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    Sums - CS 8109

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    ezrachupaza151

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    Sums - CS 8109

    Uploaded by

    ezrachupaza151
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    Sums_CS 8109

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    Sums - CS 8109

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 2

    Western PA ARML July 5, 2020

    Double Summation 1
    Varsity Practice 7/5/20
    C.J. Argue

    Look over the following sums that will be useful to know.

    1. For any integers n, k,


    k     Xk  
    X n+i n+k+1 n+i
    = = .
    i n+1 n
    i=0 i=0

    This is known as the hockey-stick identity.

    2. The Basel Identity


    ∞
    X 1 π2
    = .
    n2 6
    n=1

    3. For any real x,


    ∞
    X xn
    = ex .
    n!
    n=0

    1 Warm-ups

    1. (NYCIML F12) Compute the sum


    1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
    + + + + + + + + ...
    1 2 3 4 6 8 9 12
    1
    which includes all terms of the form 2n 3m for nonnegative integers n, m.

    2. (Folklore) Compute the sum


    ∞
    X n
    .
    2n
    n=1

    Ask yourself: there’s only a single sum here. What does this have to do with double summa-
    tion?

    2 Problems

    • HMMT = Harvard/MIT Math Tournament

    • PUMaC = Princeton University Math competition

    • RMT = Rice Math Tournament

    1
    Western PA ARML July 5, 2020

    1. (HMMT 2008) Compute the sum


    ∞ n−1
    X X k
    .
    2n+k
    n=1 k=1

    2. (HMMT 2017) Compute the sum


    X 1
    .
    2a 3b 5c
    1≤a<b<c

    3. (cf. RMT 2010) Compute the sum


    2020
    X 2020
    X 
    i
    .
    j
    j=0 i=1

    4. (cf. HMMT 2013) Compute


    ∞ X
    ∞ X
    ∞
    X a+b+c
    .
    3a+b+c
    a=0 b=0 c=0

    The answer to this version of the problem is 81


    16 .

    5. (HMMT 2020) A function f : A → A is called idempotent if f (f (x)) = f (x) for all x ∈ A.


    Let In be the number of idempotent functions from {1, 2, . . . , n} to itself. Compute the sum
    ∞
    X In
    .
    n!
    n=1

    Don’t get too stuck on coming up with the expression for In . Ask for help! Evaluating the
    sum at the end is the really nice part.
    6. (RMT 2008) Compute the sum
    ∞ X
    ∞
    X 1
    .
    x=0 y=0
    2x+y+|x−y|

    7. (RMT 2016) Compute the sum


    2020 m−2
    X X 1
    .
    m2 + k2 − 2mk − m + k
    m=1 k=m−2020

    8. (RMT 2011) Compute the sum


    ∞
    X (7n + 32) · 3n
    .
    n(n + 2)4n
    n=1

    9. (HMMT 2018) Compute the sum


    60 X
    k
    X n2
    61 − 2n
    k=1 n=1

    10. (C.J.) Compute the sum


    ∞  
    X n+2 n
    · .
    2 3n
    n=0

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