Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

Definition and features of AI

Applications of AI
History of AI
Types of AI
Uses of AI
Subfields of Artificial Intelligence
Expert System in AI

Artificial Intelligence is composed of two words Artificial and Intelligence, where Artificial
defines "man-made," and intelligence defines "thinking power", hence AI means "a manmade
thinking power."
AI is a computer system that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence. It
includes recognizing objects, understanding natural language, and making decisions. It is a
powerful tool that helps your business grow and improve in many ways.
"It is a branch of computer science by which we can create intelligent machines which can
behave like a human, think like humans, and able to make decisions."

Artificial Intelligence exists when a machine can have human based skills such as learning,
reasoning, and solving problems

With Artificial Intelligence you do not need to preprogram a machine to do some work,
despite that you can create a machine with programmed algorithms which can work with own
intelligence, and that is the awesomeness of AI.

It is believed that AI is not a new technology, and some people says that as per Greek myth,
there were Mechanical men in early days which can work and behave like humans.

What is Artificial Intelligence: Advantages and Disadvantages of AI

Artificial intelligence has its pluses and minuses, much like any other concept or innovation.
Here’s a quick rundown of some pros and cons.

Pros

• It reduces human error

• It never sleeps, so it’s available 24x7

• It never gets bored, so it easily handles repetitive tasks

• It’s fast
Cons

• It’s costly to implement

• It can’t duplicate human creativity

• It will definitely replace some jobs, leading to unemployment

• People can become overly reliant on it

Let us continue this article on What is Artificial Intelligence by discussing the applications of
AI.

Artificial Intelligence Examples

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an integral part of our daily lives, revolutionizing
various industries and enhancing user experiences. Here are some notable examples of AI
applications:

1. ChatGPT

ChatGPT is an advanced language model developed by OpenAI, capable of generating

human-like responses and engaging in natural language conversations. It uses deep learning
techniques to understand and generate coherent text, making it useful for customer support,
chatbots, and virtual assistants.

2. Google Maps

Google Maps utilizes AI algorithms to provide real-time navigation, traffic updates, and
personalized recommendations. It analyzes vast amounts of data, including historical traffic
patterns and user input, to suggest the fastest routes, estimate arrival times, and even predict
traffic congestion.

3. Smart Assistants

Smart assistants like Amazon's Alexa, Apple's Siri, and Google Assistant employ AI
technologies to interpret voice commands, answer questions, and perform tasks. These
assistants use natural language processing and machine learning algorithms to understand
user intent, retrieve relevant information, and carry out requested actions.
4. Snapchat Filters
Snapchat's augmented reality filters, or "Lenses," incorporate AI to recognize facial features,
track movements, and overlay interactive effects on users' faces in real-time. AI algorithms
enable Snapchat to apply various filters, masks, and animations that align with the user's
facial expressions and movements.

5. Self-Driving Cars

Self-driving cars rely heavily on AI for perception, decision-making, and control. Using a
combination of sensors, cameras, and machine learning algorithms, these vehicles can detect
objects, interpret traffic signs, and navigate complex road conditions autonomously,
enhancing safety and efficiency on the roads.

6. Wearables

Wearable devices, such as fitness trackers and smartwatches, utilize AI to monitor and
analyze users' health data. They track activities, heart rate, sleep patterns, and more, providing
personalized insights and recommendations to improve overall well-being.

7. MuZero

MuZero is an AI algorithm developed by DeepMind that combines reinforcement learning

and deep neural networks. It has achieved remarkable success in playing complex board
games like chess, Go, and shogi at a superhuman level. MuZero learns and improves its
strategies through self-play and planning.

These examples demonstrate the wide-ranging applications of AI, showcasing its potential to
enhance our lives, improve efficiency, and drive innovation across various industries.

In the most basic sense, Artificial intelligence (AI) is a tool that makes it possible for
machines to learn from experience, adjust to new inputs and perform human-like tasks. AI is
getting used across different industries including finance and healthcare.

While the hype created around this technology is tremendous and unwarranted as it is still in
its early stages, But, AI has evolved to provide specific features including:

Artificial Intelligence Characteristics

1. Deep Learning
Deep learning is a machine learning technique that teaches computers to do what comes
naturally to humans, to learn by example. Innumerable developers are leveraging the latest
deep learning innovative technologies to take their business to the new high.

There are large numbers of fields of Artificial Intelligence technology like autonomous
vehicles, computer vision, automatic text generation, and the like, where the scope and use of
deep learning are increasing.

Take an example of Self Driving feature in cars like Tesla(Autopilot), where Deep learning
is a key technology behind enabling them to recognize a stop sign or to distinguish a
pedestrian from a lamppost.
2. Facial Recognition

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Artificial Intelligence has made it possible to recognize individual faces using biometric
mapping. This has lead to pathbreaking advancements in surveillance technologies. It
compares the knowledge with a database of known faces to seek out a match.

