people, regarded as
_________. Dog breeding does, though, offer a chance to those who
would like to understand how body shape is controlled. The _________ of
pedigree pooches is well recorded, their generation time is short and their
_______ size reasonably large, so there is plenty of material to work with.
________, breeds are, by definition, inbred, and this simplifies genetic
analysis. Those such as Elaine Ostrander, of America’s National Human
Genome Research Institute, who wish to identify the genetic basis of the
features of particular pedigrees thus have an ideal _________ animal.
Option:-
1) Selected, excessive, selective, excellent
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2) epidemic, pathologies, medication, diseases
3) ancestry, antecedents, descent, ancestors
4) lit, littering, litters, litter
5) hence, so, moreover, however
6) reprehensive, general, experimental, experiments
Answer: selective, pathologies, ancestry, litter, moreover, experimental
109)Research has suggested that major stressors in our lives are life, ______,
for example, moving house, marriage or relationship breakdown. Workrelated factors,
__________ unemployment and boredom, are also
common _________ of stress. Differences in personality may also ________
a part.
Option:-
1) factors, changing, changes, chances
2) including, following, increasing, influencing
3) cause, causes, facts, case
4) spend, present, analyses, play
Answer: changes, including, causes, play
110) Higher education qualifications provide a ______ advantage in the labor
market. Higher education graduates are less likely to be unemployed and
tend to have higher _______ than those without such qualifications.
Having a highly _______ workforce can also lead to increased productivity
and innovation and ______ Australia more competitive in the global
market.
Option:-
1) substance, substantial, subsequent, surpass
2) expenses, outcome, incomes, instill
3) educated, informed, planned, expert
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4) take, turn, make, help
Answer: substantial, incomes, educated, make
111) The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have _______
with Clement Wragge, an Australian meteorologist who in the 1890s
entertained himself by naming storms after women, mythical _______, and
politicians that he didn't like. The modern system of using personal names
developed during World War II, when meteorologists began using
women's names — often those of wives or girlfriends — instead of _______
designations based on latitude and longitude. Short and quickly
understood, names were easier to _______ over the radio and easier to
keep straight if there was more than one storm in a given area. The
system was _______ in 1953 when the National Weather Service put
together an alphabetical list of female names to be used for storms in the
Atlantic basin. Male names were added to the list in 1979 when women's
groups pointed out the sexism of using only female names.
Options:
1) originated, laminated, contaminated, vaccinated
2) figures, figuration, figurative, configures
3) worrisome, cumbersome, awesome, wholesome
4) transmit, transform, transfuse, transect
5) rationalized, decentralized, formalized, immortalized
Answer: originated, figures, cumbersome, transmit, formalized
112) Don't expect a straightforward answer from Chanan Tigay about the
_______ or even the existence of what was promoted as the earliest
version of the fifth and final book of the Jewish Torah, known to Christians
as the Book of Deuteronomy in the Old Testament. As an author who
spent years trying to _______ a juicy mystery and get it down on paper,
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Tigay wants you to read his book, "The Lost Book of Moses: The Hunt for
the World's Oldest Bible," to find the answer. But at a talk on Wednesday,
the writer, journalist, and fellow offered listeners an enticing peek,
describing how he landed on the story of the mysterious manuscript and
about his years trying to track _______ the document. From the author's
description, it was a wild, Indiana Jones-type ride that included a
competition to find the relic, false starts, dead ends, trips to faraway
places, and an ultimate breakthrough close to home.
Options:
1) authenticity, area, imagination, scale
2) unravel, build, cross, envisage
3) down, against, out, of
Answer: authenticity, unravel, down
113) People are spending twice as much time online compared to 10 years
ago, fueled by increasing use of tablets and smartphones. The biggest
increase has been _______ young adults, with time spent online almost
tripling from 10 hours and 24 minutes each week in 2005 to 27 hours and
36 minutes in 2014. In total, the average adult spends more than 20 hours
online a week, which includes time spent on the internet at work. _______
the average person spends 2.5 hours every week 'online while on the
move' - away from their home, work or place of study. This is a five-fold
_______ from 2005, when the figure was just 30 minutes. Overall, the
proportion of adults using the internet has risen by half - from six in ten in
2005 to almost nine in ten today, _______ to Ofcom's Media Use and
Attitudes 2015 report, which questioned 1,890 adults aged 16 and over
about their internet consumption habits.
Options:
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1) within, along, between, among
2) However, Despite, Unless, Meanwhile
3) increase, magnitude, grid, space
4) according to, due to, controlled by, except for
Answer: among, Meanwhile, increase, according to
114) Umami was first identified in Japan, in 1908, when Dr. Kikunae Ikeda
concluded that Kombu, a type of edible seaweed, had a different taste
than most foods. He conducted _______ that found that the high
concentration of glutamate in Kombu was what made it so tasty. From
there, he crystallized monosodium glutamate (MSG), the seasoning that
would become _______ the world over. Decades later Umami became
scientifically defined as one of the five individual tastes sensed by
receptors on the _______. Then in 1996, a team of University of Miami
researchers studying taste perception made another breakthrough. They
discovered separate taste receptor cells in the tongue for detecting
Umami. Before then, the concept was uncharted. 'Up until our research,
the _______ wisdom in the scientific community was that Umami was not a
separate sense. It was just a combination of the other four qualities (salty,
sweet, bitter, sour)', explained Dr. Stephen Roper, the University of Miami
physiology and biophysics professor who helped zero in on the taste
along with Nirupa Chaudhari, the team‘s lead researcher.
Options:
1) attempts, experiments, contests, experiences
2) exported, exclusive, popular, spread
3) jaws, mouth, tongue, fingers
4) erroneous, predominant, insignificant, important
Answer: experiments, popular, tongue, predominant
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115) A mini helicopter modelled on flying tree seeds could soon be flying
overhead. Evan Ulrich and colleagues at the University of Maryland in
College Park _______ the biological world for inspiration to build a scaleddown
helicopter that could mimic the properties of full-size aircraft. The
complex _______ of full-size helicopters gets less efficient when shrunk,
meaning that standard mini helicopters expend most of their power
simply fighting to stay stable in the air. The researchers realized that a
simpler aircraft designed to stay stable passively would use much less
power and reduce manufacturing costs to boot. It turns out that nature
_______ them to it. The seeds of trees such as the maple have a singleblade
structure that _______ them to fly far away and drift safely to the
ground. These seeds, known as samaras, need no engine to _______
through the air, thanks to a process called autorotation. By analyzing the
behavior of the samara with high-speed cameras, Ulrich and his team
were able to copy its design.
Options:
1) turned to, turned for, turned in, turned off
2) overhaul, gauge, imagination, design
3) has beaten, was beaten, had beaten, beaten
4) had allowed, allowed, allows, allowing
5) spin, fluctuate, drift, bob
Answer: turned to, design, had beaten, allows, spin
116) To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online,
the researchers combed through 2.5 million selfie posts _______ Instagram
to determine what kinds of identity statements people make by taking
and sharing the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies _______ the
appearance category: pictures of people showing off their make-up,
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clothes, lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more popular than the
other 14 categories _______. _______ appearances, social selfies with
friends, loved ones, and pets were the most common (14 percent). Then
_______ ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7 percent), and health and
fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted that the prevalence of ethnicity
selfies (selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or country of origin) is
an indication that people are proud of their backgrounds. They also
found that most selfies are solo pictures, _______ than taken with a group.
_______, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram were posted
by the 18-35-year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn't too
surprising _______ the demographics of the social media platform. The
under-18 age group posted about 30 percent of selfies.
Options:
1) of, to, above, on
2) summed up, broke down, fell into, focused on
3) constrained, confined, combined, unconfined
4) Regarding, Unless, After, Against
5) let, were, came, did
6) less, other, rather, most
7) Along with, Although, Overall, Moreover
8) claiming, supposing, considering, imagining
Answer: on, fell into, combined, After, came, rather, Overall, considering
117) _______ the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove
swamps have been _______ for human use, with many turned into
valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in
Thailand showed that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If
that were the only _______, conversion would seem an excellent idea.
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However, proper _______ shows that for each hectare government
subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for
pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These _______
damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken
from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against
storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays _______ for three or
four years, there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
Options:
1) By, With, To, Over
2) deserved, inserted, conserved, converted
3) index, element, choice, factor
4) accounting, percentage, aggregation, division
5) comprised, uneven, neglected, augmented
6) productive, interactive, distinctive, collective
Answer: Over, converted, factor, accounting, comprised, productive
118) Green spaces contribute significantly to a _______ in soil and aerial
temperatures during spells of hot weather, so contributing to human
wellbeing. In the garden _______, there is, however, little information as to
what extent various types of plants _______ in their cooling potential and
how certain planting combinations may maximize cooling under a
scenario of _______ rainfall and minimal water inputs.
Options:
1) genesis, conclusion, purification, reduction
2) extent, level, context, volume
3) confer, differ, coincide, defer
4) total, low, parallel, partial
Answer: reduction, context, differ, low
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119) She transformed beauty into big business by cultivating classy sales
methods and giving away samples. Leonard Lauder, chief executive of
the company his mother founded, says she always thought she 'was
growing a nice little business.' And that it is. A little business that _______
45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business
that sells in 118 countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billion big in sales.
The Lauder family's shares are worth more than $6 billion. But early on,
there wasn't a burgeoning business; there weren't houses in New York,
Palm Beach, or the south of France. It is said that at one point there was
one person to answer the telephones who _______ her voice to become
the shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the
Estee Lauder story because it' s a chapter from the book of American
business folklore. In short, Josephine Esther Mentzer, daughter of
immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona, a section
of Queens in New York City. She started her _______ by selling skin creams
concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and
resorts. No doubt the potions were good - Estee Lauder was a quality
fanatic - but the sales lady was better. Much better. And she simply
outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She _______ the
bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter
space at Saks Fifth Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a
personal selling approach that proved as _______ as the promise of her
skin regimens and perfumes.
Options:
1) has, controls, makes, maintains
2) switched, changed, raised, used
3) emphasis, institute, companion, enterprise
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4) stated, bridged, stalked, heaved
5) potent, collective, potential, expensive
Answer: controls, changed, enterprise, stalked, potent
120)From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as
a means of understanding and recording the potential uses, such as their
economic and healing properties. From the first illustrated _______ of
medicinal plants, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century
through to the late fourteenth century the illustration of plants and
animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and
herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a
loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little more than
stylized decoration. With the growing _______ of copperplate engravings,
the traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants
and animals became more accurate. Then, with the _______ of artists
such as Albrecht Durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto
Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse
Aldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be depicted in a more realistic
style. Individual living plants or animals _______ directly and their likeness
rendered onto paper or vellum.
Options:
1) catalogue, calculation, formation, figuration
2) popularity, expectation, singularity, resilience
3) emergence, descent, havoc, omniscience
4) observed, observe, had observed, were observed
Answer: catalogue, popularity, emergence, were observed
121) Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school
day you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the
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lessons you don't like, but the ones you usually find OK, but on some
occasions, you just can't be bothered with it. You _______ have other
things on your mind, be tired, restless or looking forward to what comes
next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent
_______ from you. The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical
_______ are important. If you try to revise when you are tired or totally
occupied with something else, your revision will be inefficient and just
about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will be
so much easier, and you will learn more, faster. However, if you make no
plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you feel like it, you
probably won’t do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you
don't keep _______.
Options:
1) may, never, do, hardly
2) effort, afford, affect, effect
3) shortcomings, concerns, attitudes, appearances
4) stopping, putting it off, pushing, putting out
Answer: may, effort, attitudes, putting it off
122) The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever
found and more are being discovered each year as continuing erosion is
_______ new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a
tropical region, _______ with towering trees and extraordinary creatures.
More than 150 different species of fossilized plants have been discovered
by paleontologists and evidence _______ ancient native people who
inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago has been _______ by
archeologists.
Options:
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1) exposing, expanding, explaining, expecting
2) connected, filled, restored, treated
3) indicating, discharging, thinking, assume
4) deducted, rejected, confirmed, predicted
Answer: exposing, filled, indicating, confirmed
123) The exponential growth of the internet was _______, in the 1990s, as
revolutionizing the production and _______ of information. Some people
saw the internet as a means of _______ access to knowledge. For people
_______ with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of
_______ over the technology gap that _______ Africa from advanced
industrialized countries.
Options:
1) created, innovated, utilized, heralded
2) dissemination, broadcast, sending, process
3) democratizing, developing, accumulating, stabilizing
4) informed, confirmed, concerned, correlated
5) copying, leapfrogging, heading, sweeping
6) separates, identifies, signifies, defines
Answer: heralded, dissemination, democratizing, concerned, leapfrogging,
separates
124) Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational _______
is to provide an opportunity for you to discuss interesting and/or difficult
aspects of the course. This is founded on the _______ that it is only by
actively trying to use the knowledge that you have acquired from lectures
and texts that you can achieve an adequate understanding of the
subject. If you do not understand a point, it is highly _______ that you will
be the only person in the group in that position; you will invariably be
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undertaking a _______ for the entire group if you come to the seminar
equipped with questions on matters which you feel you did not fully
understand. The seminar is to _______ discussion.
Options:
1) result, team, role, regulation
2) awareness, information, consolation, assumption
3) similarly, likely, possible, unlikely
4) service, study, reservation, education
5) stir, provoke, rinse, commit
Answer: role, assumption, unlikely, service, provoke
125) Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move _______ fast as a racing
car, over 100 miles an _______ Winds can travel around the world. Wind
can make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body _______
when it is windy. Weather forecasters need to _______ the speed and
direction of the wind. The strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort
scale from wind force when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can
damage houses and buildings and is called hurricane force.
Options:
1) to, for, in, as
2) hour, second, minute, micro second
3) faster, slower, higher, lower
4) overshoot, know, check, fix
Answer: as, hour, faster, know
126) Recently, research into embryonic development has given us an even
better insight into how major structural changes might occur in a given
population of organisms. We now understand that there are two major
types of genes: developmental and “housekeeping” genes.
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Developmental genes are those that are expressed during embryonic
development, and their proteins _______ the symmetry, skeletal
development, organ placement, and overall form of the developing
animal. _______, “housekeeping” genes are expressed during the animal's
daily life to generate proteins which keep the cells, tissues, and organs in
the body functioning properly. _______ you might suspect, mutations in
developmental genes can have radical consequences for body form and
function, whereas mutations in “housekeeping” genes tend to _______ the
health and reproductive success of the post-embryonic animal.
Options:
1) push, control, hold, elevate
2) Correspondingly, Inclusively, Conversely, In contrast
3) For, As, With, Within
4) affect, effect, interrupt, defect
Answer: control, In contrast, As, affect
127) Most important of all is the fact that for each new ballet-pantomime
created at the Paris Opera during the July Monarchy, a new score was
produced. The reason for this is simple: these ballet pantomimes told
stories — elaborate ones — and music was considered an indispensable
tool in getting them across to the audience. _______, music had to be
newly created to fit each story. Music tailor-made for each new balletpantomime,
however, was only one weapon in the Opera's explanatory
arsenal. _______ was the ballet-pantomime libretto, a printed booklet of
fifteen to forty pages in length, which was sold in the Operas lobby (like
the opera libretto), and which laid out the plot in painstaking detail, scene
by scene. Critics also took it upon themselves to recount the plots (of both
ballet-pantomimes and operas) in their _______ of premieres. So did the
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publishers of souvenir albums, which also featured pictures of famous
_______ and of scenes from favorite ballet-pantomimes and operas.
Options:
1) However, Nevertheless, In fact, Therefore
2) Another, Others, It, Also
3) views, reviews, overviews, supervisions
4) teachers, students, performers, drivers
Answer: Therefore, Another, reviews, performers
128) What is the significance of instinct in business? Does a reliable gut feeling
separate winners from losers? And is it the most valuable emotional tool
any entrepreneur can possess? My _______ of successful company owners
lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback.
At critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking is more an _______ of
faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require
_______ and absolute conviction above all else. There is simply no time to
wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell
you how to invent and launch a new product. That _______ involves too
many unknowns, too much luck — and too much sheer intuition, rather
than the infallible _______ that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said:
"An artist’s flair is sometimes worth a scientist's brains"— entrepreneurs
need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a
company and what price to offer, I have been _______ too often by reams
of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually it pays to
stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really
important issues-and decide how you feel about the opportunity.
Options:
1) ideas, thoughts, observations, researches
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2) act, importance, art, emphasis
3) decisiveness, patience, confidence, courage
4) journey, mindset, prototype, path
5) rationale, rule, principle, logic
6) blinded, attracted, allured, deceived
Answer: observations, act, decisiveness, journey, logic, blinded
129) People modify cultural ideas in their minds, and sometimes they pass on
the modified versions. Inevitably, there are unintentional modifications as
well, partly because of straightforward error, and partly because inexplicit
ideas are hard to _______ accurately: there is no way to download them
directly from one brain to another like computer programs. _______ native
speakers of a language will not give identical definitions of every word. So
it can be only rarely, if _______, that two people hold precisely the same
cultural idea in their minds. That is why, when the founder of a
philosophical movement or a religion dies, or _______, schisms typically
happen. The movements most devoted followers are often shocked to
_______ that they disagree about what its doctrines—really are.
Options:
1) convey, pass, deliver, transmit
2) Even, Although, If, Ever
3) ever, that, this, does
4) even before, even later, if not, for example
5) indicate, discover, deny, agree
Answer: convey, Even, ever, even before, discover
130)Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are _______ to North
America. And while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners
should _______ those that do live here, because they’re insectivorous.
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These bats _______ moths, beetles and mosquitoes, and can eat up to
500 mosquitosized insects per hour. They also protect gardens and crops
from such _______ as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.
Options:
1) local, national, native, residential
2) suppose, champion, breed, fight
3) spend, consume, provide, deplete
4) species, pests, objects, animals
Answer: native, champion, consume, pests
131) Having tracked down research that is _______ to your area of interest, the
next task is to actually make sense of that research. This section is
intended to show you how to be critical of the research you _______ and
how to check that the _______ is credible and represented appropriately.
Unfortunately this means discussing the ways in which research findings
may be misrepresented.
Options:
1) relevant, important, useful, referred
2) are monitoring, are finding, are reviewing, are discovering
3) support, invention, statement, evidence
Answer: relevant, are reviewing, evidence
132) Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to
false conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early
societies. Rudman's final observation-that ancient Greece _______
unrivaled progress in the subject while _______ to teach it at school-leads
to a _______ punchline：Mathematics could be better learnt after we
_______ school.
Options:
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1) marked, enjoyed, reviewed, expected
2) waiting, hesitating, hoping, failing
3) radical, rational, radish, radius
4) enter, graduate, leave, go
Answer: enjoyed, failing, radical, leave
133) With the increase in women's _______ in the labour force, many mothers
have less time _______ to undertake domestic activities. At the same time,
there has been increasing _______ that the father's role and _______ with
a child is important. A father can have many _______ in the family, ranging
from income provider to teacher, carer, playmate and role model.
Therefore, balancing paid work and family responsibilities can be an
important issue for both fathers and mothers in families.
Options:
1) anticipation, substitution, participation, definition
2) available, related, consumable, useful
3) recognition, discrimination, resolution, recreation
4) scholarship, relationship, worship, employment
5) members, players, workers, roles, recognition,
Answer: participation, available, relationship, roles
134) Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it
daily and use it as a way of projecting our self-identities to the people
around us. The music we enjoy - whether it' s country or classical, rock n'
roll or rap - _______ who we are. But where did music, at its core, first
come from? It' s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive
answer. One _______ researcher, however, has proposed that the key to
understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond
between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne,
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Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology,
endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from ' motherese' -- the
playful voices mothers _______ when speaking to infants and toddlers. As
the theory goes, increased human brain sizes caused by evolutionary
changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in
earlier births, more fragile infants and a _______ need for stronger
relationships between mothers and their newborn babies. According to
Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, ' motherese'
arose as a way to strengthen this maternal bond and to help _______ an
infant's survival.
Options:
1) means, convinces, shows, reflects
2) freelance, best, unanimous, leading
3) adapt, adopt, sing, forge
4) clinical, chronic, critical, fallow
5) confirm, improve, ensure, enquire
Answer: reflects, leading, adopt, critical, ensure
135) Everybody needs fresh water. _______ water people, animals and plants
cannot live. Although a few plants and animals can make do with
saltwater, all humans need a constant supply of fresh water if they are to
stay _______ and healthy. Of the total supply of water on the Earth, only
about 3 percent of it is fresh, and most of that is stored as ice and snow
at the poles, or is so _______ under the surface of the Earth that we
cannot get to it. Despite so much of the water being out of reach, we still
have a million cubic miles of it that we _______ use. That's about
4,300,000 cubic kilometers of fresh water to share out between most of
the plants, animals and people on the planet.
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Options:
1) Without, Despite, As, With
2) excited, here, up, fit
3) wide, hard, deep, common
4) can, won't, don't, cannot
Answer: Without, fit, deep, can
136) Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great _______ to ancestors
that leapt into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during
the last 10 million years, a new study from The University of Texas at Austin
suggests. This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a
_______ of diversity for the Amazon basin, one of the largest _______ of
biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs _______ to the _______ that
Amazonian diversity is the _______ of evolution only within the tropical
forest itself. " Basically, the Amazon basin is 'melting pot' for South
American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the
study. "Poison frogs there have come from multiple places of _______,
notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions of years. We have shown
that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by looking only in the
basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role."
Options:
1) division, diversity, diversification, diversify
2) important, major source, essential, special
3) pool, reservoirs, tank, territories
4) along, counter, through, thoroughly
5) myth, idea, situation, condition
6) link, result, trigger, usher
7) living, life, origin, species
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Answer: diversity, major source, reservoirs, counter, idea, result, origin,
137) Traditionally, mass-communications research has conceptualized the
process of communication in terms of a circulation circuit or loop. This
_______ has been criticized for its linearity -- sender/message/receiver --
for its concentration on the level of message exchange and for the
absence of a structured conception of the different moments as a
complex structure of relations. But it is also _______ to think of this process
in terms of a structure produced and sustained through the articulation of
linked _______ distinctive moments production, circulation,
distribution/consumption, reproduction. This would be to think of the
_______ as a ' complex structure in dominance' , sustained through the
articulation of connected practices, each of which, however, retains its
distinctiveness and has its own _______ modality, its own forms and
conditions of existence.
Options:
1) medal, modal, model, moral
2) useful, unbelievable, impossible, meaningless
3) if, and, but, or
4) works, practice, production, process
5) general, real, common, specific
Answer: model, useful, but, process, specific
138) The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for
psychological science. The APS Division of Psychological Research,
Education and Training, in _______ with teacher and curriculum
representatives from every State and Territory in Australia, _______ a
proposed framework for senior secondary school studies in psychological
science. This framework ______________ the current senior science
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curricula that were developed and published by the Australian Curriculum,
Assessment and Reporting Authority. The APS hopes that this framework
will _______ a dialogue between educators and their local curriculum
authority, with the aim of working towards a more _______ approach to
the teaching of psychological science at secondary school level and
optimizing the preparation for students going on to undergraduate
psychology studies at university, as well as the effective use of
psychological principles in everyday life.
Options:
1) confidence, consultation, consolation, condolence
2) has been developed, has developed, had been developing, have
developed
3) has modelled on, to model on, is modelled on, modelled on
4) fertilize, facilitate, fascinate, fabricate
5) conjunctive, constituent, consistent, consequent
Answer: consultation, has developed, is modelled on, facilitate, consistent
139) A good story may be given a bad title by its author, and so started
toward failure. Novices are peculiarly _______ to this fault, usually through
_______ themselves to be too easily satisfied. They go to _______ pains to
make the story itself fresh and individual, and then cap it with a _______
phrase that is worse than no title at all. A good title is _______, specific,
attractive, new, and short. A title is apt if it is an outgrowth of the plot—a
text, as I have said. It stands definitely for that particular story, and gives
a suggestion of what is to come—but only a suggestion, lest it should
anticipate the denouement and so _______ the curiosity of the reader too
soon.
Options:
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1) able, responsible, liable, possible
2) disabling, asking, persuading, allowing
3) stagnant, faint, vague, infinite
4) misleading, invisible, distinctive, commonplace
5) void, default, fussy, apt
6) intensify, multiply, satisfy, notify
Answer: liable, allowing, infinite, commonplace, apt, satisfy
140)The purpose of this paper is to consider the claim, often made, that
computer simulation exercises provide an excellent source of speaking
practice. In so doing I shall first consider the properties of computer
simulations from a theoretical _______, then describe the experience of
_______ a particular simulation with a general EFL class. On the basis of
this experience, and of some very straightforward pedagogical
considerations, I shall argue that the claim is justified, _______ to a very
important caveat: computer simulations can form the basis of excellent
speaking exercises, provided you do not expect the computer to do all
the work. Put in another way, many computer simulations only _______
their full potential as language exercises if they are _______ into a larger,
planned, teacher-managed activity.
Options:
1) shape or form, state of mind, point of view, status quo
2) used, being used, using, having been used
3) subject, reject, expect, inject
4) contain, attain, retain, remain
5) separated, included, participated, integrated
Answer: point of view, using, subject, attain, integrated
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1. If you hop a plane across several time zones, you may _______ up with
circadian dysrhythmia. It's a temporary sleep disorder where your body's
internal clock isn't in _______ with the time cues in your destination - daylight,
dark of night, mealtimes. If you plan for it, you can do most of your _______ to
your destination a few days in advance.
Option: end, case, grow, sync, customizing, acclimatizing
Answer: end, sync, acclimatizing
2. Taking a daily multivitamin and mineral tablet may slow the _______ cognitive
decline that happens naturally as we get older. The benefits of taking
multivitamin pills have been _______ among doctors. They were once widely
_______ as an "insurance policy" for people with poor diets, based on studies
that found those who take them _______ to have better health.
Option: tend, determine, debated, annual, appeared, gradual, recommended
Answer: gradual, debated, recommended, tend
3. "Climate change is _______ rainbows now we know that's true," says Carlson,
the lead author on a paper, which used computer models to _______ future
rainbow-ready conditions. As major weather patterns _______ because of
climate change, many parts of the world - particularly places nearer to the
poles, like Alaska or Siberia, will get more rain- _______ adding dozens more
rainbow-rich days by the end of the century.
Option: morph, preserve, significantly, potentially, affecting, simulate, stocking
Answer: affecting, simulate, morph, potentially
4. Extreme heat brings serious health risks, _______ for people who are elderly or
have pre-existing conditions. Because of climate change, heatwaves are
READING : FILL IN THE BLANKS
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getting more frequent, more _______ and are lasting longer than ever before
with deadly _______. During heatwaves, there is a higher _______ of death
from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases.
Option: incidence, especially, flexible, intense, consequences, conflicts,
necessarily
Answer: especially, intense, consequences, incidence
5. Renewable energy is energy _______ from natural sources that are _______ at
a higher rate than they are consumed. Renewable energy sources are _______
and all around us. Fossil fuels, coal, oil and gas, on the other hand, are
nonrenewable resources that take hundreds of millions of years to _______.
Option: derived, plentiful, form, replenished, coordinate, committed,
concerned
Answer: derived, replenished, plentiful, form
6. Internet cafes are particularly useful for travelers who don't want to _______
laptops along on their trip. In many countries where computers and internet
access are not widely available or _______, cybercafes also provide an
important service to the local population. Internet cafes usually _______
customers based on the amount of time they use a computer.
Option: equivalent, purchase, charge, affordable, carry, enable
Answer: carry, affordable, charge
7. The global economy is _______ to shrink by almost 3.2% this year, according to
the IMF, which would be the largest _______ in economic activity since the
Great Depression. In 2020 alone, millions of people could be _______ into
extreme poverty, reversing the declining global trend of the last twenty-plus
years.
Option: contraction, entered, integrated, pushed, collection, expected
Answer: expected, contraction, pushed
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8. Farming is _______ the planet, but there could be a much more
environmentally friendly way to feed ourselves: using renewable energy to
_______ carbon dioxide into food. This is becoming a _______: a company is
building the first commercial-scale factory, near Helsinki in Finland, that will be
able to make food directly from CO2. It will _______ 100 tonnes per year,
enough for 4 or 5 million meals.
Option: devastating, reality, produce, include, turn, operating, comment
Answer: devastating, turn, reality, produce
9. The Colorado river is the lifeblood of the US Southwest, but today it is
drastically _______ due to overuse, megadrought and climate change. That is
partly down to the _______ that people are taking too much water out of the
river basin and partly down to a megadrought, _______ by climate change,
which means the region the Colorado flows through is the driest it has been in
1200 years.
Option: depleted, idea, diluted, fact, exacerbated, conducted
Answer: depleted, fact, exacerbated
10. Everyone knows the pleasures of daydreaming. Whether _______ your next
vacation or an ideal romantic partner, it is enjoyable to let your mind _______
into a stream of consciousness where _______ come alive. Better yet, research
shows that, far from being a waste of time, daydreaming has all _______ of
benefits and is particularly important for developing brains.
Option: aspirations, sorts, specify, envisioning, drift, receiving, qualities
Answer: envisioning, drift, aspirations, sorts
11. Protecting the tropical forests of the Congo Basin conserves these forests and
their resources on which the local and _______ people of the region _______.
