CDMA Phase One

Course 332
cdma2000
cdma2000 Phase
Phase One:
One:
1xRTT
1xRTT
1-2003 Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter 332 - 1
Contents of Course 332
■ 2G-3G Progression Overview
• The Standards Documents
■ The RF Side of CDMA2000 developments
• A Story of Two Hotels
• CDMA2000 Compatibility with IS-95
• New features and improvements
– Radio Configurations & channels
– Improvements: access, power control, coding, etc
– OTD, pilots for smart antenna beamforming, etc.
■ The Data Side of new CDMA2000 developments
• Circuit-switched vs. packet-switched access
• The data backbone
– Physical structure: PDSNs, OSSN, AAA, administration
– Operational features: Simple IP, Mobile IP, QoS
– The Protocol Stack, Packet Data States, Link Management
■ Appendix: Glossary
The CDMA Technology Path to 3G
CDMAone CDMA2000/IS-2000
Generation 1G 2G 2G 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G
1xEV:DO,DV
IS-2000: IS-2000:
Technology AMPS IS-95A/J-Std008 IS-95B HDR or
1xRTT 3xRTT
1Xtreme
Signal 1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k 1250 kHz.
30 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. R: 3687k
Bandwidth, 50-80 voice 120-210 per Many packet
1 20-35 25-40
#Users and data 3 carriers users
None, 153K 2.4 Mb/s
Data (HDR)
2.4K by 14.4K 64K 307K 1.0 Mb/s 5 Mb/s
Capabilities
modem 230K (1Xtreme)
First Faster data Faster data

•Improved •Enhanced
Features: System, First CDMA, rates on rates on
Access Access
Incremental Capacity Capacity, shared 3- dedicated
•Smarter •Channel
Progress & Quality carrier 1x RF data
Handoffs Structure
Handoffs bundle carrier
The CDMA2000 Standards Documents
■ Although the standards are dry reading, they are the prime source
of authoritative detail on each new technology.
■ The CDMA IS-2000 Standard is broken into six major sections
• Section 1 is housekeeping, document conventions.
• Section 2 presents a high overview of Radio Transmission
Technology, physical layer
• Section 3 includes key features and functionality of the Media
Access Control Layer
• Section 4 includes key features and functionality of the Link
Access Control Layer
• Section 5 includes key features and functionality of the Upper
Signaling Layer, Layer 3
• Section 6 includes analog overlay compatibility
■ You can download current and past versions of these documents
free from the website of the Third Generation Partnership Project
Two, www.3gpp2.org.
CDMA2000
The
The RF
RF Side
Side of
of 3G
3G Networks
Networks
A Story of Two Hotels
■ A sector on an IS-95 CDMA BTS
runs like a discount hotel today
• There's a Sign outside, a
PILOT
ACCESS covered entranceway, Lobby
SYNC
BTS PAGING
TRAFFIC • Only Two kinds of rooms:
TRAFFIC
one king bed or two doubles
• There are no meeting rooms
or ballrooms
■ New 1xRTT CDMA BTS sectors
are like a convention resort!
F-Pilot
F-Sync
• Twice as big in square feet
PAGING
• Sign, Entranceway, Lobby
F-BCH
F-QPCH • Restaurants, Bars, Nightclub
F-CPCCH R-Pilot
BTS F-CACH R-ACH or • Guest rooms: one king bed
F-CCCH R-EACH or two doubles, maybe suites
R-CCCH
F-TRAFFIC
F-FCH R-TRAFFIC
• Meeting Rooms with
F-DCCH R-FCH adjustable walls -- for use as
F-SCH R-DCCH Classrooms, Auditorium,
F-SCH R-SCH Ballrooms, Banquets,
Parties, Meetings
CDMA2000 Capabilities Overview
■ Basic operation compatible w/existing IS-95B systems
■ 1xRTT independent I & Q modulation doubles capacity SPEED LIMIT
SPEED LIMIT
14.4
kbps
■
■
3xRTT provides flexible multicarrier upgrade capability
1xEV DO, 1xEV DV offer even faster data rates 307kbps
TRUCKS ■ New transmission modes offer faster data rates
TRUCKS
9.6
153
• Voice and data to more than 144K in unrestricted
kbps
general mobile use (1xRTT)
• Up to ~384 kbps packet or circuit data at medium Kbps
speeds (1xRTT gives 307k, 3xRTT & 1xEV more) USE I & Q LANES
• Up to 2 Mbps data rates when fixed in favorable
locations (1xEV and 3xRTT both exceed 2Mbps)
Technology Data Capabilities

IS-95A/J-Std008 Up to 14.4 kbps using one traffic channel for supplemental data
Up to 115.2 kbps using 1 traffic channel and up to 7 supplemental
IS-95B code channels supporting 14.4 kbps each
Up to 153.6 kbps (RC3) or 307.2 kbps (RC4); only RC3 avail. today;
1xRTT Uses fundamental & supplemental channels, advanced rate and
quality of service management
Up to 1.0386 Mbps (RC9) using fundamental channel for voice and
3xRTT supplemental channel(s) for data; advanced QoS and rate mgt.
Mobile Improvements in 1xRTT
IS-95 MOBILE
W14 W23 W51 W07 W11 W16 W00 W63 W47 W13 W23
BASE STATION
uses Walsh Codes as “symbols” of its information
since it only transmits one kind of channel at a time
PIlot W0
Sync W32
Paging W1
Uses steady Walsh codes as channels Other’s Fundamental Channel W17
much like a base station does
1xRTT MOBILE since it may transmit multiple My Fundamental Channel W25 BTS
channels simultaneously
Other’s Fundamental Channel W41
W0 Pilot and Power Control
W4 Fundamental Channel
Supplemental Channel (shared)
W1, 2 Supplemental Channel W3
(sometimes others’, sometimes mine)
W6,8 Access, DCCH, others
Fundamental Channel W53
■ Reverse Link Pilot transmitted by mobile in advanced modes

• synchronous demodulation improves reverse link budget
■ 1x Mobile transmits continuous waveform, no blind rate detection
• Not like today's mobile and its TX data burst randomizing
Other 1xRTT Improvements and Capabilities
■ Improved convolutional encoding for
more robust channels
RC3 RC4
• Much better protection against FER
■ Faster power control on forward link W0
W25
• Finally the mobile can say what it Pilot and
Power Control BTS
wants 800x per second
■ Forward Link Orthogonal Transmit I
Diversity (OTD) Q
I
• Complex, but can give diversity gain Q
Orthogonal Transmit Diversity
■ Quick-paging channel improves slotted-
mode paging, increases battery life 2047 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.28 s
8 9 10 11 12 14 14 15 16
• Quick Paging Channel indicator bits

PCH
PAGING CHANNEL SLOT
wake up mobiles to receive pages GENERAL

PAGE MESSAGE
80 ms
100 ms
20
■ Auxiliary pilots support beam-forming and

QPCH
QUICK PAGING CHANNEL SLOT ms
PAGE
INDICATORS
smart antennas 80 ms
• Expect advanced smart antenna Fu

Auxiliary Pilot
Auxiliary ndamental Chann
products in 3-5 years Pilot Ch
annel
el
BTS Aux PCH allows mobile to adjust FCH steering
CDMA2000 Compatibility with IS-95B & IS-95
■ CDMA2000 systems still support operation of IS-95 mobiles just like today
• IS-95B radio interface operation is still fully supported
• IS-707 data services standard still fully implemented
• Familiar vocoders in widespread use are still supported
– IS-127 8K EVRC
– IS-733 13K vocoder
• IS-637 SMS supported
• IS-683 Over-The-Air (OTA) Activation fully supported
• IS-98 and IS-97 BTS and Mobile specs still apply
• Pilot, Sync and Paging channels of IS-95 are still retained as Common
Broadcast Channels in CDMA2000
■ IS-2000 can be deployed in overlay mode with existing IS-95 carriers
■ This compatibility allows operators to immediately implement CDMA2000
without waiting for widespread deployment of special CDMA2000 mobiles
Same Spectrum, Multiple Uses
REVERSE LINK FORWARD LINK
BTS
IS-95/B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011

f
15 MHz. 15 MHz.
■ IS-95 and IS-2000 1xRTT can operate using single RF carriers and
multiples in any combination that will fit in operator’s licensed spectrum
■ IS-2000 3xRTT operates using groups of three carriers each on the
forward link, and triple-wide single carriers on the reverse link
■ Only 3 groups of forward 3xRTT carriers and three reverse 3xRTT carriers
are possible in a single 30 MHz. block (15 MHz. uplink, 15 MHz. downlink)
• There's not enough room for the last carrier of the fourth 3x group, so
only 3 groups will fit in a 15 MHz. PCS licensed block
BTS
1xRTT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011

f
15 MHz. 15 MHz.
BTS
3xRTT 3x MC 1 3x MC 2 3x MC 3 3x MC 4 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112
5 MHz. 5 MHz.
f
15 MHz. 15 MHz.
Physical Layer
Spreading
Spreading Rates
Rates and
and
Radio
Radio Configurations
Configurations
Spreading Rates and Radio Configurations
■ Spreading Rate refers to the chip rate of the waveform which

spreads the CDMA signal, determining its spectral width and its
processing gain
• Spreading Rate 1 is 1,228,800 chips per second, same as
current IS-95 operation. It makes signals about 1.25 MHz.
wide, which can carry certain amounts of data per sector
– This is called 1xRTT, 1x Radio Transmission Technology
• Spreading Rate 3 is 3 times Spreading Rate 1, or 3,686,400
chips per second. It makes signals about 3.75 MHz. wide
which can carry larger amounts of data per sector
– This is called 3xRTT, 3x Radio Transmission Technology
– 3xRTT is not likely ever to be implemented commercially
■ Radio Configuration refers to the coding arrangements and how
the channels and their data rates are established
• There are several Radio Configurations for 1xRTT and several
more for 3xRTT. Each one has its own characteristics
Spreading Rates & Radio Configurations
Spreading Radio Data Data Radio
Rate Forward Link Configuration Rates Rates Configuration Reverse Link
Required. IS-95B Compatible Required. IS-95B Compatible
No CDMA2000 coding features RC1 9600 9600 RC1 No CDMA2000 coding features
Compatible with IS-95B RS2 Compatible with IS-95B RS2

SR1 No CDMA2000 coding features RC2 14400 14400 RC2 No CDMA2000 coding features
1xRTT Quarter-rate convolutional or 9600
Turbo Coding, base rate 9600 RC3 153600
9600 Quarter rate convolutional or
Turbo coding; Half rate
1 carrier
1.2288 9600
153600 RC3 convolutional or Turbo coding;
Half-rate convolutional or
MCPS Turbo Coding, base rate 9600 RC4 307200 307200 base rate 9600
Quarter-rate convolutional or 14400 14400 Quarter rate convolutional or

Turbo Coding, base rate 14400 RC5 230400 230400
RC4 Turbo Coding, base rate 14400
1/6 rate convolutional 9600

SR3 or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 RC6 9600
307200 Required. ¼ or 1/3 convolutional
3xRTT 9600
307200 RC5 or Turbo coding, base rate 9600
Required. 1/3 rate convolutional
Fwd: or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 RC7 614400 614400
3 carriers
1.2288 ¼ or 1/3 rate convolutional or 14400
MCPS Turbo coding, base rate 14400 RC8 460800
14400
¼ or ½ convolutional or Turbo
Rev:
14400
460800 RC6 encoding, base rate 14400
3.6864 ½ or 1/3 rate convolutional or
MCPS Turbo encoder, base rate 14400 RC9 1036800 1036800
IS-2000 Physical Layer Radio Configurations
Reverse CDMA Channel Forward Traffic Channel
RC 1 RC 3 RC 5 RC 1 RC 3 RC 4 RC 6 RC 7
1x 1x 3x 1x 1x 1x 3x 3x
R=1/3 R=1/4 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/6 R=1/3
1200 1200 1200 1200 1500 1500 1500 1500
1350 1350
Based on Rate Set 1
1500 1500
2400 2400 2400 2400
2700 2700 2700 2700 2700 2700
4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800 4800
9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600 9600
19200 19200 19200 19200 19200 19200
38400 38400 38400 38400 38400 38400
76800 76800 76800 76800 76800 76800
153600 153600 153600 153600 153600 153600
R=1/2 R=1/3
307200 307200 307200 307200 307200
614400 614400
All the possible combinations