However, this has also faced a lot of criticism for breach of privacy.

For example, Clearview AI, an American technology company, offers surveillance

technology for law agencies to monitor entire cities with a network of CCTV Cameras
exactly assigning each and every citizen with their Social Credit Score in real-time.
3. Automate Simple and Repetitive Tasks

AI has the ability to execute the same kind of work over and over again without breaking a
sweat. To understand this feature better, let’s take the example of Siri, a voice-enabled
assistant created by Apple Inc. It can handle so many commands in a single day!
From asking to take up notes for a brief, to rescheduling the calendar for a meeting, to
guiding us through the streets with navigation, the assistant has it all covered.

Earlier, all of these activities had to be done manually which used to take up a lot of time and
effort.

The automation would not only lead to increased efficiencies but also result in lower
overhead costs and in some cases a safer work environment.

4. Data Ingestion

With every passing day, the data that we are all producing is growing exponentially, which is
where AI steps in. Instead of manually feeding this data, AI-enabled not just gathers this data
but also analyzes it with the help of its previous experiences.
Data ingestion is that the transportation of knowledge from assorted sources to a data-storage
medium where it are often accessed, used, and analyzed by a corporation.

AI, with the help of neural networks, analyzes a large amount of such data and helps in
providing a logical inference out of it.
5. Chatbots

Chatbots are software to provide a window for solving customer problems’ through either
audio or textual input. Earlier the bots used to respond only to specific commands. If you say
the wrong thing, it didn’t know what you meant.

The bot was only as smart as it was programmed to be. The real change came when these
chatbots were enabled by artificial intelligence.

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Now, you don’t have to be ridiculously specific when you are talking to the chatbot. It
understands language, not just commands.

For example, Watson Assistant, an AI-powered assistant, developed by IBM which can
run across various channels like websites, messengers, and apps and requires zero human
intervention once programmed.
There are a lot of companies that have moved on from voice process executives to chatbots to
help customers solve their problems.

The chatbots not only offer services revolving around issues that the customers face but also
provides product suggestions to the users. All this, just because of AI.

6. Quantum Computing

AI is helping solve complex quantum physics problems with the accuracy of supercomputers
with the help of quantum neural networks. This can lead to path-breaking developments in
the near future.

It is an interdisciplinary field that focuses on building quantum algorithms for improving

computational tasks within AI, including sub-fields like machine learning.

The whole concept of quantum-enhanced AI algorithms remains in the conceptual research

domain

For example, A pioneer in this field is Google AI Quantum whose objective is to develop
superconducting qubit processors and quantum-assisted optimization for varied applications.
7. Cloud Computing

Next Artificial Intelligence characteristics is Cloud Computing. With such a huge amount of
data being churned out every day, data storage in a physical form would have been a major
problem.

AI capabilities are working within the business cloud computing environment to make
organizations more efficient, strategic, and insight-driven.
Application of AI

Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming essential for
today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way in multiple
industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is making our daily
life more comfortable and fast.

Following are some sectors which have the application of Artificial Intelligence:

1. AI in Astronomy o Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe

problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the universe such as how it
works, origin, etc.

2. AI in Healthcare o In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this industry. o Healthcare
Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster diagnosis than humans. AI can help
doctors with diagnoses and can inform when patients are worsening so that medical help
can reach to the patient before hospitalization.
3. AI in Gaming o AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number of possible places.
4. AI in Finance

o AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance industry is
implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence, algorithm trading, and
machine learning into financial processes.

5. AI in Data Security

o The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are growing very
rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data more safe and secure.
Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform,are used to determine software bug
and cyber-attacks in a better way.

6. AI in Social Media o Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain
billions of user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI
can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data to identify
the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

7. AI in Travel & Transport o AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is

capable of doing various travel related works such as from making travel arrangement to
suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the customers. Travel industries are using
AI-powered chatbots which can make human-like interaction with customers for better
and fast response.

8. AI in Automotive Industry

o Some Automotive industries are using AI to provide virtual assistant to their user for
better performance. Such as Tesla has introduced TeslaBot, an intelligent virtual
assistant.
o Various Industries are currently working for developing self-driven cars which can
make your journey more safe and secure.

9. AI in Robotics: o Artificial Intelligence has a remarkable role in Robotics. Usually,

general robots are programmed such that they can perform some repetitive task, but with
the help of AI,
we can create intelligent robots which can perform tasks with their own experiences
without pre-programmed. o Humanoid Robots are best examples for AI in robotics,
recently the intelligent Humanoid robot named as Erica and Sophia has been developed
which can talk and behave like humans.