The Congo Basin is home to the second largest tropical rainforest on Earth,
which _______ as the green heart of Africa.
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Option: serves, intend, depend, base, talented, indigenous
Answer: indigenous, depend, serves
12. The panda, with its _______ black and white coat, is adored by the world and
_______ a national treasure in China. Pandas live mainly in temperate forests
high in the mountains of southwest China, where they _______ almost entirely
on bamboo. They must eat around 26 to 84 pounds of it every day.
Option: defensive, insist, subsist, narrated, distinctive, considered
Answer: distinctive, considered, subsist
13. One of the most basic forms of air pollution, haze, _______ visibility in many
American cities and scenic areas. Haze is caused when sunlight _______ tiny
pollution particles in the air, which reduce the clarity and color of what we see.
Since 1988 the federal government has been _______ visibility in national parks
and wilderness areas. In 1999, the government _______ a major effort to
improve air quality in national parks and wilderness areas.
Option: simmers, monitoring, degrades, faced, organizing, announced,
encounters
Answer: degrades, encounters, monitoring, announced
14. Around the world, severe droughts are _______ life for millions of people.
Megadroughts have _______ a slow-moving disaster, as reservoir levels
decline. In the Horn of Africa, the worst drought in 40 years has put more than
7 million people at _______ of famine.
Option: encountered, created, irritating, fault, disrupting, risk
Answer: disrupting, created, risk
15. Artificial Intelligence is rapidly _______ our world. Remarkable surges in Al
capabilities have led to a wide range of _______ including autonomous
vehicles and connected Internet of Things devices in our homes. Al is even
_______ to the development of a brain-controlled robotic arm that can help a
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paralyzed person feel again.
Option: completing, growing, contributing, innovations, transforming,
purposes
Answer: transforming, innovations, contributing
16. Scientists have established records spanning several decades that _______
normal ozone levels during natural cycles. Ozone concentrations in the
atmosphere _______ naturally with sunspots, seasons, and latitude. These
processes are well understood and _______ Beginning in the 1970s, however,
scientific evidence showed that the ozone shield was being _______ well
beyond natural processes.
Option: depleted, predictable, curtail, performed, vary, detail, legible
Answer: detail, vary, predictable, depleted
17. Traditionally, when _______ a trip, travelers would have to use separate
companies or services to book individual parts of a journey. This outdated
system is considered to be inconvenient and philosophy aims to _______ for
the consumer. The "Mobility as a Service' _______ the entire travel experience
by moving away from the focus on companies and approaching travel as
more of a service that can _______ to citizens' individual needs.
Option: approve, design, streamline, frustrating, cater, planning, marching
Answer: planning, frustrating, streamline, cater
18. Financial resources and sound investments are needed to _______ climate
change. to both reduce emissions, _______ adaptation to the impacts that
are already occurring, and to build resilience. The benefits that flow from
these investments, however, dramatically _______ any upfront costs.
According to a study, the world will need to make significant investment in
infrastructure over the next 15 years, but it can _______ those investments.
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Option: recruit, address, promote, derange, outline, outweigh, recoup
Answer: address , promote, outweigh, recoup
19. Counseling is an _______ service that colleges and universities invariably
provide. _______ with minor concerns. Life Services can range from life-saving
care to _______, such as deaths and divorces in the family, issues with friends,
substance abuse, and suicide are just a few of the many issues that college
students may experience or _______ others struggling with.
Option: influence, conjunction, assistance, essential, economic, witness,
stressors
Answer: essential, assistance, stressors, witness
20. Forests _______ 31% of the land area on our planet. They help people thrive
and survive by, for example, _______ water and air and providing people with
jobs; some 13.2 million people across the world have a job in the forest are
also _______ to more than three-quarters of the world's life on land.
Option: home, locate, engaging, cover, sector, segment, purifying
Answer: cover, purifying, home
21. The lightest of any solid element, lithium has, until now, played a _______
role
in industry. Silvery in color, and softer than lead, it has been used mainly as an
alloy of aluminum, a base for automobile grease, and in the _______ of glass
and ceramics. It is so _______ that it is never found in its pure form in nature.
Lithium floats on water -- or, _______ , it skitters wildly about, trailing a vapor
cloud of hydrogen, _______ it dissolves.
Option: rather, production, unstable, modest, unknown, even, intuition, until
Answer: modest, production, unstable, rather, until
22. Assessments of language learning in 18-month-olds suggest that children are
better at grasping the names of objects with repeated syllables, over words
with non-identical syllables. Researchers say the study may help _______ why
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some words or phrases, such as 'train' and 'good night', have given rise to
versions with repeated syllables, such as choo-choo and night-night. The
researchers say such words are easier for infants to learn, and may provide
them _______ a starter point for vocabulary learning. A team from the
University of Edinburgh assessed the infants' language learning behavior in a
series of _______ and attention tests using pictures on a computer screen of
two unfamiliar objects. The two objects were named with _______ _______
words which were _______ to the infants by a recorded voice — one with two
identical syllables, for example neenee, and the other without repeated
syllables, such as bolay. The infants were then tested for their recognition of
_______ word. Recordings of their eye movements showed they looked more
reliably at the object labeled with repeated syllables, than the other object.
Researchers validated their results with a control test, in which the infants
responded to pictures of familiar objects — such as a dog or an apple.
Option: content, with, genuine, visual, explain, communicated, since, madeup, each
Answer: explain, with, visual, made-up, communicated, each
23. Civics and citizenship education builds student's knowledge and
understanding of the ways in which citizens can actively _______ in Australia' s
diverse and inclusive society. Students learn about the civic institutions and
the _______ through which decisions are made for the common good of the
_______ and they also develop the _______ and understandings that relate to
the organization of a harmonious democratic society.
Option: processes, precision, skills, involve, humanity, participate, wills,
community
Answer: participate, processes, community, skills
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24. At the height of summer, the Antarctic, tourist ships move gently around the
coast. Even 30 years ago such sights would have been unthinkable, but today
people are willing to pay large sums of money to see the last real wilderness
in the world. In the Arctic, careless human exploitation _______ has damaged
the fragile ecosystem. Today concerned governments are trying to find ways
to develop the region _______ caring for the very special natural environment.
_______ the Antarctic is less accessible than the Arctic, it is still largely
undamaged by humans, although holes in the ozone layer above the
Antarctic _______ discovered. Many people believe that one way to preserve
the area is to make the whole region into a world park, with every form of
exploitation internationally _______.
Option: whereas, have already been, in the future, is to be, while, Except,
Because, in the past, banned, infested
Answer: in the past, while, Because, have already been
25. Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars
to the pulses of the market, from the _______ of our hearts to catching a ball
or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy,
and introducing _______ from Alcibiades to Gauss, this _______ book makes
the mysteries of maths accessible and its rich _______ brilliantly clear.
Option: geniuses, beats, inspiring, textures, patterns, novelties, rare, tempo
Answer: beats, geniuses, inspiring, patterns
26. Joseph Engelberger, a pioneer in industrial robotics, once remarked "I can't
_______ a robot, but I know one when I see one." If you consider all the
different machines people _______ robots, you can see that it's nearly
impossible to come up with a _______ definition. Everybody has a different
idea of what constitutes a robot.
Option: call, create, complex, need, comprehensive, define, invent
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Answer: define, call, comprehensive
27. Trees, as ever, are or should be at the heart of all _______ on climate change.
The changes in carbon dioxide, in temperature, and in patterns of rainfall will
each affect them in many ways, and each parameter _______ with all the
others, so between them, these three mains _______ present a bewildering
range of possibilities.
Option: interacts, variables, discussions, chat, variations, notes
Answer: discussions, interacts, variables
28. Recommended energy intakes are difficult to _______ even among individuals
of the same age, sex, weight, height and general pattern of _______.
Therefore, the energy requirement for healthy people is often _______ as the
amount of energy needed to _______ the status quo.
Option: obtain, entities, calculate, excised, expressed, maintain, activity
Answer: calculate, activity, expressed, maintain
29. So why the concern? It's partly _______ radioactivity is invisible. If you
receive a
large dose, or if you _______ radioactive heavy metals, it is certainly toxic, and
we tend to _______ it with cancer, a great fear in modern _______. Nuclear
waste is also highly concentrated. While this is seen as a "problem" it can be
an advantage - it is very localized and its radioactive nature, means we can
detect easily, the movement of tiny amounts of material.
Option: attract, volatile, ingest, world, that, associate, induce, because,
society
Answer: because, ingest, associate, society
30. English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing
today.
For most of us, these changes are fine as long as they're well and truly in the
past. Paradoxically, we can be _______ about word origins and the stories
behind the _______ we find in our language, but we _______ a queasy distaste
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for any _______ that might be happening right under our noses. There is a
certain _______ of consistency. There are even language critics who are
_______ that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively
_______ through long years of mistreatment.
Option: curious, crippled, convinced, experience, structure, expect, kind, lack,
change
Answer: curious, structure, experience, change, lack, convinced, crippled
31. Wind is air moving around. Some winds can move _______ fast as a racing car,
over 100 miles per _______. Winds can travel around the world. Wind can
make you feel cold because you lose heat from your body _______ when it is
windy. Weather forecasters need _______ know the speed and direction of the
wind. The strength of wind is measured using the Beaufort scale from wind
force 0 when there is no wind, to wind force 12 which can damage houses and
buildings and is called hurricane force.
Option: hour, as, second, more, slower, with, to, faster
Answer: as, hour, faster, to
32. Performance appraisals have traditionally been considered the best way to
_______ an employee's performance, but increasingly organizations are
finding them of little _______. Employees find them stressful and unhelpful.
Importantly, they also take up a lot of time. When Deloitte analyzed their own
_______, they found managers and employees spent around 2 million hours a
year on performance reviews. A growing number of companies have decided
to _______ performance reviews altogether, instead introducing more regular
catch-ups.
Options: monopolize, rating, value, presence, evaluate, abolish, process
Answer: evaluate, value, process, abolish
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33. Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoids) in the Bronx and other
city spots grew to double the biomass of clones _______ outside small towns
upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental
Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth
gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York colleagues report.
_______ chemists have known that _______ may spike skyscraper high in city
air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative
ozone exposure from _______ pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of
new experiments now shows that this hang-around ozone is the _______
factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature. "This study has
profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas _______ the
price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
Option: pay, solution, urban, oxygen, ozone, rural, gaps, spend, overwhelming,
concentrations, planted, invades, necessary, protected
Answer: planted, ozone, concentrations, urban, overwhelming, pay
34. Pop mega-stars including Adele, Michael Jackson and Sir Elton John have all
_______ music at the world-famous Metropolis Studios. Last year, the
recording studios set about compiling an album called ' Lost Songs', which
_______ songs from relatively unknown musicians. First-year student Zak Taylor
Fray decided to submit his song demo to be _______ in Volume Two of the
Lost Songs album which was released this year, after he _______ how
successful Volume One had been. Zak 24, said: ' I _______ this competition
when simply searching the internet for songwriting competitions one day, and
was lucky that there was still time to enter. It amazes me that people who
have worked with huge pop stars thought my song was good and worth
something.'
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Option: features, recorded, assuming, deletes, sew, included, found, inclined,
saw, delivered
Answer: recorded, features, included, saw, found
35. Housing agencies pay the utility _______, generally because _______ in
developments don't have individual meters. Some buildings have individual
meters, and each family pays its own to the utility _______, so agencies will
deduct the _______ from your _______.
Option: costs, units, company, allowance, spends, amount, debt, collect, rent
Answer: costs, units, company, amount, rent
36. Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day
you get times when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons
you don't like, but the ones you find usually OK, but on some occasions, you
just can't be bothered with it. You _______ have other things on your mind, be
tired, restless, or looking forward to what comes next. Whatever the reason,
that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent _______ from you. The same is
true of revision. Your mental and physical _______ are important. If you try to
revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision
will be inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh,
alert and happy, it will be so much easier and you will learn more, faster.
However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit of revision when you
feel like it, you probably won't do much revision! You need a revision timetable
so you don't keep _______.
Option: may, getting it wrong, attitudes, putting it off, down, can, effort,
health
Answer: may, effort, attitudes, putting it off
37. At times, a broad stream of knowledge flowed from China to Japan. At other
times, this transfer was _______ on one side or the other, and Japan _______
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on its own. But whether in isolation or not, Japan was always itself. Everything
that _______ from China was _______ to suit Japanese tastes and needs.
Option: adapted, remained, arrived, halted, hoisted, developed
Answer: halted, developed, arrived, adapted
38. It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early
as
the VIth century the new country was _______ and known as 'Lesser Britain',
but for many centuries its language _______ close to the one of Great
Britain's- very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth
century is the milestone where Breton, Cornish and Welsh are _______ as
different languages.
Option: registered, considered, supplanted, remained, established, retreated
Answer: established, remained, considered
39. Mathematics and statistics play a _______ in almost all daily activities. They
are at the _______ of advances in science and technology, as well as
providing _______ problem-solving and decision-making tools in many
_______ of life. They underpin the rigorous analysis and modelling required for
new policies, designs and systems. Mathematical and statistical knowledge is
much sought after by employers for a wide _______ of jobs, not least in
teaching the subject, and a qualification in any one of the areas we offer can
bring real benefits in your professional life.
Option: process, heart, areas, novel, part, indispensable, content, radius,
variety
Answer: part, heart, indispensable, areas, variety
40. Complementary therapies - such as those _______ by naturopaths,
chiropractors, and acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in
Australia over the last few _______. Interest initially coincided with _______for
alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with
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China have also had an _______. The status of complementary therapies is
being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the stances of doctors'
associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific research into
their _______.
Option: field, practiced, theorized, influence, enthusiasm, increase, times,
decades, ambition, efficacy
Answer: practiced, decades, enthusiasm, influence, efficacy
41. Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves
as the corn people. The phrase is not intended as _______. Rather, it's meant
to _______ their abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the _______ of
their diet for almost nine thousand years. Forty percent of the calories
Mexican eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of
tortillas. So when a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking, it is simply a
statement of fact: The very substance of the Mexicans body is to a
considerable extent a _______ of this plant.
Option: stage, metaphor, acknowledge, staple, declaration, implicit, stable,
manifestation
Answer: metaphor, acknowledge, staple, manifestation
42. While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial
_______ and records across the business world, finance uses this same
information to _______ future growth and to analyze expenditure in order to
strategize company finances. By studying this major you get to have a better
insight on the market, with the right _______ and skills acquired you should be
able then when you graduate to advise others in making strong investments.
This major will help you gain responsibility of predicting and _______ the
potential for profit and growth, assessing monetary resources, utilizing
accounting statistics and reports, and also looking externally for future
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funding options.
Options: editorials, knowledge, analyzing, announce, project, using, content,
reports
Answer: reports, project, knowledge, analyzing
43. A fascination with the fate of those who show great early talent remained
with me. Then in 1981, I happened upon a radio documentary _______
Hephzibah, who died earlier that year. Produced and narrated for the
Australian Broadcasting Commission’s The Coming Out Show by the influential
feminist commentator and academic Eva Cox – who was, I learnt for the first
time, Hephzibah’s stepdaughter – it _______ interviews with Hephzibah and
with those who had _______ her. I heard her light, precise voice with its slightly
Germanic vowels and hint of an American _______ as she spoke about things
that were important to her, and I was drawn to her warmth, thoughtfulness
and humor.
Options: prescribing, known, mourned, drawl, commemorating, displaced,
abase, featured
Answer: commemorating, featured, known, drawl
44. After centuries of inequality in UK higher education benefiting men, there has
been a _______ over the past three decades. A lower proportion of entrants to
UK higher education institutions are male than ever before and they make up
less than one-half of the total. Other developed countries have _______ a
similar shift. Male _______ is not seen only in the figures for entry but also in
non-continuation (drop-out) rates and degree performance statistics.
Options: underachievement, phased, reversal, undergone, coincidence,
deceit, recovery
Answer: reversal, undergone, underachievement
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45. Finding challenging or _______ employment may mean retraining and moving
from a stale or boring job in order to find your _______ and pursue it. The idea
is to think long range and anticipate an active lifestyle into later years --
perhaps into one' s 80s or 90s. Being personally productive may now mean
anticipating retiring in stages. This might indicate going to an alternate
_______ should a current career end by choice or economic chance.
Option: passion, plan, rewarding, expensive, direction, emotion
Answer: rewarding, passion, plan
46. You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account
of how many marks are _______ for each part when you answer it. Even if you
think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes _______ apart worth only 5
marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you
have _______ to spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some part,
leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write about something
else if you don't know the correct answer — this is just a waste of your _______
time (and the examiner's).
Option: time, accelerated, routine, valuable, answering, available
Answer: available, answering, time, valuable
47. Reading is an active process, not a _______ one. We always read within a
_______ context, and this affects what we notice and what seems to matter.
We always have a purpose in reading a text, and this will shape how we
_______ it. Our purpose and background knowledge will also _______ the
strategies we use to read the text.
Option: predominate, specific, approach, digital, determine, passive, volume
Answer: passive, specific, approach, determine
48. Differential rates of price change can also shape consumption patterns. To
______ their needs and wants, consumers sometimes choose to ______
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spending on a particular product or service with spending on an alternative
product or service in response to a ______ price movement of the items.
Option: convince, pending, satisfy, substitute, assure, relative
Answer: satisfy, substitute, relative
49. Although for centuries preparations derived from living ______ were applied to
wounds to destroy ______, the fact that a microorganism is ______ of
destroying one of another species was not ______ until the latter half of the
19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on
the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to ______
use.
Option: convinced, capable, infection, material, therapeutic, established,
contamination, matter
Answer: matter, infection, capable, established, therapeutic
50. Technology and flexible work ______ have had a significant impact on today's
busy companies. In terms of productivity, it seems the ______ has shifted from
managing employees in the workplace to monitoring their total ______ no
matter where they choose to work. Whether this trend will continue depends
to some ______ on how well it works for everyone concerned.
Option: focus, deals, way, practices, selling, output, extent
Answer: practices, focus, output, extent
51. Gunpowder, also referred to as 'black powder', was the only ______ chemical
explosive until the mid-nineteenth century. It ______ potassium nitrate, or
'saltpeter', which is an oxidizer, and a combination of charcoal and Sulphur
serves as fuel. There is an ______ consensus that gunpowder was initially
invented in China as early as the ninth century. This ______ to its use in
fireworks and in gunpowder weapons.
Option: includes, contains, caused, academic, known, unique, led
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Answer: known, contains, academic, led
52. Ideas as well as people can take ______ stage at the right time and the right
place. If new ideas are to have a wide-ranging ______, they had better occur
at the right time - usually when old theories are worn out or have reached a
dead ______. Then they make people think along new lines and in ways that
may ______ in unexpected directions. These ideas needn't be new in
themselves. They can be older, half-forgotten ideas brought back to life, or
new combinations of ______ ones presented in a new light.
Option: center, effect, end, familiar, front, unknown, lead, stop
Answer: center, effect, end, lead, familiar
53. An investigation into the study habits of undergraduates was carried out by a
______ of researchers at a number of different universities. In all the
universities
______ in the study, it was found that there were the ______ significant
differences between the habits of arts and science students. Not surprisingly
perhaps, arts students read more ______, while science students tended to
concentrate on a few core texts.
Option: core, heavily, involving, participating, same, staff, team, widely
Answer: team, participating, same, widely
54. An "Open Door" policy provides far maintenance in a certain territory of equal
commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. As a ______
policy, it was first advanced by the United States, but it was ______ in the
typical most-favored-nation clause of the treaties concluded with China after
the Opium War (1839-42). Although the Open Door is generally ______ with
China, it also received recognition at the Berlin Conference of 1885, which
declared that no power could ______ preferential duties in the Congo basin.
Option: declaration, blatant, rooted, associated, disturb, specific, levy
Answer: specific, rooted, associated, levy
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55. A Graphic Introduction was put together by northern artists, who have ______
discussions with scientists from the Supergen Bioenergy Hub in a ______ of
striking images which imagine alternative futures and explain some of the
technology ______ and how it might be put into practice.
Option: involved, distinguished, discriminated, interpreted, forsook, serial,
series
Answer: interpreted, series, involved
56. Most chapters have a mixed exercise after the main work of the chapter has
been completed. This will help you ______ what you have done, either when
you have finished the chapter or at a later date. All chapters ______ with some
mathematical puzzles and practical investigational work. For this work you are
encouraged to ______ your ideas with others.
Option: end, revise, share, teem, downsize, mingle
Answer: revise, end, share
57. In many large urban areas with highly diverse and often ______ populations,
identification and engagement with the local communication can be low,
often confounded by a more general community with formal politics. Younger
people in ______ are voting less and turning more to single issue politics and
more direct and ______ understanding of political expression such as petition,
demonstrating and direct action.
Option: immediate, contrast, improvisational, frolicsome, transient,
embodiment
Answer: transient, contrast, immediate
58. Pre-Raphaelitism was Britain's most significant and influential 19th-century
art
movement. Founded in 1848, it ______ on a group of three young artists:
William Holman Hunt, Dante Gabriel Rossetti and John Everett Millais. These
artists sought to revive English art by radically turning away from the old
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studio ______ and bringing painting into direct ______ with nature. With an eye
for absolute ______, every detail was now to have intense realist as well as
______ meaning.
Option: symbolic, delicacy, accuracy, counted, persuasive, centered,
tradition, relation, contact, contract
Answer: centered, tradition, contact, accuracy, symbolic
59. An ice storm is a type of ______ when ______ rainfall comes down into the cold
air and the water turned into ______. Once there were ______ than 16,000
households which had a blackout ______ an ice storm as the cables snapped
with ice weighing on them.
Option: weather, cold, icy, more, during, rather, climate, before, ice
Answer: weather, cold, ice, more, during
60. University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic,
nonology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped
offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The
society ______ that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge,
Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford) could remain open by 2014. Most recently
Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, blaming it on "market
forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been
blamed on a ______ in student applications, but money is a ______: chemistry
degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and
some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research
______ on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates
the ______.
Option: motive, witnesses, fall, rise, problem, funding, factor, predicts
Answer: predicts, fall, factor, funding, problem
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61. Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our
experiences.
To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only
______. I certainly find myself ______ this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be
______ by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades
since first ______ Camus' text, I've learned that modern science ______ a very
different story.
Option: seduced, explicitly, implicitly, thought, imposes, introducing,
encountering, thinking, tells
Answer: implicitly, thinking, seduced, encountering, tells
62. One of the questions we need to ask ourselves is: How much of the news is
biased? Can we recognize bias? The fact is, despite the journalistic ideal of
‘objectivity’, every news story is ________ by the attitudes and background of
its interviewers, writers, journalists, photographers and editors. That is not to
say that all bias is ________, but it does exist. So how can we, as readers or
viewers, ________ bias? Well, in the case of newspapers, it manifests itself in a
number of ways, such as what events are selected for inclusion or omission.
The placement of the article, meaning its proximity to the front or back pages,
is significant. The use of headlines, photographs and language are ________
examples.
Answer: influenced, deliberate, determine, further
63. Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous
projects
were pieces of ________ graffiti drawn in New York subway stations. Haring
travelled from station to station, drawing with chalk and chatting with
commuters about his work. These doodles helped him develop his classic style
and he ________ so prolific, doing up to 40 drawings a day, that it was not
long before fame and a measure of fortune followed. Soon, galleries and
collectors from the art establishment wanted to buy full-sized pieces by
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Haring. The paintings ________ in price but this did not sit well with Haring’s
philosophy. He believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone. Soon,
Haring opened a store which he called the Pop Shop, which he hoped would
attract a broad range of people. While somewhat controversial among street
artists, some of whom ________ Haring of ‘selling out’, the Pop Shop changed
the way people thought about the relationship between art and business.
Answer: stylized, grew, skyrocketed, accused
64. Mischel is the creator of the marshmallow test, one of the most famous
experiments in the history of psychology, which is often cited as evidence of
the importance of self-control. In the original test, which was administered at
the Bing Nursery School, at Stanford, in the nineteen-sixties, Mischel's team
would present a child with a treat (marshmallows were just one option) and
tell her that she could either eat the one treat ________ or wait alone in the
room for several minutes until the researcher returned, at which point she
could have two treats. The promised treats were always visible and the child
knew that all she had to do to stop the agonizing wait was ring a bell to call
the experimenter back – although in that ________, she wouldn't get the
second treat. The longer a child delayed gratification, Mischel found – that is,
the longer she was able to wait – the better she would fare later in life at
numerous measures of what we now call executive function. She would
________ better academically, earn more money, and be healthier and
happier. She would also be more likely to avoid a number of negative
outcomes, including jail time, obesity, and drug use .
Answer: immediately, case, perform
65. Samuel Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language is one of the most
famous dictionaries in history. First published in 1755, the dictionary took just
over eight years to compile, ________ six helpers and listed 40,000 words.
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Each word was defined in detail, the definitions illustrated with quotations
________ every branch of learning. It was a huge scholarly ________, a more
extensive and complex dictionary than any of its predecessors – the
comparable French Dictionnaire had taken 55 years to compile and required
the dedication of 40 scholars.
Answer: required, covering, achievement
66. Well, the banana is the first cultivated fruit. It's one of the food items that
literally ________ people out of the jungle, out of their hunter-gatherer
lifestyles and was there at the ________ of agriculture which is what helped
force human beings into ________. It’s really one of the things that helped
invent human culture. It's about 7000 years of history, and the banana, from
its center of ________, which is believed to be Papua New Guinea, spread out
with people who traveled in boats across the Pacific into the mainland of Asia
and all the way south to Australia across Indonesia and Micronesia and
eventually they moved as far as Africa and even possibly to Ecuador all in this
time and all on ________ boats and wind driven boats.
Answer: brought, dawn, communities, origin, paddle
67. Finally, this study was ________ with students who were enrolled in lower level
classes. Future research may ________ the findings of this study with other
college students in upper level classes. This would help ________ if students'
expectations, experience, and perceptions ________ constant or changed.
Answer: conducted, re-explore, determine, remain
68. In England it is well known that access to university, on average, varies
substantially by the levels of parental income and that students from poorer
families access different types of universities than those from wealthier
backgrounds. However, the question of whether graduates’ earnings vary
________ their socioeconomic backgrounds amongst graduates attending
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similar universities and taking the same subject has remained poorly
understood, thus far limited by data availability. Our unique administrative
database offers substantial advantages in addressing this crucial question.
The findings are also relevant for myriad other issues that benefit from better
information on variation in graduates’ earnings, including: students’ choices of
subjects and institutions; better information for schools to help advise and
guide students whilst at school; and the operation and cost of the higher
education finance system.
Answer: according to, thus far, in addressing, variation, to help
69. Fans of biographical criticism have a ________ source in the works of Hans
Christian Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth
Grahame), Andersen was near-pathologically uncomfortable in the ________
of adults. Of course, all three had to work and interact with adults, but all
three really ________ well to children and their simpler worlds. Andersen, for a
time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly ________ with children, and, of
course, he wrote an impressive ________ of fairy tales which have been
produced in thousands of editions since the 19th century.
Options: body, company, convergent, comparison, related, popular, luxurious,
disintegrated, spiracle, barren
Answer: luxurious, company, related, popular, body
70. Animals have played a major role in human’s lives throughout history. Today,
scientific research is trying to ________ the positive aspects of living with
companion animals. Animals have been used as an ________ form of
treatment for many years. More recently it has been discovered that owning a
pet can help lower people’s blood pressure, ________ the chances of living
after a heart attack, keep people more active and provide more satisfaction
with life. It is ________ that this happens because pets help people become
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more social, provide a means to give and receive ________, and help connect
us with the natural world.
Options: alternative, affection, enhance, discover, decisions, different,
theorized, preferential, acclaimed
Answer: discover, alternative, enhance, theorized, affection
71. The poem “The Road Not Taken” by Robert Frost is about the ________ that
one makes in life. It tells about a man who comes to a ________ in the road he
is traveling upon. He feels ________ that he cannot travel ________ paths as he
must choose one. Frost uses this divergence in the road to represent a point in
the man’s life where he has to choose the ________ he wishes to take in life.
Options: direction, choices, both, foresee, each, fork, trail, patches, pleasant,
sorry
Answer: choices, fork, sorry, both, direction
72. Montego Bay is the second largest city in Jamaica by area and the third by
population. It is a lively and ________ beach resort and attracts a lot of
tourists from many different countries with its ________ beaches and ________
relaxing atmosphere. Many Americans and Europeans, as well as Jamaicans,
have summer homes in Montego Bay, so it is a ________ city and becomes
more ________ during the holiday seasons. It is most famous for Doctor’s Cave
beach, which has clear, turquoise waters.
Options: hospital, bustling, peaceful, cosmopolitan, sandy, crowded, polluted,
facilities
Answer: bustling, sandy, peaceful, cosmopolitan, crowded
73. High emotional intelligence can help a manager ________ workplace
communication skills, employee motivation and organizational effectiveness. If
a manager has high ________, a key component of emotional intelligence, he
or she will be able to ________ to the concerns of employees and will be more
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understanding of their needs, wants and concerns. This will most likely
translate into ________ motivation and satisfaction of employees and
ultimately will have a ________ effect on the effectiveness of the business.