RC 2 RC 4 RC 6 RC 2 RC 5 RC 8 RC 9
1x 1x 3x 1x 1x 3x 3x
R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/4 R=1/2 R=1/4 R=1/4or1/3* R=1/2or1/3*
Based on Rate Set 2
1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800

3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600 3600
7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200 7200
14400 14400 14400 14400 14400 14400 14400
28800 28800 28800 28800 28800
57600 57600 57600 57600 57600
115200 115200 115200 115200 115200
230400 230400 230400 230400 230400
460800 460800 460800
R=1/2
1036800 1036800
* R=1/3 for 5ms frames
Physical Layer
IS-2000
IS-2000 CDMA
CDMA Code
Code Channels
Channels
2G Today: IS-95 CDMA Channels
FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
W0: PILOT
ACCESS
W32: SYNC
BTS W1: PAGING TRAFFIC
Wn: TRAFFIC
■ Existing IS-95A/JStd-008 CDMA offers one radio configuration

using just the channels shown above
■ IS-2000 CDMA is backward-compatible with this IS-95, but offers
additional radio configurations with additional channels
• These additional modes are called Radio Configurations
• IS-95 Rate Set 1 and 2 are IS-2000 Radio Configurations 1 & 2
The Big Improvements in 1xRTT
■ the FUNDAMENTAL Channel (FCH) carries Voice and/or Low Speed
Data just like today
■ New SUPPLEMENTAL Channel (SCH) carries high-speed data
• High-speed data channels allocated on a burst-by-burst basis
• Raw rates of 19.2, 38.4, 76.8, and 153.6 kbps and higher
• Independent Forward and reverse supplemental channel rates
• Airlink Dormant State is supported
• voice on fundamental channel possible while dormant!
■ Signaling can be either on
• Fundamental Channel (FCH) [bearer profile P1], or
• Dedicated Control (DCCH) [bearer profile P2]
• using a new 4 state MAC protocol to increase efficiency
■ Reverse Pilot Channel (RPCH) provides extra link budget margin
■ Fast Forward Power Control
• From old IS-95 max of 50 Hz to new constant 800 Hz!
■ Enhanced Access Channels increase occupancy, more efficient
CDMA2000 SR1 CDMA Channels
Same coding as IS-95B, Includes Power
How many 1 F-Pilot Backward compatible Control Subchannel R-Pilot 1
Possible: Same coding as IS-95B, Access Channel
1 F-Sync Backward compatible (IS-95B compatible) R-ACH or
Enhanced 1
1 to 7 PAGING
Same coding as IS-95B,
Access Channel R-EACH
Backward compatible
Common
0 to 8 F-BCH Broadcast Channel Control Channel R-CCCH 0 or 1
0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

R-TRAFFIC
Reverse Fundamental
Common Channel (IS95B comp.) R-FCH 1
0 to 4 F-CPCCH Power Control Channel
Dedicated
BTS Common Control Channel R-DCCH 0 or 1
0 to 7 F-CACH Assignment Channel
Reverse
Common Supplemental Channel R-SCH 0 to 2
0 to 7 F-CCCH Control Channels
Users:
0 to many F-TRAFFIC Forward
Traffic Channels
■ Not all of these channels will be
implemented immediately, and
1 F-FCH Fundamental Channel
some may not be supported in
0 or 1 F-DCCH
Dedicated
Control Channel
commercial use any time soon.
Supplemental ■ All are defined in the Standard
0 to 7 F-SCH IS-95B only Channels IS-95B only and have useful purposes and
0 to 2 F-SCH
Supplemental
Channels RC3,4,5
advantages
The Channels at Phase One 1xRTT Launch
How many 1 F-Pilot Backward compatible Control Subchannel R-Pilot 1
Possible: Same coding as IS-95B, Access Channel
Enhanced 1
1 to 7 PAGING
Backward compatible
Common

R-TRAFFIC
Reverse Fundamental
Dedicated
Reverse
Users:
Traffic Channels
■ At initial 1xRTT launch, many IS-
95 mobiles will still exist
Dedicated
■ IS-95 mobiles still get config.
0 or 1 F-DCCH Control Channel info. on the existing channel
0 to 7
Supplemental
F-SCH IS-95B only Channels IS-95B only ■ F-BCH, F-CPCCH, F-CACH, F-
CCCH and F-DCCH will be
Supplemental
0 to 2 F-SCH Channels RC3,4,5 implemented later on carriers for
1xRTT mobiles only
1xRTT
Forward
Forward Control
Control Channels
Channels
CDMA2000 1xRTT Forward Control Channels
■ Forward channels can be a mix of old IS-95B and new CDMA2000
• the wireless Operator can choose which channels to implement
■ First-Phase Implementation, serving IS-95 and CDMA2000 mobiles:
• F-Pilot and F-Sync same as IS-95B (+updated Sync message)
• Paging channel same as IS-95B (incl. config., orders, assignments)
• Optional: F-QPCH quick paging channel ‘flags’ for better battery life
■ Second-Phase Implementation, serving only CDMA2000 mobiles:
• F-Pilot and F-Sync identical to IS-95B (+updated Sync message)
• Paging channel now carries ONLY pages
• F-BCH carries configuration
• F-CCCH common control channel carries orders & assignments
• F-QPCH quick paging ‘flags’ for deeper mobile sleep, longer battery
• F-CPCCH common power control channel: more ‘polite’ access
• F-CACH common assignment channel for improved access
F-QPCH: The Quick Paging Channel
1.28 s
2047 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 14 14 15 16
Mobile hashes using IMSI to recognize

indicator bits it should monitor. If the PAGING CHANNEL SLOT
bits are on, the mobile wakes up and
listen to the next PCH slot – somebody GENERAL
PAGE MESSAGE
watching those bits will be paged.
80 ms
100 ms
20
QUICK PAGING CHANNEL SLOT ms Mobile listens for first General Page
Message, beginning in this slot.
There will be a page for some mobile
80 ms
watching those indicator bits.
■ The Quick Paging Channel indicator bits tell 1xRTT mobiles whether they
need to wake up during the next Paging Channel slot
■ Each sector can have up to three F-QPCH walsh codes assigned
• Walsh Code 80 (128-bit) (if there is only one, this must be it)
• Walsh Code 48 (128-bit) (this must be second, if used)
• Walsh Code 112 (128-bit) (this must be third, if used)
■ QPCH and PCH slots are 80 ms long; QPCH slots begin 100 ms before
the corresponding PCH slot
1xRTT Access Procedures
■ IS-2000 adds two new Access methods, for three ways to access:
■ Basic Access Mode:
Success!
• (Existing Aloha Method from IS-95) MS
Probing
• no closed-loop power control
• Mobiles may suffer collisions
• Mobile Power control is by successive trial and error, which is not very
efficient
■ Power Controlled Aloha Mode
• The mobiles’ R-ACH is power controlled by the new F-CPCCH
• Better power control, but still subject to collisions
■ Power Controlled Reservation Mode
• The mobiles’ R-CCCH channel is Power Controlled
• Access to system on R-CCCH is Reservation-based (no collisions)
• This Maximizes feasible occupancy level of access channels
New Channels Improve 1xRTT Access
1 F-Pilot Backward compatible Control Subchannel R-Pilot 1
Same coding as IS-95B, Access Channel
Enhanced 1
1 to 7 PAGING
Backward compatible
Common

R-TRAFFIC
Reverse Fundamental
Dedicated
Reverse

Traffic Channels
Dedicated
0 or 1 F-DCCH Control Channel
Supplemental
0 to 7 F-SCH Channels IS-95B only
Supplemental
0 to 2 F-SCH Channels RC3,4,5
Power Controlled Reservation Access Mode
Enhanced Access Probe
EACH PREAMBLE EACH HEADER
BTS Early Acknowledgment

Channel Assignment Message
MESSAGE CAPSULE CACH PREAMBLE
F-CACH R-EACH
Enhanced Access Data

F-CPCCH Power Control Bits CCCH PREAMBLE CCCH HEADER
R-CCCH
F-CCCH Acknowledgment
■ Reservation Access Mode procedures:

• On R-EACH, mobile asks permission to transmit
• The associated F-CACH gives permission
• Mobile transmits on R-CCCH during scheduled slot
• F-CPCCH gives power control during R-CCCH transmission
• F-CCCH gives acknowledgment and TCH assignment, if needed
The F-CACH
FORWARD CHANNELS
1 F-Pilot Backward compatible
■ F-CACH modes:
1 F-Sync Backward compatible
■ Power Controlled access
1 to 7 PAGING Backward compatible mode
0 to 8 F-BCH Broadcast Channel • F-CACH provides fast
0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel acknowledgments to
Common
mobiles during access for
0 to 4 F-CPCCH Power Control Channel power control
BTS 0 to 7 F-CACH
Common
Assignment Channel ■ Reservation Access Mode
Common
0 to 7 F-CCCH Control Channels • Transmits an abbreviated
0 to many F-TRAFFIC Forward address for each mobile
Traffic Channels
that is allowed to transmit
on the R-CCCH
Dedicated
• This reduces collisions
Supplemental
0 to 7 F-SCH Channels IS-95B only during the access process
Supplemental
The F-CPCCH
FORWARD CHANNELS
■ Common Power Control
1 F-Sync Backward compatible Channel tightly controls power
Same coding as IS-95B, of mobiles accessing the
1 to 7 PAGING Backward compatible
system using R-EACH or R-
0 to 8 F-BCH Broadcast Channel CCCH
0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel ■ One CPCCH can transmit
Common
power control data for up to 24
0 to 4 F-CPCCH Power Control Channel reverse channels (each is
BTS 0 to 7 F-CACH
Common
Assignment Channel
either an R-EACH or an R-
Common
CCCH)
0 to 7 F-CCCH Control Channels • 12 channels of power
0 to many F-TRAFFIC Forward control on the I channel, 12
Traffic Channels
on the Q channel
Dedicated
■ The CPCCH increases system
0 or 1 F-DCCH Control Channel capacity by better control of
0 to 7 F-SCH
Supplemental mobile power during access
Channels IS-95B only
mode
Supplemental
IS-2000 using the new F-BCH and F-CCCH
FORWARD CHANNELS
■ Broadcast Channel F-BCH
1 F-Sync Backward compatible • 40 ms frames with slots of 40,
1 to 7 PAGING
Backward compatible
80, or 160 ms
0 to 8 F-BCH Broadcast Channel • Carries only Overhead
messages transmitted at 19.2,
0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel 9.6, or 4.8 kbps
0 to 4 F-CPCCH
Common
Power Control Channel
■ Common Control Channel
BTS 0 to 7 F-CACH
Common
Assignment Channel
• Uses 20, 10, or 5 ms frames
Common • Transmits signaling messages
at 9.6, 19.2, or 38.4 kbps
Traffic Channels • Handles all other signaling
directed to mobiles
0 or 1 F-DCCH
Dedicated • Free to operate at higher data
Control Channel
rates to improve throughput
Supplemental
Supplemental
In-Call Administration on the F-DCCH
FORWARD CHANNELS
■ The optional Dedicated Control
1 F-Sync Backward compatible Channel is paired up with an FCH
Same coding as IS-95B, (forward fundamental channel)
1 to 7 PAGING Backward compatible
• also relates to any F-SCHs
0 to 8 F-BCH Broadcast Channel
used in the call
0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel ■ Transmits signaling and possibly
0 to 4 F-CPCCH
Common power control information about
Power Control Channel
the FCH
BTS 0 to 7 F-CACH
Common
Assignment Channel ■ Uses either 5 ms or 20 ms frames
Common
0 to 7 F-CCCH Control Channels ■ Data rate always matches rate of
the associated FCH
Traffic Channels
■ F-DCCH can use discontinuous
transmission during periods with
Dedicated
no data is to be transmitted
0 to 7 F-SCH
Supplemental ■ F-DCCH can offload messaging
Channels IS-95B only
Supplemental
which otherwise would have been
0 to 2 F-SCH Channels RC3,4,5 required to go over F-FCH
1xRTT
1xRTT Channel
Channel Generation
Generation
SR1 F-Pilot Channel (IS-95 Compatible)
Complex
Scrambling
Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