10. AI in Entertainment
 o We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or shows.

11. AI in Agriculture

o Agriculture is an area which requires various resources, labor, money, and time for
best result. Now a day's agriculture is becoming digital, and AI is emerging in this
field. Agriculture is applying AI as agriculture robotics, solid and crop monitoring,
predictive analysis. AI in agriculture can be very helpful for farmers.

12. AI in E-commerce

o AI is providing a competitive edge to the e-commerce industry, and it is becoming

more demanding in the e-commerce business. AI is helping shoppers to discover
associated products with recommended size, color, or even brand.

13. AI in education: o AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
o AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students, which will be
accessible easily at any time and any place.

History of Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence is not a new word and not a new technology for researchers. This
technology is much older than you would imagine. Even there are the myths of Mechanical
men in Ancient Greek and Egyptian Myths. Following are some milestones in the history of
AI which defines the journey from the AI generation to till date development.
Maturation of Artificial Intelligence (1943-1952) o Year 1943: The first work which is
now recognized as AI was done by Warren McCulloch and Walter pits in 1943. They
proposed a model of artificial neurons.
o Year 1949: Donald Hebb demonstrated an updating rule for modifying the connection
strength between neurons. His rule is now called Hebbian learning.
o Year 1950: The Alan Turing who was an English mathematician and pioneered
Machine learning in 1950. Alan Turing publishes "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence" in which he proposed a test. The test can check the machine's ability to
exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to human intelligence, called a Turing test.

The birth of Artificial Intelligence (1952-1956) o Year 1955: An Allen Newell and Herbert
A. Simon created the "first artificial intelligence program"Which was named as "Logic
Theorist". This program had proved 38 of 52 Mathematics theorems, and find new and
more elegant proofs for some theorems.
o Year 1956: The word "Artificial Intelligence" first adopted by American Computer
scientist John McCarthy at the Dartmouth Conference. For the first time, AI coined as
an academic field.

At that time high-level computer languages such as FORTRAN, LISP, or COBOL were
invented. And the enthusiasm for AI was very high at that time.
The golden years-Early enthusiasm (1956-1974) o Year 1966: The researchers emphasized
developing algorithms which can solve mathematical problems. Joseph Weizenbaum
created the first chatbot in 1966, which was named as ELIZA.
o Year 1972: The first intelligent humanoid robot was built in Japan which was named
as WABOT-1.

The first AI winter (1974-1980) o The duration between years 1974 to 1980 was the first AI
winter duration. AI winter refers to the time period where computer scientist dealt with a
severe shortage of funding from government for AI researches.
o During AI winters, an interest of publicity on artificial intelligence was decreased.

A boom of AI (1980-1987) o Year 1980: After AI winter duration, AI came back with
"Expert System". Expert systems were programmed that emulate the decision-making
ability of a human expert. o In the Year 1980, the first national conference of the
American Association of Artificial Intelligence was held at Stanford University.

The second AI winter (1987-1993) o The duration between the years 1987 to 1993 was the
second AI Winter duration. o Again Investors and government stopped in funding for AI
research as due to high cost but not efficient result. The expert system such as XCON was
very cost effective.

The emergence of intelligent agents (1993-2011) o Year 1997: In the year 1997, IBM Deep
Blue beats world chess champion, Gary Kasparov, and became the first computer to beat
a world chess champion.
o Year 2002: for the first time, AI entered the home in the form of Roomba, a vacuum
cleaner.
o Year 2006: AI came in the Business world till the year 2006. Companies like
Facebook, Twitter, and Netflix also started using AI.

Deep learning, big data and artificial general intelligence (2011-present) o Year 2011: In
the year 2011, IBM's Watson won jeopardy, a quiz show, where it had to solve the
complex questions as well as riddles. Watson had proved that it could understand natural
language and can solve tricky questions quickly.
o Year 2012: Google has launched an Android app feature "Google now", which was
able to provide information to the user as a prediction.
 o
Year 2014: In the year 2014, Chatbot "Eugene Goostman" won a competition in the
infamous "Turing test."
o Year 2018: The "Project Debater" from IBM debated on complex topics with two
master debaters and also performed extremely well. o Google has demonstrated an AI
program "Duplex" which was a virtual assistant and which had taken hairdresser
appointment on call, and lady on other side didn't notice that she was talking with the
machine.

Now AI has developed to a remarkable level. The concept of Deep learning, big data, and
data science are now trending like a boom. Nowadays companies like Google, Facebook,
IBM, and Amazon are working with AI and creating amazing devices. The future of Artificial
Intelligence is inspiring and will come with high intelligence.