Options: attach, improve, employed, empathy, positive, bland, listen,
determiner, increased
Answer: improve, empathy, listen, increased, positive
74. It is important that scientists be seen as normal people asking and answering
important questions. Good, sound science depends on ________, experiments
and reasoned methodologies. It requires a willingness to ask new questions
and try new approaches. It requires one to take risks and experience failures.
But good science also requires ________ understanding, clear explanation
and concise presentation. Our country needs more scientists who are willing
to step out in the public ________ and offer their opinions on important
matters. We need more scientists who can explain what they are doing in
language that is ________ and understandable to the public. Those of us who
are not scientists should also be prepared to support public engagement by
scientists, and to ________ scientific knowledge into our public
communications.
Options: vacant, hypotheses, dent, incorporate, arena, compelling, eponym,
contextual, illusive, ethos
Answer: hypotheses, contextual, arena, compelling, incorporate
75. Considered highly intelligent, ________ energetic, acrobatic and athletic, they
frequently ________ with great success in sheepdog trials and dog sports.
They are often ________ as the most intelligent of all domestic dogs. Border
Collies continue to be employed in their traditional work of ________ livestock
throughout the world.
Options: compete, herding, cited, extremely, compel, harboring, sighted,
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barely
Answer: extremely, compete, cited, herding
76. The speed of sound (otherwise known as Mach 1) varies with temperature. At
sea level on a 'standard day', the temperature is 59°F, and Mach 1 is
approximately 761 mph. As the altitude increases, the temperature and speed
of sound ________ decrease until about 36,000 feet, after which the
temperature remains steady until about 60,000 feet. Within that 36,000 –
60,000 foot range, Mach 1 is about 661 mph. Because of the ________, it is
possible for an airplane flying supersonic at high altitude to be slower than a
subsonic flight at sea level. The transonic band (the 'sound barrier‘) extends
________ around Mach 0.8 — when the first supersonic shock waves form on
the wing — to Mach 1.2, when the entire wing has gone supersonic.
Options: via, towards, both, from, variation, differences, either
Answer: both, variation, from
77. For the past thirty years, the United States has been ________ what one
observer (Samuelson 2001) has called a massive social experiment regarding
the political and social consequences of increasing economic inequality. The
share of national income going to families in the bottom 40 percent of the
income distribution ________ by about one-fifth, from 17.4% in 1973 to 13.9% in
2001, while the share going to families in the top 5 percent increased by more
than one-third, from 15.5% to 21.0% (Mishel, Bernstein, and Boushey 2003). And
________, the share of income going to the top one-tenth of one percent
quadrupled between 1970 and 1998, leaving the 13,000 richest families in
America with almost as much income as the 20 million poorest families
(Krugman 2002). The economic causes of technological change, demography
and global competition are a matter of some scholarly controversy. But the
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important political point is that, whereas most rich democracies have
significantly mitigated increasing economic inequality through government
action, the United States has mostly been content to let economic trends
take their course, doing less than almost any other rich democracy to
________ economic inequality through employment and wage policies, taxes,
and transfers.
Options: conducting, declined, remained, reciprocating, thus, meanwhile,
analyze, limit
Answer: conducting, declined, meanwhile, limit
78. Organic food production is a self- ________ industry with government
________ in some countries, distinct from private gardening. Currently, the
European Union, the United States, Canada, Japan, and many other countries
require producers to obtain special ________ based on government-defined
standards in order to market food as organic within their borders. In the
________ of these regulations, foods marketed as organic are produced in a
way that complies with organic ________ set by national governments and
international organic industry trade organizations.
Options: financed, measurements, oversight, insights, standards, clearance,
certification, context, regulated
Answer: regulated, oversight, certification, context, standards
79. Management accounting is concerned with providing information and
________ to managers to help them plan, evaluate and control activities, in
order to achieve an organization’s ________. Whereas financial accounting is
concerned with reporting on the past financial performance of an
organization, management accounting is essentially concerned with
improving its future performance. In order to understand the ________ and
principles of management accounting it is necessary first to have some
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________ of what managers do! This, in turn, requires an understanding of the
organizations in which managers work – and of the external environment in
which these organizations exist and operate.
Options: fames, category, appreciation, analysis, comparison, concepts,
objectives
Answer: analysis, objectives, concepts, appreciation
80. This OpenLearn free course, therefore, looks at the ________ of organizations,
specifically their objectives and structure. Organizational objectives and
structure are key elements of organizations and they determine management
________ and responsibilities within the organization. The course also
considers the main environmental factors (economic, social, political, legal
and technological) that impact on organizational ________.
Options: behavior, investigation, nature, peril, obligations, functions
Answer: nature, functions, behavior
81. Our program will develop your ________ knowledge of Computer Science and
your problem-solving and ________ skills, while enabling you to achieve the
________ qualification for the IT professional. The program structure is
extremely ________, enabling you to personalize your MSc through a wide
range of electives.
Options: utmost, theoretical, uprising, ultimate, analogous, analytical, flexible
Answer: theoretical, analytical, ultimate, flexible
82. Of course there were many different Enlightenments, and scholars still argue
about which was the real torch-bearer. However, despite their quarrelsome
diversity, most Enlightenment thinkers shared certain intellectual traits - a / an
________ on intellectual autonomy, a ________ of tradition and authority as
the infallible sources of truth, a ________ of bigotry and persecution, a
________ to free enquiry, a belief that (in Francis Bacon's words) knowledge is
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power.
Options: conclusion, proposal, commitment, dislike, belief, insistence, rejection,
though
Answer: insistence, rejection, dislike, commitment, belief
83. A charge often leveled against organic agriculture is that it is more
philosophy
than science. There's some truth to this indictment, if that is what it is, though
why organic farmers should feel ________ about it is itself a mystery, a relic,
perhaps, of our fetishism of science as the only ________ tool with which to
approach nature. The philosophy of ________ natural processes precedes the
science of understanding them.
Options: mimicking, logic, supportive, defensive, credible, repeating
Answer: defensive, credible, mimicking
84. Considering their lingering reputation as man-killers, it's hardly surprising
that
hackles are raised any time someone brings up the idea of ________ wolves to
the Scottish Highlands. Debate on this topic has been raging for years;
________ would like to see the Highland environment returned to its natural
state. Opponents ________ the animals' ________ for killing livestock.
Options: activists, propensity, reacquainting, reintroducing, cite, proponents,
accuse
Answer: reintroducing, proponents, cite, propensity
85. Airborne diseases are very easily transmitted, and can result in respiratory
illness that can be life threatening. It’s therefore no wonder that ________ of
airborne infectious diseases are a major public health ________, and that
researchers are working hard to come up with technologies to provide clean
air. So far, however, such technologies have had limited ________.
Options: concern, outbreaks, success, applications, production
Answer: outbreaks, concern, success
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86. Lyrebirds, a common bird in rainforest areas of Australia, have an incredible
repertoire of sounds that they are able to ________ from their environment,
including over 20 other bird calls as well as sophisticated mechanical sounds.
They have been known to ________ the sounds of chainsaws and pneumatic
drills. The male lyrebird sings a medley of mimicry to impress females — and
the more detailed and varied his ________ is, the more interesting it seems to
potential mates. Like females of other bird species, female lyrebirds do not
take place in the imitating, but simply judge the competing males’
symphonies. Once learned, it seems a lyrebird rarely forgets a call, and the
sounds are passed down through the ________. There are some lyrebirds in
Australia, that still recreate the sounds of axes, saws and old-fashioned
cameras which have not been used in the area for years
Options: prevent, legends, reservoir, repertoire, document, mimic, replicate,
generations
Answer: mimic, replicate, repertoire, generations
87. A koala rode 16 kilometers near Adelaide, Australia, inside an ________ for a
car wheel. The driver did not ________ until he stopped and heard the animal
making noise. A woman with an animal rescue organization said that it was
incredible, but the koala was in ________. The organization took her straight to
the vet. People named the koala Kelli, after one of her ________, and put the
koala back into the wild. She quickly climbed up a tree and went to sleep.
Koalas are a ________ species as there are less than 100,000 of them in the
wild.
Options: vulnerable, observe, incumbency, favorable, shock, spite, arch,
predators, rescuers, care
Answer: arch, observe, shock, rescuers, vulnerable
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88. Fingerprints, referred to as 'fingermarks' in forensics, are formed when
residue
from the ridged skin of the fingers or palms is ________ onto a surface, leaving
behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of sweat and colorless
________ materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These fingermarks
are described as 'latent' as they are generally invisible to the naked eye,
which means that ________ them at a crime scene can be challenging.
Options: purging, contaminating, locating, deleting, transferred
Answer: transferred, contaminating, locating
89. The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985,
home only to urban explorers and street ________. Opened in 1951, the power
station was once a pillar of progress for the expanding energy ________ of
Perth. Here it stood proud and strong for 34 years, supplying energy to its
surrounding metropolis until 1985 when it was deemed to no longer be worth
the ________. The doors were shuttered, and the plant's four tall chimney
stacks were demolished, leaving the rest of the plant to rot by the sea.
Options: ratings, usage, demands, collectors, artists, money
Answer: artists, demands, money
90. The supply of a thing, in the phrase 'supply and demand', is the amount that
will be offered for sale at each of a series of prices; the demand is the amount
that will be bought at each of a series of prices. The principle that value
depends on supply and demand means that in the case of nearly every
commodity, more will be bought if the price is lowered, less will be bought if
the price is ________. Therefore sellers, if they wish to induce buyers to take
more of a commodity than they are already doing, must reduce its price; if
they raise its price, they will sell less. If there is a general falling off if in
demand
- due, say, to trade depression - sellers will either have to ________ prices or
put less on the ________; they will not be able to sell the same ________ at the
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same price. Similarly with supply. At a certain price a certain amount will be
offered for sale, at a higher price more will be offered, at a lower price less. If
consumers want more, they must offer a higher price; if they want less, they
will probably be able to force prices down. That is the first result of a change
in demand or supply.
Options: admit, recorded, amount, market, raised, reduce, rate, gear
Answer: raised, reduce, market, amount
91. Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the
world around them. Many of us happily drive a car without understanding
what goes on under the ________. So is it necessary for children to learn how
to ________ computers? After all, some experts say coding is one of the
human skills that will become obsolete as artificial intelligence grows.
Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since 2014, the
principles of computer programming have featured on England’s ________ for
children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not
all children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at
Sydenham High School, London, argues that they should learn to understand
what makes computers work and try to solve problems as a computer
________.
Options: curriculum, selling, cycle, mount, bonnet, program, might, ceiling
Answer: bonnet, program, curriculum, might
recorded music at the world-famous Metropolis Studios. Last year, the
recording studios ________ compiling an album called ' Lost Songs', which
features songs from relatively unknown musicians. First-year student Zak
Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of
the Lost Songs album which was released this year, _______ he saw how
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successful Volume One had been. Zak 24, said: ' I found this competition when
simply ________ the internet for songwriting competitions one day, and was
lucky that there was still time to __________. It amazes me that people who
have worked with
Option: set about, recorded, after, features, searching, included, saw, enter
Answer: set about, after, searching, enter
93. What is music? In one sense, this is an easy _________. Even the least musical
among us can recognize pieces of music when we hear them and name a few
canonical _________. We know there are different kinds of music and, even if
our ________ of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which
kinds we do not.
Option: volume, question, examples, knowledge, issue, classes
Answer: question, examples, knowledge
94. At the end of the last ice age, the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in
the North Atlantic and __________ a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees.
Even though the rest of the planet was warming __________, the North Atlantic
region remained in a cold period for 1300 years. The same thing happened
__________ 8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years,
and it __________ happen again today. Even a short period of cooling in the
North Atlantic could have a dramatic effect on the wildlife, and the human
populations, living there.
Option: forwent, up, never, caused, could, around
Answer: caused, up, around, could
95. In search of lessons to __________ in our own careers, we often try to
__________ what effective leaders do. Roger Martin says this focus is
misplaced, because moves that work in one context may make little sense in
another. A more productive, though more difficult, approach is to look at how
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such leaders __________. After extensive interviews with more than 50 of them,
the author discovered that most are __________ thinkers -that is, they can
hold in their heads two opposing ideas at once and then come up with a new
idea that contains elements of __________ but is superior to both.
Option: integrative, disdain, emulate, either, each, appoint, show, apply, think,
communal
Answer: apply, emulate, think, integrative, each
96. Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available
unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable for integrating suitable business, office,
residential, retail and other development in accessible locations so as to
maximize public transport __________ and encourage walking and cycling.
Also, this city can reduce the __________ of land for housing and associated
urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed mixed business,
mixed use and business park areas, there was no employment data available
for __________ areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will affect
__________ in Sydney.
Option: consumption, patronage, comparable, alternative, expectation,
affordability, contemporary
Answer: patronage, consumption, comparable, affordability
97. It's interesting that in our minds, we keep thinking of the __________
discovery
like it's the Holy Grail. But there are a couple of shortcuts here that I'd like to
unpack. I'm not a doctor, I'm just a __________. My clients focus on health care
— biopharma companies, providers, global health __________ — and they've
educated me. We need to find the tools to fight COVID, and we need to make
them accessible to all.
Option: resident, valuable, stipulations, vacuum, __________, institutions,
vaccine, consultant
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Answer: vaccine, consultant, institutions, accessible
98. Active learning classrooms (ALCs) are student-centered, technology-rich
classrooms. They are easily identified with their large __________ tables and
movable seating designed to improve student __________ in class. Typically,
each table is accompanied by a whiteboard and flat-screen monitor to
display student work and larger rooms frequently have miniature bulb and
microphones at each table. In this way, students are able to __________ if they
have questions or want to speak to the __________ room.
Option: sign, circular, entire, engagement, partly, signal, arrangement, square
Answer: circular, engagement, signal, entire
99. Event management is particularly challenging from an operational viewpoint.
In many cases, events are staged on sites where everything has been set up
over a 24-hour period, with all elements carefully __________. In contrast,
many events are years in the planning: large convention bids are often won
five years before the event is held. For the very __________ bidding process,
budgets need to be developed and prices quoted, requiring a good
understanding of market, economic and political trends, as well as consumer
choices. This long-term view is the basis of strategic management, which is
covered in Part 1, and focuses on the event concept, feasibility of the event,
legal compliance and financial management. Marketing is a critical
__________ factor and other important topic of this first section, many events
(sporting, cultural and arts) involving long-term sponsorship __________ with
key industry players. Relationship building is particularly __________ since there
are so many stakeholders involved in events, including government agencies
at many levels. Part 1 will look at all these aspects, including strategic risk,
before moving on to the second part where operational planning and
implementation will be covered in detail.
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Option: success, challenging, repetitive, feasible, assimilated, alignments,
overall, competitive, synchronized, arrangements
Answer: synchronized, competitive, success, arrangements, challenging
100.With the increase in women's __________ in the labor force, many mothers
have less time __________ to undertake domestic activities. At the same time,
there has been increasing __________ that the father's __________ with a child
is important. A father can have many roles in the family, ranging from income
provider to teacher, career, and playmate. Therefore, balancing paid work
and family responsibilities can be an important issue for both fathers and
mothers in families.
Option: relationship, efficient, roles, separation, shares, participation,
recognition, available
Answer: participation, available recognition, relationship, roles
101. Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological
processes occur as the __________ of chemical changes that occur within the
body. These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron's
membrane, causing a __________ to pass from one end to the other. Other
examples include the __________ of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it
passes through the lungs for __________ throughout the body.
Option: result, prerequisite, situation, signal, usage, storage
Answer: result, signal, storage, usage
102. The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of
Environment and Tourism to register a conservancy if it has a _______
committee, a legal constitution, which provides for the sustainable
management and utilization of game in the conservancy, the ability to
_______ the funds, an approved method for the _______ distribution of
benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries.
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Option: manage, appropriate, exquisite, equitable, representative, legislative
Answer: representative, manage, equitable
103. Over 800 Shakespeare scholars from almost fifty countries will gather at
King’s
College London next week as the university co-hosts the 10th World
Shakespeare Congress to explore and honor the Bard’s life and work.
Organised by the International Shakespeare Association (ISA) the World
Congress _______ held every five years and 2016 is the first time it will be
cohosted _______ two locations that were integral to both the personal and
working life of William Shakespeare. Delegates will arrive in London on
Thursday following the start of the Congress on Sunday in Stratford-uponAvon.
_______ a main theme of ‘Creating and Recreating Shakespeare’, the
Congress will look _______ the continuing global relevance of Shakespeare’s
work through a varied program of plenaries, panels, seminars and workshops.
Option: With, Without, at, upon, is, was, in, to
Answer: is, in, With, at
104. In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something _______: that
there’s far more potential in our _______ than we often give them credit for. I’m
not just talking about the fact that it’s possible to memorize lots of ______
using memory techniques. I’m talking about a lesson that is more ______, and
in a way much bigger: that it’s possible, with training and hard work, to teach
oneself to do something that might seem really _______.
Option: bizarre, information, remarkable, characteristics, demanding, minds,
general, arduously, difficult
Answer: remarkable, minds, information, general, difficult
105. From the earliest civilizations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a
means of understanding and recording their potential uses, such as their
economic and healing properties, From the first ______ _______ of medicinal
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plants, De Material Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century, through to the
late fourteenth century, the illustration of plants and animals changed very
little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly
copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that
they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing ______ of
copperplate engravings, the traditional use of woodcuts declined and the
representation of plants and animals become more ______. Then, with the
emergence of ______ such as Albrecht Durer and Leonardo Da Vinci,
naturalists such as Otto Brunel’s, Leonhard Fuchs in botany and Conrad
Gesner and Ulises Aldrovanda in zoology, nature began to be _______ in a
more realistic style, Individual living plants or animals were observed directly
and their likeness ________ onto paper or vellum.
Option: forms, excavated material, illustrated catalogue, popularity,
sustainable, accurate, artists, depicted, rendered
Answer: illustrated catalogue, popularity, accurate, artists, depicted,
rendered
106. Education is generally considered to be a key ______ in improving outcomes
for Indigenous Australians, with many studies showings that improved ____
and socioeconomic status are directly ______ to educational participation
and achievement. There is a range of issues _____ participation in education
for Indigenous Australians, including ______ to educational institutions,
financial constraints, and community expectations.
Option: factor, morality, health, trajectory, associated, linked, affecting,
access
Answer: factor, linked, health, affecting, access
107. Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological
processes occur as the ____ of chemical changes that occur within the body.
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These changes include the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron’s membrane,
causing a _____ to pass from one end to the other. Other examples include
the _____ of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it _____ through the lungs for
usage throughout the body.
Option: goes, result, neuron, signal, storage, rectifies, passes
Answer: result, signal, storage, passes
108. Work-ready international students are providing greater options for local
employers who are having difficulties finding local staff due to ______
employment rate and ______ labor shortages, international students in
accounting and information technology take part in a year-long program
consisting of classroom work and practical experience, which provides them
with ________ skills, industry contacts and a working ______ of Australian
workplaces.
Option: lower, local, high, abandoned, transitory, ongoing, valuable,
knowledge
Answer: high, ongoing, valuable, knowledge
109. Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our
experiences.
To one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only
______. I certainly find myself ______ this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be
______ by the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades
since first ______ Camus' text, I've learned that modern science ______ a very
different story.
Option: surprisingly, impressively, implicitly, roughly, thought, have thought,
thinking, thinks, seduced, supplanted, secured, supplied, encountering,
copying, duplicating, enclosing, cheats, scales, tells, enlarges
Answer: implicitly, thinking, seduced, encountering, tells
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110. The narrative of law and order is located fundamentally at the level of
individual ______ and responsibility. Criminal acts are seen as individual issues
of personal responsibility and culpability, to which the state responds by way
of policing, prosecution, ______ and punishment.
This is but one level at which crime and criminal ______ can be analyzed. The
problem is that so often analysis ends there, at the level of individual action,
characterized in terms of responsibility, guilt, evil.
In few other areas of social life does individualism have this hold? To take but
one instance, it would be absurd to restrict analysis of obesity, to individual
greed. It should similarly be widely seen as ______ to restrict analysis of
criminal justice issues to the culpability of individuals.
Option: adjudication, justice, considerate, award, image, guilt, absurd,
feedback
Answer: guilt, adjudication, justice, absurd
111. From the mid-1890s a race was on between the merchant navies of the
recently unified Germany, Britain and France. That race was to make the most
luxurious and fastest ocean liners and it started with the Kaiser Wilhelm der
Grosse, the first of fourteen four-stackers built between 1897 and 1921. The
large vessels that followed each tried to outdo the previous one in terms of
size and interior design. Using many of the most famous of interior ______,
every part of the new ships was 'designed', from the cutlery to the China, from
the furniture to the paneling, and from the bedrooms to the boat decks.
Through Kronprinzessin Cecilie, Mauretania, Aquitania, Olympic, Titanic,
Imperator, Waterland, Ile de France, and Paris, the development and design
of the ships grew grander and more luxurious. The process continued into the
1930s, with the Empress of Britain and the fabulously Art Deco Normandie, the
finest and most expensive liner ever built, and designed to be a showcase for
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all that was France, as well as with the Queen Mary, a rather more traditional
vessel, but one, ______, which pushed the boundaries of design away from the
traditional country house look of the Edwardian era. Each new vessel brought
with it the finest of interiors, from the plush and palatial to the modern look of
the time. Even today, the influence of these floating ______ can still be seen in
vessels such as Cunard's Queen Mary 2 and the multitude of new cruise
vessels, all vying for the public's interest and affection. The large liners were
truly floating palaces, and here, William H. Miller brings together a collection of
fabulous images of the finest ships ever built, showcasing the style and
elegance of a time when 'getting there was half the fun'.
Option: palaces, nonetheless, processors, rhythms, through, designers
Answer: designers, nonetheless, palaces
112. Barred owls can be found in ______ forests right across North America. They
feed on small mammals, fish, birds and small reptiles _ pretty much anything
that comes their way. The barred owl grows up to half a meter tall and has
______ as a very adaptable nocturnal predator. And, ______ they have been
long-thought to live in old-growth forests, they are now building up quite an
______ population. In Charlotte, North Carolina, barred owls tend to nest in the
cavities of the numerous willow oak trees that line the city's streets. Far from
being endangered, the owls have expanded their range; and now, in some
places, conservationists are worried about the effects they might have on
other ______ species.
Option: soared, concrete, distinguished, urban, whether, dense, whereas,
emerged, native, overwhelming
Answer: dense, emerged, whereas, urban, native
113. As research has shown, emotions are contagious. And empaths are especially
______ to others' emotional energies. Because they're so attuned to others.
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they can get easily exhausted in crowds, be drawn into co-dependent ______,
exhaust themselves trying to solve others' problems, or burn out from too
much caregiving. Yet empathy is also a gift that brings greater ______ and
understanding. Some of the finest therapists, doctors, nurses, professors,
writers, designers, musicians, artists. and leaders in many have been empaths.
Option: confusion, relationships, issues, sensitive, resistant, insight
Answer: sensitive, relationships, insight
114. Although not written about extensively, a few individuals have considered the
concept and act of cheating in history as well as ______ culture. J. Barton
Bowyer writes that cheating 'is the advantageous ______ of perceived reality.
The advantage falls to the cheater because the cheated person misperceives
what is assumed to be the real world'. The cheater is taking advantage of a
person, a situation, or both. Cheating also ______ the 'reality' or what others
call 'deception'. Deception can involve hiding the 'true' reality or 'showing'
reality in a way intended to deceive others.
Option: contemporary, meet, who, distortion, cover, shade, but, involves
Answer: contemporary, distortion, involves
115. Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocity -
doing something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness
and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his masterpiece,
"Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a year ______ his
late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with "Moby-Dick." Mozart wrote
his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E-Flat-Major at the age of twentyone. In
some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the ______ of precocity has
hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot when he wrote "The Love
Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old ... I grow old")? Twenty-three. "Poets
peak young," the creativity researcher James Kaufman maintains. Mihály
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Csíkszentmihályi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The most creative lyric verse is
believed to be that written by the young." According to the Harvard
psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading ______ on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a
______ where talent is discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at
an early age."
Option: through, by, figure, importance, living, domain, authority, dominance
Answer: through, importance, authority, domain
116. With about one and a half billion non-native speakers, English has become
the world's own language. Such ______ has its downside, of course. There are
now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps ______
that number back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks, in ______ to the rise of
über languages, most importantly English, the remaining languages are now
dying at the ______ of about one a fortnight. Want to learn Busuu, anyone?
Then you'd better head to Cameroon fast, before one of the language's last
eight speakers kicks the bucket (as the Busuu-nese presumably doesn't say).
Option: major, important, dominance, twice, seven, part, pack, rate, increase
Answer: dominance, twice, part, rate
117. While many mothers-to-be are advised about the ______ of breastfeeding,
what they may not be told is that the effects go well beyond physical health.
A new study finds babies breastfed for long periods have better performance
on intelligence tests, greater school achievement, and higher monthly
incomes as 30- year-olds.
While past research has found higher intelligence ______ among breastfed
babies, what is so significant about this study is that the researchers were
able to collect more complete information on breastfeeding duration and also
followed for a longer period. And, by using a population-based birth ______,
the breast-feeding practices had no association with income level. Most of
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the evidence of higher intelligence test scores among breastfed babies
comes from high-income countries, where middle-class and higher-class
mothers are more likely to breastfeed their babies than lower income
mothers- certainly in the United States, breastfeeding rates ______ this trend.
With evidence coming from first-world countries 'Where breastfeeding is
positively associated with higher socioeconomic status'. Horta explained,
'There is always a question of whether the effect that has been observed in
other studies is a consequence of breastfeeding by itself or has the result
been ______ by socioeconomic status.' Specifically, higher income babies are
most likely eating better quality food and this could be impacting IQ test
scores.
Option: addition, benefits, lack, scores, cohort, everyone, reflect, confounded
Answer: benefits, scores, cohort, reflect, confounded
118. New favorable traits evolve when genetic mutations arise that offer a survival
edge. As the survivors of each generation pass on those beneficial mutations,
the mutations and ______ adaptive traits become more common in the
general population.
Though it may take millions of years for complex traits ______, say allowing
humans to walk on two legs, evolution itself happens with each generation as
adaptive mutations become more frequent in the population. The genomic
revolution has allowed biologists to see the natural selection process ______
by making the genetic blueprint of hundreds of thousands of people available
for comparison. By tracking the relative rise and fall of specific mutations
______ generations of people, researchers can infer which traits are spreading
or dwindling.
Option: there, it, their, to fall, to evolve, high, in action, resolve, across
Answer: their, to evolve, in action, across
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119. The fall of smallpox began with the realization that ______ of the disease
were
_______ for the rest of their lives, this led to the practice of variolation – a
process of exposing a healthy person to infected material from a person with
smallpox in the hopes of producing a mild disease that _____ immunity from
further infection. The first written account of variolation describes a Buddhist
nun practicing around 1022 to 1063 AD. By the 1700’s, this method of
variolation was _______ practice in China, India, and Turkey, in the late 1700’s
European physicians used this and other methods of variolation, but reported
“devastating” results in some cases. Overall. 2% to 3% of people who were
variolated died of smallpox, but this practice decreased the total number of
smallpox ______, by 10-fold.
Option: survivors, patients, immune, provided, forsaken, common,
recuperation, fatalities
Answer: survivors, immune, provided, common, fatalities
120. After an absence of more than 50 years, the gray wolf (Canis lupus) once
again runs beneath the night skies of Yellowstone National Park. At 3:45 pm on
March 21st 1995, the first of three groups of gray wolves (also known as the
timber wolf) were released from ______ acclimation pens at Crystal Creek
within Yellowstone National Park. The wolf release plan, _______ in an
environmental impact statement (EIS) in 1992-1994, is to restore wolves to
Yellowstone and central Idaho by establishing experimental populations of
gray wolves in both areas. The goal for Yellowstone is to establish 10 packs
wolves reproducing in the area for three _______ years by the year 2002.
Restoring wolves to Yellowstone is in keeping with national park goals to
perpetuate all native species and their natural interactions with their
environment. As with other park wildlife programs, management emphasizes
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_______ human impact on natural animal population dynamics. Yellowstone
National Park is a wilderness and wildlife refuge in the United States.
Option: Additional, minimizing, regular, consecutive, involved, fenced
Answer: fenced, involved, consecutive, minimizing
121. You can study anywhere. Obviously, some places are _______ than others.
Libraries, study lounges or private rooms are best. Above all, the places you
choose to study should not be _______. Distractions can ____ ____, and the
first thing you know, you’re out of time and out of luck Make choosing a good
physical environment a ______ of your study ______.
Option: better, habits, member, show, part, traditions, build up, distracting,
establish, attracting
Answer: better, distracting, build up, part, habits
122. Dolphins are _______ mammals found all over the world. There are many
different species. They are well-known as intelligent _________) and seem to
communicate with one another in _________ ways. Dolphins are sociable
animals in that they live in groups. These can range in size from five to several
hundred. They often _______ in groups and work together to capture the fish
or squid they like to eat.