■ The backward-compatible IS-95 Spreading I
Σ FIR
I
Short Code LPF
Pilot, Sync, and Paging The Pilot:
I I -
1228.8 kcps
Channels are applied to the I All Zero Data 19.2 ksps
1228.8 kcps
channel of the complex short
Walsh 128
code spreader. Generator
■ No input is applied to the Q Q

1228.8 kcps BTS
channel Nothing Connected

Q 1228.8 kcps + Q
■ This produces parallel BPSK
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
modulation for these channels + 1228.8 kcps
just like IS-95

This complex
scrambling operation is
part of every 1xRTT
channel. 1xRTT base
stations use new
channel elements, each
of which contain this
new circuitry
SR1 F-CPCCH Generation and Coding
These are the power control bits transmitted by the Complex
Scrambling
base station to adjust the power of mobiles when
transmitting on the reverse common control channels
Different Bits carried on logical I

Spreading
Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH0
Gain 9.6 ksps
I
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF I
MUX
User Long
Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH1 I -
1228.8 kcps
Code Mask
I 1228.8 kcps
Offset
Long Code Long Code Calculation Walsh 128
Generator Decimator Generator
Offset
1228.8 kbps Calculation
Gain 1228.8 kcps
Q
MUX
BTS Pwr Ctrl Bits for R-CCCH13
Q 1228.8 kcps +
9.6 ksps Q
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
+ 1228.8 kcps
Different Bits carried on logical Q
■ No convolutional or turbo coding is used on the power control data

■ Time offset of each power control subchannel is determined by the
long code offset of the reverse channel of the associated mobile
F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel Coding
Complex
Scrambling

Spreading I
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF I
9.6 ksps I -
1228.8 kcps
I 1228.8 kcps
Gain
Channel Channel Page 2x/4x Serial to Walsh 128
Symbol
Indicator Data Indicators Repetition Parallel Generator
2.4 or 4.8 4.8 or 9.6 19.2 ksps 1228.8 kcps

kbps kbps Q
BTS 9.6 ksps Q 1228.8 kcps + Q
These are the
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
bits that serve + 1228.8 kcps
as “flags” to tell The
certain groups stream of
of mobiles to symbols
“wake up” and is divided
start listening into two
to the paging parts:
channel in an one on
upcoming slot. The bit flags are encoded logical I
We have pages into symbols and repeated, and
for some of to protect against one on
you!! transmission errors logical Q
1xRTT
Forward
Forward Traffic
Traffic Channels
Channels
Spreading Rate 1 Forward Traffic Channels
■ In IS-95B mode (RC 1 or 2) F-Traffic channels include:

• 1 F-FCH forward fundamental channel for primary data at 9600
or 14400 bps using IS-95B coding
• 0 to 7 F-SCH forward supplemental channels for high speed
data using IS-95B coding
■ In CDMA2000 mode (RC3, 4, 5) F-Traffic channels include:
• 1 F-FCH forward fundamental channel
• 1 or 2 F-SCH supplemental channel
■ In CDMA2000 mode, F-DCCH dedicated control channels may be
associated with F-Traffic channels to carry signaling and power
control data
• Power control bits can be either on F-FCH or F-FDCCH
SR1, RC1 9,600 bps F-FCH (IS-95-Compatible)
Orthogonal
Spreading
I
Power Short Code
Control
Puncturing
+CRC & 1/2 rate Symbol Pwr Ctrl I
Σ
Data Bits Interleaver FIR
Tail bits Conv Encoder Repetition Bits
LPF I
8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 19.2 ksps 800 bps Gain
1228.8 kcps
Gain
User Long PC 19.2 ksps
Code Mask Punc
800 bps 1228.8 kcps 1228.8 kcps
BTS Long Code

Generator
Long Code
Decimator
Power Ctrl
Decimator
Walsh 64
Generator Σ FIR
LPF Q
1228.8 kbps /W Q
Same symbols go on both I and Q!

Q
Short Code
SR1, RC2 14,400 bps F-FCH (IS-95-Compatible)
Orthogonal
Spreading
I
Power Short Code
Control
2 of 6 Puncturing
+CRC & 1/2 rate Symbol Symbol Pwr Ctrl I
Σ
Data Bits Interleaver FIR
Tail bits Conv Encoder Repetition Puncturing Bits
LPF I
13.35 kbps 14.4 kbps 28.8 ksps 19.2 ksps 800 bps Gain
1228.8 kcps
Gain
User Long PC 19.2 ksps
Code Mask Punc
800 bps 1228.8 kcps 1228.8 kcps
BTS Long Code

Generator
Long Code
Decimator
Power Ctrl
Decimator
Walsh 64
Generator Σ FIR
LPF Q
1228.8 kbps /W Q
Same symbols go on both I and Q!

Q
Short Code
Channels of the Higher 1xRTT Configurations
1 F-Pilot Backward compatible Control Subchannel R-Pilot 1
Same coding as IS-95B, Access Channel
Enhanced 1
1 to 7 PAGING
Backward compatible
Common
0 or 1 F-BCH Broadcast Channel Control Channel R-CCCH 0 or 1
0 or 1 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

R-TRAFFIC
Reverse Fundamental
0 or 1 F-CPCCH Power Control Channel
Dedicated
0 or 1 F-CACH Assignment Channel
Reverse
0 to n F-CCCH Control Channels

Traffic Channels
Dedicated
Supplemental
Supplemental
SR1, RC3 F-FCH (9,600 bps)
Complex
Scrambling
Power Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

Control Spreading
Puncturing
I
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF I
Full Rate +CRC & 1/4 rate
Interleaver
Pwr Ctrl 19.2 ksps I -
Data Bits Tail bits Conv Encoder Bits 1228.8 kcps
8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 38.4 ksps 800 bps Gain I
Gain 1228.8 kcps
User Long PC Serial to Walsh 64
Code Mask Punc Parallel Generator
1228.8 kcps
38.4 ksps 800 bps
Q
BTS Long Code
Generator
Long Code
Decimator
Power Ctrl
Decimator 19.2 ksps Q 1228.8 kcps +
1228.8 kbps /W/2 Q
Power control information
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
may be carried as shown + 1228.8 kcps
or on the F-DCCH
The
stream of
symbols
is divided Complex scrambling
into two ensures that the
parts: physical I and Q phase
one on planes contain equal
logical I amplitudes at all times.
and This minimizes the
one on peak-to-average power
logical Q levels in the signal.
SR1, RC4 F-FCH (9,600 bps)
Complex
Scrambling
Power Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

Control Spreading
Puncturing
I
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF I
Full Rate +CRC & 1/2 rate
Interleaver
Data Bits Tail bits Conv Encoder Bits 1228.8 kcps
8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 19.2 ksps 800 bps Gain I 1228.8 kcps
Gain
19.2 ksps 1228.8 kcps

800 bps
Q
BTS Long Code
Generator
Long Code
Decimator
Power Ctrl
1228.8 kbps /W/2 Q
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
or on the F-DCCH
The
stream of
symbols
SR1, RC5 F-FCH (14.4 kbps)
Complex
Scrambling
57.6
ksps
Full Rate +CRC & 1/4 rate Puncture Power Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I
Control Spreading
Σ
Data Bits Tail bits Conv Encoder 4/12 I FIR
13.35 kbps 14.4 kbps
Puncturing Short Code LPF I
Interleaver
Bits 1228.8 kcps
38.4 ksps 800 bps Gain I 1228.8 kcps
Gain
38.4 ksps 1228.8 kcps

800 bps
Q
BTS Long Code
Generator
Long Code
Decimator
Power Ctrl
1228.8 kbps /W/2 Q
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
or on the F-DCCH
The
stream of
symbols
SR1, RC3 F-SCH (152,400 bps)
Complex
Scrambling

Spreading
614.4 ksps
I
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF I
Payload +CRC & 1/4 rate
Interleaver 307.2 ksps I -
Data Bits Tail bits Conv Encoder 1228.8 kcps
152.4 kbps 153.6 kbps 614.4 ksps I 1228.8 kcps
Gain
User Long Serial to Walsh 4
Code Mask Parallel Generator
614.4 ksps 1228.8 kcps

Q
BTS Long Code
Generator
Long Code
1228.8 kbps /W/2 Q
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
+ 1228.8 kcps
The
stream of
symbols
is divided
into two
Complex scrambling
parts:
ensures that the
one on
physical I and Q phase
logical I
planes contain equal
and
amplitudes at all times.
one on
This minimizes the
logical Q
peak-to-average power
levels in the signal.
SR1, RC4 F-SCH (307,200 bps)
Complex
Scrambling

Spreading
614.4 ksps
I
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF I
Payload +CRC & 1/2 rate
Interleaver 307.2 ksps I -
Data Bits Tail bits Conv Encoder 1228.8 kcps
304.8 kbps 307.2 kbps 614.4 ksps I 1228.8 kcps
Gain
User Long Serial to Walsh 4
Code Mask Parallel Generator
614.4 ksps 1228.8 kcps

Q
BTS Long Code
Generator
Long Code
1228.8 kbps /W/2 Q
Q
Short Code Σ FIR
LPF Q
+ 1228.8 kcps
The
stream of
symbols
is divided
into two
Complex scrambling
parts:
ensures that the
one on
physical I and Q phase
logical I
planes contain equal
and
amplitudes at all times.
one on
This minimizes the
logical Q
peak-to-average power
levels in the signal.
SR1 Forward Channel Complex Spreading
Complex Multiplier
Iin +
I Baseband
YI Σ Filter
-
Walsh Cos 2πfct
Function When
Enabled, +
Rotate
by 90° Σ S(t)
(Output - +
Qin +jIin)
QOFsign
BTS Qin +
Q Baseband
YQ Σ Filter
+
Enable
Sin 2πfct
Walshrotn
PNI
PNQ
Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)

QOFsign= ±1 sign multiplier QOF mask (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)
Walshrot = ‘0’ or ‘1’ 90°-rotation-enable Walsh function
Walshrot = ‘0’ means no rotation
Walshrot = ‘1’ means rotate by 90°
The null QOF has QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = ‘0’
PNI and PNQ = ±1 I-channel and Q-channel PN sequences
The null QOF is used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2
Channel
Channel Coding
Coding for
for Protection:
Protection:
Convolutional
Convolutional vs.
vs. Turbo
Turbo Codes
Codes
Data Protection: Convolutional vs. Turbo Coding
■ In CDMA, bits are protected against transmission errors using channel
coding, turning them into symbols before transmission. After reception, the
decoding process to recover the bits is highly tolerant of bad symbols. The
correct bits can be recovered despite symbol errors
■ Many different channel coding methods are available to convert bits into
symbols. CDMA voice applications have always used Convolutional
encoders; CDMA2000 also introduces Turbo coding
■ Voice is a real-time streaming application and lost frames can’t be
retransmitted, there is only one chance to pass the voice frames through.
We adjust the power of voice channels trying to achieve an FER of about
1% or 2%; anything higher produces gives bad-sounding speech.
■ Data applications are more forgiving of lost frames. The main objective is
throughput: a few bad frames can be retransmitted to fix errors, and
throughput remains nearly as good as before.
■ Turbo coders are a class of coders that work better for larger groups of
symbols, such as our large frames high CDMA2000 data rates
• Their design is experimental; optimal algorithms are not yet known
■ CDMA2000 gets its best results using a mixed selection of coding types:
• Adjust voice channel powers to achieve target 1-2% FER; use
Convolutional coders
• Adjust data channel powers at approx. 5% FER with Turbo coding,
using packet retransmission to correct lost frames
CDMA Convolutional Coders
The CDMA2000 Turbo Coder
■ The IS-2000 general turbo

coder is shown at right
■ The turbo coder produces five 144 ksps
output streams - the original Output
stream plus four others using 144 ksps

a combination of feedback + + Output
shift register and interleaving

techniques + + 144 ksps
+ Output
• A fifth-rate Turbo Coder 144Input

kbps
+ D D D
■ Puncturing reduces the
output rate to 3 times original +
■ This turbo coder has Interleaver
+ +
144 ksps
Output
approximately 0.5 db better
error performance than a + +
convolutional encoder of + 144 ksps
Output
similar rate + D D D
+
CDMA2000
Walsh
Walsh in
in the
the Fast
Fast Lane
Lane
(Supplemental
(SupplementalChannels
ChannelsF-SCH
F-SCH&&R-SCH,
R-SCH,that
thatis)
is)
Disclaimer: Any relationship perceived between Joe Walsh and any Walsh Codes living or dead is purely Orthogonal.
Faster Data, Shorter Walsh Codes,
Complications
■ New cdma2000 channels operate at substantially faster data rates

than current IS-95 channels
■ These faster symbol rates require shorter Walsh codes, so the
Walsh codes can occur as rapidly as the symbols being
transmitted
■ It’s worth a re-visit to the basics of Walsh codes to understand the
implications of this change
• Shorter faster Walsh codes do carry faster symbols, but with
less spreading gain
• When a Walsh code of a particular length is in use, none of its
descendents (longer lengths) or its ancestors (shorter lengths)
can be used for any other purpose
• With so many Walsh codes in use and so many new channels,
we must even face the possibility we’ll run out and have to use
other codes to carry any additional traffic
Walsh Codes in 1xRTT
2G VOICE AND DATA