Types of Artificial Intelligence:

Artificial Intelligence can be divided in various types, there are mainly two types of main
categorization which are based on capabilities and based on functionally of AI. Following is
flow diagram which explain the types of AI.

AI type-1: Based on Capabilities

1. Weak AI or Narrow AI:

o Narrow AI is a type of AI which is able to perform a dedicated task with

intelligence.The most common and currently available AI is Narrow AI in the world
of Artificial Intelligence. o Narrow AI cannot perform beyond its field or limitations,
as it is only trained for one specific task. Hence it is also termed as weak AI. Narrow
AI can fail in unpredictable ways if it goes beyond its limits.
o Apple Siriis a good example of Narrow AI, but it operates with a limited pre-defined
range of functions.
 o
IBM's Watson supercomputer also comes under Narrow AI, as it uses an Expert
system approach combined with Machine learning and natural language processing.
o Some Examples of Narrow AI are playing chess, purchasing suggestions on
ecommerce site, self-driving cars, speech recognition, and image recognition.

2. General AI: o General AI is a type of intelligence which could perform any intellectual
task with efficiency like a human. o The idea behind the general AI to make such a system
which could be smarter and think like a human by its own.
o Currently, there is no such system exist which could come under general AI and can
perform any task as perfect as a human.
o The worldwide researchers are now focused on developing machines with General AI.
o As systems with general AI are still under research, and it will take lots of efforts and
time to develop such systems.

3. Super AI: o Super AI is a level of Intelligence of Systems at which machines could surpass
human intelligence, and can perform any task better than human with cognitive properties.
It is an outcome of general AI.
o Some key characteristics of strong AI include capability include the ability to think, to
reason,solve the puzzle, make judgments, plan, learn, and communicate by its own.
o Super AI is still a hypothetical concept of Artificial Intelligence. Development of such
systems in real is still world changing task.

Artificial Intelligence type-2: Based on functionality

1. Reactive Machines
Purely reactive machines are the most basic types of Artificial Intelligence. o Such AI
systems do not store memories or past experiences for future actions. o These machines
only focus on current scenarios and react on it as per possible best action.
 o
o IBM's Deep Blue system is an example of reactive machines.
o Google's AlphaGo is also an example of reactive machines.

2. Limited Memory o Limited memory machines can store past experiences or some data for
a short period of time.
o These machines can use stored data for a limited time period only.
o Self-driving cars are one of the best examples of Limited Memory systems. These
cars can store recent speed of nearby cars, the distance of other cars, speed limit, and
other information to navigate the road.

3. Theory of Mind o Theory of Mind AI should understand the human emotions, people,
beliefs, and be able to interact socially like humans. o This type of AI machines are still not
developed, but researchers are making lots of efforts and improvement for developing such
AI machines.

4. Self-Awareness

o Self-awareness AI is the future of Artificial Intelligence. These machines will be

super intelligent, and will have their own consciousness, sentiments, and
selfawareness.
o These machines will be smarter than human mind. o Self-Awareness AI does
not exist in reality still and it is a hypothetical concept.

An expert system is AI software that uses knowledge stored in a knowledge base to solve
problems that would usually require a human expert thus preserving a human expert’s
knowledge in its knowledge base. They can advise users as well as provide explanations to
them about how they reached a particular conclusion or advice. Knowledge Engineering is
the term used to define the process of building an Expert System and its practitioners are
called Knowledge Engineers. The primary role of a knowledge engineer is to make sure that
the computer possesses all the knowledge required to solve a problem. The knowledge
engineer must choose one or more forms in which to represent the required knowledge as a
symbolic pattern in the memory of the computer.
Example : There are many examples of an expert system. Some of them are given below –
• MYCIN –
One of the earliest expert systems based on backward chaining. It can identify
 various bacteria that can cause severe infections and can also recommend drugs
based on the person’s weight.
• DENDRAL – It was an artificial intelligence-based expert system used for
chemical analysis.
It used a substance’s spectrographic data to predict its molecular structure.
• R1/XCON –
It could select specific software to generate a computer system wished by the user.
• PXDES –
It could easily determine the type and the degree of lung cancer in a patient based
on the data.
• CaDet –
It is a clinical support system that could identify cancer in its early stages in
patients.
• DXplain – It was also a clinical support system that could suggest a
variety of diseases based on the findings of the doctor. Components of an Expert System :