Option: strange, hunt, creatures, different, marine, learn, sophisticated
Answer: marine, creatures, sophisticated, hunt
123. Of the world’s seven remaining species of marine turtles, almost all have been
pushed to __________ levels. Hunting, habitat loss, plastics pollution, climate
change, and accidentally being caught in fishing nets continue to threaten
the ________ of these large and long-living creatures. Shell Beach, named
after the shells that form its 90-mile ________, is a vital nesting ground for four
of these marine turtle species.
Option: extinction, endangered, existence, engaged, extent
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Answer: endangered, existence, extent
124. Many famous geographers and non-geographers have attempted to define
the discipline in a few short words. The concept has also changed throughout
the ages, making it difficult to create a _________, universal geography
definition for for such a dynamic and all-encompassing subject. After all, Earth
is a big place with many facets to study. It affects and is affected by the
people who live there and use its _________. But basically, geography is the
study of the __________ of Earth and the people who live there, and all that
encompasses.
Option: concise, facets, complex, resources, surface, options, methods
Answer: concise, resources, surface
125. Based on collaborative research by Arizona’s top business school’s this study
of leadership and company performance uncovers the effects of leadership
driven by _______, cost control, and maintaining market share, versus
leadership driven more by balancing employee relations and development,
customer or __________, and the welfare of the greater community. Together,
Mary sully de Luque, assistant professor of Management and Research Fellow
at Thunderbird School of Global Management and David Waldman, director
of the Center for Responsible Leadership at ASU’s school of Global
management and Leadership, have found that maintaining a specific focus
on earnings in ___________ can have ___________ on how a leader is viewed.
Option: profits, negative, effects, client, needs, decision, making
Answer: profits, client needs, decision making, negative effects
126. Secondary school can be a lonely place for ________ who don’t have a best
friend or a group of ________ friends. Young people will be more skilled in the
art of making genuine friends (and keeping them) if they know how to be
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_________, are optimistic about life, have some basic social skills and have a
relationship with a parent/care that includes _______ talk.
Option: assertive, grown-ups, assumptive, adolescents, apathetic, trusted,
honest, royal basic
Answer: adolescents, trusted, assertive, honest
recorded music at the world-famous Metropolis Studios. Last year, the
recording studios ________ compiling an album called ' Lost Songs', which
features songs from relatively unknown musicians. First-year student Zak
Taylor Fray decided to submit his song demo to be included in Volume Two of
the Lost Songs album which was released this year, _______ he saw how
successful Volume One had been. Zak 24, said: ' I found this competition when
simply ________ the internet for songwriting competitions one day, and was
lucky that there was still time to __________. It amazes me that people who
have worked with
Option: set about, recorded, after, features, searching, included, saw, enter
Answer: set about, after, searching, enter
128. Changing English (Prediction) English has been changing throughout its
lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of us, these changes are fine as
long as they' re well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we can be _______
about word origins and the stories behind the ________ we find in our
language, but we ________ a queasy distaste for any _______ that might be
happening right under our noses. There are even language critics who are
__________ that English is dying, or if not dying at least being progressively
__________ through long years of mistreatment.
Option: experience, facets, complex, resources, convinced, damaged,
change, structure, curious
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Answer: curious, structure, experience, change, convinced, damaged
129. John Milton wrote in a wide range of genres, in _______ languages, and on
an extraordinary range of subjects. His was a more general _______ than is
offered at Cambridge these days, and it continued after his seven years
here, equipping him with the tools to write some of the most _______
literature ever seen, and to engage as a polemicist on many different social,
political, and theological _______.
Options: several, questions, groundbreaking, simulations, mediocre,
education
Answer: several, education, groundbreaking, questions
130. First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, stagnation
_______. Whether you're a designer dreaming of another world, an _______
working on a new kind of structure, an _______ charged with developing a
fresh business concept, an advertiser seeking a breakthrough way to sell
your product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a memorable school
assembly program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to sell the same old
raffle tickets, your ability to _______ good ideas is critical to your success.
Options: rise, assembly, changes, reigns, generate, engineer, executive
Answer: reigns, engineer, executive, assembly, generate
131. Many Utopias have been dreamed up through the ages. From Plato's
Republic to Thomas More's Utopia and beyond, serious thinkers have _______
societies where people live in peace and harmony. Most of these imaginary
worlds have things in common: everybody is equal and plays a part in the
running of the society; nobody goes without the essentials of life; people live
mostly off the land; often there is no money, and so on. Another thing they
have in _______ is that, to the average person, they appear distasteful or
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unworkable since they do not take into account ordinary human nature or
feelings. Architects have got in on the act, too. After the Great Fire of
London, Christopher Wren drew up plans for a reconstruction of the whole
city, including _______ street widths. And in the 20th century there was Le
Corbusier's Radiant City in which, if you weren't in a car or didn't have one,
life would have been a nightmare. Also in the 20th century; another famous
architect, Frank Lloyd Wright, _______ up a perfect city that got no further
than the drawing-board. Wright believed that what was wrong with modern
cities was, in his words, rent. Ideas, land, even money itself, had to be paid
for. He saw this as a form of slavery and believed that modern city dwellers
had no sense of themselves as productive individuals. Thus, Wright's city was
to be made up of numerous individual homesteads, and the houses
themselves were to be simple, functional and in _______ with the
environment. Everyone would own enough land to grow food for himself and
his family. No outsiders would be allowed to come between the citizen and
what he produced, or to exploit both for money. Goods and services would
all be _______, not bought and sold for profit.
Options: exchanged, ingredient, common, dreamed, precise, pieced,
harmony, horizontal, envisioned
Answer: envisioned, common, precise, dreamed, harmony, exchanged
132. REIQ Gold Coast Zone chairman John Newlands said some southern suburbs
were shaking off a poor reputation and _______ gentrification as wealthier
residents moved in and displaced people from lower-income groups. "l think
suburbs such as Miami have become _______ with people who previously
would not have gone there," he said. "They have come into their own with
new restaurants and markets _______ which has also made them more
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attractive." Developers have _______ on to the trend as well, with Sunland
launching a $62 million development, Magnoli Residences, in Palm Beach.
Options: collected, decreasing, experiencing, opening, cottoned,
overcoming, popular, rigid
Answer: experiencing, popular, opening, cottoned
133. The Sun provides the primary source of energy driving Earth’s climate system,
but its _______ have played very little role in the climate changes _______ in
recent decades. Direct satellite _______ since the late 1970s show no net
increase in the Sun’s _______, while at the same time global surface
temperatures have increased.
Options: outcome, varieties, inspected, variations, observed, measurements,
output
Answer: variations, observed, measurements, output
134. Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps
have been _______ for human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp
farms. In 2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand showed
that the commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only
factor, conversion would seem an excellent idea. However, proper _______
shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this
figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to
ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the supply of foods and
medicines that people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish,
and less buffering against storms. And because a given shrimp farm only
stays _______ for three or four years, there was the additional cost of
restoring them afterwards
Options: regenerating, study, estimated, accounting, productivity,
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productive, converted
Answer: converted, accounting, productive
135. Almost no one regards corn with suspicion. But the _______ can't be said for
humans' ingenious ability to engineer the plants we eat. Genetically
modified(GM) crops are viewed with _______ hostility that they are barely
grown in Europe. However, a new study by an independent group of
scientists, who have done the most comprehensive _______ of the evidence
so far, shows that our aversion to GM food is pointless , _______ and harmful
to farmers.
Options: same, unscientific, sickness, those, such, some, terrific, review
Answer: same, such, review, unscientific
136. It sounds like something out of a science fiction movie - or nightmare
millions
of honeybees _______ dying off, their bodies never found. Scientists have
_______ the phenomenon 'Colony Collapse Disorder', but they aren't _______
on the reason. Theories abound as to the _______ of the mass die-off,
ranging from the unlikely (cellphones affecting bees navigational abilities) to
the more _______ though still debated (widespread pesticide use).
Options: deliberating, suddenly, named, plausible, cause, possibility,
authored, united
Answer: suddenly, named, united, cause, plausible
137. A surprising number of writers, even those who have thought of their writing
as "self-expression," have sought a _______ from the tyranny of subjectivity,
echoing Goethe's claim that "Every healthy effort is directed from the _______
to the outward world." From time to time others have risen to defend
commitment, engagement, involvement. But, at least until _______, the
predominant demand in this _______ has been for some sort of objectivity.
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Options: pressure, extension, freedom, character, then, inward, century,
recently
Answer: freedom, inward, recently, century
138. What is a country, and how is a country defined? When people ask how
many countries there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After
_______, we've explored the whole planet, we have international travel,
satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations like the United
Nations, so we _______ really know how many countries there are! However,
the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people
say there are 192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like
260 of them. So why isn't there a straightforward answer? The problem
_______ because there isn't a universally agreed definition of 'country' and
because, for political reasons, some countries _______ it convenient to
recognize or not recognize other countries.
Options: fear, should, arises, all, it, find, never, differs
Answer: all, should, arises, find
139. Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team,
and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family
car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle.
How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible-and reckless
_______.? Easily, according to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston
and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been _______. the _______.
structure and chemistry of the _______. brain. "The teenage brain is not just
an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of
neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of _______. These are people with very
_______. brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."
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Option: unique, sharp, development, at the same time, adolescent, exploring
Answer: at the same time, exploring, unique, adolescent, development, sharp
140. Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style, or that you
should become a _______. to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and
ornateness have their place, and in _______. hands complexity can carry us
on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most students, most of the time,
should _______. to be sensibly simple, and to develop a _______. style of short
words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences _______. clear actions or
identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the
chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you _______.
more attention on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise
abandoning altogether.
Option: conveying, strive, competent, slave, baseline, focus
Answer: slave, competent, strive, baseline, conveying, focus
141. Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all
forms of media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are _______.
with adverts. This all-pervasive presence _______. the value of advertising to
us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would _______. to inform
potential customers about the products or services they provide, and
consumers would be unable to make _______. assessments when looking
for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion
of products and _______. that contribute to our physical and psychological
well-being-medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to
protect us, clothes, and cosmetics to make us look and feel better- would
be _______. more _______. than it is. And without advertisements and the
_______. represented in them, the world would be a far _______. place.
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Option: struggle, duller, infinitely, reflects, filled, practices, problematic,
informed, aspirations
Answer: filled, reflects, struggle, informed, practices, infinitely, problematic,
aspirations, duller
142. Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is _______. to us by our
experiences. To one _______. or another, this view of reality is one many of us
hold, if only _______. . I certainly find myself _______. this way in day-today
life; it's easy to be _______. by the face nature _______. directly to our senses.
Yet, in the decades since the first _______. Camus' Text, I've learned that
modern science _______. a very different story.
Option: thinking, tells, revealed, reveals, encountering, seduced, extent,
implicitly,
Answer: revealed, extent, implicitly, thinking, seduced, reveals, encountering,
tells
143. More than simply putting flowers in a _______. , ikebana is a disciplined art
form in which nature and _______. are brought together. Contrary to the
_______. of a particolored or multicolored _______. of blossoms, ikebana often
emphasizes other areas of the _______. , such as its stems and leaves, and
puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an _______. of
creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each
arrangement is shown through a piece's color _______. , natural shapes,
graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement.
Option: idea, arrangement, combinations, container, plant, expression,
humanity
Answer: container, humanity, idea, arrangement, plant, expression,
combinations
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144. Two decades ago, Kashmiri houseboat-owners rubbed their hands every
spring at the _______. of the annual influx of _______. . From May to October,
the hyacinth-choked _______. of Dal Lake saw flotillas of vividly painted
Shikaras carrying Indian families, boho westerners, young travelers, and
wide-eyed Japanese. Carpet-sellers _______. their skills, as did purveyors of
anything remotely embroidered while the house boats initiated by the British
Raj provided unusual _______. Then, in 1989, separatists and Islamist militancy
_______., and everything changed. Hindus and countless Kashmiri
businesspeople _______. , at least 35,000 people were killed in a decade, the
lake stagnated, and the houseboats rotted. Any foreigners venturing there
risked their _______. , proved in 1995 when five young Europeans were
kidnapped and murdered.
Option: waters, accommodation, bolted, prospect, honed, attacked, honed
Answer: prospect, tourists, waters, honed, accommodation, attacked, bolted
145. Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the
shopping districts, stroll downside streets filled with rows of tall brick _______.
. In the early evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the _______. of
classical music _______. from a piano, played by a 10-year-old or a
grandmother in her seventies. _______. down another alley toward concrete
_______. and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing from a violin, or perhaps
a cello, accordion, or flute. In China, classical music is _______. as mightily as
the 1812 Overture.
Option: sound, skyscrapers, booming, drifting, houses, wander
Answer: houses, sound, drifting, wander, skyscrapers, booming
146. By 2025, government experts' say, America's skies will swarm with three
_______. as" _______. planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today.
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There will be _______. of tiny jets, seating six or fewer, at airliner _______. ,
competing for space with remotely operated drones that need help
avoiding midair _______. , and with commercially operated rockets carrying
_______. and tourists into space.
Option: thousands, times, satellites, collisions, many, altitudes,
Answer: times, many, thousands, altitudes, collisions, satellites
147. An ice storm is a type of _______. when _______. rainfall comes down into the
cold air and the water turned into _______. . Once there is a serious ice storm
when _______. than 16,000 households had a blackout _______. the ice storm
as the ice storm would smash the cables.
Option: during, icy, weather, ice
Answer: weather, icy, ice, during
148. From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is
advertising on TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or
_______. their _______.? Or is it done to make people buy things? Furthermore,
is the main _______. between programs and commercials that commercials
are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and
commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the literature
(e.g., Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983 and
1987 Robertson and Rossiter 1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children
are able to _______. between programs and commercials and are _______. of
the intent of TV advertising, whereas others are not.
Option: difference, aware, practice, lines, distinguish
Answer: practice, lines, difference, distinguish, aware
149. Genius, in the popular conception, is inextricably tied up with precocitydoing
something truly creative, we're inclined to think, requires the freshness
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and exuberance and energy of youth. Orson Welles made his
masterpiece, "Citizen Kane," at twenty-five. Herman Melville wrote a book a
year _______. his late twenties, culminating, at age thirty-two, with "MobyDick."
Mozart wrote his breakthrough Piano Concerto No. 9 in E- Flat-Major at
the _______. of twenty-one. In some creative forms, like lyric poetry, the
_______. of precocity has hardened into an iron law. How old was T. S. Eliot
when he wrote "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" ("I grow old . . . I grow
old")? Twenty-three. "Poets peak young," the _______. researcher James
Kaufman maintains. Mihly Cskszentmihlyi, the author of "Flow," agrees: "The
most creative lyric verse is believed to be that written by the young."
According to the Harvard psychologist Howard Gardner, a leading
authority on creativity, "Lyric poetry is a _______. where _______. is
discovered early, burns brightly, and then peters out at an early age."
Option: creativity, talent, age, importance, domain, through
Answer: through, age, importance, creativity, domain, talent
150. Down the road, the study authors write, a better understanding of sharks'
_______. may help scientists learn more about what drives their choice of
things like prey and _______. . Some sharks are shy, and some are outgoing;
some are _______., and some prefer to stick close to what they know,
information that could prove useful in making sense of larger species-wide
behavior _______. .
Option: adventurous, habitat, patterns, personalities
Answer: personalities, habitat, adventurous, patterns
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LISTENING
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1. Electricity storage systems are the set of methods and technologies used to
store electricity. The need for electricity storage is due to an imbalance in
supply and demand on the electrical grid due primarily to an increase in
renewable energy generation. These supply and demand discrepancies occur
because renewables are intermittent, meaning electricity isn't produced when
the Sun isn't shining or the wind isn't blowing, even though consumers still
require electricity in these renewable downtimes.
Currently, grids distribute electricity in real time, meaning electricity is being
consistently produced to meet consumer demand. Electricity storage gives
grid operators the flexibility to use electricity that otherwise would be wasted.
This grid flexibility is highly sought after and has the potential to transform
how we produce and consume electricity and is therefore being widely
researched and tested. There are many different forms of electricity storage.
The most common being: battery, pumped hydro, compressed air, and
flywheel. Currently, the largest challenges in implementing electricity storage
at the grid scale are the cost and the infancy of the technology that's
electricity storage.
2. When human females are pregnant, they're advised to stay away from
alcohol, for fear of harming the foetus. And most parents refrain from giving
their infants bottles full of whiskey or beer, for obvious reasons. But if you're a
fruit fly, literally dousing your offspring in alcohol is apparently one of the
best
ways to protect them from danger, particularly from certain types of wasps.
How and why? Let's back up a bit. First, certain types of wasps prey on fruit
flies by injecting eggs inside fruit fly larvae. Unless an infected larva kills the
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wasp egg, it hatches and the wasp larva eats its way out from inside the fruit
fly larva, killing it. One way for fruit fly moms to protect against this gruesome
fate is to lay their eggs in an alcohol-soaked environment, such as fermenting
fruit, when they see that parasitic wasps are around. Although alcohol is toxic
to fruit flies, it's even more toxic to wasps, which, unlike fruit flies, have not
evolved a high level of alcohol tolerance. So, if the larvae eat enough alcohol
rich food, it can kill the wasp egg and keep it from hatching. Apparently, fruit
flies are not the only fly species to use alcohol to protect their young. In fact,
it
seems that most flies that eat rotting fruit use the alcohol defence against
wasps. So, fruit flies are not unique in this regard, but they're still mighty
impressive.
3. Electricity is the physical flow of electrons referred to as an electrical
current.
Electricity is an energy carrier that efficiently delivers the energy found in
primary sources to end-users, who in turn convert it into energy services.
Electricity can be created in three main ways. The most common is through
electromagnetic conversion, where electricity is generated by moving an
electric conductor, like wires, inside magnetic field. The most practical
example of this is a generator connected to a turbine. The turbine provides
the motion required to move the conductor in the generator. This energy for
motion can come from various technologies. For example, wind turbines,
hydro, or the steam created from heat produced a nuclear fission or coal
combustion. Electricity can also be created through a chemical reaction. An
example of this is a battery or fuel cell. Finally, electricity can be created
through solid-state conversion, where electricity is generated using the
structure and properties of a solid. A specially constructed solid consists of
different molecules packed closely together to create an electric current
when stimulated. An example of a technology that utilizes solid-state
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conversion is a solar PV cell. It is important to note that electricity is the same
regardless of how it is produced. So, the electricity generated from an
electromagnetic generator is the same as that from a battery.
4. The word solstice means 'sun standing' in Latin. It marks the point when the
sun stops at its most northerly or southerly point, relative to the equator.
Before reversing direction, the summer solstice, the sun would appear at its
highest point in the sky, and is the day with the longest period of daylight. It
happens twice a year, once in both the northern and southern hemispheres.
The summer solstice in the northern hemisphere occurs around the 21st of
June, but it does not always occur on this day. As it all depends on when the
sun reaches its northernmost point from the celestial equator, it can happen
between the 20th to the 22nd of June. Around this time in areas north of the
arctic circle, it is possible to witness the sun not set at all, so a dubbed land
of
the midnight sun for this very reason. This occurs because the earth's
rotational axis is tilted. The earth rotates around an axis inclined at an angle
of 23.5 degrees in relation to its orbital plane around the sun. It is this tilt
that
gives us our seasons. Summer occurs in the hemisphere that is tilted towards
the sun, whilst winter falls on the hemisphere that is tilted away from the sun.
5. A sea breeze is an onshore breeze which develops around the coastlines of
sea and even large lakes on warm days. In mid-latitudes, it commonly occurs
during the spring and summer. This is when there is a large temperature
difference between the sea and adjacent land areas. A sea breeze is a
thermally driven circulation, forming due to the fact that the land heats up
more quickly than the sea. Water has a higher specific heat capacity and so
requires more energy to raise the temperature. As the sun radiates energy at
more or less a constant rate, it will take longer for the water to heat up. This
means that peak sea surface temperatures aren't reached until early autumn.
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This differential heating of adjacent land and sea surfaces is the main factor
in the formation of sea breezes. A temperature difference of around 3 degrees
Celsius is required for sea breeze to start to develop. Other factors that are
required for sea breezes to form are light offshore winds at around 3000 feet.
This aids the higher-level flow out to sea to get the process started.
6. After World War II, European countries increased their efforts to live
peacefully
together on their small continent. To improve business and trade, six countries
- Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands - came
together in 1958 to create a common economy and currency. These countries
agreed not to use trade barriers like tariffs, embargoes, or quotas with each
other. This led to a more prosperous economy in these countries. As the years
went on, more European countries joined this group called The European
Union, or EU for short. There are currently 21 countries in the EU after United
Kingdom left. And there are other countries like turkey that hope to join the EU.
The EU worked to help create jobs in poor parts of Europe and pass laws to
protect the environment. The group or Union focused on the idea that all
Goods, Services, people, and money should be able to move freely through
the through the EU countries. Europeans no longer had to carry their
passports when traveling between the EU countries. They could instead travel
from country to Country much like the people in the United States travel from
state to state.
7. Sweetened condensed milk is a good ingredient for sweet recipes because of
all the added sugar--about 25% by weight. But when sweetened condensed
milk was invented in the 1800's, the original reason for adding sugar to the milk
was not for flavor, but for protection against spoilage. And it works--even
after you open the can, sweetened condensed milk keeps longer than fresh
milk. That added sugar kills bacteria that would otherwise digest the milk and
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spoil it. The sugar kills not by poisoning the bacteria, but by a more direct
physical process. It draws water out of the bacteria so the bacterial cells
shrivel and die. Each bacterial cell has a sort of skin--technically, a
membrane. Water can pass through this membrane pretty easily, but
substances dissolved in the water can't. Water has a natural tendency to
move toward any region where there's a high concentration of dissolved
substances. A bacterial cell in a can of sweetened condensed milk finds itself
immersed in an extremely concentrated solution of sugar. Water inside the
cell will, therefore, pass out through the cell membrane into the sugar solution.
The bacterial cell dehydrates and dies in a sea of sugary water. Sugar added
to fruit has the same effect--that's the idea behind fruit preserves. Other
foods are preserved with salt, exploiting the same principle.
8. Steam is water that's heated to two hundred twelve degrees Fahrenheit.
Believe it or not, steam is invisible -- you can see right through it! If you look
closely at the end of your kettle's spout, you'll notice that the white stuff
doesn't start right away. It begins billowing about half an inch away from the
nozzle, with clear gas in between. This clear gas is the actual steam. The
billowy white stuff is what the steam turns into when it hits the drier, cooler air
of your kitchen. Those white billows are, in fact, clouds, not steam. In many
ways, they are identical to the clouds you can see in the sky. The white color
comes from tiny liquid water droplets that have condensed from the steam.
More accurately, these billows are a type of cloud called a "mixing cloud."
These can form when two separate air masses with different temperatures
and different amounts of water in them -- mix together. In the case of your
kettle, the hot, steamy gas cools rapidly in the kitchen air, and this sudden
coolness is what makes some of the vapor condense. Mixing clouds are pretty
common, and they don't need to start with steam. You see mixing clouds
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when you "see your breath" on a cold winter day. You'll find them rising from a
bowl of warm soup. Wherever there's a mixing cloud, you can bet some warm,
moist air is mixing with air that's cooler and drier.
9. Why does altitude cause headache? Since the air is thinner, there is less
oxygen in the blood, so blood flow to the brain increases. The extra blood can
cause blood vessels to swell and tissues to press on the sensitive membrane
that surrounds the brain, resulting in a headache. But not everyone develops
a headache at moderately high altitudes, partly because the low oxygen
content of the air causes the climber to breath more often, forcing carbon
dioxide out of the blood. The body reacts to the lowered carbon dioxide
content of the blood by decreasing blood flow to the brain. An individual's
susceptibility to altitude-induced headache, as well as the severity of the
headache, depends on whether the overall blood flow to the brain increases
or decreases. At high altitudes, usually over 10,000 feet, an unrelated
condition known as high-altitude cerebral edema, or HACE, can develop.
HACE occurs when parts of the brain become waterlogged. Unlike altitudeinduced
headache, which occurs in over ninety percent of the people who
ascend to 11,000 feet, HACE is a rare disorder. Characterized by mental
confusion, hallucinations, and a drunken stagger, HACE is almost always fatal
if descent is not immediate.
10. "Blood types are inherited, just like you inherit your eye color, or your hair
texture, so you get a gene from each parent, and that determines what the
child's blood type is gonna be."
"There's sort for blood types?"
"There is, there is A, type A, type B, type AB, and type O. The only difference is
what sugar molecule is added to that point. There are some studies that show
that the reason that A, B, O and AB have been distributed the way they were
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was because of forces that they think of primarily connected to the organism
that causes malaria. It turned out to be that people who had type O were
actually able to survive an attack of malaria. It appeared that malaria
organism was more readily able to attach to red cells that were type A or
type B, and actually kill those patients before they have a chance to
reproduce.
Those people who had type O actually would get sick, but wouldn't die, and
had an opportunity to reproduce, and that's how the gene goes forward. And
then, if you look at a map of where malaria is now and where the different
peoples are, you can see that the type O was followed, there is where there's
malaria, A and B has gone to colder climates where malaria wasn't a problem,
and then AB was just, you know, combination of the races."
11. Evolution is a scientific theory used by biologists. It explains how living
things
change over a long time and how they have come to be the way they are.
The earth has been around for a very long time. By doing research on the
layers of rock, we can find out about its past. That kind of research is called
historical geology. We know that living things have changed over time
because we can see their remains in the rocks. These remains are called
fossils. So, we know that the animals and plants of today are different from
those of long ago, and the further we go back, the more different the fossils
are. How has this come about? That evolution has taken place is a fact
because it is overwhelmingly supported by many lines of evidence. At the
same time, evolutionary questions are still being actively researched by
biologists. Comparison of DNA sequences allows organisms to be grouped by
how similar their sequences are. In 2010, an analysis compared sequences to
phylogenetic trees, and supported the idea of common descent. There is now
strong quantitative support for a formal test for the unity of life. The theory of
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evolution is the basis of modern biology. Nothing in biology makes sense
except in the light of evolution.
12. A UFO, unidentified flying object, is any object flying in the sky which cannot
be identified by the person who sees it. Sometimes, the object is investigated.
If people can still not figure out what the project is after an investigation, it's
called a UFO. If they figure out what the object is, it can no longer be called a
UFO because it has been identified. Even though UFOS can be anything,
people often use the word UFO, when they're talking about alien spacecraft.
Flying saucer is another word that is often used to describe an unidentified
flying object.
Studies estimate that fifty to ninety percent of all reported UFO sightings are
identified later; usually 10 to 20 percent are never identified. Studies also show
that very few UFO sightings are hoaxes: people trying to trick other people.
Most IFOS are actually natural or man-made objects that look strange. 80 to
90 percent of IFOS are identified as one of three different things: astronomical
causes, for example, planets, stars, or meteors, aircraft, balloons, including
weather balloons; 10 to 20 percent of IFOs are other causes, such as birds,
clouds, mirages searchlights etc.
13. Let's look at the size of rain, and how raindrops fall. First, we'll need the
Sun.
When the Sun shines on water on the Earth's surface, the heat of the Sun
warms the water, turning it into an invisible gas called water vapor. This
process, the changing of water into a gas, is called evaporation. Because
gases are lighter than liquids, water vapor rises up into the sky, and the further
you move up and away from the Earth's surface, the colder the temperature
gets. So in the sky, the water vapor cools, and changes back into tiny water
droplets. This change is called condensation, and is the opposite of
evaporation.
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Clouds are made up of tiny water droplets. So, when condensation occurs in
the sky, clouds form and grow. Let's take a closer look. When water droplets
bump into one another, they stick together and grow in size. They continue to
grow until they are too heavy and fall as rain. They even grow as they bump
into one another on their journey from the cloud to the ground, and every
single raindrop that reaches the ground is made up of 1 million of the original
tiny water droplets. Raindrops fall on the ground surface, or the Sun can shine
on them and the whole process happens again. This is called the water cycle,
and keeps water moving from the ground to the sky, providing the water
needed for plants, animals, and people to survive.
14. Humans are pretty lucky with the way we can communicate. Unlike animals,
we have the perfect length necks and excellent control of our breaths. Both of
these characteristics allow us to form words. Although animals can't talk like
us, they still have special ways to communicate. For example, dolphins have
one of the most sophisticated forms of communication. They make distinct
whistling sounds that help identify themselves. Dolphins may also squeak or
Yelp depending on the situation. Nevertheless, each sound releases
meaningful information. You have probably heard some birds say words just
like us, but they are merely repeating what they hear. Most birds
communicate through songs and squawks that can be beautiful for us to
listen to. Other animals communicate without making a sound. Elephants
show affection by wrapping their trunks around each other; whales leap out of
the water to send messages to their friends; bees perform a special dance
when they have located nectar in a tree. Even if it's just our pet dog wagging
his tail or a pet cat purring, all animals have their own way to convey
information to us and each other.
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15. What is precipitation? Clouds hold millions of tiny water droplets. Over time,
a
cloud can hold more and more tiny droplets of water and pieces of ice. Wind
and temperature make the droplets and pieces bump into each other. They
then group together; they get bigger and heavier until they are too heavy to
stay in the cloud. They fall to the ground as something called precipitation.