One Symbol of Information
19,200 symbols/second
DATA
SYMBOLS
WALSH
CODE
1,228,800 walsh chips/second
64 chips of Walsh Code
Data Rates are different, but

Chip Rates must stay the same!
3G 153.6 kb/s DATA
One Symbol of Fast Data 307,200 symbols/second
DATA
SYMBOLS
WALSH
CODE
4 Chips of Walsh Code 1,228,800 walsh chips/second
Basics of IS-95’s Most Famous and Popular
Channelization Sequences: The Walsh Codes
WALSH CODES
# ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
2 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
■ 64 “Magic” Sequences, each 64 chips long 3

4
5
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
6 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
■ Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with 7

8
9
0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
respect to all other Walsh Codes and their 10

11
12
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
opposites too! 13
14
15
0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
16 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
• it’s simple to generate the codes, or 17
18
19
0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
• they’re small enough to use from ROM

20 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
21 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
22 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
24 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
26 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
27 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
28 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
29 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
Unique Properties: 30
31
32
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
Mutual Orthogonality
33 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
34 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
35 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
36 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
37 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
39 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
40 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
41 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
42 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
EXAMPLE: 43
44
45
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
46 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
47 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
Correlation of Walsh Code #23 with Walsh Code #59 48

49
50
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
51 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
52 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
#23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 53 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
54 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
#59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 55 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
56 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
Sum 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 57 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
58 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
60 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
Correlation Results: 32 1’s, 32 0’s: Orthogonal!! 61
62
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
General Development of the Walsh Codes
WALSH WALSH WALSH WALSH WALSH WALSH CODES WALSH CODES
# 1-Chip # 2-Chips # 4-Chips # 8-Chips # ---- 16-Chips ------- # ----------- 32-Chip Sequence ------------- # ---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0 0 0 00 0 0000 0 00000000 0 0000000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000 0 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
1 01 1 0101 1 01010101 1 0101010101010101 1 01010101010101010101010101010101 1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
2 0011 2 00110011 2 0011001100110011 2 00110011001100110011001100110011 2 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
3 0110 3 01100110 3 0110011001100110 3 01100110011001100110011001100110 3 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
2x2
4 00001111 4 0000111100001111 4 00001111000011110000111100001111 4 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
4x4
5 01011010 5 0101101001011010 5 01011010010110100101101001011010 5 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
6 00111100 6 0011110000111100 6 00111100001111000011110000111100 6 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
7 01101001 7 0110100101101001 7 01101001011010010110100101101001 7 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
8 0000000011111111 8 00000000111111110000000011111111 8 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
8x8
9 0101010110101010 9 01010101101010100101010110101010 9 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
10 0011001111001100 10 00110011110011000011001111001100 10 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
11 0110011010011001 11 01100110100110010110011010011001 11 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
12 0000111111110000 12 00001111111100000000111111110000 12 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
13 0101101010100101 13 01011010101001010101101010100101 13 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
14 0011110011000011 14 00111100110000110011110011000011 14 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
15 0110100110010110 15 01101001100101100110100110010110 15 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
16 00000000000000001111111111111111 16 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
16x16
17 01010101010101011010101010101010 17 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
18 00110011001100111100110011001100 18 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
19 01100110011001101001100110011001 19 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
20 00001111000011111111000011110000 20 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
21 01011010010110101010010110100101 21 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
Walsh Code Names

22 00111100001111001100001111000011 22 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
23 01101001011010011001011010010110 23 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
24 00000000111111111111111100000000 24 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 01010101101010101010101001010101 25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
W1232 = “Walsh Code #12, 32 chips long.” 26

27
28
00110011110011001100110000110011
01100110100110011001100101100110
00001111111100001111000000001111
26
27
28
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
29 01011010101001011010010101011010 29 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
30 00111100110000111100001100111100 30 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
31 01101001100101101001011001101001 31 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
Walsh Level Mapping 32x32

32
33
34
35
0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
The Walsh Codes shown here are in logical 36
37
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
38 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
state values 0 and 1. 39
40
0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
41 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
Walsh Codes also can exist as physical 42
43
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
bipolar signals. Logical zero is the signal 44

45
46
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
value +1 and Logical 1 is the signal value -1. 47

48
0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
49 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
Mapping: Logical 0,1 > +1, -1 Physical 50
51
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
52 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
53 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
54 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
55 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
■ All Walsh codes can be built to any size from a 56

57
58
0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
single zero by replicating and inverting 59

60
61
0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
■ All Walsh matrixes are square -- same number

62 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
of codes and number of chips per code 64x64

Walsh Code Trees and Interdependencies
W364
W332 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 0110 W3564
W316 0110 0110 0110 0110 W1964
W1932 0110 0110 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 W5164
W38 0110 0110
W1164
W1132 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 W4364
W1116 0110 0110 1001 1001
W2764
W2732 0110 0110 1001 1001 1001 1001 0110 0110 W5964
W34 0110
W764
W732 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 0110 1001 W3964
W716 0110 1001 0110 1001 W2364
W2332 0110 1001 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 W5564
W78 0110 1001
W1564
W1532 0110 1001 1001 0110 0110 1001 1001 0110 W4764
W1516 0110 1001 1001 0110
W3164
W3132 0110 1001 1001 0110 1001 0110 0110 1001 W6364
■ Entire Walsh matrices can be built by replicating and inverting -- Individual

Walsh codes can also be expanded in the same way.
■ CDMA adds each symbol of information to one complete Walsh code
■ Faster symbol rates therefore require shorter Walsh codes
■ If a short Walsh code is chosen to carry a fast data channel, that walsh
code and all its replicative descendants are compromised and cannot be
reused to carry other signals
■ Therefore, the supply of available Walsh codes on a sector diminishes
greatly while a fast data channel is being transmitted!
■ CDMA2000 Base stations can dip into a supply of quasi-orthogonal codes
if needed to permit additional channels during times of heavy loading
Walsh Code Families and Exclusions
■ Consider a forward link supplemental WALSH CODES
channel being transmitted with a data #
0
---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence ------------------------------------------
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
W34 0110 1 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
rate of 307,200 symbols/second 2
3
4
0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011
0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110
0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111
5 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010
• Each symbol will occupy 4 chips at 6
7
8
0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100
0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001
0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111
the 1x rate of 1,228,800 c/s. 9
10
0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010
0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100
11 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001
12 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000
• A 4-chip walsh code will be used for 13
14
0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101
0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011
this channel 15
16
17
0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110
0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111
0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010
18 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100
■ If Walsh Code #3 (4 chips) is chosen for 19

20
21
0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001
0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000
0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101
this channel: 22
23
24
0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011
0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110
0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000
25 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101
• Use of W34 will preclude other usage 26

27
28
0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011
0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110
0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111
of the following 64-chip walsh codes: 29

30
31
0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010
0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100
0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001
32 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111
• 3, 35, 19, 51, 11, 43, 27, 59, 7, 39, 33

34
35
0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010
0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100
0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001
23, 55, 15, 47, 31, 63 -- all forbidden! 36

37
38
0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000
0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101
0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011
39 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110
• 16 codes are tied up since the data is 40

41
42
0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000
0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101
0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011
being sent at 16 times the rate of 43
44
45
0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110
0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111
0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010
conventional 64-chip walsh codes 46
47
48
0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100
0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001
0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000
■ The BTS controller managing this sector 49

50
51
0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101
0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011
0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110
must track the precluded walsh codes 52

53
54
0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111
0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010
0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100
and ensure they aren’t assigned 55

56
57
0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001
0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111
0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010
58 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100
59 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001
Which Walsh Codes get tied up by another? 60

61
62
0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000
0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101
0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011
Wxxyyties up every YYth Walsh Code starting with #XX.

63 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k 95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 59
15
153.6 ksps
111
47 19.2k 47
15
F-SCH
38.4k 79
15 19.2k 15
7
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
This way of arranging Walsh codes is called “bit reversal order”. It shows each Walsh
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k 23
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k
Walsh code’s parents and children. Remember, we cannot use any Walsh code if
39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
Forward Link Walsh Codes in 1xRTT
7 Paging 7 7
3
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3
Intro. to CDMA2000 through 1xRTT v1.85 (c)2003 Scott Baxter

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
another Walsh code directly above it or below it is in use.
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 Paging 3 3
125
61 19.2k 61
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k 13
5
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
5
69
5 Paging 5 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
14 19.2k 14
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 PCH 6 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 PCH 2 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 PCH 4 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
4 chips 8 chips 16 chips 32 chips 64 chips 128 chips
IS-95 Busy Sector
Snapshot of Walsh Usage
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k
???????
95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 61
15
But if the users are highly mobile, forward power may exhaust at typically 30-40 users.
153.6 ksps
111
47 19.2k 47
15
F-SCH
38.4k 79
15 19.2k 15
7
119
In fixed-wireless or “stadium” type applications, all walsh codes may be usable.
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k 23
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k 39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
123
59 19.2k
Pilot, Paging Sync, up to 61 Voice Users
59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
IS-95 Today Typical Usage:
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
125
61 19.2k 61
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k 13
5
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
Traffic Channels
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46
Voice or Data
19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
14 19.2k 14
6
118
9.6k/14.4k
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 19.2k 48
16
QPCH
38.4k 16 19.2k 80 QPCH
16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k
??
95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k
Mixed IS-95 / 1xRTT RC3 Voice Typical Usage:
IS-95. The BTS will probably have enough forward power to carry calls on all 61 walsh codes!
31
332 - 62
15
153.6 ksps
111
47 19.2k 47
15
F-SCH
38.4k 79
FCHs of 1xRTT RC3 users consume less power, so more total users are possible than in
15 19.2k 15
7
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k 23
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k 39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
125
61 19.2k 61
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k 13
5
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
F-FCHs mixed
46 19.2k
RC1,2,3 Voice
46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
14 19.2k 14
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 19.2k 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 19.2k 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
But so many active data users F-FCHs consume a lot of capacity, reduce number of voice users!
38.4k 95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 63
15
153.6 ksps
F-SCH 153K RC3
111
47 19.2k 47
15
F-SCH
38.4k
The data users can rapidly share the one F-SCH for 153 kb/s peak, ~9Kb/s avg. user rates.
79
1 F-SCH, 27 Voice IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Users, 16 Active Data Users
15 19.2k 15
7
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
A Possible 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:
23
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k 23
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k 39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
125
61 19.2k 61
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
F-FCHs 9.6k
45 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k
RC3 Data
13
5
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
F-FCHs 9.6k
14 19.2k 14
RC3 Voice
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
F-FCHs 9.6k
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
RC3 Voice
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k 95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 64
15
153.6 ksps
F-SCH 153K RC3
111
47 19.2k 47
15
F-SCH
38.4k 79
15 19.2k 15
1 F-SCH, 39 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Dormant Data Users
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k
A Possible 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:
23
7
307.2 ksps
Data users will get 153 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, but latency will be high.
103
39 19.2k
But it takes seconds to move various data users from Dormant to Active!
39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
125
61 19.2k 61
F-FCHs
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
Data
45 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k 13
5
117
53 19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6k
53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k
RC3 Voice
21
5
101
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
F-FCHs 9.6k
14 19.2k 14
RC3 Voice
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
F-FCHs 9.6k
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
RC3 Voice
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k 95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 65
15
153.6 ksps
F-SCH 153K RC3
111
47 19.2k 47
15
Slightly Improved 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:
F-SCH
38.4k 79
15 19.2k
1 F-SCH, 37 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold Data Users
15
7
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
87
Instead of sending 16 data users to Dormant State, let them time-share 2 F-DCCH for
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k
Control Hold state. Data users will get 153 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, good latency.
23
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k 39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
125
61 19.2k 61
F-FCHs
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45
Data 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k 13
5
F-DCCHs
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
F-FCHs 9.6k
Not yet available or implemented.
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
RC3 Voice
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
F-FCHs 9.6k
14 19.2k 14
RC3 Voice
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
F-FCHs 9.6k
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
RC3 Voice
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k 95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 66
15
153.6 ksps
F-SCH 153K RC3
111
47 19.2k 47
15
F-SCH
38.4k 79
15 19.2k 15
2 F-SCH, 21 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold Data Users
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
Heavy Data 1xRTT RC3 BTS Dynamic State:
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k
16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users get 38.4, 76.4,
23
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k 39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
or 153.6 kb/s peak, ~19 kb/s average, good latency. But only 21 voice users!
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
125
61 19.2k 61
F-FCHs
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45
Data 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k 13
5
F-DCCHs
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
F-FCHs 9.6k
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
RC3 Voice
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k
F-SCH 153K RC3
94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
14 19.2k 14
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
F-FCHs 9.6k
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
RC3 Voice
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
1xRTT Busy Sector
Walsh Code Usage
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
F-SCH
38.4k 95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 68
15
153.6 ksps
111
47 19.2k
38K 47
15
F-SCH
38.4k 79
3 F-SCH, 37 IS-95/1xRTT RC3 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC3 Data Users
15 19.2k
1xRTT RC3 BTS with Different User Data Rates:
15
7
119
38.4k 55 19.2k
F-SCH
55
23
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k 23
7
307.2 ksps
38K
103
39 19.2k
Data users get 38.4, 76.4, or 153.6 kb/s peak, ~9 kb/s average, good latency.
39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
123
RC3
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
F-SCH
27 19.2k 27
11
76K ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