Architecture of an Expert System

• Knowledge Base –
The knowledge base represents facts and rules. It consists of knowledge in a
particular domain as well as rules to solve a problem, procedures and intrinsic data
relevant to the domain.
• Inference Engine –
The function of the inference engine is to fetch the relevant knowledge from the
knowledge base, interpret it and to find a solution relevant to the user’s problem.
The inference engine acquires the rules from its knowledge base and applies them
to the known facts to infer new facts. Inference engines can also include an
explanation and debugging abilities.
• Knowledge Acquisition and Learning Module –
The function of this component is to allow the expert system to acquire more and
more knowledge from various sources and store it in the knowledge base.
• User Interface –
This module makes it possible for a non-expert user to interact with the expert
system and find a solution to the problem.
• Explanation Module –
This module helps the expert system to give the user an explanation about how the
expert system reached a particular conclusion.
The Inference Engine generally uses two strategies for acquiring knowledge from the
Knowledge Base, namely –
 • Forward Chaining
• Backward Chaining
Forward Chaining –
Forward Chaining is a strategic process used by the Expert System to answer the questions
– What will happen next. This strategy is mostly used for managing tasks like creating a
conclusion, result or effect. Example – prediction or share market movement status.

Forward Chaining
Backward Chaining –
Backward Chaining is a strategy used by the Expert System to answer the questions – Why
this has happened. This strategy is mostly used to find out the root cause or reason behind it,
considering what has already happened. Example – diagnosis of stomach pain, blood cancer
or dengue, etc.

Backward Chaining
Characteristics of an Expert System :
• Human experts are perishable, but an expert system is permanent.
• It helps to distribute the expertise of a human.
• One expert system may contain knowledge from more than one human experts
thus making the solutions more efficient.
 • It decreases the cost of consulting an expert for various domains such as medical
diagnosis.
• They use a knowledge base and inference engine.
• Expert systems can solve complex problems by deducing new facts through
existing facts of knowledge, represented mostly as if-then rules rather than
through conventional procedural code.
• Expert systems were among the first truly successful forms of artificial
intelligence (AI) software.
Limitations :
• Do not have human-like decision-making power.
• Cannot possess human capabilities.
• Cannot produce correct result from less amount of knowledge.
• Requires excessive training.
Advantages :
• Low accessibility cost.
• Fast response.
• Not affected by emotions, unlike humans.
• Low error rate.
• Capable of explaining how they reached a solution.
Disadvantages :
• The expert system has no emotions.
• Common sense is the main issue of the expert system.
• It is developed for a specific domain.
• It needs to be updated manually. It does not learn itself.
• Not capable to explain the logic behind the decision.
Applications :
The application of an expert system can be found in almost all areas of business or
government. They include areas such as –
• Different types of medical diagnosis like internal medicine, blood diseases and
show on.
• Diagnosis of the complex electronic and electromechanical system.
• Diagnosis of a software development project.
• Planning experiment in biology, chemistry and molecular genetics.
• Forecasting crop damage.
• Diagnosis of the diesel-electric locomotive system.
• Identification of chemical compound structure.
• Scheduling of customer order, computer resources and various manufacturing
task.
• Assessment of geologic structure from dip meter logs.
• Assessment of space structure through satellite and robot.
• The design of VLSI system.
• Teaching students specialize task.
• Assessment of log including civil case evaluation, product liability etc.
 Unit 2 Intelligent Agent
Characteristics of Intelligent Agent
Types of Agents
Agent Environment
Turing Test in AI

Agents in Artificial Intelligence

An AI system can be defined as the study of the rational agent and its environment. The
agents sense the environment through sensors and act on their environment through actuators.
An AI agent can have mental properties such as knowledge, belief, intention, etc.

What is an Agent?

An agent can be anything that perceiveits environment through sensors and act upon that
environment through actuators. An Agent runs in the cycle of perceiving, thinking, and
acting. An agent can be:

o Human-Agent: A human agent has eyes, ears, and other organs which work for
sensors and hand, legs, vocal tract work for actuators.
o Robotic Agent: A robotic agent can have cameras, infrared range finder, NLP for
sensors and various motors for actuators.
o Software Agent: Software agent can have keystrokes, file contents as sensory input
and act on those inputs and display output on the screen.

Hence the world around us is full of agents such as thermostat, cellphone, camera, and even
we are also agents.

Before moving forward, we should first know about sensors, effectors, and actuators.

Sensor: Sensor is a device which detects the change in the environment and sends the
information to other electronic devices. An agent observes its environment through sensors.

Actuators: Actuators are the component of machines that converts energy into motion. The
actuators are only responsible for moving and controlling a system. An actuator can be an
electric motor, gears, rails, etc.

Effectors: Effectors are the devices which affect the environment. Effectors can be legs,
wheels, arms, fingers, wings, fins, and display screen.
Intelligent Agents:

An intelligent agent is an autonomous entity which act upon an environment using sensors
and actuators for achieving goals. An intelligent agent may learn from the environment to
achieve their goals. A thermostat is an example of an intelligent agent.