Precipitation can include rain, snow, hail or sleet. Precipitation can form into
different types. This is because the differences in temperatures. If the air
between the cloud and the ground is warm, the precipitation will fall as rain. If
the rain freezes between the cloud and the ground, it becomes sleet. If the air
is in the cloud and it blows very cold, the precipitation will fall as snow. Hail
forms when ice crystals get blown upward inside of a cloud over and over. The
ice will get bigger and bigger each time until it finally falls from the sky. Sleet
is
smaller than hail. Sleet falls in cold weather. Precipitation comes from storms.
Thunderstorms are the most common type storm. They are caused when
warm, wet air hits cold, dry air. The warm, wet air rises fast to form huge
clouds.
16. There are 118 species of weaver birds, and most live in sub-Saharan Africa.
While some species live on the open savannah and eat mostly seeds, others
live in forests and prefer feasting on insects. Researchers looked at studies
done on different species of weaver birds to examine the relationships
between their diets, habits, and social behavior. They found that seed-eating
birds living in the open savannah tended to forage in groups, nest in large
colonies, and have multiple mates per breeding season. The insect-eating,
forest-dwelling birds, on the other hand, were more likely to forage and nest
alone, and have a single mate per season.
These divergent social behaviors are likely influenced by their different diets
and habitats. Working together makes it easier for birds that eat seeds out on
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the savannah to find spots with a large supply of seeds. There's also safety in
numbers out on the open savannah, further incentivizing flocking. Their
polygamous breeding may be a result of the smaller number of nesting sites in
the savannah. By contrast, working together to find food wouldn't help
forestdwelling, insect-eating weaver birds as much, since insects tend to be more
widely dispersed. There are a lot more suitable nesting sites in the forest, so
these birds don't need to live in colonies, and monogamy makes sense for
birds with more solitary lives. It seems that birds that eat bugs don't like to be
bugged.
17. Dogs are noted for their extreme friendliness towards humans. They crave
human company and gaze intently at their human companions. The
partnership between dogs and humans stretches back tens of thousands of
years into prehistoric times. It has worked out surprisingly well for dogs, who,
with human backing, have become Earth's most abundant land carnivore.
Dogs from wolves through a process of domestication by humans. Even when
they are hand-raised by humans, modern wolves seldom show the degree of
devotion to humans that dogs do. This has led scientists to suspect that the
hypersociality of dogs towards humans is more than just a learned trait, and
has to do with evolved genetic differences between dogs and wolves. In 2022
a team of American geneticists published findings identifying genetic
differences between dogs and wolves that may be responsible for the special
canine attachment to humans. On chromosome number six of the dog
genome, the researchers identified several genes associated with dog
hypersociality. Interestingly, these genes correspond to parts of the human
genome that also are involved in social behavior. Specifically, mutations in the
corresponding part of the human genome can lead to a rare condition called
Williams-Beuren syndrome. People with this syndrome have hypersocial
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behavior like that of dogs, along with certain cognitive deficits. Researchers
have found evidence that dogs may have cognitive deficits like those of
people with this syndrome. The findings might tell us about far more than just
how social devotion to humans evolved in dogs. Given the genetic similarities,
they tell us much about how social behavior evolved in humans.
18. When something angers us, humans have rapid cognitions that motivate us to
improve our mood. But anger itself can inhibit our ability to reach equilibrium:
we see this in how angry people ruminate on how bad they feel, or how they
try to vent their anger and end up prompting aggression. So, there must be
better ways to regulate emotion aside from ruminating and venting that help
keep aggression at bay. And it turns out, that has a lot to do with how much a
person is aware of and able to classify their emotions. This is called emotion
differentiation. For example, if people lack the capacity to describe and
classify what they are feeling at a given time, they will find it difficult to
discern
more detail about their emotions beyond the fact that they feel "bad." Low
emotion differentiators are more distracted and less engaged during times of
stress, and also less capable of thinking carefully about their options for how
to behave under stress. High emotion differentiators spend less time on
counterproductive practices, such as ruminating and venting. When people
are better at differentiating their negative emotions, they have better
emotional control, which means they have more ways of dealing with anger.
So, they're less likely to turn to aggression in the first place. Feeling angry is
a
part of life. But being aware of what kind of negativity you're feeling can help
you control it and get over it.
19. Man's best friend has long worked alongside humans to guard, hunt, and herd.
Research suggests that over thousands of years, some dogs got bigger due
to the nature of their job: as important managers of livestock, early canines
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doubled in size to protect their flocks from predators. A study of ancient
canine bone fragments and teeth in Croatia determined that 8,000 years
ago, Neolithic farmers immigrated to the area with their furry friends in tow.
This early breed weighed a little over 30 pounds. Two millennia later, at the
start of the Bronze Age, dogs averaged about 40 pounds. By the Roman
period, 2,000 years ago, dogs clocked in at more than 50 pounds. In other
words, dogs went from the size of a large beagle to the size of a husky! That's
some major growth in just 6,000 years. The increased size wasn't
happenstance. Villages were becoming bigger, needing more land to grow
crops. This meant livestock were pastured further from villages, often in the
mountains. So, dogs' job responsibilities expanded as well: they not only had
to travel long distances, they had to scare off hungry bears and wolves.
Farmers, wanting the best guardians for their herds, selectively bred their
dogs to be larger.
20. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, are warming Earth's climate.
The
climate crisis has widespread ramifications. Ecologists are worried that many
species will become extinct, because they might not be able to adapt to a
climate change that's faster than most naturally occurring ones. It's possible
that some plants and animals could adapt by shifting their habitats towards
Earth's poles, or towards higher elevations, to avoid the heat. Since
ecosystems are varied and complex, ecologists can only find out by studying
many specific cases. A team of American ecologists explored this possibility
for a species of hummingbirds native to North America's west coast, called
Anna's Hummingbird. The researchers published their findings in 2022. Anna's
Hummingbirds live in California's lowlands, but migrate up-slope into the
cooler mountains during the summer. If climate warming continues, the team
hypothesized, the birds might adapt by migrating farther up. To test whether
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this was really possible, the researchers studied the effects of relocating a
group of Anna's Hummingbirds to a higher altitude. They captured the birds
from across their normal range in the Sierra Nevada, and moved them to a
research station near a mountain peak, four thousand feet higher than the
birds normally venture. They found that the hummingbirds had big difficulties
adapting to the lower air pressure and oxygen levels, which caused a drop in
their metabolic rate and flight efficiency. Although the researchers still want to
study the effects of longer exposure, their tentative conclusion was that it
would be hard for the birds to adapt. Their results remind us how complicated
an animal's environmental requirements are.
21. So happiness economics can help us get to these questions, and I'll try to give
you some examples of this. Now, even though there's a lot of skepticism,
originally about using this survey - surveys what people say make them
happy. The number of reason that we are getting increasingly confident in
doing so. One is that their consistent pattern - remarkable consistent pattern,
determines well-being across large samples of people, across countries,
across the world, and over time. Some of the basic things that make people
happy, and I will show you some of these income health, marital status,
employment status. Some of these very basic things are remarkably
consistent across countries across world. So that gives us some sense that
these surveys are picking up consistent patterns. And when we know what
consistent patterns are, we can look how other things that very much more,
affect people's well-being. The environment and equality, the nature's
institution raging on living, and all kinds of other things that very much more.
22. It turns out consumers are incredibly smart. They combine a lifetime of
experience with that brand, combined with whatever its designed appeal is,
how it makes them feel, performance and price. And they do all that in a few
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seconds. So brands are essential to our business to allow us to deliver the
increased consumer value associated with our products. We're not into the
generic business of toilet paper. We're into probably about the softest
product you're going to want to buy. We're not into a generic soap. We're into
the best, you know, stain removing laundry detergent you're going to buy. But
we're going to want you to remember that as the tide brand. Now, that
means there's a second moment of truth. If they do select you and they pay
50% more than they would have paid for Walmart's brand, when they get
home, it'd better perform when it's used. And here's where the science starts,
folks. There's an amazing number of fundamental engineering contradictions,
right? Airplanes deal with, you know, weight and strength. I want something
that's light but strong. That's an engineering contradiction. Once I deal with
our things, got to be strong but soft. They have to be strong even when
they're wet. Bright but not tear, liquids, mixtures, not common things, but they
need... they can't separate. You don't want to shake before use, before you
pour down in your washing machine.
23. Internet was invented by people who were good at programming, and people
keep optimizing it for different purposes. So Internet has been growing
organically. Internet can achieve many things but has advantages and
disadvantages. The email system was designed by graduate students and
researchers who know and trust each other. Using email needs trust between
the senders and the receivers as the authentication process was not originally
built in this system. Email authentication is a technical solution to proving that
an email is not forged. In other words, it provides a way to verify that an email
comes from who it claims to be from. Email authentication is most often used
to block harmful or fraudulent uses of email such as phishing and spam. In
practice, we use the term “email authentication” to refer to technical
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standards that make this verification possible. Initially, the email system didn't
consider security because there was no suspicion between them at that time,
and there was no authentication process built into this system.
24. Design of buildings is important according to architectural textbooks. At its
roots, architecture exists to create the physical environment in which people
live, but architecture is more than just the built environment, it’s also a part of
our culture. It stands as a representation of how we see ourselves, as well as
how we see the world. There are poorly designed buildings, but also some
great building works. In the Victoria Era, architects designed buildings based
on bricks and other materials. The design of flaws was based on lighting as it
would not only affect appearance but also health conditions. The materials
that buildings are made of also matter. For example, the design of ground
floors must ensure that the building is able to withstand the weight of the
higher levels. In the 20th century, many old buildings with design flaws were
demolished or modified through a natural selection process, which means
they are an altered state rather than an original state. This is an application
of Darwin's theory of natural selection to modification of old buildings, which
means buildings should adapt to the new world to survive, or be pulled down.
So, it's argued to be unfair to criticize the demolition, although some people
believe that whether to be remained should be decided based on their nature
and functions. As the world became more and more connected, the styles
evolved, but even in modern construction, there is still an importance in
honoring the cultural nuances in the built environment.
25. Research has shown that in certain situations silent meetings actually work
better. Specifically, if the goal of a meeting is to brainstorm or solve a
problem, silent meetings have been shown to generate better ideas. But why?
Solutions to a problem will often be a novel idea and novel ideas challenge
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convention. They can rock the boat and make people feel uncomfortable. But
when participants gather around a table and generate written solutions in
silence, a safe space is created. Novel ideas can emerge and people are less
afraid of feeling embarrassed. Silent meetings also circumvent negative
effects of something called production blocking. In a conventional meeting,
only one person at a time can speak. As you wait your turn, the conversation
may shift and you may lose your opportunity to raise an idea. Silent meetings
allow for everyone to express ideas simultaneously. So how do you create a
silent brainstorming meeting? Have people write down their ideas
independently then sort them into clusters, discuss, and vote on the ideas that
people like. The key is to let the initial ideation phase happen independently
and in silence so we can separate egos from ideas. Silence is just one
alternative. Since meetings have different goals, there's no reason they all
have to look or sound the same.
26. There are two kinds of stress. The first one is little stress, which happens in
special circumstances such as exams or other competitions, and can be
considered as a motivation to improve performances. You always think about
stress as a really bad thing, but it's not. Look on the bright side, and some
stress is good for you. Stress can be something that makes you better, but it is
a question of how much, how long and how you interpret or perceive it. The
other one is what we usually talk about, caused by poor time management.
Good time management is essential if you are to handle a heavy workload
without excessive stress. Time management helps you to reduce long-term
stress by giving you direction when you have too much work to do. It puts you
in control of where you are going and helps you to increase your productivity.
By being efficient in your use of time, you should enjoy your current work more,
and should find that you able to maximise the time outside work to relax and
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enjoy life. Poor time management is a major cause of stress. I'm sure we have
all had the feeling that there is too much to do and not enough time. We can
start to feel panicky and anxious and lose focus. It's important to note that
you can have this feeling even if there's hardly anything to do at all. Hence, to
release such stress, people could use a calendar to schedule and find a
balance between play and work.
27. Because of the economic model, the newspaper industry has been shrinking
drastically from the last 50 years of the 20th century in some states of
America. Also as the economic model changed, newspapers increased the
cash flow. However, there are still some newspaper industries losing money
because of a decrease in advertising and buyers. They can't find buyers. Only
a few newspapers have positive cash flow. Over 100 newspapers with cash
flow in red had no money to publish the newspaper everyday. Some of them
published three days per week. Small-sized newspapers only published once
a week and had to go online. Some newspapers even disappeared. The staff
working in newspaper industry decreased by 30-60% or more.
28. During this period of time, there was a huge surge of activism taking place to
reverse this discrimination and injustice. Activists worked together and used
non-violent protest and specific acts of targeted civil disobedience, such as
the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the Greensboro Woolworth Sit-Ins, in order
to bring about change. Much of this organizing and activism took place in the
Southern part of the United States; however, people from all over the
country—of all races and religions—joined activists to proclaim their support
and commitment to freedom and equality. For example, on August 28, 1963,
250,000 Americans came to Washington, D.C. for the March on Washington
for Jobs and Freedom. They came to have their voices heard and listen to
speeches by many civil rights leaders, especially Martin Luther King, Jr., who
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delivered what would become one of the most influential speeches in history.
In the aftermath of World War II, African American civil rights efforts were
hampered by ideological splits. The Southern system of white supremacy was
accompanied by the expansion of European and American imperial control
over nonwhite people in Africa and Asia as well as in island countries of the
Pacific and Caribbean regions. Like African Americans, most nonwhite people
throughout the world were colonized or economically exploited and denied
basic rights, such as the right to vote.
29. Today, poems remain an important part of art and culture. We often talk
about the knowledge about the literature in poem. Poetry is probably the
oldest form of literature, and probably predates the origin of writing itself. The
oldest written manuscripts we have are poems, mostly epic poems telling the
stories of ancient mythology. The English language in poems and poetries is
difficult to understand, often giving readers a feeling of frustration and making
it hard for readers to enjoy poetry. This is because poems use literary
expressions. Poetry was once written according to fairly strict rules of meter
and rhyme, and each culture had its own rules. Some poems incorporate
rhyme schemes, with two or more lines that end in like-sounding words. We
should learn to simply enjoy it, and to know more about literature knowledge.
30. A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order,
an edict or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or
presenting an interesting idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can
mobilize people’s energies in ways that range from subtle, quiet persuasion to
the coercive threat or the use of deadly force. Sometimes a charismatic
leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and mobilize energies
through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of leadership as a
spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On one
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end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the
president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or
a dictator such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is
casual, low-key leadership found in countless situations every day around the
world, leadership that can make a significant difference to the individuals
whose lives are touched by it. Over the centuries, the first kind–the out-infront,
authoritative leadership–has generally been exhibited by men. Some
men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela, have chosen a
strategy of “leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have
been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well as some men)
have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern
has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible,
authoritative leadership.
31. The distinction between pyramid schemes and legitimate multi-level
marketing can be particularly hazy In theory, the difference is that the
members of the multi-level marketing companies primarily earn compensation
from selling a particular product or a service to retail customers, while pyramid
schemes primarily compensate members for recruitment of new sellers. In
practice, though many multi-level marketing companies make it all but
impossible for members to profit purely through sales And many pyramid
schemes, like Vemma Nutrition, disguise themselves as legal mufti-level
marketing businesses, using a product or service to hide the pay-and recruit
structure Many pyramid schemes also capitalize on already existing trust
within churches, immigrant communities, or other tightly knit groups. The first
few members are encouraged to report a good experience before they
actually start making a profit. Others in their network follow their example, and
the schemes balloon in size before it comes clear that most members aren't
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actually profiting. Often, the victims are embarrassed into silence Pyramid
schemes entice people with the promise of opportunity and empowerment.
So when members don't end up making money they can blame themselves
rather than the scheme, thinking they weren't tenacious enough to earn the
returns promised Some victims keep trying, investing in multiple schemes, and
losing money each time.
32. You sit down to take a math test, and you feel your heart beat faster and
your palms start to sweat. You get butterflies in your stomach, and you can't
concentrate. This phenomenon is called math aromety, and if it happens to
you, you're not alone. Researchers think about 20% of the population suffers
from it. Some psychologists even consider it a diagnosable condition. But
having mathematical anxiety doesn't necessarily mean you're bad at math -
not even close Laurent Schwartz went on to win the Fields Medal, the highest
award in mathematics. People might think that they're anxious about math
because they're bad at it, but it's often the other way around. They're doing
poorly in math because they're anxious about it. Some psychologists think
that s because math anxiety decreases a cognitive resource called working
memory That's the short-term memory system that helps you organize the
information you need to complete a task Worrying about being able to solve
math problems, or not doing well on a test, eats up working memory, leaving
less of it available to tackle the math itself. People can suddenly struggle with
even basic math skills, like arithmetic, that they've otherwise mastered.
33. OCD, which stands for obsessive compulsive disorder has two aspects: the
intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses, known as obsessions, and the
behavioral compulsions people engage in to relieve the anxiety the
obsessions cause. The kinds of actions that people often associate with OCD,
like excessive hand washing, or checking things repeatedly, may be examples
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of obsessive or compulsive tendencies that many of us exhibit from time to
time. But the actual disorder is far more rare and can be quite debilitating
People affected have little or no control over their obsessive thoughts and
compulsive behaviors which tend to be time consuming and interfere with
work, school or social life to the point of causing significant distress. This set
of
diagnostic criteria is what separates people suffering from OCD from those
who may just be a bit more meticulous or hygiene obsessed than usual.
34. Why do we sometimes fail to perform up to what we're capable of when the
pressure is on? It may not be so surprising to hear that in stressful situations
we worry. We worry about the situation, the consequences, what others will
think of us. But what is surprising is that we often get in our own way precisely
because our worries prompt us to concentrate too much. That's right-we pay
too much attention to what we're doing. When were concerned about
performing our best, we often try and control aspects of what we're doing
that are best left on autopilot, outside conscious awareness and as a result,
we mess up Think about a situation where you're shuffling down the stairs.
What would happen if I asked you to think about what you're doing with your
knee while you're doing that? There's a good chance you'd fall on your face.
We as humans only have the ability to pay attention to so much at once,
which is why, by the way, it's not a good idea to drive and talk on the cell
phone And under pressure, when we're concerned about performing at our
best, we can try and control aspects of what we're doing that should be left
outside conscious control. The end result is that we mess up. My research
team and have studied this phenomenon of overattention, and we call it
paralysis by analysis.
35. So how does a growth mindset do that? It turns out that there are
physiological manifestations to mindset. Brain scans show that for people with
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a fixed mindset, the brain becomes most active when receiving information
about how the person performed such as a grade or a score. But for people
with a growth mindset, the brain becomes most active when receiving
information about what they could do better next time. In other words, people
with a fixed mindset worry the most about how they are judged, while those
with a growth mindset focus the most on learning. There are other
consequences of mindset people with a fixed mindset see effort as a bad
thing, something that only people with low capabilities need, while those with
a growth mindset see effort as what makes us smart, as the way to grow. And
when they hit a set-back or a failure, people with a fixed mindset tend to
conclude that they are incapable So to protect their ego, they lose interest or
withdraw. We observe that as lack of motivation. But behind it is a fixed
mindset, whereas people with a growth mindset understand that set backs
are part of growth. So when they hit one, they find a way around it. Like Josh
Waitzkin did when he lost in chess or in martial arts.
36. There is a lot that we can do to change mindsets, but here are three things
that any of us can do to instill a growth mindset in ourselves and in those
around us. First, recognize that the growth mindset is not only beneficial but it
is also supported by science. Neuroscience shows that the brain changes and
becomes more capable when we work hard to improve ourselves. Second,
learn and teach others about how to develop our abilities. Learn about
deliberate practice and what makes for effective effort. When we understand
how to develop our abilities, we strengthen our conviction that we are in
charge of them. And third, listen for your fixed mindset voice, and when you
hear it, talk back with a growth mindset voice. If you hear, I can't do it," add,
"Yet. My request to you today is that you share this knowledge about the
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growth mindset with your family, friends, and schools so that all of us can go
and fulfill our potential.
37. And empathy has two qualities: One is the understanding part of it. This is
just
a regular definition: the ability to understand and share the feelings of
another. And the emotional part. Empathy has basically two channels: One is
the body channel, If you talk with a sad person, you're going to adopt a sad
expression and a sad posture, and before you know it, you feel sad. And that's
sort of the body channel of emotional empathy, which many animals have
Your average dog has that also. That's why people keep mammals in the
home and not turtles or snakes or something like that, who don't have that
kind of empathy. And then there's a cognitive channel which is more that you
can take the perspective of somebody else. And that's more limited. Very few
animals, I think elephants and apes, can do that kind of thing So
synchronization, which is part of that whole empathy mechanism, is a very old
one in the animal kingdom.
38. Loneliness creates a deep psychological wound, one that distorts our
perceptions and scrambles our thinking. It makes us believe that those around
us care much less than they actually do. It make us really afraid to reach out,
because why set yourself up for rejection and heartache when your heart is
already aching more than you can stand? I was in the grips of real loneliness
back then, but I was surrounded by people all day, so it never occurred to me.
But loneliness is defined purely subjectively. It depends solely on whether you
feel emotionally or socially disconnected from those around you. And I did.
There is a lot of research on loneliness, and all of it is horrifying. Loneliness
won't just make you miserable; it will kill you. I'm not kidding Chronic loneliness
increases your likelihood of an early death by 14 percent. Fourteen percent!
Loneliness causes high blood pressure, high cholesterol. It even suppress the
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functioning of your immune system, making you vulnerable to all kinds of
illnesses and diseases.
39. One of the things I do in my psychology seminar is I assign papers to students
and then I extract out propositions from the papers. And they're propositions
that are debatable. Well, what you want to do as an educator is you don't
want to put forward a specific point of view. Not when what you're trying to
do is to discuss a contentious issue! What you want to do is teach people how
to take an argument apart and formulate a response. And to do that it's
actually extraordinarily useful to arbitrarily assign positions to people. It's
like, I
don't care what you think, you're "pro" on this topic, generate an argument.
And what that does is it vastly widens people's conceptualizations of the
argumentative space. Because most really contentious issues-gun control,
abortion, those sorts of things-there is a lot to be said on both sides. They
wouldn't be contentious issues otherwise. They're issues that don't go away.
Well why? Well because they're so complex. They don't lend themselves to
easy unitary solutions. One of the things you want to learn if you're educated
is that on any complex subject there's a lot to be said. And that you're going
to come at that with your particular ideological bias, let's say, your
temperamental bias Maybe even you might even come at it with things you've
actually thought about, although that's pretty damn rare. But you need to
learn just exactly how localized your viewpoint is.
40. So the three things that I think it really takes to be an effective Manager or
these. First of all, learn to delegate, you know The most important thing is you
have to trust your people to do work themselves and if you're in the business
of overseeing every single decision they make you're not gonna be a very
effective manager because you'll be stretched too thin and you'll certainly
never be able to rise to higher levels of Management where you're overseeing
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dozens or hundreds or even thousands of people, so that's the first thing. The
second is work hard to understand what the people underneath you do. They
have this there's this tendency to think you know. If I came up through one skill
as I oversee people with different skills. I'm just gonna trust them to get it
right
and you have to. Of course you're not gonna be able to understand what
everybody on your team does all day but if you can understand their
motivations, their terminology, their way of communicating. You're gonna be a
lot better as a manager And finally, this is a kind of simple thing, but have as
many one-on-one meetings as you possibly can. I think one thing that there's
a lot of evidence is that having one-on-one meetings especially with your
direct reports is one of the strongest predictors of success as a manager Big
meetings aren't good. Little meetings can be very good. It's time consuming. It
's hard, but it's a thing that really correlates with success as a manager.
41. Now, what's really interesting about this time is that because of coronavirus
kids have all this time to self-reflect and self-assess. And so we should be
actively promoting meta learning during this time. And so what I've suggested
is that we promote the idea of a learning journal. So the idea is this. Let kids
decide their own learning path Let them decide what they want to learn It
could be if they want to learn how to cook. It could be they want to learn how
to drive a car. It doesn't matter. What's important is that they write down their
learning journey. And so there are three components to a learning journal. First
is to define the goal concretely and precisely It's better to say I want to be
able to run a marathon in less than four hours than it is to say I want to finish
first in a marathon. Second is to write down the learning process. So think of a
cooking recipe and writing down how you cook something. The third and most
important component of a learning journal is to write down your observations,
collect data, self-reflect, and develop new learning strategies for yourself.
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And during this process teachers don't go away Teachers play a very
important role in that they become coaches. I would say that being a coach
has three main functions. The first function is to motivate the student Second
function is to identify witnesses in the learning journal. And the third and most
important function is to constantly suggest new learning strategies.
42. I encourage people to provide feedback to one another. It's a gift. It's also
often part of your job. But too often, we don't go far enough. So I suggest that
we create psychological contracts. You don't do it with everybody, but it's an
opportunity to agree to exchange extremely honest feedback by mutual
consent in a safe and trusting way. I say to somebody who trust, whose
opinion matters to me I'm getting up on stage. Let me know afterwards Was !
clear? Did I give too much information, too little information? Did I move too
much? Did I engage with the audience? Tell me the truth." That's an
immediate request for honest feedback and we are creating a psychological
contract. You're not going out of bounds if you tell me exactly what you think. I
also tell people if they're going into a meeting, pick the person who's going to
pull on their ear to let you know you're going off topic, whether your data is
really not holding up in that room and getting an immediate sense from
somebody, the unvarnished truth about what's going on.
43. We know that the more comfortable we feel around someone, the less effort
we will make about how we appear and conversely, the more anxious we are
about the judgement of others, the more our reflection has the power to
horrify us. The issue is never that of our appearance, it is about our sense of
our vulnerability to humiliation. When we meet people who are perpetually
sick with worry that they are not attractive enough, we should not rush in with
physical compliments, this is only to foster and unwittingly reward an
aggravating criterion of judgement. We should learn to spot the wound in
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their early relationships that have made it so hard for them to trust that they
could matter to others in their basic state. And that therefore perpetually
evokes in them an unflattering self-image. They are not ugly per se, they were
when it mattered-left painfully unloved and ignored to an extent that they
are liable never to have recognized or mourned adequately, their arrival in the
world did not delight a few people as it should have done, and therefore need
compassion, sympathy and emotional validation far more than they will ever
require the tools of outward beautification. Feeling ugly stems from a deficit of
love, never of beauty.
44. When economists study gift giving, they're very concerned with one thing
waste. Let's say hypothetically that my grandmother buys me a sweater that I
hate, and your grandmother buys you a sweater that you hate. Sorry,
grandmothers. Before long, we're talking about billions of dollars in waste in
the economy Economists call it "deadweight loss and they estimate that up to
30% of the value of all gifts is wasted. That means the companies wasted time
making the gift, It means the givers wasted time giving it out, and it means
the recipients wasted time returning it. There's a way to fix this. There is a very
specific gift that is always worth the exact same to both the giver and the
receiver. It's called cash. The good thing about cash is that the receiver can
always make use of 100 percent of its value. The bad thing about cold, hard
cash is that it's cold. It doesn't say anything except, "Here take some money."
So this is a conundrum.
45. Let's imagine you're about to hold a meeting to make an important decision.
And you are in a hurry. Is it better to hold the meeting standing up or sitting
down? Researchers from University of Missouri asked groups of people to
imagine that they'd crashed on the moon, and then only a few pieces of
equipment had survived the crash. The groups were asked to identify which
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bits of equipment were most important, and their decisions were compared to
the correct answers supplied by NASA. Some of groups held their meeting
standing up, and the others held them sitting down. Sit-down meeting lasted
34% longer, but two types of meeting produced the same number of correct
decisions. And so next time you need to hold a meeting in order to make an
important decision, you can save time by simply standing up.
46. So, why do humans feel awkwardness? According to Ty Tashiro, author of the
appropriately titled book Awkward this is part of human evolution. In
huntergatherer times, sticking with social norms, like saying thank you when
someone gives you something, or waiting your turn for food, was a way to
keep tight-knit groups together and keep out anyone who might be a threat.
Today we're still sensitive to tiny, even silly social customs like responding to
how are you with "fine as a sign of mutual respect. When you deviate from
those norms, it's awkward And for some people, these social graces just don't
come naturally Take eye contact, for example. Studies say the right amount
of eye contact during conversations is about 3.3 seconds. But awkward
people don't instinctively do that. But when we don't look people in the eyes, it
makes them feel socially ostracized. According to Tashiro's work, awkward
people tend to look at other parts of the face, like the chin or the ear more
than the eyes. Therefore they might end up alienating the person they're
talking to, and missing out on important information about how that person
might be feeling. The good news is that if your brain isn't great at social cues,
it might be good at other stuff instead. Research shows that many autistic
people are amazing at memory pattern recognition and problem solving.
47. When the Second World War came to an end, the British took some German
civilians around the Belsen concentration camp. But why they do this? To
show them what their own soldiers had done during the war. It was reported
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that one of the civilians had said "What terrible criminals these prisoners must
have been to receive such treatment Not uttered by a guard, but by a civilian.
The just world hypothesis is a cognitive bias in which we as human beings try
to make sense of a world that is unfortunately unjust We like to believe noble
acts lead to reward, and bad actions result in punishment So when we see
bad things happen to good people and good to bad, there is a tendency to
view such situations in a way that reduces this sense of guilt or discomfort.