153.6
115
51 19.2k
16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state.
51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
125
61 19.2k 61
F-FCHs
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45
Data 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k 77
13 19.2k 13
5
F-DCCHs
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
F-FCHs 9.6k
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
RC3 Voice
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
F-FCHs 9.6k
14 19.2k 14
RC3 Voice
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
F-FCHs 9.6k
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k 28
12
RC3 Voice
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k
???????
95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 69
15
153.6 ksps
111
47 19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6k
47
15
F-SCH
38.4k
Wow! 118 users! But RC4 users F-FCHs consume as much power as old IS-95 calls.
79
RC4 Voice
15 19.2k 15
7
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k 23
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k 39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
BTS may run out of forward power before the all walsh codes are used.
7 19.2k 7
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
1xRTT RC4 Voice Only:
125
61 19.2k 61
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k
13 19.2k 77
F-FCHs 9.6k
RC4 Voice
13
5
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k 62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
14 19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6k
14
RC4 Voice
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6k
28
12
RC4 Voice
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
153,600
307200
76,800
38,400
19,200
9,600
4,800
2,400
Code#
Code#
Code#
31 Code#
Code#
Code#
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
sps
127
63 19.2k 63
38.4k 95
ksps
76.8
31 19.2k 31
332 - 70
15
153.6 ksps
F-SCH 307K RC4
111
47 19.2k 47
15
F-SCH
76.4, 153.6 or 307.2 kb/s peak, ~19 kb/s average, good latency. But fwd power may exhaust!
38.4k 79
15 19.2k 15
1 F-SCH, 80 1xRTT RC4 Voice Users, 4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC4 Data Users
119
38.4k 55 19.2k 55
23
87
ksps
76.8
23 19.2k 23
16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get 38.4,
7
307.2 ksps
103
39 19.2k 39
F-SCH
38.4k
7
71
7 19.2k 7
3
123
59 19.2k 59
27
38.4k 91
ksps
76.8
27 19.2k 27
11
153.6 ksps
107
43 19.2k 43
11
F-SCH
38.4k 75
11 19.2k 11
3

115
51 19.2k 51
19
38.4k 83
ksps
76.8
19 19.2k 19
3
99
35 19.2k 35
38.4k
3
67
3 19.2k 3
1xRTT RC4 Voice and Data:
61 19.2k
????
125
61
29
38.4k 93
ksps
76.8
29 19.2k 29
13
153.6 ksps
109
45 19.2k 45
13
F-SCH
38.4k
13 19.2k 77
F-FCHs 9.6k
RC4 Voice
13
5
117
53 19.2k 53
21
38.4k 85
ksps
76.8
21 19.2k 21
5
101
37 19.2k 37
38.4k
5
69
5 19.2k 5
1
121
57 19.2k 57
25
38.4k 89
ksps
76.8
25 19.2k 25
9
105
41 19.2k 41
38.4k
9
73
9 19.2k 9
1
113
49 19.2k 49
17
38.4k 81
17 19.2k 18
1
97
33 19.2k 33
1
65
1 Paging 1
126
62 19.2k
F-FCHs
62
30
38.4k 94
ksps
76.8
30 19.2k 30
14
F-DCCHs
153.6 ksps
110
46 19.2k 46
14
F-SCH
38.4k 78
14 19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6k
14
RC4 Voice
6
118
54 19.2k 54
22
38.4k 86
ksps
76.8
22 19.2k 22
6
307.2 ksps
102
38 19.2k 38
F-SCH
38.4k
6
70
6 19.2k 6
2
122
58 19.2k 58
26
38.4k 90
ksps
76.8
26 19.2k 26
10
153.6 ksps
106
42 19.2k 42
10
F-SCH
38.4k 74
10 19.2k 10
2
114
50 19.2k 50
18
38.4k 82
ksps
76.8
18 19.2k 18
2
98
34 19.2k 34
38.4k
2
66
2 19.2k 2
124
60 19.2k 60
28
38.4k 92
ksps
76.8
28 19.2k
F-FCHs 9.6k
28
12
RC4 Voice
153.6 ksps
108
44 19.2k 44
12
F-SCH
38.4k 76
12 19.2k 12
4
116
52 19.2k 52
20
38.4k 84
ksps
76.8
20 19.2k 20
4
100
36 19.2k 36
38.4k
4
68
4 19.2k 4
0
120
56 19.2k 56
24
38.4k 88
ksps
76.8
24 19.2k 24
1-2003
8
104
40 19.2k 40
38.4k
8
72
8 19.2k 8
0
112 QPCH
48 48
16
QPCH
80 QPCH
16 16 TX Div PIlot
0
96
32 Sync 32
Code# 0
64
0 Pilot 0
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Code#
Mature 1xRTT Mixed-Mode Voice and Data:
1 RC3/RC4 Shared F-SCH, 20 RC3 Voice Users, 38 RC4 Voice Users,
4 Active+12 Control-Hold RC3 and RC4 Data Users
16 data users time-share 2 F-DCCH for Control Hold state. Data users will get
38.4, 76.4, 153.6 or 307.2 kb/s peak, ~9 or 19 kb/s average, good latency. Fwd power tight!
Code# 0 2 1 3 Code#
F-SCH 153K RC3
4 chips
F-SCH
307.2 ksps
or
F-SCH
307200
sps
F-SCH307.2
307K
ksps RC4
Code# 0 4 2 6 1 5 3 7 Code#
Or
8 chips
F-SCH F-SCH F-SCH F-SCH F-SCH F-SCH 153,600

153.6 ksps 153.6 ksps 153.6 ksps 153.6 ksps 153.6 ksps 153.6 ksps sps
Co
Code# 0 8 4 12 2 10 6 14 1 9 5 13 3 11 7 15 Code#
m
16 chips
76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76.8 76,800
bi
ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps ksps sps
na
Code# 0 16 8 24 4 20 12 28 2 18 10 26 6 22 14 30 1 17 9 25 5 21 13 29 3 19 11 27 7 23 15 31 Code#
32 chips
t
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38.4k
38,400
io
sps
n s
Code# Code#
32
40
56
52
12
28
60
18
42
26
38
14
46
62
49
25
57
21
53
45
29
35
11
43
59
55
15
31
63
16
48
24
36
20
44
34
50
10
58
22
54
30
33
17
41
37
13
61
19
51
27
39
23
47
0
7
6
3
F-FCHs 9.6k F-FCHs 9.6k F-FCHs 9.6k
64 chips
Paging
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
19.2k
Sync
Pilot
19,200
F-DCCHs
????
sps
RC3 Voice RC3 Voice RC3 Voice
F-FCHs
104
100
116
108
124
114
122
102
110
113
105
121
117
125
107
103
111
127
112
120
106
118
126
101
109
115
123
119
Code# Code#
32
96
80
48
56
68
20
52
76
28
66
34
18
82
10
42
90
38
86
54
14
62
65
97
18
49
73
25
69
37
21
85
45
93
35
99
83
51
11
59
71
23
55
79
31
64
16
72
40
24
88
36
84
12
44
92
60
98
50
74
26
58
70
22
78
46
30
94
33
81
41
89
57
53
13
77
29
61
67
19
75
43
27
91
39
87
15
47
95
63
0
3
4
7
F-FCHs 9.6k F-FCHs 9.6k F-FCHs 9.6k
9,600
128 chips
TX Div PIlot
4,800
QPCH
QPCH
QPCH
RC4 Voice RC4 Voice RC4 Voice 2,400

sps
What if we run out of Walsh Codes?
Quasi-Orthogonal Functions
■ 1xRTT has 128 Walsh codes available
• but so many new types of channels, and
variable length codes, can cause Walsh
code shortages on some sectors! The Original Walsh Codes
■ When no more Walsh codes are available, “Set 0”
Quasi-Orthogonal Functions can be used
• QOFs are generated by multiplying Walsh Quasi-Orthogonal
Codes with a quasi-orthogonal mask
Functions
• Following Walsh Spreading, the I and Q “QOF Set 1”
channels are rotated 90 degrees gated by
another Walsh Code
Quasi-Orthogonal
■ Each set of QOFs is self-orthogonal among its
members Functions
“QOF Set 2”
• there is slight non-orthogonality between
different QOF sets including the original
walsh codes, but not at troublesome levels Quasi-Orthogonal
• Short PN imperfections are just as bad, Functions
and they aren’t troublesome “QOF Set 3”
■ Manufacturers didn’t implement QOFs in their
initial CDMA2000 products, but all are
expected eventually to support QOFs
Masks for Quasi-Orthogonal Functions
■ There are four mask

conditions used to create
Walsh and QOF functions
• 0: Walsh Codes
(perfectly orthogonal)
• 1-3: QOF functions
(approximately
orthogonal)
Walsh Code/Quasi Orthogonal Implementation
Complex Multiplier
This block builds the
QOFs
Iin +
I Baseband
YI Σ Filter
-
Walsh Cos 2πfct
Function When
Enabled, +
Rotate
by 90° Σ S(t)
(Output - +
Qin +jIin)
QOFsign
BTS Qin +
Q Baseband
YQ Σ Filter
+
Enable
Sin 2πfct
Walshrotn
PNI
PNQ
Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)