Following are the main four rules for an AI agent:

o Rule 1: An AI agent must have the ability to perceive the

environment. o Rule 2: The observation must be used to make
decisions. o Rule 3: Decision should result in an action. o
Rule 4: The action taken by an AI agent must be a rational action.

Rational Agent:

A rational agent is an agent which has clear preference, models uncertainty, and acts in a way
to maximize its performance measure with all possible actions.

A rational agent is said to perform the right things. AI is about creating rational agents to use
for game theory and decision theory for various real-world scenarios.

For an AI agent, the rational action is most important because in AI reinforcement learning
algorithm, for each best possible action, agent gets the positive reward and for each wrong
action, an agent gets a negative reward.
Note: Rational agents in AI are very similar to intelligent agents.
Rationality:

The rationality of an agent is measured by its performance measure. Rationality can be judged
on the basis of following points:

o Performance measure which defines the success criterion.

o Agent prior knowledge of its environment. o Best possible
actions that an agent can perform. o The sequence of percepts.
Note: Rationality differs from Omniscience because an Omniscient agent knows the actual
outcome of its action and act accordingly, which is not possible in reality.
Structure of an AI Agent

The task of AI is to design an agent program which implements the agent function. The
structure of an intelligent agent is a combination of architecture and agent program. It can be
viewed as:

1. Agent = Architecture + Agent program

Following are the main three terms involved in the structure of an AI agent:

Architecture: Architecture is machinery that an AI agent executes on.

Agent Function: Agent function is used to map a percept to an action.

1. f:P* → A

Agent program: Agent program is an implementation of agent function. An agent program

executes on the physical architecture to produce function f.

PEAS Representation

PEAS is a type of model on which an AI agent works upon. When we define an AI agent or
rational agent, then we can group its properties under PEAS representation model. It is made
up of four words:

o P: Performance
measure o E: Environment
o A: Actuators o
S: Sensors

Here performance measure is the objective for the success of an agent's behavior.

PEAS for self-driving cars:

 Let's suppose a self-driving car then PEAS representation will be:

Performance: Safety, time, legal drive, comfort

Environment: Roads, other vehicles, road signs, pedestrian

Actuators: Steering, accelerator, brake, signal, horn

Sensors: Camera, GPS, speedometer, odometer, accelerometer, sonar.

Example of Agents with their PEAS representation

Performance
Agent Environment Actuators Sensors
measure

1. o Healthy o Patient o o Tests o Keyboard

Medical patient Hospital o Treatments (Entry of
Diagnose Staff symptoms)
o Minimized
cost
2.
Vacuum o Wheels o o Camera o
o Cleanness o o Room o
Cleaner Efficiency Table o Brushes Dirt
o Battery life Wood floor
o Vacuum detection
sensor
o Security Extractor Cliff
o Carpet o sensor

o Various o Bump
obstacles Sensor
o Infrared
Wall
Sensor

3. Part o Percentage of Conveyor belt o Jointed Arms o Camera

o
picking parts in with o Hand o Joint angle
Robot correct bins.
parts, sensors.
Bins
o

An intelligent agent is a program that can make decisions or perform a service based on its
environment, user input and experiences. These programs can be used to autonomously
gather information on a regular, programmed schedule or when prompted by the user in real
time. Intelligent agents may also be referred to as a bot, which is short for robot.

Typically, an agent program, using parameters the user has provided, searches all or some
part of the internet, gathers information the user is interested in and presents it to them on a
periodic or requested basis. Data intelligent agents can extract any specifiable information,
such as included keywords or publication date. In agents that employ artificial intelligence
(AI), user input is collected using sensors, like microphone or cameras, and agent output is
delivered through actuators, like speakers or screens. The practice of having information
brought to a user by an agent is called push technology.
Common characteristics of intelligent agents are adaptation based on experience, real time
problem solving, analysis of error or success rates and the use of memory-based storage and
retrieval.

For enterprises, intelligent agents can be used for applications in data mining, data analytics
and customer service and support (CSS). Consumers can also use intelligent agents to
compare the prices of similar products and notify the user when a website update occurs.
• Situatedness
The agent receives some form of sensory input from its environment, and it performs
some action that changes its environment in some way. Examples of environments:
the physical world and the Internet.
• Autonomy
The agent can act without direct intervention by humans or other agents and that it has
control over its own actions and internal state.
• Adaptivity
The agent is capable of (1) reacting flexibly to changes in its environment; (2) taking
goal-directed initiative (i.e., is pro-active), when appropriate; and (3) learning from its
own experience, its environment, and interactions with others.
• Sociability
The agent is capable of interacting in a peer-to-peer manner with other agents or
humans.