48. Human beings in the West Savannah need each other in order to survive. In
today's modern society, people need protection from other people too. was
the first to acknowledge that. So if we agree that this is one of the first
fundamental functions of society, we should in fact reject any human
behaviour that goes against this theory. So it's true Beethoven was a rude
and vulgar person, who probably suffered from the bipolar disorder Van Gogh
lost his mind Other artists can be labelled as eccentric, anti social or even
estranged from society. Nevertheless, as long as they don't cross over the line
and breach the basic human contract, we may savour and rejoice the art and
creations. This is why I am able to enjoy Beethoven's magnificent creations.
Yet on the other hand, as a daughter of holocaust survivor I am unable to
listen to the music, magnificent as it maybe of composers who believe, for
example, in the final solutions of the Jews. An artist that breaches this
contract, that endangers the freedom and safety of member of society,
regardless of the religion, fate, believes, or background, by a direct action,
and this is very important, only by a direct action, should lose his place in
society, together with a privilege platform, of which he presents his creativity
and art. And along with this, the power, we attribute to it. Unless he regrets his
action. Yes, apology can be accepted.
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49. The main problem we have isn't an issue of actually doing the work It's just
starting. Starting is the hardest part. So how do we make it easier? Take your
large task and break it into something small. Once you think you've made it
small, make it even smaller than that. Do the same with your time
commitment. It's great that you blocked out the next three hours to do work,
but guess what, studying for three hours is incredibly daunting. You do not
want to do that. You want to watch Med School Insiders YouTube videos
instead. Here's how you get past that you're not studying for three hours
anymore. Instead, you're studying for only 25 minutes, which is a lot easier than
3 hours. After those 25 minutes are done, you're getting a break, guaranteed.
Seems simple enough. This is the Pomodoro technique in action, and it is one
of my favorite study hacks. Early on in the day, I generally like to knock out the
difficult tasks first, since it makes the rest of the day a breeze. But I don't
always get the luxury of doing that. There are instances where starting is so
difficult, that there's no way I would be able to tackle the most daunting task
first. In those instances, I start with something easy. That can be something as
simple as doing my laundry or washing dishes. Once I've built the momentum
of getting something small done, having a small victory, it becomes much
easier to step it up to something a little bigger.
50. When Tim Berners-Lee invented the world wide web, he surely didn't
anticipate that children would end up becoming some of its main users. Most
start using the internet at the average age of three – and as recent research
shows, children now spend more time playing and socializing online than
watching television programs. Given this change in habits, it is not surprising
that a recent House of Lords report has raised online safety and behavior as
an important issue. The report said that for children, learning to survive in a
world dominated by the internet should be as important as reading and
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writing. The House of Lords Communications Committee also warned that
children should not be leaving school without 'a well-rounded understanding
of the digital world'. It also suggested that the government should think about
implementing new legal requirements and a code of conduct companies
would have to adhere to, which would help to bring the internet up to
'childfriendly standards'. Of course, trying to rectify this lack of child-centered
design is not an easy task, but one that requires the cooperation and
goodwill of many sectors. It will need to involve consultation with technology,
education, legal and policy experts. And it would also be a good idea to
make children and young people part of the process.
51. The idea behind recycling is simple By breaking old products down and
converting them into something usable again, we conserve natural resources.
It saves forests, cuts emissions, and means less pollution. Sadly it's not that
simple. Recycling is deeply entwined with our economic system, and right now
doesn't make much economic sense. It often costs more to recycle than it
does to just throw things away, which is bad news for the environment. So is it
worth paying for? Recycling saves serious amounts of energy, which in turn
means lower greenhouse gas emissions. Making cans from recycled aluminium
uses 95% less energy than mining and using raw materials. Recycling steel
saves 60%, as does recycling paper So it boils down to how quickly we're able
to remake the way we make things. As of 2018, we were track to generate
waste at more than double the rate of population growth through 2050, so
we can expect plenty more rubbish to pile up. Some communities are running
out of room to store all their trash and have stopped collecting plastic, paper
and glass. Others are just sending material to landfills or burning it. Such
issues have given environmentalists cause to suggest more radical approach
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is needed, saying we should rethink our relationship with material and be
using less stuff in the first place.
52. I am going to talk today mostly about what I do as a curator here at the
National Museum of Australia but I want to draw some generalities from that
in terms of a series of curatorial practices, tools, techniques and methods that
I think could be of interest to your students and to you in developing extension
history courses. I want to talk about what I do as a curator and then from that
also talk a bit about the kinds of history that I think museums are particularly
good at creating and communicating. I think this is something I would really
like to discuss because it is not necessarily very well understood is that I think
museums, as Dave insisted by putting up my quote in his slide, create a very
particular kind of history. It’s not the kind of history that gets created in books
or in dating films or in compositions, it’s a very particular kind of history that
grows out of the fact that museums are centrally interested and defined by
their collections. I should say that is not an uncontested view of museums but
it is certainly my view of museums. Curators try to understand material culture
as evidence of other people’s lives as a means to try to understand other
people - what they look like, what they did, how they made a living, what they
hoped for in their lives, how they tried to construct their world and why they
made particular choices. One way in which curators differ from other
historians is therefore in terms of how we interrogate the past, what elements
we use to communicate the past. Most academic historians are trained very
much in the discipline of words and they concentrate on words still today,
although it is changing a little bit. If you go through university history
primarily
you are encouraged to draw on things like archival accounts, manuscripts
and now oral histories, and most of that work is actually promulgated in the
form of books. There are also other kinds of historians. Obviously, filmmakers
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and photographers concentrate on creating images of the world and
arranging them in meaningful sequences, but curators attend to objects. We
look at objects as evidence of the past and try to arrange objects in
meaningful ways called exhibitions.
53. What's the literal definition of "risk"? Business schools use risk analysis.
So, what
do you mean by "risk", and we need a dictionary? When you look at dictionary,
this is literal, literal definition of risk. What it says is, the definition for
example,
the possibility of injury, a dangerous element or factor, chance of, degree or
possibility of such loss, and so on. So, risk has two parts, as you look at the
literal definition of risk. One part is the consequence of some kind of particular
danger, hazard loss. And the other is about the probability, of it: chance and
consequence, OK? And then at least just as English language concerns, when
you look up the word of safe and safety, which you'll earn as, it's a little bit of
a
loop, a little circular argument that free from harm or risks, secure from
danger, harm or loss, the condition of being safe and so on for all. And why we
take out of it? At least when we talk about safe at least in English language,
we are talking absolute something is safe, or it sounds safe.
54. Socialism - the word invented in the late 1810s, communism - the word first
appeared in 1840. None of these things were words, much less ideologies
before the French Revolution and the French revolution gives birth to much of
the modern political world. Have you not wondered why we refer to the
political left, and the political right? Does this have any inherent bodily
signification? No. Left and right in politics comes from the original designation
of the Deputies who sat to the Left of the speaker’s, podium and those who
sat to the right of the speaker’s podium in the National assembly of 1789-1790.
The left were those who were seen as progressive wanting to change, the
right were seen as those wanting to conserve elements of the old regime. It’s
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time for this young loggerhead turtle to go to work. We can tether turtles in
these little cloth harnesses, put them into this tank and dull swimming place.
University of North Carolina biologist Ken Loman studies sea turtles that are
programed from birth for an extraordinary journey. Mother turtles buried the
eggs on the beach and then returned to the sea and the eggs hatch about
50 to 60 days later. Support for the National Science Foundation, Loman is
learning how these reptiles use the Earth’s magnetic field to navigate a 5-to10-
year journey around the Atlantic Ocean. The turtles seem to inherit a set of
responses that tell them what to do when they encounter specific magnetic
fields at particular locations. This animal magnetism can be a lifesaver and
one field off Portugal triggers the turtles to turn south. If they don’t, they
likely
die, swept into frigid North Atlantic waters. In one lab test turtles responded to
magnetic field similarly to what they would encounter off the coast of Florida.
The great majority of them turned South East. This is an exciting finding
because southeasterly orientation in this part of the world would presumably
take turtles further into the Gulfstream. So, the turtles actually have what
might be considered accrued global positioning system that is based on the
Earth’s magnetic field. And check out this experiment. These turtle moves may
look odd. The turtles will actually act out their swimming behavior in air. But
this wave simulator re-creates the first environmental cue hatchling turtles
respond to. Swimming into waves is a highly reliable trick that the turtles used
to guide themselves offshore.
55. Tissue engineering, what is it? It's an emerging field, interdisciplinary field
that
combines engineering and life sciences to create functional biological
structures that can restore and improve tissue function. Examples include
bladders, trachea blood vessels and if you look at it, printing as a technology
has also gone through the revolution and well it's been around for hundreds of
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years. In the last couple of decades, it's been a new dimension. We can now
print layer by layer in materials ranging from plastic to metal, to concrete, to
chocolate, from the smallest scales to the largest. If you take 3D printing and
we combine it with biology, we have bio-printing where the building blocks
our cell aggregates where we called bio-ling particles that are composed of
thousands of cells that can fuse together into different shapes. These
geometries can include multi-layered sheets, such as skin, branching tubes for
vasculature and the sophistication of this manufacturing technology improves
daily to include different cell types and different shapes. And now why is it
important, the pharmaceutical industry at the moment is in a moment of crisis.
It spends more money each year on R&D, but has fewer drugs to show for it. It
takes more than a decade, more than a billion of dollars to develop a new
drug and the cost of a failure can be measured in hundreds of millions of
dollars.
56. Canada is a country of the enormous natural resources. It is the world’s
largest exporter of forest products and a top exporter of fish, furs, and wheat.
Minerals have played a key role in Canada’s transformation into an urbanindustrial
economy. Alberta, British Columbia, Quebec, and Saskatchewan are
the principal mining regions. Ontario and the Northwest (NWT) and Yukon
Territories are also significant producer of uranium and potash, the thirdlargest
of asbestos, gypsum, and nickel, and the fourth-largest of zinc. Oil and
gas are exploited in Alberta, off the Atlantic coast, and in the northwest –
huge additional reserves are thought to exist in the high Arctic; oil price is
making extraction profitable at a growing number of the country’s deposit.
Canada is also one of the world’s top hydroelectricity producers.
57. Telescopes and eyes are both tools for collecting and detecting light. In fact,
telescopes can be thought of as bigger, more powerful eyes. The type of
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lenses and mirrors and their arrangement determine some of the features of
the telescope. The resolution of the telescope is a measure of how sharply
defined the details of the image can be. The telescope’s primary mirror may
have a fraction. As a result, starlight is not brought to a focus at the same
point, resulting in blurry images. The name ’telescope‘ covers a wide range of
instruments. There are major differences in how astronomers must go about
collecting light in different frequency bands. The telescope is widely used in
the astronomy field because it is a digital detector, 100 times more efficient
than our eyes. Now physicists have begun to develop a various quantum
mechanism.
58. The Right Honorable Sir Winston Leonard Spencer--Churchill, KG, OM, CH,
FRS, PC (November 30, 1874 – January 24, 1965) was a British statesman, best
known as prime minister of the United Kingdom during the Second World War.
At various times a soldier, journalist, author, and politician, Churchill is
generally regarded as one of the most important leaders in British and world
history. Considered reactionary on some issues, such as granting
independence to Britain's colonies and at times regarded as a self-promoter
who changed political parties to further his career, it was his wartime
leadership that earned him iconic status. Some of his peacetime decisions,
such as restoring the Gold Standard in 1924, were disastrous as was his World
War I decision to land troops on the Dardanelles. However, during 1940, when
Britain alone opposed Hitler's Nazi Germany in the free world, his stirring
speeches inspired, motivated, and uplifted a whole people during their
darkest hour. Churchill saw himself as a champion of democracy against
tyranny, and was profoundly aware of his own role and destiny. Indeed, he
believed that God had placed him on earth to carry out heroic deeds for the
protection of Christian civilization and human progress. A providential
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understanding of history would concur with Churchill's self-understanding.
Considered old--fashioned, even reactionary by some people today, he was
actually a visionary whose dream was of a united world, beginning with a
union of the English-- speaking peoples, then embracing all cultures. In his
youth, he cut a dashing figure as a cavalry officer as seen in the 1972 film
Young Winston (directed by Richard Attenborough), but the images of him
that are the most widely remembered are as a rather overweight, determined,
even pugnacious looking senior statesman as he is depicted to the right.
59. Theater study is a difficult subject in the academy because it cannot be
experimental and it is a mixture of literature and personal life experience.
Theatre should show pure lives, although there will be new actors or directors.
It is also a collection of different skills, such as writing and singing. To
succeed
in this subject, you need the knowledge of linguistics, sociology, archeology,
physics, psychology, and philosophy. Theater study is interdisciplinary, and
you need to be a linguist and archaeologist to fully understand theater study.
If we move everything away, there are some intellectual and distinctive things
left. What makes theater study distinctive is that it is an ongoing project that
requires a study lifespan of 60 to 70 years.
60. For many, these have been vital considerations for the future of artificial
intelligence. But British computer scientist Alan Turing decided to disregard all
these questions. In favor of a much simpler one: can a computer talk like a
human? This question led to an idea for measuring artificial intelligence that
would famously come to be known as the Turing test. In the 1950 paper,
Computing Machinery and Intelligence, Turing proposed the following game.
A human judge has a text conversation with unseen players and evaluates
their responses. To pass the test, a computer must be able to replace one of
the players without substantially changing the results. In other words, a
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computer would be considered intelligent if its conversation couldn’t be easily
distinguished from a human’s. Turing predicted that by the year 2000,
machines with 100 megabytes of memory would be able to easily pass his
test. But he may have jumped the gun.
61. One of the most amazing things that have happened even in my lifetime is
the prediction of cosmology. When I started out forty-odd years ago, we
thought we knew that the universe began a big bang, some people doubted
even then. We thought the universe was about ten or twenty billion years old.
But now for really very sound scientific reasons, we can say that the universe
did start in a Big bang and it’s 13.8 billion years old. So it’s not 14, it's not
13
because a decimal point in there and that’s a stunning achievement to know
that. And we also know that the laws of physics that apply to tiny particles
inside atoms also explains what happened in the big bang, you can’t have
one without the other. A very neat example of this is that when you apply
nuclear physics, that kind of physics to understand how stars work, you find
out that the oldest star in the universe is about 13 billion years old. So their
universe is just a little bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if we done it and
counted in the other way around and said that the stars were older than the
universe, we would say science was in deep trouble. But it’s not, everything fits
together and we know how the universe began, we got to know how the way
it is. The future that it ‘ll suspects we don’t know quite well what’s going, but
we got some ideas, which are as good as those ideas we had 40 years ago
about how big bang happened.
62. When the 90’s was coming around, more and more normal people could get
online. Thanks to the UK, the invention of HTML allowed people to create a
wide variety of extraordinary works. During the first decade, people created
web pages, learning resources and other online contents without normal
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factors, such as fears, religious concerns, advertisement, profitability or
traditional promotion schemes. It is because they thought it was a good idea.
Today in our class, we will discuss hyper text markup language, popularly
known as HTML. It is the computer language device to allow website creation.
These websites can then be viewed by anyone else connected to the internet.
It is relatively easy to learn with the basics being accessible to most people
63. I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented
and most intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies
have many of the adventures in the world. That involves the companies' world.
It was the bosses' world. Now I think it reverses the case. We have a shortage
in talent base within countries and between countries, have an intense battle
between companies to hire the most talented workers and also between
countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented young
immigrants. We have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are
battled to keep out, and immigrants want to get in, climb of the walls. I think
the opposite isn't that the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to
lure bright young people to get them to go to universities and get them to
become immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a premium. There is a
shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of organizations, of
course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best and
the brightest. You know we have a baby boom population which is aging. We
have an economy which is becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those
sorts of reasons, talent is a premium.
64. The first inhabitants in Australia were the ancestors of the present indigenous
people. Whether these first migrations involved one or several successive
waves and distinct peoples is still subject to academic debate, as is its timing.
The minimum widely accepted time frame places presence of humans in
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Australia at 40,000 to 43,000 years Before Present, while the upper range
supported by others is 60,000 to 70,000 years BP. In any event, this migration
was achieved during the closing stages of the Pleistocene epoch, when sea
levels were typically much lower than they are today. Repeated episodes of
extended glaciation resulted in decreases of sea levels by some 100150 m.
The continental coastline therefore extended much further out into the Timor
Sea than it does today, and Australia and New Guinea formed a single
landmass (known as Sahul), connected by an extensive land bridge across the
Arafura Sea, Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait The ancestral Australian
Aboriginal peoples were thus long established and continued to develop,
diversify and settle through much of the continent. As the sea levels again
rose at the terminus of the most recent glacial period some 10,000 years ago
the Australian continent once more became a separated landmass. However,
the newly formed 150 km wide Torres Strait with its chain of islands still
provided the means for cultural contact and trade between New Guinea and
the northern Cape York Peninsula. During the 1970s and 1980s around 120,000
southern Asian refugees migrated to Australia. During those twenty years,
Australia first began to adopt a policy of what Minister of Immigration Al
Grassby termed "multiculturalism". In 2004-05, Australia accepted 123,000
new settlers, a 40% increase over the past 10 years. The largest number of
immigrants (40,000 in 200405) moved to Sydney. The majority of immigrants
came from Asia, led by China and India.
65. I wrote a letter last week talking about the work of the foundation, sharing
some of the problems. And Warren Buffet had recommended I do that --
being honest about what was going well, what wasn't, and making it kind of
an annual thing. A goal I had there was to draw more people in to work on
those problems, because I think there are some very important problems that
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548
don't get worked on naturally. That is, the market does not drive the scientists,
the communicators, the thinkers, the governments to do the right things. And
only by paying attention to these things and having brilliant people who care
and draw other people in can we make as much progress as we need to. So
this morning I'm going to share two of these problems and talk about where
they stand. But before I dive into those I want to admit that I am an optimist.
Any tough problem, I think it can be solved. And part of the reason I feel that
way is looking at the past. Over the past century, average lifespan has more
than doubled. Another statistic, perhaps my favorite, is to look at childhood
deaths. As recently as 1960, 110 million children were born, and 20 million of
those died before the age of five. Five years ago, 135 million children were
born -- so, more -- and less than 10 million of them died before the age of
five. So that's a factor of two reduction of the childhood death rate. It's a
phenomenal thing. Each one of those lives matters a lot.
66. Today the drilling rigs are operating in water that's three or four kilometres
deep. Tomorrow they could go deeper still. But at some stage global
production of oil will peak and begin a remorseless decline. The question is,
how soon? I'm sure that we're talking here, decades. So, we're not hitting peak
in 2010? We don't believe we are even in 2030. The worse case is that it's
occurring now or very soon because the world is unprepared. It's absolutely
unprepared. There are no quick fixes in something like this. is a world addicted
to cheap liquid energy facing the beginning of the end of the age of oil? In
the ever spreading suburbs of Australia's great cities where mortgages are
high and private transport indispensable, everyone's feeling the pinch.
67. OK. Another ancient Greek philosopher we need to discuss is Aristotle —
Aristotle's ethical theory. What Aristotle's ethical theory is all about is this:
he's
trying to show you how to be happy — what true happiness is. Now, why is he
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interested in human happiness? It's not just because it's something that all
people want to aim for. It's more than that. But to get there we need to first
make a very important distinction. Let me introduce a couple of technical
terms: extrinsic value and intrinsic value. To understand Aristotle's interest in
happiness, you need to understand this distinction. Some things we aim for
and value, not for themselves but for what they bring about in addition to
themselves. If I value something as means to something else, then it has what
we will call "extrinsic value", other things we desire and hold to be valuable for
themselves alone. If we value something not as means to something else, but
for its own sake, let us say that it has "intrinsic value", exercise. There may be
some people who value exercise for itself, but I don't. I value exercise because
if I exercise, I tend to stay healthier than I would if I didn't. So I desire to
engage in exercise and I value exercise extrinsically ... not for its own sake, but
as a means to something beyond it. It brings me good health.
68. A research on 7000 young students and children in the United Kingdom is
about how they participate in their communities, how they form values with
character education and what influence them most. The outcomes involve
parents, friends, schools and siblings, and researchers figure out which factors
are essential and more important than others. Successful schools depend on
the resources and support of their communities and schools at the centre of
their communities are often the most successful schools. In turn, schools are
vital to the social health of their local communities. Also, families are the first
social unit in which children learn and develop. Good parenting can take
different forms and be shaped by various social and cultural forces, but it
invariably involves providing children with the support, care, love, guidance
and protection that set the conditions for healthy physical, mental and social
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development. The research has also attracted attention and interest from
many national policy makers and contacted me.
69. There are a number of possible purposes for a social network. You now have a
good understanding of how to analyze the basic characteristics of your social
network or that of another individual. Network is a social relationship which
helps transfer information such as travelling from one place to another. It also
helps people get to different destinations more quickly if they need to travel in
a long distance or two destinations. It is suitable for old cities with highdensity
population like Paris. There are thousands of trips and too many
travelers everyday in Paris. The transportation network in Paris provides
thousands of public services and links them together. A good network can
help people with long-distance or multidestination trips. In cities with
highdensity population such as Paris, people would better carefully plan their
journeys by looking at the routes of the network in advance, to reduce the
density of commuters at the same time.
70. But if you were to go to a library at the end Of the 1300s, or through the
1400s,
you would probably find a book that was then, way more popular than those
titles we still read, a book that purported to be a description of the world, a
guide the traveling and distant lands of BC area and Almanac of everything
that was just off the horizon. I am not talking about Marco Polo. No, I'm talking
about something far, far weirder and far, far less tethered to reality, a volume
of medieval fantasy masquerading as a field guide called The Travels of Sir
John Mandeville, supposedly the titular night set out from England in the 1330s
and embarked on a journey that would take him to the Middle East, Africa
and Asia, though as it will become apparent, not a Middle East, not in Africa
and not an Asia that we would recognize here in reality. No Mandeville spoke
is not really about actually real foreign lands. It's about what European's
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thought that was just outside the bounds of their civilizations. It's about what's
beyond that mountain range that marks the borders of the lands you know.
It's about what medieval people thought the foreign looks like. And all of it is
mysterious, alluring, and intimidating unknown.
71. Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them on at a
time.
Child, when to start being a child? For many people, language acquisition
starts around about twelve months when kids say that first word, but don't
forget the first year. At the first year, our first year of life is very important
as
well and indeed before you are born, remember there are couple of months
before you are born, when you actually able to perceive in the womb,
something of the language that's around you. So language acquisition starts
earlier than most people think. And it also ends later than most people think.
When does child language acquisition stop? Well, in a sense, you know, we
are all children, we stay being children all in our lives. There is no obvious
endpoint for learning sounds, of course, there is for learning grammar, there is
for vocabulary, huh. I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives in million or
more words in English. Most of us only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70
thousand words, whatever it is until there is always something to learn. So
remember that two ends of child language acquisition are wider apart than
some people think. That means there is more scope for studying in it than
most people think.
72. The United States is considered the biggest food-wasting country in the
world. Consumers collectively throw away more than all the retailers together
in the US. In total, private US households waste around 43% of all food.
According to "Save the Food", a national public service campaign, this could
translate into an annual financial loss of $1,500 for a family of four. In fact,
over
40 million tons (36 million tonnes) of food ends up in landfills every year, worth
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more than $161 billion. 60% of food waste comes from general consumption.
There are two main sources of food waste. The majority of food waste comes
from supermarkets, especially in the used-by section. The other factor is what
people purchase and how they eat, so purchasing all items is not a good
idea. Avoiding food waste efficiently along the supply chain and in all our
households can result in a win-win scenario. Halving food waste could help
meet the demand for nutrition of our growing population, and equally
minimize the negative environmental effects of agriculture.
73. Mars is the fourth planet from the sun and the second smallest planet in the
solar system after Mercury, named after the Roman god of the war. It is often
referred to as a red planet because the iron oxide prevalent on its surface
gives it a reddish appearance. Mars is a terrestrial planet with a thin
atmosphere, having surface features reminiscence both of the impact crater
of the moon, and the volcanoes, valleys, deserts, and polar ice caps of the
earth. The rotational period and the season cycles of the Mars are likewise
similar of those of earth, as it was the tilt that produce the seasons. Mars is
the site of the Olympus Mons, the largest volcano and the second largest
known mountain in the solar system, and the Valles Marineris, one of the
largest canyon in the solar system. Until the first successful Mars flyby in 1965
by Mariner 4, many speculated about the presence of the liquid water on the
planet surface. This was based on observed periodic variation in the light and
the dark patches, particularly in the polar latitude, which appeared to be
seas and continents. Geological evidence gathered by the unmanned mission
suggested that Mars once had large scale of water coverage on the surface
on some earlier stages existence.
74. Both fruits and milk contain sugar, and this sugar is healthy sugar. Many
people have heard that sugar is bad, and think that this must also therefore
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apply to fruits. Unhealthy sugar is normally found in desserts, ice cream etc. It's
much easier to consume excess sugar from foods and drinks that contain 'free
sugars'. Free sugars include these same sugars, but in this case they have
been removed from their naturally occurring source, rather than being eaten
as natural parts of fruits, dairy products, and some vegetables and grains.
This includes sugar that is added to food and drinks by food companies,
cooks or consumers. Many people drink juices, and this is a healthy approach.
But directly eating fruits is better, because the human body can process it
easily. It is better to eat a small piece of fruit, which our bodies can digest
better rather than drink smoothies or more than half a cup of fruit juice
because it is the same as drinking soft drinks.
75. The research shows that girls have a higher level of English results than boys
in
the same class, because boys and girls are different in learning styles, and
their brain functions are different in mechanisms. Male students were
detected to be significantly more aware of the developments in the field of
physics than female students. According to the content analysis results
concerning this finding, unlike female students male students were more
interested in technological developments. This finding is not surprising when
the passive social role of females and the general social structure in which
they tend to more sociable fields are considered. This finding may have
occurred due to the fact that males are generally more interested in
technology than females. Previous studies support this finding. Boys are more
simplified, and teachers' teaching style normally suits girls better than boys.
Teachers should find different teaching approaches respectively for boys and
girls.
76. Approach and avoidance motivation is composed of three conceptually
distinct components. Approach indicates a propensity to move toward (or
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maintain contact with) a desired stimulus, such as vocational plans.
Avoidance indicates a propensity to move away from (or maintain distance
from) an undesired stimulus in order to reduce anxiety. Motivation is defined as
the energization and direction of behavior. The valence of stimuli is at the core
of the distinction between approach and avoidance, with positively valenced
stimuli typically leading to approach and negatively valenced stimuli typically
leading to avoidance. Stimuli can be external or internal, implicit or explicit,
conscious or non-conscious.
77. We have briefly looked at some of the problems involved in running a biggish
city like, say, Melbourne, keeping the road and rail systems running, policing,
providing food and housing, and so on. In another lecture, I'm going to deal
with what we must no megalopolis - cities with populations of ten million or
more. However, first I want to go back in history to when the population of
cities could be numbered in the thousands rather than millions. One of the
earliest theorists of the city was, of course, Plato, who created an ideal city in
his text, The Republic. The population of this city would be around twenty-five
to thirty thousand at most. Oddly enough, the same figures were chosen by
Leonardo da Vinci for his ideal cities. Now, of these twenty five to thirty
thousand inhabitants only about five thousand would be citizens. A reason for
this might be that it is the largest number that could be addressed publicly at
one time and by one person, and makes a voting system much easier to
manage. Also, perhaps the numbers are kept deliberately low because a
large population would be harder to control, or because, in practical terms,
fewer inhabitants are easier to feed from local supplies without having to
depend on outside sources.
78. Absolutism is referred to as the claim that there is a universally valid moral
system. Such a system applies to everyone, whether they realize it or not. Also,
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it contains rules, guidelines, and principles, which are all universal. It acts as
a
road map guiding individual and social behaviors. Some principles of
absolutism cannot be violated or betrayed, and they have wide acceptance
with no assumptions or exceptions. There is a boundary line that tells what is
right and what is wrong. The idea of absolutism is that nothing is dependent
on situations.
79. Australia is a vibrant, multicultural country. It is home to the world’s oldest
continuous cultures, as well as Australians who identify with more than 270
ancestries. It mentions that Australia has the oldest culture of residents and a
quarter of the people in Australia were born overseas. Migrants make an
enormous contribution to Australia’s economy and provide an estimated fiscal
benefit of over 10 billion dollars in their first ten years of settlement. Despite
legal protection, too many people in Australia continue to experience
prejudice and unfair treatment because of how they look or where they come
from. Most new migrants say they feel a strong sense of belonging to Australia
and that this feeling deepens over time. This rich, cultural diversity is one of
the Australian greatest strengths, although it has a negative effect, which we
do not emphasize in detail.
80. Well, I think the drugs we use are not taken seriously into account. Parents
leave their drugs all over the place at home but their children may
accidentally take these drugs before they know it. And soon many children fall
victim to accidents. Now, this must be avoided at all cost. One way of
preventing accidents is to put drugs in closed boxes. Also, parents can firmly
close the lid really well. I am sure kids would not be able to reach it. Another
problem we find in mismanagement of drugs is how these medicines can be
allergic to many people. We have to remember different drugs have different
resistance and duration. That is extremely dangerous if someone takes a
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wrong drug. So what are the ways we can stop this from happening? Well, I
suggest we introduce the course, which will primarily improve the misuse of
drugs and greatly improve our Iives.