QOFsign= ±1 sign multiplier QOF mask (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)
Walshrot = ‘0’ or ‘1’ 90°-rotation-enable Walsh function
Walshrot = ‘0’ means no rotation
Walshrot = ‘1’ means rotate by 90°
The null QOF has QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = ‘0’
PNI and PNQ = ±1 I-channel and Q-channel PN sequences
The null QOF is used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2
Forward
Forward Orthogonal
Orthogonal Transmit
Transmit
Diversity
Diversity (OTD)
(OTD)
SR1 Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity
■ Forward link receive space diversity is not possible on phones due

to space limitations
■ Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD) divides the
transmitted symbol stream into two streams before Walsh
spreading
■ Each signal is then transmitted by a separate antenna at the BTS
SR1, RC4
Orthogonal Transmit Diversity Coding
9.6 ksps
Antenna One
4.8 ksps Symbol
Power FIR
Control
Repeat I
Puncturing I1 (++) Complex
LPF
PN 1228.8 kcps
Full Rate +CRC & 1/2 rate Pwr Ctrl Walsh 128
Interleaver Sequence 1228.8 kcps
Data Bits Tail bits Conv Encoder Bits 4.8 ksps Symbol Scrambling
800 bps FIR
8.6 kbps 9.6 ksps 19.2 ksps Gain Repeat Q
Gain Q1 (++)
LPF
User Long PC
Demux Antenna Two
Code Mask Punc
4.8 ksps Symbol
FIR
19.2 ksps 800 bps Repeat I
Long Code Long Code Power Ctrl I2 (+-) Complex
LPF
Generator Decimator Decimator PN 1228.8 kcps
Walsh 128
1228.8 kbps /W/2 Sequence 1228.8 kcps
Q2 Symbol Scrambling
FIR
may be carried as shown 4.8 ksps
Repeat
LPF Q
(+-)
or on the F-DCCH
9.6 ksps 1228.8 kcps
■ The DEMUX splits the data into four streams at 1/4 the input rate
■ Symbol repetition doubles the symbol rates of each channel
■ The channels are then spread by a 128-bit Walsh code
■ The resulting signal appears to have been spread by a 256-bit Walsh code
■ Each carrier is transmitted on a different spatially-separated BTS antenna
1xRTT
1xRTT Reverse
Reverse Channels
Channels
CDMA2000 SR1 CDMA Reverse Channels
REVERSE CHANNELS
■ IS-95 mobiles never transmit Includes Power
more than one kind of channel Control Subchannel R-Pilot 1
at a time Access Channel
(IS-95B compatible) R-ACH or
1
■ A 1xRTT mobile can transmit Enhanced
up to five different channels Common
R-CCCH 0 or 1
simultaneously, all within its Control Channel
own signal using one long R-TRAFFIC

code offset Reverse Fundamental
Channel (IS95B comp.) R-FCH 1
■ An IS-95 mobile transmits the Dedicated
R-DCCH 0 or 1
content of its single channel in Control Channel
Reverse
the form of a string of walsh Supplemental Channel R-SCH 0 to 2
codes which are symbols of
the information being sent
■ A 1xRTT mobile uses steady
walsh codes as individual
channels of information, the
same way a base station does
on the forward link
SR1 Reverse Channel Complex Spreading
R-SCH 2 Gain Complex

1228.2 kcps Scale Scrambling
1228.8 kcps
W24 or W68
R-Pilot + +
Power
Control
Σ Σ I
I-channel
Short Code - 1228.8 kcps
Gain
R-DCCH Scale
1228.2 kcps 1228.8 kcps
User Long Long Code

W816 Code Mask Generator W22
R-SCH-1
or 1-chip Decimate
Gain Delay By 2
R-EACH Scale
or 1228.2 kcps
R-CCCH Q-channel +
Σ Q
Short Code
W12 or W14
or W28 or W68
Σ + 1228.8 kcps
Gain
R-FCH
1228.2 kcps Scale 1228.8 kcps
W416 W416 means Walsh Code #4 at 16-chip length
Reverse Link Modulation
■ After construction of the composite

baseband signal including all the
active reverse channels, the I and
Q signals are now ready for
Baseband
modulation I Filter
■ Modulation is performed in the Cos 2πfct

same was as IS-95 Σ
Passband
Filter S(t)
■ Notice that although I and Q carry

independent contents, all the Baseband
reverse channels are complex- Q Filter
spread and occupy both I and Q Sin 2πfct
due to the complex scrambling

shown on the preceding page
SR1 RC3 R-FCH Generation & Coding
Orthogonal
Spreading
76.8 ksps 1228.8 kcps

R-FCH Channel 1/4 Rate 1 Frame X2 Symbol
Convolutional Block Repetition
Data Bits Coder Encoder Interleaver
8.6
kbps Add CRC 9.6 kbps 38.4 ksps 38.4 ksps
& Tail Bits
Spread Walsh Code
Factor =16 Generator
■ This is the fundamental channel for SR1 RC3, with frames 20 ms

long when it is carrying voice information
■ CRC and tail bits are added
■ The data is passed through a R1/4 convolutional encoder,
providing very powerful protection against bit errors
■ The resulting symbols are block-interleaved against bursty fades
■ Symbol repetition then brings the rate from 38.4 ksps to 76.8 ksps
■ Each of the phone’s reverse channels has a different walsh code;
the R-FCH always uses Walsh code #4 at 16-chip length
Reverse Link Walsh Codes in 1xRTT
Code# 0 1 Code#
2 chips
If a Walsh Code is used, the other walsh 614400

R-SCH 1 (max speed) sps
codes directly under it cannot be used.
Code# 0 2 1 3 Code#
4 chips
307200
R-SCH 2 (max speed) R-SCH 1 (1/2 speed) sps
Code# 0 4 2 6 1 5 3 7 Code#
8 chips
R-SCH 2 153600
sps
½ speed
Code# 0 8 4 12 2 10 6 14 1 9 5 13 3 11 7 15 Code#
Pilot DCCH
16 chips
76800
& Pwr if FCH available
sps
Ctrl used
■ A 1xRTT mobile may transmit several channels at the same time – for
example, R-FCH and Pilot and R-SCH.
• the mobile uses steady walsh codes as channels much like a BTS
■ All mobiles use the same Walsh codes for the same functions
■ notice the two possible speeds of R-SCH 1 and R-SCH 2
Reverse Channel Gain Settings
■ Because the spreading and coding gain of each channel is known,

relative strength of each mobile's various channels is set in a
default table
• Channel gain value changes can be downloaded to the phone
if desired
■ Each code channel gain is set relative to the mobile’s pilot
■ Gain parameters have resolution of 1/8 db
■ The Phone maintains a table of Nominal Gains (see next page)
■ Other parameters are supplied by the BTS
Mobile’s R-CCCH Power Settings
(0-64)
Mobile’s R-FCH, DCCH, and SCH Power Settings
(0-64)
(0-64)
HPSK Modulation
■ Hybrid (some call it "Harmonized") Phase Shift Keying (HPSK)

• Lowers the Peak-to-Average ratio (I.e., crest factor) of the reverse link
waveform transmitted by the mobile
• This eases the performance requirements for the power amplifier of
the mobile, making it simpler, less costly, and more efficient using
precious battery power
• This reduces the out-of-band radiation at the "skirts" of the CDMA
signal by approximately 4 db (this was suggested during the
standards process by Korean manufacturers)
■ IS-95 Uses OQPSK to reduce crest factors. Won’t that work here?
• It works well when 1) there is only one waveform being transmitted,
and 2) only one carrier frequency being transmitted
• IS-2000 uses multiple summed code channels which can drive
OQPSK signals through the origin; IS-2000 also uses multiple RF
carriers which are independent waveforms
• HPSK is able to retain its crest factor when multiple channels are used
The HPSK Method of Operation
■ HPSK reduces the probability of I I
zero transitions and symbol
repeats from 1/4 to 1/8
Long Code
Generator W22 Q’
Q
• Decimate the Q code by 2, 1-chip
Delay
Decimate
By 2
then XOR with the Walsh
code #2 Q
• Halves the Peak-to-Average +1
power ratio of the signal!
I
Possible Possible Q Q’ I/Q -1 +1
I Values Q Values Patterns Patterns Pairs
1 1, -1 1, -1 1,1 ; 1, -1
1, 1
-1 -1, 1 -1, 1 1,1 ; -1, 1
-1
1 1, -1 -1, 1 -1,-1 ; -1, 1
1, 1
-1 -1, 1 1, -1 -1,1 ; -1, -1
1 1, -1 1, 1 1,1 ; -1, 1
•In each symbol change, zero crossings
1, 1
-1 -1, 1 -1, -1 1,-1 ; -1, -1 and symbol repeats are not allowed!
1 1, -1 -1, -1 -1,-1 ; 1, -1 •The next two-bit pair has a 1/4 chance
1, 1
-1 -1, 1 1, 1 -1,1 ; 1, 1 of zero-crossing or symbol-repeat
HPSK Imposes Walsh Code Requirements
■ In order to preserve the reduction in zero crossings and reduced

peaks provided by HPSK, the Walsh codes selected for the
various reverse channels from the mobile must avoid certain bit
patterns.
• Basic requirement: The Walsh codes must be patterns which
repeat bits at least twice before changing value. Examples:
– Walsh 1, 1, -1, -1 works since it repeats twice before
changing
IS-95B
IS-95B Handoff
Handoff Improvements
Improvements
Supported
Supported inin 1xRTT
1xRTT
IS-95A Handoff: Inflexible, Threshold Driven
Active
■ Mobile requests soft handoff with all -3
All Six
pilots above T_Add sectors in
Pilot Strength
soft handoff!
(Ec/Io, db)
• This occasionally leads to some
rigid, less-than-optimum decisions! Active
Active
Active
Active Active
■ Problem Situation 1 T_Add
• One dominant, strong signal and a
lot of weak ones: -20
– Mobile asks for them all, but

only one is really needed!
-3
■ Problem Situation 2 Only One
Sector in soft
Pilot Strength
• Heavy pilot pollution, many signals handoff!
(Ec/Io, db)
lurk barely below the threshold
Active
– Mobile may request one or two, T_Add
but ignore the others which
could have helped call survive
-20
IS-95B Handoff Improvements
Are Supported in CDMA2000
■ A handoff process more intelligent than fixed thresholds

• Handoff events driven by smarter, situation-influenced triggers
■ Candidate Set Removal:
■ Neighbor-to-Active transition:
■ Removal from Active Set:
The
The Data
Data Side
Side of
of 3G
3G Networks
Networks
Network-Side Improvements in CDMA2000
■ We've just seen how new CDMA2000 RF improvements create a

whole new type of channel which can carry fast data
• The RF link is no longer the bottleneck for mobile data!
■ Many wireless operators' business plans expect data usage to
rapidly expand, reaching bit volumes roughly equal to voice calls
within just a year or so after CDMA2000 commercial launch
• And voice traffic is still growing in the meanwhile!
■ All this new fast data has to go through some kind of equipment
• The traditional voice circuit-switched plant can't handle it
– It handles only circuit-switched 64 kb/s DS-0s, which would
be a big bottleneck for high speed data
• A whole new back-side packet data network is needed to
bypass mobile data around the switch, into internet or VPNs
■ Fortunately, existing LAN-style data technologies are up to the job,
and much more hardware-efficient than traditional switching
Understanding the foundation of 3G Networks:
Core 2G CDMA Network Architecture
Switch Access Manager BTS

GPS or (C)BSC GPS
GPSR
SLM CM GPSR
BSM CDSU CDSU DISCO TFU
DMS-BUS TFU1 CDSU

Ch. Card ACC
Packets
CDSU DISCO 1 CDSU
LPP ENET LPP CDSU Σα Txcvr
A
RFFE
A
CDSU DISCO 2
Chips
Σβ Txcvr RFFE
DS0 in T1
CDSU B B
DTCs CDSU Σχ Txcvr
C
RFFE
C
IOC
SBS
Vocoders
Vocoder Channel RF
Selectors The selector
assembles
Element
packets going to A channel element turns
the BTS and packet bits into CDMA
A vocoder converts disassembles
PSTN speech between DS-0 packets coming
chips to the mobile, and
chips from the mobile into
and packet forms from the BTS. packets to the BSC.
Existing 2nd Generation CDMA Voice Networks
(C)BSC or rf
Access Manager 14400 bps max
Switch BTS
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS Handset
■ 2nd Generation CDMA Networks were designed primarily to handle voice

■ The CDMA voice conversation’s 20-ms frames are carried as packets
between mobile and the Selector
• The selector assembles frames being sent to the mobile and
disassembles frames coming from the mobile
• Frame contents normally include voice and occasional signaling; may
also include data if additional equipment is included (not shown)
■ The vocoders in the BSC and the mobile convert the packet stream into
continuous DS-0 audio for the end-users
• The MSC makes a circuit-switched connection for call
Today's Data Turtle Race:
How Data flows on a 2G CDMA Network
PROPRIETARY SLOW IP TRAFFIC

Internet Backbone
VPNs Network (C)BSC or rf
Gateway IWF Access Manager 14400 bps max
Server
DIAL-UP ACCESS Switch BTS
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
■ Additional hardware is needed to carry data on a 2G network

■ Data to/from the user connects near the selector in the BSC
• Passed through the switch as 56kb/s data links in 64kb/s DS-0s
■ Data connection to outside world handled by IWF Interworking Function
• Includes modems to convert data stream into DS-0 for dial-up uses
• Can contain data routers to access IP or PPP networks
• May include capability for FAX and other communications modes
More about Today's InterWorking Function
PROPRIETARY SLOW IP TRAFFIC

Internet Backbone
VPNs Network (C)BSC or rf
Gateway IWF Access Manager 14400 bps max
Server
DIAL-UP ACCESS Switch BTS
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
■ The InterWorking Function (IWF) was introduced in 1998.