Types of AI Agents

Agents can be grouped into five classes based on their degree of perceived intelligence and
capability. All these agents can improve their performance and generate better action over the
time. These are given below:

o Simple Reflex Agent o

Model-based reflex
agent o Goal-based
agents o Utility-based
agent o Learning agent

1. Simple Reflex agent: o The Simple reflex agents are the simplest agents. These agents
take decisions on the basis of the current percepts and ignore the rest of the percept history.
 o These agents only succeed in the fully observable environment. o The Simple reflex
agent does not consider any part of percepts history during their decision and action
process.
o The Simple reflex agent works on Condition-action rule, which means it maps the
current state to action. Such as a Room Cleaner agent, it works only if there is dirt in
the room.
o Problems for the simple reflex agent design approach:
o They have very limited intelligence o They do not have knowledge of non-
perceptual parts of the current state o Mostly too big to generate and to store. o
Not adaptive to changes in the environment.

2. Model-based reflex agent o The Model-based agent can work in a partially observable
environment, and track the situation.
o A model-based agent has two important factors:
o Model: It is knowledge about "how things happen in the world," so it is called a
Model-based agent.
o Internal State: It is a representation of the current state based on percept history.
o These agents have the model, "which is knowledge of the world" and based on the
model they perform actions.
o Updating the agent state requires information about:
o How the world evolves o How the agent's action affects the world.
3. Goal-based agents
o The knowledge of the current state environment is not always sufficient to decide for
an agent to what to do.
o The agent needs to know its goal which describes desirable situations.
o Goal-based agents expand the capabilities of the model-based agent by having the
"goal" information.
o They choose an action, so that they can achieve the goal. o These agents may have to
consider a long sequence of possible actions before deciding whether the goal is
achieved or not. Such considerations of different scenario are called searching and
planning, which makes an agent proactive.
4. Utility-based agents o These agents are similar to the goal-based agent but provide an
extra component of utility measurement which makes them different by providing a
measure of success at a given state.
o Utility-based agent act based not only goals but also the best way to achieve the goal.
o The Utility-based agent is useful when there are multiple possible alternatives, and an
agent has to choose in order to perform the best action.
o The utility function maps each state to a real number to check how efficiently each
action achieves the goals.
5. Learning Agents
o A learning agent in AI is the type of agent which can learn from its past experiences,
or it has learning capabilities.
o It starts to act with basic knowledge and then able to act and adapt automatically
through learning.
o A learning agent has mainly four conceptual components, which are:
1. Learning element: It is responsible for making improvements by learning
from environment
2. Critic: Learning element takes feedback from critic which describes that how
well the agent is doing with respect to a fixed performance standard.
3. Performance element: It is responsible for selecting external action
4. Problem generator: This component is responsible for suggesting actions that
will lead to new and informative experiences.
o Hence, learning agents are able to learn, analyze performance, and look for new ways
to improve the performance.
Agent Environment in AI

An environment is everything in the world which surrounds the agent, but it is not a part of an
agent itself. An environment can be described as a situation in which an agent is present.

The environment is where agent lives, operate and provide the agent with something to sense
and act upon it. An environment is mostly said to be non-feministic.

Features of Environment

As per Russell and Norvig, an environment can have various features from the point of view
of an agent:

1. Fully observable vs Partially Observable

2. Static vs Dynamic
3. Discrete vs Continuous
4. Deterministic vs Stochastic
5. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
6. Episodic vs sequential
7. Known vs Unknown
8. Accessible vs Inaccessible
1. Fully observable vs Partially Observable:
o If an agent sensor can sense or access the complete state of an environment at each
point of time then it is a fully observable environment, else it is partially
observable. o A fully observable environment is easy as there is no need to maintain
the internal state to keep track history of the world. o An agent with no sensors in all
environments then such an environment is called as unobservable.

2. Deterministic vs Stochastic: o If an agent's current state and selected action can

completely determine the next state of the environment, then such environment is called a
deterministic environment. o A stochastic environment is random in nature and cannot be
determined completely by an agent.
o In a deterministic, fully observable environment, agent does not need to worry about
uncertainty.

3. Episodic vs Sequential: o In an episodic environment, there is a series of one-shot actions,

and only the current percept is required for the action. o However, in Sequential
environment, an agent requires memory of past actions to determine the next best actions.
4. Single-agent vs Multi-agent
o If only one agent is involved in an environment, and operating by itself then such an
environment is called single agent environment. o However, if multiple agents are
operating in an environment, then such an environment is called a multi-agent
environment.
o The agent design problems in the multi-agent environment are different from single
agent environment.