81. The travels of Sir John Mandeville first saw the light of day in the mid-13th
century and states in the introduction that it’s intended as a guidebook for
pilgrims venturing to the Holy Land. Unfortunately, most of the guidebook
information is wildly out-of-date. The travels of John Mandeville, despite
posing as a guidebook, is actually just a sort of combination of many
elevenths and twelfth century sources. Mandeville ripped pieces from one
source bits from another and put them together in a big melting pot and one
continuous narrative. A storyteller at heart, Mandeville quickly leaves the
guidebook behind and starts spinning tales. Now based on events described
within the travels of John Mandeville we can say fairly definitively that it was
written after 1360 which would seem to jive with the 1366 date that Mandeville
gifts for when he finished his narrative. Now while there is no original
manuscript known to survive we do have a very early copy from 1371. It was
written in French although it’s heavily peppered with Anglicanism, suggesting
that the book was written in English initially and later translated to French. The
15th century copy of the work says it was originally written in Latin, translated
into French and then translated into English that it might reach men of all
parts of the world but this seems to be a much later edition. The work was
quickly translated into all the dialects and languages of Europe, French,
Spanish, Dutch, German, Bohemia and even Gaelic. We have three early
English manuscripts although they’re all post 14 hundred but to give
something of an indication of how popular Mandeville’s work was. We do have
over 300 surviving manuscripts versions of the travels of John Mandeville, as
opposed to only 77 of Marco Polo. Now all of this is in an aged Pre Guttenberg
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so that should give you some sort of indication of just exactly how much these
works spread.
82. I'm fascinated by the extent to which sharing economy platforms like Uber
and Airbnb are getting Americans to trust each other again. Over the last 40
years, the level of trust in society has fallen quite dramatically. Less than 1 in
5
Americans under the age of 35 today feel that people are trustworthy in
general. But in parallel, we've developed a heightened level of trust in
strangers who we meet through a digital interface. There's a generation that
has grown up reading Yelp reviews, reading Amazon reviews, making their
consumption choices based on what strangers on a digital platform say. And
so someone who we interact with who comes accompanied by online reviews,
a Facebook and LinkedIn profile, and other digital cues seems to be someone
we'll trust at the level of friends and family. What excites me about this
transition is that through history every time society has created a new basis
for trust, it has expanded the economy dramatically. So, I'm looking forward to
seeing, as we trust our Uber drivers more, how this expands the world's
economic activities and the possibilities for trade.
83. When you are facing a complex problem or trying to do something bold, start
with a smaller version of the larger problem. You might have to break it into
several manageable minor problems to solve one at a time, and then put
them together. Focus exclusively on that small problem and solve it. Use the
answers to this small issue to expand your knowledge of the larger issue.
Repeat. If you take a look around, you can see this pattern playing out
everywhere. Some examples are given. When you watch the world, you have
to look at the relations within the world. When you understand the world, a
few things are in relation to each other. When you study different disciplines,
they are related to one another. For example, if we study a family, culture,
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religion and politics need to be concerned. Without relation, we can't
understand population changes. You should fit these disciplines into a larger
picture.
84. The glass ceiling is an idea familiar to many. It refers to the invisible
barrier
that seems to exist in many fields and which prevents women from achieving
senior positions. Less well-known, but arguably a more pernicious problem, is
the 'glass cliff'. Originally recognized by academics Michelle Ryan and Alex
Haslam back in 2005, this is the phenomenon of women making it to the
boardroom but finding themselves disproportionately represented in
untenable leadership positions. Ryan and Haslam presented evidence that
women were indeed starting to secure seats at boardroom tables. But the
problem was that their positions were inherently unstable. These women
would then find themselves in an unsustainable leadership position from which
they would be ousted with evidence of apparent failure. The title of their
paper sums it up: women are over‐represented in precarious leadership
positions. Subsequent research in an array of environments has demonstrated
that this is not an isolated issue, nor is it unique to certain industries or
geographical locations. It reveals that women in top leadership positions
seem to be routinely handed inherently unsolvable problems.
85. Women systematically underestimate their own abilities. If you test men and
women and you ask them questions on totally objective criteria, like GPAs,
men get it wrong slightly high, and women get it wrong slightly low. Women
do not negotiate for themselves in the workforce. A study in the last two years
of people entering the workforce out of college showed that 57% of boys
entering or men, I guess, are negotiating for salary, and only 7% of women.
And most importantly, men attribute their success to themselves and women
attribute it to other external factors. If you ask men why they did a good job,
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they'll say, I'm awesome. If you ask, obviously. Why are you even asking? If you
ask women why they did a good job? What they'll say is someone helped
them they got lucky, they worked really hard. Why does this matter? Boy, it
matters a lot. Because no one gets to the corner office by sitting on the side,
not at the table, and no one gets the promotion if they don't think they
deserve their success, or they don't even understand their own success.
86. Theater study is a difficult subject in the academy because it cannot be
experimental and it is a mixture of literature and personal life experience.
Theatre should show pure lives, although there will be new actors or directors.
It is also a collection of different skills, such as writing and singing. To
succeed
in this subject, you need the knowledge of linguistics, sociology, archeology,
physics, psychology, and philosophy. Theater study is interdisciplinary, and
you need to be a linguist and archaeologist to fully understand theater study.
If we move everything away, there are some intellectual and distinctive things
left. What makes theater study distinctive is that it is an ongoing project that
requires a study lifespan of 60 to 70 years.
87. We appear to take it as a rule, or as a law of nature, that each species is
adapted to the climate of its own home. For example, species from the Arctic,
or even a temperate region, could not survive in a tropical climate, nor could a
tropical species last long if it found itself at the South Pole. But it is true to
say
there’s too much emphasis placed on the degree of adaptation of species to
the climates where they live. We assume that this adaptation – if all species
are descended from a single form – must have taken place over millions of
years, yet a large number of plants and animals brought from different
countries remain perfectly healthy in their new home. Also, there are several
examples of animal species that have extended their range, within historical
times, from warmer to cooler latitudes and the other way round. Rats and
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mice provide good examples: they have been transported by man to many
parts of the world and now have a far wider range than any other rodent, and
they can be found living in the cold climate of the Faroe Islands to the north
through the tropical zones to the Falklands in the south. It is possible to see
adaptation to any climate as a quality that is part of an inborn flexibility of
the physical and mental constitution of most animals. Therefore, the ability to
survive in the most different climates by both man and his domestic animals,
and the fact that elephants once existed in an ice age while living species live
in tropical areas, should not be seen as deviations from the rule, but as
examples of this flexibility being brought into action under particular
circumstances.
88. So, in the seller's market, what marketing tends to be is what we call product
focus market. You have the product. If the customers want it, they're going to
come to you. In that case, you should develop that product to the best of
your ability. You should innovate in that product, you should try to reduce cost
and you should really focus on the product. Your business objective in a
product-focused market is to sell as much as you can, and profitability from a
product-focused market is going to come from volume.
Selling as much as you can. In the past when we've studied product focus
market, we've shown that profitability is tied to market share. So market share
becomes your business objective. And why does market share increase
profitability? Because the bigger your market share, the more your revenues.
And the bigger your market share, and your volume, the lower the product
cost and hint profitability. Higher revenues, lower cost, more profit. That's
really
the goal of a product focused market and when you're product focused,
where do you get growth? Will you develop new products based on your
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product experience or you go to new markets? That's product focused
marketing.
89. Today, I would like to focus on some of the important features of academic
writing. The quality is the first most aspect of any writing. When you write
about history, you need half the same quality as journal writing. They are both
similar. When you are writing academic and journal papers, you might
consider some of these factors. Both require resources and evidence as well
as writing style. Furthermore, the attention of logic in writing is also important.
One thing that puzzles me is that there is no clear connection between history
and journal writing, but somehow, they are so much alike.
90. We appear to take it as a rule, or as a law of nature, that each species is
adapted to the climate of its own home. For example, species from the Arctic,
or even a temperate region, could not survive in a tropical climate, nor could a
tropical species last long if it found itself at the South Pole. But it is true to
say
there’s too much emphasis placed on the degree of adaptation of species to
the climates where they live. We assume that this adaptation – if all species
are descended from a single form – must have taken place over millions of
years, yet a large number of plants and animals brought from different
countries remain perfectly healthy in their new home. Also, there are several
examples of animal species that have extended their range, within historical
times, from warmer to cooler latitudes and the other way round. Rats and
mice provide good examples: they have been transported by man to many
parts of the world and now have a far wider range than any other rodent, and
they can be found living in the cold climate of the Faroe Islands to the north
through the tropical zones to the Falklands in the south. It is possible to see
adaptation to any climate as a quality that is part of an inborn flexibility of
the physical and mental constitution of most animals. Therefore, the ability to
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survive in the most different climates by both man and his domestic animals,
and the fact that elephants once existed in an ice age while living species live
in tropical areas, should not be seen as deviations from the rule, but as
examples of this flexibility being brought into action under particular
91. Machiavelli lived from 1469 to 1527. The philosopher Bertrand Russell referred
to
Machiavelli's most well-known book, The Prince, as "a gangster’s handbook".
And while there's no doubt that certain people have read and used it as such,
I think that if we put it into the context of when it was written, which was Italy,
especially Florence, in the 15th and 16th centuries, it will be easier to judge
Machiavelli's reasons for writing it. Now, the Italy of that period was made up
of a number of city states, often at war with each other. Add to that threats
from foreign powers, especially France, and it was a very unstable and
dangerous situation. Machiavelli loved his home city, Florence, and wanted to
protect its culture, history and above all independence at all costs. One way
to do this was to establish an army of Florentines loyal to the city state of
Florence. Much of Machiavelli's career was taken up with this issue. It must be
remembered, though, that he led an active civic life, was deeply into politics,
and was an ambassador for Florence. In this way, he got to meet and observe
some of the key players of the time and through this came to understand the
nature of power and how to hold on to it. The prince was an attempt to teach
Florence the lessons he had learnt.
92. Today I would like to talk about a book in this class. This book focuses on
architecture design in London. Not just any place in London. It is in the West
side of London called West Street of London. The architecture made a very
poor design of the buildings there. This can cause a mood swing. An awful
design of the building can have a negative influence on people’s mood. If you
want some beautiful designs, then you must visit Stanford and Frankfurt. They
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are good examples of the best architectural designs. Different architects
have different perspectives on beauty, which is an arrogant word since is in
the eye of the beholder. One can write the … out in the play, but how one can
design bad and ugly buildings. Well, it is difficult for architects to realize a
bad
architectural design.
93. The preservation of embryos and juveniles is a rate occurrence in the fossil
record. The tiny, delicate skeletons are usually scattered by scavengers or
destroyed by weathering before they can be fossilized. Ichthyosaurs had a
higher chance of being preserved than did terrestrial creatures because, as
marine animals, they tended to live in environments less subject to erosion.
Still, their fossilization required a suite of factors: a slow rate of decay of
soft
tissues, little scavenging by other animals, a lack of swift currents and waves
to jumble and carry away small bones, and fairly rapid burial. Given these
factors, some areas have become a treasury of well-preserved ichthyosaur
fossils. The deposits at Holzmaden, Germany, present an interesting case for
analysis. The ichthyosaur remains are found in black, bituminous marine shales
deposited about 190 million years ago. Over the years, thousands of
specimens of marine reptiles, fish and invertebrates have been recovered
from these rocks. The quality of preservation is outstanding, but what is even
more impressive is the number of ichthyosaur fossils containing preserved
embryos. Ichthyosaurs with embryos have been reported from 6 different
levels of the shale in a small area around Holzmaden, suggesting that a
specific site was used by large numbers of ichthyosaurs repeatedly over time.
The embryos are quite advanced in their physical development; their paddles,
for example, are already well formed. One specimen is even preserved in the
birth canal. In addition, the shale contains the remains of many newborns that
are between 20 and 30 inches long. Why are there so many pregnant females
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and young at Holzmaden when they are so rare elsewhere? The quality of
preservation is almost unmatched and quarry operations have been carried
out carefully with an awareness of the value of the fossils. But these factors do
not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a
concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to
their time of giving birth.
94. So, happiness economics can help us get to these questions, and I'll try to
give you some examples of this. Now, even though there's a lot of skepticism,
originally about using this survey - surveys what people say make them
happy. The number of reason that we are getting increasingly confident in
doing so. One is that their consistent pattern - remarkable consistent pattern,
determines well-being across large samples of people, across countries,
across the world, and over time. Some of the basic things that make people
happy, and I will show you some of these income health, marital status,
employment status. Some of these very basic things are remarkably
consistent across countries across world. So that gives us some sense that
these surveys are picking up consistent patterns. And when we know what
consistent patterns are, we can look how other things that very much more,
affect people's well-being. The environment and equality, the nature's
institution raging on living, and all kinds of other things that very much more.
95. English, as you have already read, is not a pure language. I don't think there
really are any pure languages in the world. But English is definitely not a pure
language. English, in fact, has borrowed from over 350 languages in its history.
So, it's a variety of many languages. Some people say it’s like a dog, a
mongrel dog, a dog that has been made up of many different dogs. The
English language is like that. By looking at the history of the English language
we learn about the history of the English people. The two things are closely
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connected. So, in fact, today we are not only learning about language but we
are learning about history. The fact that English has borrowed words from
over 350 languages has been viewed differently throughout history. So, for
example in Shakespeare's time people were very angry about words which
were not, they thought, original English words – words which came from other
languages, they didn’t like them.
96. Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it’s
showing
of how well the Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We
have had 15 years more or less of an uninterrupted economic growth during
which average earning has been raised by close to 90 percent. While over the
course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly
halved. That meant that the amount which a typical home buying household
can afford to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly applied as they used to
be had more than doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling
average household size has meant that the number of households looking for
accommodation has risen by about one and a half million. That’s around 200
thousand more than the number of dwellings has increased by. So, you have
had a substantial increase in the purchasing power of households. No net
increase in the supply of housing enhances all that addition purchasing power
has gone into pushing up the price of housing.
97. “But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home?” “There are a
number of dangers. Parents should know that leftover drugs are dangerous
because they may be accidentally ingested by children. Either adults don’t
keep the bottles properly closed and stored or because even many kids can
sometimes open childproof lids. Patients may use the drugs after their
expiration date. The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. For
example, someone may have a viral infection and self-prescribed to left over
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into microbial that was prescribed for a bacterial infection. But that drug will
have no effect as the viral infections. Drugs that are left over might be given
to or taken by someone else who may have a serious allergy to the medicine
and who for that reason would not be prescribed to medicine under the
supervision of a physician. Finally, inappropriate use of drugs promotes drug
resistance if the drug is taken for the wrong indication, the wrong duration, or
in the wrong dosage. “Todd, what can people do about this how can the
situation be improved?” “I think physicians, patients and parents of patients
can take steps to improve the situation. First of all, physicians should prescribe
the drug only when appropriate, only in the correct amount and only for the
correct duration. Also, the physician must stress to the patient that the full
course of the drug must be taken. This is recommended even if symptoms
resolved before the end of the prescription and parents of children on
antibiotics need to ensure they complete their course as well.”
98. So various conclusions. Yes, bees are in decline. These declines are
welldocumented. They are real and supported by good, strong scientific
evidence, which is the only of these counts. The drivers of decline on many
varied depending on species. The effects of pollinator loss could be
absolutely huge. So, is it a catastrophe? Not yet. But it could be. On the
positive side, we are aware of the problem. Awareness is being raised all the
time and people are taking actions. Before fixing is missing, you can recognize
the problem. At least it's been done.
99. Today, we'll discuss about abstraction, commonly known as description. There
are two methods of description. These are symbolic language and body
language. The abstraction is an important part for developing a computer.
This is originated from the symbolic system in the computer system. The origin
of symbolic system was developed when people try to communicate with
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each other. The symbolic language took communication to wider people and
popularity group. The other part of abstraction is the body language. People
accepted body language as well. The physical movement facilitates the
development of sign language, which popularly became hand words.
100. In my view, it's impossible not to talk about wildlife, and not think about
its role
in livelihood. And I guess part of that is my own view, part of the research that
I do in Africa. In most Eastern West Africa, I look at the role. All the humans
rely
on wildlife as the source of food, and also the source of income. And we talk
about our wildlife, if we talking about fish, we are talking about what is
probably the single most important source of protein for human that across
the globe. And, so, billions of, or more than a billion of people rely on fish as
their primary source of animal protein, and most of these people living in
poverty. So, the management of fish resource of wildlife in that sense causing
incredibly important to livelihoods and health. And also, wildlife tourism is the
multiple billion dollars' industry, and in many places, such as Africa, South
America, it can be the No.1 source of income. It can be the No.1 source of
foreign income for economies.
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1. Obviously, this is all relevant to your final assignment . So we're going to
talk
about it. So until today, we've gone through face to face interviews as the
main sort of part of interviewing the window. Today we're going to have a look
at going to use an email and why they work, why they don't necessarily work,
and what are the challenges and some of the things that we need to be
understanding, you know when we are completing such interpreters. So let's
start with the foreign one. Obviously, there are a few benefits to them, and
they are listed there up on that slide. It's obviously less stressful for those of
you who might be a little bit anxious about interviewing.
2. Dams are huge man-made structures that act as barriers on a river. Today,
the main reason people build dams is to produce electricity. They are also
built to restrict and control the flow of water in a river. Throughout history,
dams have been used to prevent flooding and to irrigate farmland. Dams
supply about a sixth of the world's electricity and they significantly reduce the
risk of floods and droughts . They also make water easier to access,
especially in desert like areas, where water is in low supply. There are however,
some negative effects of damming rivers. Many people's homes are knocked
down to make space for the dam, and flooding can occur in the reservoir,
which is the area behind the dam where water collects . This can cause
valuable farmland to become submerged under the lakes.
3. Another way in which the industry exerts pressure on doctors is by offering us
a variety of professional services. In one of these services, widely advertised
to GPs, a company representative shows the Practice Manager how to use a
company disk to ‘trawl’ through the practice database identifying patients
FILL IN THE BLANKS
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with problems which might be treatable with the company’s products. When
that has been done, a company-sponsored nurse interviews the selected
patients and draws up a management plan for the GP which, if approved by
the doctor, attracts a Medicare item number. One of these companies
proudly announces that over 65,000 patients were assessed in this way in
2005. What, one may ask, is a pharmaceutical company doing assessing
patients? It is surprising that no government or professional body has stepped
in to prevent this commercially sponsored program.
4. It is about a hundred years since that great Canadian-born physician Sir
William Osler, Regius Professor of Medicine in Oxford, complained about the
increasing influence of the pharmaceutical industry on the medical profession
. He would be turning in his grave at the way the industry now dominates
doctors' prescribing habits. It does this not only by direct and indirect
pressure on the doctors themselves, but also by encouraging the public to
ask for scripts.
5. And one particular crop, almond in the US and now in Australia, is
transforming the world of beekeeping and of bees. What has happened is
that something serendipitous came along that people found out, that doctors
found out that almonds are good for you, a confection but it's good for you.
The Almond Board got a very aggressive promotion going on for almonds.
They actually, I just heard recently, send out sales reps to cardiologists at
hospitals to promote the heart benefits of almonds. In a very good promotion
of almonds, and it's legitimate promotion because they are a healthy food.
6. Well, the simple explanation might be that yesterday's sudden drop in share
prices pretty much across the board has created what market analysts like to
call a buying opportunity. It tends to bring out investors to pick through the
ruins, looking for bargains Decision by investors that sellers got a little carried
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away with things so the buyers have lifted all the major indexes today. The
Dow, the NASDAQ, the S&P 500 were all up around half a percent in early
trading today, and that wasn't a big surprise. The sell-off continued
somewhat overseas European markets remain fairly weak, along with many of
the Asian markets. But you'll remember that all this started with a big plunge
of around 9 percent on the stock market in Shanghai. Well, Chinese
rebounded by around 4 percent.
7. Well, I'm absolutely delighted first of all to have been appointed to this
professorship. The role is going to be about public engagement in science, it is
about marketing science accessible to as wide an audience as possible, it's
about making it easier for our academics here at the University of
Birmingham to talk about their research to the general public and it's not just
about a one-way flow of information, it very much is about dialogue.
8. My current research at the moment is really quite broad. I work at the
interface between the Arts and Humanities, particularly archeology, but trying
to find questions which are difficult to answer unless you start integrating
computing and visualization So really, I work in this boundary between trying
to understand cultural questions about the past, but those sorts of questions
that you can't address unless you start reconstructing, start modeling and
visualizing past landscapes objects and movement of people.
9. Rebuilding carbon-rich agriculture soils is the only real productive, permanent
solution to taking excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. She’s
frustrated that scientists and politicians don’t see the same opportunities she
sees. This year Australia will emit just over 600 million tonnes of carbon. We
can sequester 685 million tonnes of carbon by increasing soil carbon by half a
percent on only 2% of the farms. If we increased it on all of the farms, we could
sequester the whole world’s emissions of carbon.
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10. These two paintings, both called “Sunflowers,” are generally accepted as the
finest of several depictions of the thick-stemmed, nodding blooms that Van
Gogh made in 1888 and 1889 during his time in Arles. The first is now in the
collection of the National Gallery in London, and the second is in the Van
Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. Van Gogh referred to this work as a repetition
of the London painting. But art historians and curators have long been
curious to know how different this “repetition” is from the first. Should it be
considered a copy, an independent artwork or something in between? An
extensive research project conducted over the past three years by
conservation experts at both the National Gallery and the Van Gogh Museum
has concluded that the second painting was “not intended as an exact copy
of the original example,” said Ella Hendriks, a professor of conservation and
restoration at the University of Amsterdam, who was the lead researcher on
the project.
11. Jack Nicholson, playing the crazed caretaker in The Shining, makes me reach
for a blanket. Now a study finds that people we find, well, creepy can actually
make us feel colder. The research will be published in the journal
Psychological Science. Researchers interviewed 40 college undergraduates.
During each interaction, the experimenter was either chummy with the
student or very stiff and professional. The investigator also alternated
between mimicking students' posture – a signal of rapport – and not doing
anything at all. Participants then completed a questionnaire designed to find
out how hot or cold they felt. The results showed that the subjects actually felt
colder when the investigator acted inappropriately or sent mixed signals. The
researchers conjecture that because the brain tries to interpret social cues
and purely physical ones simultaneously people unconsciously associate icy
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stares and chilly interactions with actual physical coldness. So the next time
you have to visit your doctor with the creepy receptionist bring a sweater.
12. An economist sees the world basically through a typical micro-economic
toolkit. That involves things like thinking at the margin, rationality, opportunity
cost, trade-offs. Economists like any other discipline rules, and its own way of
seeing the world. So basically economics, or economists in general tend to
apply micro-economic concepts like that to explain the way humans behave
and to make predictions about the future.
13. Finally, we take a look at how to mix and unmix liquids at the flick of a
switch.
Sandrine tells us more. Oil and water don't usually mix, but the new chemical
sensitive to light has been added here to blend them together. When
exposed to UV light, the chemical changes its structure and become soluble
in water. This causes two layers to form with the oil floating on top of the
water chemical combo. This method should be cheaper than the current
alternative which involves using high energy centrifuges.
14. What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a
combination of the Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering that
came out last summer, identifies two topics. Nano science is the study of
phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and
macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those as a
larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization, production
and application of structures , devices and systems by controlling shape and
size at the nanometer scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about
what a nanometer is, but loosely speaking people think of nanotechnologies
as being a sort of a hundred nanometers or less.
15. Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in frenzied trading market by further
selling of equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At
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the same time trading in the European credit markets in London was
exceptionally heavy as traders frantically reassessed their appetite for
riskprompting wild swings in the prices of the key derivatives. It was the third
day
of frenetic activity in the European credit markets, suggesting that equity
market swings were prompting a wider repositioning of investors in a host of
asset classes.
16. For many years the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was
that a shift in ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These
currents, called the overturning circulation bring warm water and warm
temperatures north from the equator to Europe. Susan Loosier, an
oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that this
ocean circulation could be disrupted.
17. Along the way, we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which
have won and been runner-up in the prestigious United Nations World
Habitat Award: the first time an Australian building has received that
international honor. We rely on older concepts of Australian architecture that
are heavily influenced by the bush. All residents have private verandas which
allow them to socialize outdoors and also creates some "defensible space"
between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural or soft
materials and build beautiful landscaped gardens.
18. In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal
cord called the central contract pattern generator (CPG). This produces
signals that drive muscles to contract rhythmically in a way that produces
running or walking, depending on the pattern of pulse. A simple signal from
the brain instructs the CPG to switch between modes such as going from a
standstill to walking.
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19. Laurence Stephen Lowry RBS RA was an English artist. Many of his drawings
and paintings depict Pend Ledbury, Lancashire, where he lived and worked
for more than 40 years, and also Salford and its surrounding areas. Lowry is
famous for painting scenes of life in the industrial districts of North West
England in the mid-20th century. He developed a distinctive style of painting
and is best known for his city landscapes peopled with human figures often
referred to as matchstick man. He painted mysterious unpopulated
landscapes, brooding portraits and the unpublished "marionette" works,
which were only found after his death.
20. Now that story's been scotched, as only part of contingency planning. But it
was a symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it
flushed out other remarks from water academics and people like Tim
Flannery, indicating that things were really much worse than had been
foreshadowed , even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone some whole
regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast
amount of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something
many of us outside the State may not have quite realized. Is their
predicament something we have to face up to as a nation?
21. All around the world, significant parts of our cultural heritage are by
pollution,
neglect, carelessness and greed. In learning the importance of our history, we
come to understand the need to protect significant remains from the past so
that future generations can come to understand their heritage.
22. For a long time now, it's been a widely accepted and rarely questioned belief
that a strong corporate culture goes hand in hand with success. However, a
recent study has cast some doubt on this principle. After all, the authors of
the report argue for culture. A company's build-up may be strong, but wrong.
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There is little point in every employee marching to the same tune if they are
all marching in the wrong direction.
23. Also, malaria is something that is a very complex disease with this complex
life
cycle. That means that if you're going to eliminate it, you have to be able to
target cute parasites and humans. You have to be able to target parasites in
the mosquitoes, that mosquito population. And so that requires a lot of
resources. It requires really good planning and a health system across all
these different levels. And so I think the political capital that you need for
that, the educational infrastructure you need for that, the economic
resources you need for that are quite a challenge.
24. There are some common reasons to explain why early civilizations developed
in different places and different times around the world. Each ancient
civilization that has been discovered developed in places where there was a
reliable water supply (usually on the banks of major rivers), and where the soil
was fertile enough to grow crops.
25. We can gain an accurate knowledge of the past only if we know the age of
the different sources being investigated. Without this information, historians
and archaeologists could not be sure of the order in which different areas
were settled, used and abandoned. They would not always be sure if a
particular object was real or forgery.
26. Historians can represent events that have happened in past centuries on a
timeline, showing the four major periods of human history. A timeline is a good
way to help us get history into perspective. It shows events from the past in a
clear chronological order – that is, from the earliest to the latest event.
27. Archaeologists look for clues that indicate that an area is worth digging up.
Clues may come from the writings of someone in the past who has described
the existence of a particular town or burial site. Sometimes sites are
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accidentally discovered during excavation for the construction of buildings,
roads, dams or railways.
28. Mobile applications are using third-party data collection and advertising
tools in order to monetize those applications. It happens across all types of
apps, including ones that users may find fairly sensitive, like health and fitness,
and wellness applications.
29. Ebola virus, the bacteria that causes plague, a pandemic strain of flu – if any
of these pathogens could be turned into bioweapons by terrorists or rogue
nation states, they would threaten humanity. Most life scientists have little
awareness of biosecurity issues, according to a National Academies report
released today. And it says there are “multiple shortcomings” in the systems
designed to stop potentially risky research from being published.
30. A new process for 3D-printing things could pave the way for lighter, faster
aircraft that potentially fly further on the same amount of fuel. Today’s
airplanes are held together with thousands of metal rivets and fasteners.
That’s because the lightweight but strong aluminum alloys used for their
frames are considered unwieldable. Try to weld them and you get a
phenomenon called hot-cracking, in which the finished alloy weakens and
fractures as it cools. This and other adverse welding effects also stand in the
way of 3D-printing high-strength aluminum alloy parts. When researchers
have tried, the resulting laser-fused mass flakes away at the welding area like
a stale biscuit.
31. Popular ride-sharing firm Uber has had its license to operate in London
revoked in a surprise move by the city’s regulator. There were multiple reasons
for the decision. TfL cited the company’s approach to reporting criminal
offences. In August, a senior officer within London’s Metropolitan Police Service
wrote to TfL about Uber’s slowness to report a passenger’s accusation that
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her driver had sexually assaulted her. TfL said it was also concerned about
how Uber obtained medical certificates and criminal records checks for
drivers. The straw that broke the camel’s back may have been the company’s
“Greyball” software – an internal application that Uber may have used to
block regulators’ oversight of the Uber app.
32. All earthquakes look the same when they start, making it unlikely we will be
able to predict which will cause the most devastation from early
observations. Early warning systems rely on seismometers picking up tremors
and sounding the alarm for nearby cities before major shaking starts. Even a
few seconds’ warning can make a lot of difference, both for individual people
and for organizations like hospitals. For example, Mexico’s early warning
system gave everyone a 10 to 15 second heads-up before Tuesday’s
magnitude 7.1 earthquake.