• collocated with MSC
• CDMA data calls can interwork with PSTN & packet data networks
• based on industry standards IS-95, IS-707, IS-658
• initial data service offering is rather limited, but provides valuable experience using data
service without major capital investment.
■ IWF allows:
• Data transmission rates to 14.4 Kbps. (13,350 kbps considering overhead bits)
• Traffic Primary mobile-originated; Mobile-terminated service available but rare
■ IWF provides circuit switched service, not packet-switched
• No provision for multiple data calls to share a CDMA code channel
• proprietary Quick Net Connect allows packet connection to a public packet data network
3G Data Capabilities: 1xRTT CDMA Network
FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC PDSN
Internet Backbone fiber - ATM Foreign Agent
Network
VPNs T SECURE TUNNELS T
Authentication
Authorization R-P Interface
rf
PDSN
Home Agent AAA Accounting
Fast!
(C)BSC/Access Manager
Switch BTS
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED VOICE TRAFFIC POINT-TO-POINT PACKETS Wireless
Mobile Device
■ For full-featured data access over a 3G network, a true IP connection must be

established to outside Packet Data Networks
■ This requires a Packet Data Serving Node
• ISP and operator-provided services are provided by external Home
Network and Home Agent servers
• Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting provided by external server
■ The IWF (not shown above) is still maintained to allow old mobiles to use dial-
up and WAP/wireless web keypad access
1xRTT CDMA Network Element Descriptions
Network
Authentication
rf
PDSN
Fast!
Switch BTS
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
Mobile Device
AAA - Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting - may MSC - Mobile Switching Center
include both home and broker-provided functions voice/circuit-switched network hub
BSC - Base Station Controller: vocoders and packet router PDN - Packet Data Network
BTS - Base Transceiver Station private, public, internet packet networks
radio equipment PDSN - Packet Data Serving Node
HA - Home Agent, HN - Home Network routes user data packets to/from destinations
IP access for Mobile IP on home and roaming networks PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network
IWF - Interworking Function VLR - Visitor Location Register
provides necessary protocol conversions HLR - Home Location Register
PDSN Packet Data Serving Node
Network
Authentication
rf
PDSN
Fast!
Switch BTS
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
Mobile Device
■ The Packet Data Serving Node (PDSN) is a new network element

to support packet data services
• The PDSN is the heart of the Packet Data Network
• The interface between the 1xRTT radio network and the PDSN
is called the R-P interface
■ Many network manufacturers offer competing PDSN solutions:
Nortel and Lucent PDSNs
LUCENT/SPRINGTIDE NORTEL
PDSN SHASTA PDSN
Ericsson and Motorola PDSNs
MOTOROLA PDSN
ERICSSON CISCO 7500 ROUTER
RXI 820 PDSN
ERICSSON MOTOROLA Access Node

AXC 706 PDSN CATALYST 6509
Other Manufacturers' PDSNs and DHAs
3COM PDSN
IPmobile
REDBACK PDSN AirGateway 3COM DISTRIBUTED
PDSN HOME AGENT
CDMA2000 Multi-Market Voice/Data Network
Private IP
Internet
Networks
Regional
Data Home Home AAA
Center Agent Agent Server
Operator's Private Network

Nortel System Lucent System Motorola System
IP Data IP Data IP Data
PCF
PDSN
PDSN RP Interface FA
FA RP
BSC RP PDSN/FA
Access CBSC
Switch Mgr. Switch
Switch
Voice Voice Voice
PSTN PSTN PSTN
Functions of the PDSN
■ PDSN functions:
• Provides logical links to the radio network (RN) across the radio-
packet (R-P) interface
• Routes packets to/from external packet data networks
– Supports Simple IP and Mobile IP protocols
– Uses a layer-2 tunneling protocol (L2TP) over a private IP
network to implement packet transfer between the BSC and the
public packet data network
• Sets up, manages, and terminates PPP sessions for mobile users
• Supports standard Internet routing protocols: maintains routing tables
and performs route discovery
• Provides Foreign Agent functionality supporting the Mobile IP protocol
• Initiates Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) for the
mobile station client to the AAA server
• Receives service parameters for the mobile client from the AAA server
• Collects usage data for accounting to be relayed to the AAA
• Allows data users to roam seamlessly across the provider’s network
while appearing to the PDN as if they were at a fixed network address
Authentication, Authorization & Accounting
■ The AAA server provides Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting

functions for packet calls in a 1xRTT network
■ AAA Functions:
• Authentication
– PPP authentication (PAP and CHAP)
– Mobile IP authentication (User ID and password)
• Authorization
– Service profile for mobile, like an HLR stores users’ voice profiles
– Security key distribution
• Accounting
– Interface with external billing server
– Links to enterprise systems for provisioning, packet data billing
• Address management
■ All AAA transactions in some networks will initially be performed using
RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) protocol
• New AAA protocols are expected to be standardized in the future
3G Network Typical Management Interfaces
IS-2000 Air Interface
HLR HLR IOS V4 IS-707A2 Data Devices
Through SMS
(not shown) A1/A2/A5
ANSI-41 E Pal
m
BTS
Mobile VLR Base
PSTN Switching Station
Center Controller
Mobile
IS-2000 & IOS-V4 “R-P”
IS-658 “L” Client
IOS V4 A-10/A-11
Svc CDRs
DiffServ DiffServ Svc
Profile Node Inter- Node Profile E
Working
Function PDSN M
Policy NEDRs To
Foreign (IWF) S
Mgr HA Foreign Policy and
AAA Agent Mgr UDRs From
FCPS
User RFC2002
IP
Provisioning Mobile IP Home
Sub-EDRs AAA
System Sub NEDRs
OSSN
Internet IP/
RADIUS
Network Billing
Service CDRs & Enhanced UDRs
Provisioning System IPDRs Accounting NEDRs
Management Legend
New Element for 3G
Existing Element Upgraded for 3G
Service & Provisioning Interfaces Existing Element - no upgrade required
Fault & Performance Interfaces To and From FCPS
3G-1x Mobility Modes
■ Simple IP Service
• Dynamically Assigned IP Addresses
• CHAP Authentication
• Local Mobility (dynamic IP address valid within PDSN
coverage area)
• Uses Standard (MS-Windows) dial-up protocols in mobile /
laptop
• Optional Private Network Access via L2TP
■ Mobile IP Service
• Static (public or private) or Dynamically Assigned IP Addresses
• MIP / AAA Authentication
• Full Mobility Without Application Impact (even across MSCs)
• Private Network Access via Corporate HAs
• Secure Reverse Tunnels between FA and HA
Simple IP
Simple IP Architecture
•IP Based
transport to FAST IP PACKET TRAFFIC
data networks PDSN
Internet
•Dynamic/static
VPNs T
connection Authentication rf
from local Authorization R-P Interface
PDSN AAA Accounting
Fast!
•No mobility Switch BTS
beyond serving
PDSN
PSTN v SEL CE
t1 t1 t1
Mobile Device
■ In a Simple IP network, the mobile is able to connect to the external

packet networks directly through the PDSN attached to the local BSC
■ The IP address for the internet connection is assigned by the local
PDSN from the pool of addresses available to it
■ If the mobile moves into a different network, the data session ends
• The mobile can establish an entirely new connection through the
new network, if desired
Simple IP Call Flow Scenarios - 1
■ Normal Session (Mobile Initiated)
• Mobile generates call with packet data Service Option
• PCF assigned by MSC, PDSN assigned by PCF
• PDSN begins PPP (LCP) negotiation with mobile
• CHAP challenge is sent to mobile, mobile returns NAI and CHAP
secret
• PDSN sends RADIUS Access-Request to AAA Server
• AAA returns Access-Accept (and no L2TP LNS address attributes)
• PDSN knows this is normal PPP situation, assigns IP address to
mobile via IPCP
• PPP (LCP/NCP) negotiation completes, mobile exchanges bearer
data
■ Session Transition to Dormancy
• No data has been exchanged for TD seconds (a per-mobile tunable
value)
• MSC drops airlink connection to mobile, drops SVC on L-interface to
PCF
• PCF maintains connection with PDSN over R-P interface
• PPP states remain unchanged in mobile and in PDSN (upper layers
unaware of change)
Simple IP Call Flow Scenarios - 2
■ Re-activation after Dormancy (Mobile Initiated)

• Dormant mobile has data to send, generates call with packet data SO
• MSC routes SVC re-connection to previously assigned PCF
• PCF and PDSN recognizes this as an existing PPP session (by
mobile’s IMSI)
• PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormancy.
• Mobile sends bearer data, PDSN forwards to backbone network.
■ Re-activation after Dormancy (PCF/PDSN Initiated)
• PDSN receives packets from Internet, forwards to PCF
• PCF determines mobile is dormant, buffers data for mobile
• PCF initiates new SVC request to MSC with IMSI of dormant mobile
• MSC pages mobile, mobile responds, MSC acknowledges connect to
PCF
• PPP state and IP address are all unchanged during dormancy
• PCF forwards bearer data to mobile
Simple IP Virtual Private Network
■ Simple IP VPN provides access to a private/corporate network from a

mobile station.
■ VPNs provide an encrypted connection between distributed user sites
over a public network.
■ A VPN provides an end-to-end tunnel between sites which guarantees
the safe passage of packets of data through the Internet using encryption
to protect the data payload as well as the source and destination
address.
■ In contrast to Simple IP where the IP address is assigned by the PDSN,
in this configuration a VPN gateway (such as the Nortel Networks
Contivity server) assigns to the mobile node a dynamic or static publicly
routable address.
Mobile IP
■ Subscriber’s IP routing service is

provided by a public IP network
■ Mobile station is assigned a static IP
address belonging to its Home Agent MOBILE IP
■ Mobile can maintain the static IP IMPLICATIONS
address even for handoff between •Handoffs possible between
radio networks connected to separate PDSNs
PDSNs! •Mobile can roam in the
■ Mobile IP capabilities will be public IP network
especially important for mobiles on •Mobile termination is
possible while Mobile is in
system boundaries dormant or active mode
• Without Mobile IP roaming
capability, data service for border-
area mobiles will be erratic
Mobile IP and Secure Tunneling: Mail Analogy
Mobile IP is a packet-
forwarding
arrangement that
allows the mobile user
to send and receive
Just like
Home! packets just as if they 158766 158774 158782 158790
Foreign were physically present 158767 158775 158783 158791
Agent at their home agent Home

158768 158776 158784 158792
Agent
location. 158769 158785 158793
Encapsulation 158770 158778 158786 158794
158771 158779 158787 158795
158772 158780 158788 158796
158773 158781 158789 158797

FedEx
FedEx
Secure Tunneling
Forward and Reverse This box is the
Mobile mobile user's
User Postal address
Mobile IP Overview
■ Mobile IP provides mobility to IP users
• allows a host to be reachable at the same address even as it
moves across different networks; offers seamless roaming
• works with multiple access technologies, such as Ethernet,
wireless LAN, PPP links, cellular, etc.
• completely transparent to applications
■ Three Fundamental Entities in Mobile IP
• Mobile Node
• Home Agent - with mobile home location
• Foreign Agent - serves as a default router for mobile node
■ Standards
• RFC 2002 - 2006 + TIA IS-835
• RFC 2344 - Reverse Tunneling
• RFC 2794 - Mobile NAI Extension
• Foreign Agent Challenge/Response
Mobile IP: Three Levels of Mobility
I. Usual Cellular Mobility II. PCF to PDSN Mobility III. IP Level Mobility
PPP
R-P
M-IP
Interface
1
Radio Network PDSN HA
Pal
To be or
m
not to be.
(PCF) (FA)
That is
the
Question.
2
Mobile
Client
Radio Network PDSN
3 (PCF) (FA)
Radio Network PDSN