5. Static vs Dynamic: o If the environment can change itself while an agent is deliberating
then such environment is called a dynamic environment else it is called a static
environment. o Static environments are easy to deal because an agent does not need to
continue looking at the world while deciding for an action.
o However for dynamic environment, agents need to keep looking at the world at each
action. o Taxi driving is an example of a dynamic environment whereas Crossword
puzzles are an example of a static environment.

6. Discrete vs Continuous: o If in an environment there are a finite number of percepts and

actions that can be performed within it, then such an environment is called a discrete
environment else it is called continuous environment. o A chess gamecomes under discrete
environment as there is a finite number of moves that can be performed. o A self-driving
car is an example of a continuous environment.

7. Known vs Unknown
o Known and unknown are not actually a feature of an environment, but it is an agent's
state of knowledge to perform an action. o In a known environment, the results for all
actions are known to the agent. While in unknown environment, agent needs to learn how
it works in order to perform an action. o It is quite possible that a known environment to
be partially observable and an Unknown environment to be fully observable.

8. Accessible vs Inaccessible o If an agent can obtain complete and accurate information

about the state's environment, then such an environment is called an Accessible
environment else it is called inaccessible. o An empty room whose state can be defined by
its temperature is an example of an accessible environment. o Information about an event
on earth is an example of Inaccessible environment.
Turing Test in AI

In 1950, Alan Turing introduced a test to check whether a machine can think like a human or
not, this test is known as the Turing Test. In this test, Turing proposed that the computer can
be said to be an intelligent if it can mimic human response under specific conditions.

Turing Test was introduced by Turing in his 1950 paper, "Computing Machinery and
Intelligence," which considered the question, "Can Machine think?"

The Turing test is based on a party game "Imitation game," with some modifications. This
game involves three players in which one player is Computer, another player is human
responder, and the third player is a human Interrogator, who is isolated from other two
players and his job is to find that which player is machine among two of them.

Consider, Player A is a computer, Player B is human, and Player C is an interrogator.

Interrogator is aware that one of them is machine, but he needs to identify this on the basis of
questions and their responses.

The conversation between all players is via keyboard and screen so the result would not
depend on the machine's ability to convert words as speech.

The test result does not depend on each correct answer, but only how closely its responses
like a human answer. The computer is permitted to do everything possible to force a wrong
identification by the interrogator.

The questions and answers can be like:

Interrogator: Are you a computer?

PlayerA (Computer): No

Interrogator: Multiply two large numbers such as (256896489*456725896)

Player A: Long pause and give the wrong answer.

In this game, if an interrogator would not be able to identify which is a machine and which is
human, then the computer passes the test successfully, and the machine is said to be
intelligent and can think like a human.

"In 1991, the New York businessman Hugh Loebner announces the prize competition,
offering a $100,000 prize for the first computer to pass the Turing test. However, no AI
program to till date, come close to passing an undiluted Turing test".

Chatbots to attempt the Turing test:

ELIZA: ELIZA was a Natural language processing computer program created by Joseph
Weizenbaum. It was created to demonstrate the ability of communication between machine
and humans. It was one of the first chatterbots, which has attempted the Turing Test.

Parry: Parry was a chatterbot created by Kenneth Colby in 1972. Parry was designed to
simulate a person with Paranoid schizophrenia(most common chronic mental disorder).
Parry was described as "ELIZA with attitude." Parry was tested using a variation of the
Turing Test in the early 1970s.

Eugene Goostman: Eugene Goostman was a chatbot developed in Saint Petersburg in 2001.
This bot has competed in the various number of Turing Test. In June 2012, at an event,
Goostman won the competition promoted as largest-ever Turing test content, in which it has
convinced 29% of judges that it was a human.Goostman resembled as a 13-year old virtual
boy.

The Chinese Room Argument:

There were many philosophers who really disagreed with the complete concept of Artificial
Intelligence. The most famous argument in this list was "Chinese Room."

In the year 1980, John Searle presented "Chinese Room" thought experiment, in his paper
"Mind, Brains, and Program," which was against the validity of Turing's Test. According to
his argument, "Programming a computer may make it to understand a language, but it
will not produce a real understanding of language or consciousness in a computer."

He argued that Machine such as ELIZA and Parry could easily pass the Turing test by
manipulating keywords and symbol, but they had no real understanding of language. So it
cannot be described as "thinking" capability of a machine such as a human.
Features required for a machine to pass the Turing test: o Natural language processing:
NLP is required to communicate with Interrogator in general human language like
English.
o Knowledge representation: To store and retrieve information during the test.
o Automated reasoning: To use the previously stored information for answering the
questions.
o Machine learning: To adapt new changes and can detect generalized patterns.
o Vision (For total Turing test): To recognize the interrogator actions and other
objects during a test. o Motor Control (For total Turing test): To act upon objects if
requested.