33. Another arm of the United States government was the FSA, the Farm Security
Administration, and they had a peculiar task, because in addition to the
Depression, which had obviously hit farmers quite hard because suddenly the
material that they were producing wasn't really as value, yet their costs for
producing it were exactly the same, they were hit not only that but also by
another problem which was the Dust Bowl; and the Dust Bowl was this terrible
broad that hit the American West and Southwest especially, and caused
terrible economic problems for those farmers.
34. I'm going to argue that the tremendous increases in productivity that we
associate with the industrial revolution originate not so much from changes in
science or technology or new inventions, where England was far from unique
as from changes in attitudes, attitudes towards morality, towards what
constituted the good. Attitudes towards property, which became in England
individuals long before it did on the continent. Attitudes toward the proper
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role of government. And together, these attitudes constitute much of what
the Luddites were protesting against.
35. We are trying to understand the locomotion of one of our closest living
relatives, which is the orangutan, and also the locomotion of all of the apes
and the common ancestor of humans and the other apes. And in that area,
we have had a big problem traditionally, and that we know a lot about how
they move around the forest. I've been out to the forest and spent a year
recording the different types of locomotion they use, but we have no idea
about the energetic cost of how they move around the forest and the
solutions that they find to problems of moving around the canopy. And what
we're doing here is using the park or athletes as an analogy for a large
bodied ape moving around a complex environment and getting them to
move around in the course that we've made that they've never seen before.
And we're going to record their energetic expenditure while they're doing it.
36. Asteroid collisions can be – just ask the dinosaurs – but they also bring key
ingredients for life. Super-Earths can draw them to nearby worlds. SuperEarths –
planets that are up to 10 times more massive than Earth — might play
billiards with planetary systems. New simulations suggest that if a super-Earth
existed in our own solar system, say between Venus and the Earth, far more
asteroids would collide with us. But that isn’t necessarily a bad thing, if the
timing is right. Understanding the effect of these massive planets on others
nearby could help direct the search for life on exoplanets.
37. If you have paraskevidekatriaphobia, today is not your day. That’s right,
paraskevidekatriaphobia is fear of Friday the 13th and the accidents, mishaps
and misfortunes thought by some to occur on that day. But is there anything
really to fear? In fact, a study was conducted and published back in 1993 in
the British Medical Journal that looked at hospital admissions due to
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accidents on one Friday the 13th compared with the previous Friday the 6th.
The researchers tracked traffic on a highway in one area and found that
many fewer cars were on the road on the 13th. Perhaps due to people being
leery of driving on that day. But hospital admissions in that area due to traffic
accidents was actually higher. Forty-five people were admitted on the 6th but
65 people were admitted on the 13th. The researchers concluded that a few
people were indeed unlucky. On that Friday the 13th. In that part of England.
Then again, what you really needed for this study was a control group that
stays home, only to slip in the bathtub.
38. It’s tough to pick a familiar face out of a crowd — but focusing on a known
voice in a noisy room is easy. And a new study scanned volunteers ‘brains to
look at how we solve the so-called cocktail party problem. The work is in the
journal Nature. Researchers recorded the activity of the subject’s cerebral
cortexes while playing them sentences spoken by different voices. First, the
subjects listened to individual sentences and reported key features of each
one. Then, they heard two different sentences played at the same time, but
had to listen to and recall details from only one voice. Each voice drew a
particular response from the auditory cortex. And even with an extra sentence
playing simultaneously researchers saw that the cortex responded
specifically to the voice that the subject was focusing on. This finding
indicates that our brains process sound based not only on the audio input
they receive-, but also on our listening goals. And it could lead to speech
recognition systems that are accurate in crowds — even at a cocktail party.
39. Tens of millions of sharks are killed for their fins each year. It’s not just a
tragic
abuse of the animals. It’s bad business. “They’re basically swimming dollar
signs, whether you’re trying to kill them for their meat or their fins or you’re
interested in looking at them for ecotourism.” That’s Austin Gallagher, a
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doctoral student at the University of Miami. I spoke with him on February 26th.
“We did some calculations and the results were remarkable. We determined
that the average shark was worth about $200,000 over the course of its life.
And when you compare it to finning that animal — a one-time extractive use
— seeing it for diving is worth about 40 percent more.” Gallagher and his
doctoral advisor Neil Hammerschlag published the study last year in Current
Issues in Tourism. “Since this paper came out, I got an e mail from somebody in
Bali just a weeks ago saying, ‘We’re using your paper to stop illegal harvest of
thresher sharks in Bali at a local dive community.'”
40. Obese people have higher risks for diabetes heart disease, arthritis — and
injuries in car accidents? Yes, in part because they’re far less likely to wear a
seat belt. That’s the finding of a study out of the University of Buffalo that will
be presented at an upcoming meeting of the Society for Academic
Emergency Medicine in Chicago. The researchers analyzed data in the
national Fatality Analysis Reporting System of the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration. The study included a third of-a million drivers involved
in fatal crashes. Two years ago, the research group found that morbidly
obese people were 56 percent more likely to die in a car crash than normal
weight car occupants. The new study revealed that drivers of normal weight
are 67 percent more likely to wear a seat belt than are obese drivers — which
could account for at least part of the increased death risk. The researchers
hypothesize that overweight people find belts uncomfortable and difficult to
buckle. A weight loss program can address the problem in the long run. An
inexpensive seat belt extension can solve it today.
41. Does your puppy turn his nose up at his own chow- because he wants some
of whatever it is that you’re having? A new study finds that, when it comes to
food, dogs recognize human social signals about what’s good. The work is in
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the journal Public Library of Science ONE. Researchers let pet dogs choose
between two plates, one with a single piece of food and the other with six
pieces. Unsurprisingly the animals generally went for the larger portion. But
when a human being showed a clear liking for the smaller plate, the canines
likewise went for the skimpier choice. The dogs apparently recognized and
responded to the humans ‘social cues. And not all cues were equally effective.
When the human approached but did not touch the smaller portion, dogs
ignored the attention drawing gesture. For a social signal to influence
behavior, it had to demonstrate intention. And the most effective cues also
involved communication such as looking from the food to the dog and back
while talking encouragingly. For dogs, choosing a bite may depend on
another’s bark.
42. That brings us to the CEO's second duty: building everyone or more
accurately, building the senior team. All the executives report to the CEO, so
it's the CEO's job to hire, fire, and manage the executive team. From
coaching CEOs, I actually think this is the most important skill of all. Because
when a CEO hires an excellent senior team, that team can keep the company
running. When a CEO hire a poor senior team, the CEO is up spending all of
their time trying to do with the team, and not nearly enough time trying to do
with other elements of their job. The senior team can and often does develop
the strategy for the company, but ultimately it's always the CEO who has the
final 'go-no-go' decision on strategy.
43. Doctors know a lot about prescribing medications. “Take two brisk walks and
call me in the morning. “But for many patients, a light get-moving plan might
be just what the doctor should have ordered. Many of us aren’t exactly in
peak physical condition. But a large number of people are actually
deconditioned. So says the Mayo Clinic’s Michael Joyner in an essay in The
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Journal of Physiology. After surgery, illness, pregnancy or extended inactivity
for any reason, people might feel faint or fatigued when they try even mild
exercise. These signs, Joyner argues, should be recognized by doctors not as
symptoms that should be treated with drugs, but rather as a medical state of
deconditioning that might be better helped with a gentle, guided exercise
program. It might sound counterintuitive that fatigue can be beat back with
exercise. But remember Newton—Isaac, not Fig. A body at rest stays at rest.
And a body in motion needs to resist external forces acting upon it that might
slow it down.
44. Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today.
The report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the
Measuring National Well-being program and will be updated and published
annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people and the
environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or number of crimes
against the person are presented alongside data on people’s thoughts and
feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or leisure time and fear of
crime. Together, a richer picture on 'how society is doing' is provided.
45. You might picture Neanderthals as cavemen gnawing on bones around a
campfire. Which wouldn’t be inaccurate But Neanderthals may have also
dined on roasted vegetables and known a bit about medicinal plants too. So
says a study in the journal Naturwissenschaften (The Science of Nature).
Researchers analyzed hardened dental plaque from five Neanderthals found
in El Sidrón cave, in northern Spain. Yes, 50,000-year-old dental plaque. And
they found a lot lurking between the teeth. Like evidence of nuts, grasses and
green veggies, chemical traces of wood smoke, and tiny, intact starch
granules, proof Neanderthals ate their carbs. And in one individual, they
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detected compounds found in the medicinal herbs chamomile and yarrow.
The herbs have no nutritional value, and since Neanderthals did have the
gene to detect the herbs’ bitter taste, the researchers speculate that the
cave dwellers were munching on them not as food—but to self-medicate. Not
too far-fetched, they say, because primates like chimps also use medicinal
plants. Luckily for the scientists doing this detective work, Neanderthals may
have known a thing or two about medicine, but they didn’t get regular checkups at
the dentist.
46. For four centuries the Viking declined, the people of the Shetland Islands off
the north coast of Scotland continued to sell their goods through the North
European Hanseatic League. The Hansas merchants bought shiploads of
salted fish and in return the islanders got cash, grain, cloth and other goods.
This lasted until the Act of Union between Scotland and England in 1707. This
Act prohibited the Hansa merchants from sheltering with Scotland.
Consequently Shetland went into an economic depression. The independent
farmers of Shetland had to sell their land and were then obligated to pay
rent, eventually becoming serfs.
47. Perhaps you remember the dire predictions from the analysts. The fall off in
housing threatened to drag down the entire economy. High energy prices put
the kibosh on consumer spending. Runaway inflation was poised to take off.
David Wyss is an economist at Standard and Poor's. He says in the end none
of those things happended in the final three months of last year.
48. One of the things that people have said about agriculture is that on the whole
it's more labor intensive than hunting and gathering, and that's one of the
reasons why people have looked to explanations which, you might say, are
kind of corrosive factors — that people have been forced into agriculture
because they had no alternative. That is ultimately what may happen. But at
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the very beginning it could be that agriculture was developed because
people wanted special status foods for feasting; that it was actually a social
need. I mean, how much of what we do in our lives is generated by
competition with others? And a lot of that is powered by desire for new things,
new statuses, new whatever it might be. Respect, recognition also are
important. And in small-scale societies a lot of those sorts of factors are
generated by the ability to, for instance, throw feasts. One possibility is that
some of these foods that were being grown were actually intended especially
as feasting foods.
49. Why do we need more entrepreneurs right now? The entrepreneurs who
create and run our businesses, who play by the rules, are in fact critical to our
success as a nation. We need them especially today. Business, not
government, will end this recession. Government must help by creating fair
rules, sound monetary policy, and by protecting our fellow citizens in periods
when they are jobless. We have to make way for the new entrepreneurial firms
that will push us to frontiers of innovation.
50. The ocean has been getting bluer, according to a study published in the
journal Nature. But that’s not really good news for the planet. It means that
the plants that give the ocean its green tint aren’t doing well. Scientists say
that’s because the ocean has been getting warmer.
51. It’s not easy being yellow: bananas now face two separate fungal epidemics,
which threaten to pluck the fruit off of our tables. Fortunately, researchers
have now sequenced banana DNA, producing the genome of a banana
variety that may hold the secret to defeating the diseases. The report is in the
journal Nature. Today, half of all bananas, including the ones you probably
buy, belong to the Cavendish variety whose popularity stems in part from
having no seeds. But this trait also removes sexual reproduction from the
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equation. The bananas are thus all genetically identical — and identically
vulnerable to the two fungal epidemics, Panama disease and black leaf
streak disease. Researchers sequenced the genome of a banana variety
called DH Pahang, whose genes contributed to the Cavendish. While the
genome shows where this fruit fits in the history of plant evolution, it could also
help researchers understand why DH-Pahang, unlike its descendant is
resistant to the funguses behind both Panama and black leaf streak disease.
Knowing the genes responsible for this resistance could help breeders create
stronger, more resistant bananas. Which has a lot of appeal.
52. Interesting sound. I would have guessed a Wild West performer was
practicing with a bullwhip while also vacuuming. But no. That sound is
apparently produced by the aurora borealis, the northern lights. Since 2000
researchers at Finland’s Aalto University have been collecting audio, as part
of what’s called the Auroral Acoustics project. Folk tales have long held that
the lights also produce odd sounds, but the claims were hard to prove. And
some researchers thought that any noises produced by the energetic
particles, that cause the light show would be far too high in the sky to be
heard on the ground. But the latest results indicate that at least some sounds
are produced very close to the ground. A setup of three ground- based
microphones allowed researchers, to estimate that the sounds occur perhaps
just 70 meters up. The results were just presented at the International
Congress on Sound and Vibration in Vilnius, Lithuania. More information about
the sounds of the northern lights could lead to a more complete
understanding of the phenomenon So if you see an aurora, keep your ears
open.
53. Just like corporations, stars, too, can engage in mergers and acquisitions: a
new study has identified a pair of white dwarf stars heading toward a
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merger. White dwarfs are the hot, super dense remnants of spent stars. In a
binary system called J0651, two white dwarfs circle each other very rapidly.
The binary pairing completes an orbit in less than 13 minutes. And that
already rapid orbital dance is speeding up as the two white dwarfs spiral in
on each other. Each year their orbital period shrinks by 0.3 milliseconds. That’s
actually a pretty dramatic change on astronomical timescales In about a
million years, the white dwarfs will get so close that the larger one will start to
cannibalize its smaller companion Before long, the two stars will likely become
one. The study appears in the Astrophysical Journal Letters. The tightly wound
white dwarf binary should also be radiating gravitational waves—ripples in the
fabric of space and time. But today’s gravitational wave detectors are not
sensitive enough to detect them. That’s okay— astronomers have another
million years, before things get really interesting, to build an instrument that’s
up to the task.
54. Scientists are looking for Earth like planets around other stars. But one way
to
limit the search can be to figure out where an Earth like planet cannot exist
and eliminate those types of systems. In a new study, astronomers turned
their attention to so called hot Jupiter’s. These are Jupiter sized planets that
have an orbit of only about three days. The scientists looked at 63 hot
Jupiter’s to see if they could find evidence for any nearby Earth like planets.
They found none. But it could be that the companion planets are too small in
size or mass or just aren’t detectable with the current techniques. So the
researchers then turned to hot Neptune’s, and warm Jupiter’s—these are
Jupiter’s with slightly longer orbits. They found only 2 potentials nearby
planets among 222 hot Neptures. And of the 31 warm Jupiter’s, five showed
evidences of a companion. The findings are in the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences. The current theory is that hot Jupiter’s formed
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and then migrated in towards their stars. The researchers say that the
migration might have” disrupted the formation of Earth like planets. Good
thing our Jupiter kept its cool.
55. One day the banana is perfect. Bright yellow, firm, flavorful. But even within
that same day brown spots appear on your perfectly ripe banana, its flesh
turns mushy, and it’s destined for the compost or at best, banana bread. But
scientists are developing a way to extend the life of ripe bananas. It’s a
spray-on coating made from chitosan—a substance found in crab and shrimp
shells. The new gel can be sprayed on bananas to slow the ripening process
by up to 12 days. Like other fruits bananas remain alive after being picked and
it actually continues to respire. This means that they take in oxygen and
release carbon dioxide. The more the banana breathes the faster it ripens
and then rots. Bananas ripen more quickly than most fruit because they don’t
naturally slow the respiration after being picked, in fact it speeds up, causing
bananas to become mushy. Chitosan not only kills the bacteria on banana’s
skin that then leads to rot, it also significantly slows down the respiration in
the first place. So bananas won’t drive you bananas.
56. So in a very important tense, um, memory is the cognitive function that stores
knowledge that we've acquired through learning and perception, but also
memory is important because memory frees our behavior from being
controlled by the present stimulus environment. If you didn't have memory, all
you'd be able to do was react to whatever is currently in the environment
now, whatever it is that you're experiencing. But memory allows us to respond
to past events as well as events in the current stimulus environment. And
memory also gives us the means to reflect on our experiences so that we plan
for future encounters.
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57. My hero is Marie Curie. She was a Polish physicist and chemist working in
France, and she did conduct pioneering research on radioactivity. She was
also the first woman who won a Nobel prize. Marie Curie is my hero because
she showed a lot of determination in following her career path and her
passions. She also showed a lot of patience in working for years to receive
results from her experiments. And Marie Curie, she designed and built the first
mobile X-Ray machines. She worked on the front lines of the first World War
along with her daughter saving soldiers.
58. Global warming might seem like a botanical boon. After all, milder
temperatures and more carbon dioxide and nitrogen should feed flora. But a
ten-year study has found that any initial positive effect on plant growth from
climate change may soon disappear. The report is in the journal Nature
Climate Change. Researchers transplanted vegetation from four grassland
ecosystems to lower, warmer elevations. They also modified the precipitation
at the transplant sites based on altered rainfall estimates. For the first year,
the plants did great, producing more biomass and churning out more oxygen
for us. But their productivity went down for the rest of the decade. What
happened? Warming did speed up the nitrogen cycle, which should have
increased nitrogen’s availability as plant fertilizer. But a lot of the nitrogen
left
the soil through run off or uptake into the atmosphere. In addition, productive
native plants began to lose out to species that thrive at higher temperatures,
but are less productive than the natives. Warmer temperatures may spur
immediate growth, but in the long term, we can’t expect plants to like it hot.
59. Every time you inhale, oxygen passes from your windpipe to your lungs and on
into your bloodstream. But what if your windpipe was blocked? Getting the
gas straight to your blood could save your life. Wait, put down that syringe—a
large air bubble in a blood vessel can kill you. But what if the bubbles were
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only a few millionths of a meter in diameter? Researchers coated tiny
amounts of oxygen gas with fatty molecules to create micro particles
Suspended in solution, the micro particles formed a foam containing 50 to 90
percent oxygen. In a beaker of blood, the foam was able to quickly transfer
its oxygen to the cells. Then the researchers tested it in animals. Normally, a
blocked windpipe cuts off the blood’s supply of oxygen, leading to brain
damage and death. But when rabbits with blocked windpipes received
injections of the micro particles, their blood oxygen levels and heart rates
remained stable. The work is in the journal Science Translational Medicine. The
foam may someday buy time for human patients. So that even someone with
a closed airway can breathe easy.
60. Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with
dogs are less likely to develop asthma. Now a new study may show how— if
results from mice apply to us. The work was presented at a meeting of the
American Society for Microbiology. The study tests what’s called the hygiene
hypothesis. The idea is that extreme cleanliness may actually promote
disease later on. Researchers collected dust from homes that had a dog. They
fed that house dust to mice. They then infected the mice with a common
childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus —or RSV. Mice who ate
the dog dust were protected against RSV infection symptoms, like inflamed,
mucus coated airways, suggesting exposure helped them stave off the virus.
Those mice also had more diverse communities of gut bacteria than control
mice did. The researchers say our pet’s microbes may colonize our gut too,
and help the immune system learn to respond to infections. That’s important
because when kids develop severe RSV their risk of asthma goes up. So next
time buster sheds all over the couch, think of it as a bonus dose of probiotics.
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61. Squeeze the life out of their prey. But how does a boa know it’s snuffed out a
rat? The snake listens for a heartbeat. When it stops, that’s the cue to let go.
According to a study in the journal Biology Letters. Researchers outfitted rat
cadavers with artificial beating hearts. They used dead rats to control for
other signs of passing, like muscle spasms. Then they warmed up the rats, set
the heart’s pumping, and dangled them in front of hungry boas. The snakes
attacked And as long as that rat heart kept thumping, the boas kept
tightening their coils and applying bursts of pressure, sometimes for more than
20 minutes. But as soon as scientists killed the heartbeat, the boas loosened
up. Even captive born boas who’d never hunted live prey paid attention to
the pulse — suggesting the behavior is innate. And for good reason. The
authors say constriction takes a lot of energy. And it can be dangerous, say, if
an enemy strikes while the snake’s coiled around its quarry. But by following
the tell-tale heart, boas can keep the pressure on just long enough. Before a
relaxing meal.
62. Every year, about 10 million tons of paper winds up in American landfills and
incinerators, which is not only wasteful but adds CO2 to the atmosphere
Recycling helps, but even that material has to be repulsed and paper sized
before you can use it to print out that recipe you ‘ll never make. But what if
you could wipe the page clean and use it again? Light amplification by
stimulated emission of radiation to the rescue. A new study shows that laser
light can erase the toner from a piece of printed paper. The approach
appears in the Proceedings of the Royal Society A. Taking a page from the art
restoration handbook scientists sampled a variety of light sources to see if
any could be used to strip the ink from laser printed documents without
damaging or discoloring the paper. UV and infrared were too harsh. But a
bright green laser applied in 4 nanosecond pulses vaporizes the print, leaving
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paper that looks as good as new. Such imprinters will probably run about
30,000 bucks, so they probably will not catch on for home use. But people in
the recycling world might find that the green laser fits the bill for making
paper that’s really green.
63. Some interesting facts about the great reptilian fossils recently discovered in
Wyoming and Colorado have come to light. The bones found represent
reptiles of many sizes, from that of a cat up to one sixty feet high. The latter,
found at Como, Wyoming, belonged to the crocodile order; but the remains
give evidence that the animal stood up on its hind legs, like a kangaroo.
Another found in Colorado is estimated to have been 100 feet long. A great
many remains of the same general class, but belonging to different species,
have been collected and sent East. Among them from three to four hundred
specimens of the dinosaur, and about a thousand pterodactyls, have been
shipped from Colorado, Wyoming, and Kansas. The wings of one of the latter
were from thirty to forty feet from tip to tip. Seventeen different species of
these flying dragons have been found in the chalk of western Kansas. There
have also been found six species of toothed birds. Comparatively little has
been done toward classifying the late finds, and the task is such an enormous
one. Great importance is attached to them, however, since nothing of the kind
had been found in America until a little over a year ago and great stress had
been laid by certain geologists on their absence. Another remarkable feature
of the discovery was that the fossils which had been reported as not existing
in this country had hardly been brought to light in one locality before
thousands of tons of them were simultaneously discovered in half a dozen
different places.
64. Lead-in time is the amount of time that elapses between a business placing
an order with a supplier for more stock or raw materials and the delivery of
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the goods to the business. Businesses want the leadtime to be as short as
possible, so that they can meet their customer orders and minimize the time
between paying for the stock and receiving the feedback from the customer.
However, this may not happen due to a number of factors , such as delays in
the supplier receiving the order, or the breakdown of the suppliers' lorries
delivering the stock to the business.
65. What was interesting and revealing about younger and middle-aged views
on old age was how relative these were to the individual’s own age. Those in
their teens regarded 40 as old whereas those in their 40s thought 70 or 80
was old. For many, health was seen as a determining factor in deciding who
is old, and many young participants commented on how fit and active their
grandparents are, while others thought ill-health and dependence were an
inevitable part of aging. The majority of participants, however, regarded old
age as something negative, and many expressed fear of growing old.
66. Good evening ladies and gentlemen. My theme for this session is
convergence Technology Change and Business Practice. This is somewhat
dear to my heart, in that I have spent much of the last fifteen years involved in
various aspects of technology and their impact on business, across a broad
spectrum, from applications of signal processing in manufacture right through
to the use of utilization data and diary applications, to improve the time
utilization of the sales force.
67. So two decades later, what's changed? It's now widely recognized that just
20 percent of health outcomes are tied to medical care, whereas up to 70
percent are tied to healthy behaviors and what's called the social
determinants of health — basically, everything that happens to us for that
vast majority of time when we're not in the doctor's office or the hospital.
Health care executives now routinely remind us that our zip code matters
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more than our genetic code. And one health care publication even recently
had the audacity to describe the social determinants of health as "the feel
good buzzword of the year".
68. Adidas teamed up with an organization called Parley for the Oceans. Parley
goes out and collects plastic waste from the ocean. Adidas uses the plastic
waste to make shoes. Shoes made with plastic from the ocean: good for the
environment and good for business. Because if you know that rapidly growing
consumer segment known as hipsters — and I know you know hipsters — then
you know that a hipster faced with the choice between a no-name shoe and
an Adidas made with plastic from the ocean will pick the Adidas every day of
the week and twice on Sunday, and then walk around like it's no big deal but
look for every opportunity to talk about them.
69. Millions of roses get handed out on Valentine’s Day. But growing roses has an
environmental impact worse than many other crops. Start with climate
change: most roses in the U.S. and Europe are imported from warmer climes.
All that flying and trucking adds thousands of metric tons of carbon dioxide to
the atmosphere. Then there’s all the water needed to, well, water the flowers.
And the runoff fouled by copious quantities of pesticides needed to make the
roses look perfect. There’s also the wildlife and workers poisoned by all that
fumigation. Add to that habitat destruction where floral plantations displace
native forest and wetlands. Finally, there’s the refrigeration needed to keep
those blooms fresh. The electricity is often produced by burning fossil fuels,
and the refrigerant gases also exacerbate climate change. A more
sustainable and, possibly, more romantic approach is to go with flowers
certified by outfits like VeriFlora, or even better, whatever flowers are in season
locally. Of course, that’s not much help for those of us in wintry climes. Maybe
try writing a poem. Let’s see: Roses are red, violets are blue…
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70. One seminal difference in policy remains; the coalition has not matched what
is Labor's most important innovation promise. That is to bring together
responsibilities for innovation, industry, science and research under one single
federal minister. Innovation responsibilities currently lie within the powerful
Department of Education and Science, and while there is a separate industry
department, it has little influence within Cabinet. This has hampered policy
development and given Australia's innovation policies a distinct science and
research bias. It is the scientists rather than the engineers who call the tune in
innovation policy in Canberra, so it's no surprise our policies are all about
boosting government funded research and later commercializing their results.
71. We've decided to adopt, just as a loose theme for the course, a biological
theme so that you can see the connections between chemistry and biology
and the things you might consider doing in the future. We want you to think
about the molecules that are relevant to your body, the processes that occur
in your body, the chemistry that's going on and how energy plays a role. And
we've divided the course into four sections and after each section there will
be a mid-term. The first one is about matter.
72. As with all human behavior, there are numerous reasons for it. But often it’s
caused by someone who feels the need to show their superiority over
someone else, in order to feel that they aren’t at the lowest level in hierarchy
or a group of people. In some cases one person simply dislikes the other, on
the basis that the personality of one is in some way incompatible with that of
the other person.
73. So, palm oil is the most widely produced oil crop currently. It's used in a
wide
range of industries, including food for bio-fuels and in soaps and shampoo.
However, though sector's growing fast, and unfortunately palm oil grows in
exactly the same environment as tropical rain forest. So, the use and the
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development of palm oil, the growth in the sector, is leading to wide-scale
deforestation. What we are hoping to do is if we can come up an alternative
we can slow the growth of the sector and therefore stop the wide-scale
deforestation in south Asia.
74. The earlier chocolate was quite unpalatable. They used to add things to it to
make it more palatable, so for the early chocolate, they didn't know how to
extract all the cocoa fat from it, so it was, or could be quite greasy and if you
made it as a drink you'd have this sort of scum on the top. So they used to try
and add things to it, like starch and things, to make it a more palatable
product. So there were a lot of or scandals around the kind of things they
were adding to chocolate in the nineteenth century. So by the sort of 1870s,
1880s, there are people like Cadbury's saying, 'Our chocolate is absolutely
pure'. We have this new process, the Van Houten process which now extracts
all this horrible fat that we can use to make eating chocolate. Now we have a
pure product.
75. For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious
figure with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for
information on the Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents
that have survived from Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in
this body of information, which tells us little about Shakespeare the man.
76. Higher interest rates have knocked investors confidence in putting their
money into property, evidence suggests. The insurance company standard
life says that the rate rises since last summer have led more people to
question the wisdom of property investment.
77. You know, without getting into the details of exactly how that happened or
how she got it out, let's just say it was a bad situation. And she panicked
because, like for many of us, her phone is one of the most used and essential
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tools in her life. But, on the other hand, she had no idea how to fix it, because
it's a completely mysterious black box. So, think about it: what would you do?
What do you really understand about how your phone works? What are you
willing to test or fix? For most people, the answer is, nothing. In fact, one
survey found that almost 80 percent of smartphone users in this country have
never even replaced their phone batteries, and 25 percent didn't even know
this was possible.
78. There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country
with
just over 300 million people. And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas
powered. This poses a huge challenge given the limited supplies of oil and the
growing urgency of the global warming crisis. But there is good news,
according to our guests today. And that is we have the know-how and the
technology to build sleek, fast automobiles that don't use gasoline. These
vehicles of tomorrow are powered by hydrogen, electricity, bio-fuels, and
digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from putting
them on the roads? Our guests today will help answer that.
79. You've heard about SARS, AIDS and bird flu. Now researchers from Australia
claim we're about to be hit by a new epidemic: Motivational Deficiency
Disorder. According to the British Medical Journal, one in five people are said
to suffer from Motivational Deficiency Disorder, or Moded, and most don't
even know they have it. Symptoms include being unable to get out of bed in
the morning, being trapped on the couch.

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1. We live in an ageing world.

While this has been recognized for some time in

4. A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order,

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