(PCF) (FA)
(Simple IP Mobility)
Mobile IP Architecture
Mobile IP
•IP Based transport to
data networks
•HA Assigns dynamic IP VLR HLR
address Home Access
•User keeps same IP Provider Network
address across networks
Visited Home Home IP

Broker AAA
MSC AAA AAA Network
Internet
L R-P
PCF Tunnel
Pal
PDSN Home
m
BSC
Foreign Agent
Agent
AAA - Authentication, Authorization,
Radio Network and Accounting Corporate Server
Mobile PCF - Packet Control Function
Client PDSN - Packet Data Service Node
Visited VLR - Visited location Register Home
Network HLR - Home Location Register Network
HA – Home Agent
RN – Radio Network
Mobile IP Session, Step-by-Step (1)
1. The mobile station accesses the radio network for a data session. This includes
getting the necessary fundamental and supplemental traffic channel. Procedures
for this need is defined in IS-2000 and IS-707.
2. The BSC communicates over the RP interface as defined in IOS version 4.0, with
the PDSN to initiate a data session. The underlying lower layers will support the
PPP connection.
3. The PDSN initiates a PPP connection to the mobile station. Messages and
procedures for this in based on the Point-to-Point Protocol RFC1661.
4. IPCP based on RFC1332 is used to configure the PPP link for IP communication.
PPP can support other network layer protocols in addition to IP
5. PPP is established between the Mobile Station and the PDSN. The PDSN sends
FA advertisements to the mobile station. (Or the mobile station may send an
Agent Solicitation message following the PPP initialization.) The PDSN/FA
informs the mobile station of its capabilities and care-of-addresses that are
available for use. In these advertisement messages, the PDSN will indicate its
ability to support reverse tunneling, that is used to download information from the
HA to the FA.
6. Mobile station sends a MIP registration request (MIP RRQ) to the PDSN. This
request has to be forwarded to the user’s HA so that the HA is made aware of the
user’s location. In these registration requests, the mobile station can also specify
reverse tunneling.
7. The PDSN extracts authentication information from the request and forwards to
the local AAA server using Radius Protocol. The PDSN may also request for user
profile for the user’s Home Agent address.
Mobile IP Session, Step-by-Step (2)
8. The local AAA server verifies that the NAI and password and returns an
acknowledgement to the PDSN.
9. The Foreign Agent (FA) function in the PDSN sends the MIP registration
request message to the Home Agent
10. The home agent sends a response back to the PDSN(FA). Message
formats and procedures are based on RFC2002 – IP Mobility Support.
The reply will include indication on whether the HA can support forward
and reverse tunneling.
11. The PDSN sends the registration reply to the mobile station. Accounting
is initiated to AAA server based on RFC 2139 standards.
12. Data flow between mobile station and PDSN. Interim accounting data
may be collected and forwarded to the AAA server.
13. Mobile station terminates data/PPP connection by sending MIP de-
registration request using procedures in RFC2002 PPP connection is torn
down. Accounting is suspended
14. During the session PDSN collects statistics relevant to the session and
forwards to the AAA server in a Usage Data Record (UDR) format
Home Agent & Foreign Agent
■ The Home Agent
• Located within the MNs Home Network
• Termination point for Mobile IP tunnels
• Receive and route packets to/from the FA
• Assign dynamic addresses for mobiles
• provides Mobile IP functionality by maintaining IP sessions as users
move among cells
■ Most operators will equip their own Home Agents allowing users to access
the outside network, such as the Internet while roaming
■ Large users & Corporations may equip their own home agent in their
network linked to a wireless provider
■ Using Mobile IP, their users will appear to be on their home corporate
network while using the wireless system
■ Foreign Agent
• Located within PDSN
• Maintains awareness of visiting MNs
• Acts as a relay between the MN and it’s Home Agent (HA)
• RADIUS Clients
Tunneling
■ All home agents and foreign agents must implement IP-in-IP

Encapsulation for tunneling purposes.
■ A first IP packet is placed within the payload portion of a new IP
packet. The Outer IP Header:
• Source Address and Destination Address are set to the entry-
point and the exit-point of the tunnel
■ Tunnel Soft State
• Path Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of the tunnel
• Length of the tunnel (hops)
• Packet Fragmentation may be required
■ In addition, Mobile IP may implement
• Minimum Encapsulation within IP - by removing redundant
information in the encapsulating (outer) and encapsulated
(inner) IP headers
• Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) - support multi-protocol
encapsulation
Tunneling Protocols
PPPOE L2TP IPSec
Carrier Protocol UDP/IP UDP/IP
Encapsulation L2TP AH/ESP
Passenger Protocol PPP PPP (Layer 2) IP (Layer 3)

(Layer 2)
Client Initiated Only Optional Yes
Authentication PAP, PAP, CHAP HMAC –MD5,

CHAP HMAC-SHA-1
Encryption IPSEC IPSEC, DES56,
3DES
Mobile IP Authentication
■ Mobile IP authentication
• Contains three parts:
– PDSN initiated access authentication and authorization
– Home Agent initiated Mobile IP registration authentication
– Foreign Agent and Home Agent Security Association.
Active IP Session “Always On” Implications
■ Active IP Session Issues:
• handset must have an active IP session to receive PUSH content
– may be in RF dormant mode but still have an active IP session.
■ Advantages:
• allows for "push" info to be delivered to the MS at all times.
• allows for a quicker return to an active transmit/receiver state
• Provides opportunity for more new services to be integrated
■ Disadvantages:
• Requires an active session for each user/sub 7X24 - worst case.
• If take rates are high V4.0 IP addresses could exhaust
– V6.0 IP may not be available in implementation time frame
• Large "PDSN farms" may be needed - ($$ and floor space)
■ Possible Alternatives:
• Limit Always-On with rate structures
– Quality of Service features not available in first release of 3G
• Use SMS to signal handset to establish session for push content
– Not within Standards, Requires development by handset vendors
Specific
Specific Required
Required
Network
Network Upgrades
Upgrades
Known Network Upgrades Required for 1xRTT
Switch (MSC) Access Manager BTS
ECP17 for 1xVoice PHV3/4 ECU for Series I, II
Lucent ECP17-1 Simple IP
ECP18 Mobile IP
Voice
PSU h/w
PHV4/5 Data S/W CCU for Mod Cells
Switch (MSC) BSC BTS

MTX10 ESEL Legacy
Nortel 1x voice
Simple IP
Enhanced Selector
SCI-S Selector Metrocell:

Mobile IP
Comm. Intf. Supreme XCEM req’d.
Switch (MSC) CBSC BTS

SIG+16.1 Cisco 4812 w/
NIB PGLI New MCC
Motorola MGX8850
Catalyst
6509 9600
3G 1x Nortel Upgrade Path
■ MTX-10 / NBSS-10.1
• Software Upgrade: 3G Voice, Simple and Mobile IP.
Proprietary PDSN Interface on BSC, Open on PDSN
• Hardware:
– BSC: 1XRTT Voice Enablers & 1X RTT Data
Enablers, ESEL
– BTS: Metro upgrade via DMCEM cards, Legacy
replacement/upgrade, Metro 6 CXR upgrade
■ IOS 4.0 11/05/01
• Nortel plans to include A1 and A2 interfaces in MTX-
10 to support IOS markets
3G 1x Lucent Upgrade Path
■ Release 17.0
• Software: 3G Voice
• BTS Hardware: CCU-64 for Flexent ModCell, MicroCell
& Micro MiniCell; ECU-32 for Autoplex MiniCell
■ Release 17.1
• Software: Simple IP, Voice/Data except for
MicroMiniCell, Proprietary PDSN Interface
• MSC Hardware:additional PHVs as necessary for high
speed data; Other: AAA Server, combined PCF/PDSN
■ Release 18.0
• Software: Mobile IP, Open Standard PDSN Interface
• Other Hardware: separate PCF/PDSN on R-P interface
■ IOS 4.0 - Supported in Release 18.0 - A1 and A2
interfaces required
3G 1x Motorola Upgrade Path
■ G16.0
• Software Upgrade: 3G Voice, Simple and Mobile IP, Open
R-P Interface
• Hardware:
• BSC: Motorola’s 3G feature set is compliant to IOS V4.0
and RP Interface (A1, A2, A10, A11)
• BTS: MCC and BBX upgrade similar to adding carrier.
SC4812 - Add IS-2000 1X MCC Cards and upgrade
BBX Transceiver Cards.
■ G16.1
• Software Upgrade: Packet Backhaul for voice services
• Hardware:
• BSC: CDU with CBSC capacity increase to 3000
erlangs
• BTS: For SC614 - Upgrade MAWI and add IS-2000 1X
ASIC cards
■ IOS 4.0
3G 1x Samsung Upgrade Path
■ Software Upgrade Only to 3G-1X

■ Higher Capacity BTS
• 108 CE versus 64
• Upgradable to 9 carriers
• Higher Power
■ IOS 4.0 Features Supported
1xRTT
1xRTT Deployment
Deployment News
News
and
and 1xRTT
1xRTT Device
Device Availability
Availability
CDMA2000 1xRTT Deployment
■ 1xRTT has finally launched in US markets in
2002
■ Verizon was first to market, launching 1xRTT
in seven regions in 1Q2002
• IS-95 and 1xRTT RC3 voice services
Verizon
• 1xRTT RC3 data: “Express Network”
• Verizon Lucent and Nortel markets have
launched; Motorola markets will follow
around year-end 2002
■ Leap Wireless “Cricket” deployed RC3 in
selected markets 1Q2002
• motivated solely by voice capacity gains,
not planning to offer data
■ Sprint PCS launched 1xRTT nationwide in
August 2002
• IS-95 and 1xRTT RC3 voice services
• 1xRTT data services
• “Picture phone” devices expected by
year-end 2002
Sprint PCS
1xRTT Data Devices: Available At Last!
1xRTT PCMCIA CARDS 1x PHONES: VOICE & DATA 1x CF CARDS
Available Now! Available Now! Available now!
1x INTEGRATED PHONES-PDAS
POCKET-PC PDAs Pocket Palm OS QCP
using PCMCIA 1x CARDS PC2002 7135
Audiovox Handspring
Thera Treo
Toshiba
2032
Available Now! Available now! Avail. 3Q2002 Avail. 4Q2002
Competing Technologies: Data Devices
GPRS, EDGE, GAIT CDPD Mobitex®
Infrared IRDA
802.11A, B, BLUETOOTH
WIFI, WILAN
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 Protocol
Protocol Stack
Stack
Layer
Layer Functions
Functions
cdma2000 Layering
■ Earlier sections of these courses have considered the physical

layers, codes, and channels in detail
■ The beauty of cdma2000 is supported by the physical layer but the
real flexibility comes from the Link and Upper Layers
■ The Upper Layers define the services and applications supported
by cdma2000
• New services and applications will be developed and defined
throughout the entire service lifetime of the 3G technology
• The layer features and definitions make it possible for
application developers to plan and exploit standardized
capabilities
■ The Link Layers give protocol support and perform the functions
necessary to map the data transport needs of the upper layers into
specific capabilities and characteristics of the physical layer
CDMA2000 Structure: The Protocol Stack
Packet Data Voice Circuit Data
OSI Layers 3-7
Upper Layers
Application Services Application Definitions & Legend

Signaling
Services
IP
Internet Protocol
TCP UDP LAC
High Speed
Circuit Network Link Access Control
Layer Services MAC
IP
Medium Access Control
PPP
OSI
Open System Interconnect
PPP
Point-to-Point Protocol
LAC LAC Protocol Null LAC QoS
OSI Layer 2
Link Layer
Quality of Service
RLP
Radio Link Protocol
MAC Best Effort Delivery TCP
Control State RLP Transmission Control
MAC Protocol
UDP
Multiplexing QoS Control User Datagram Protocol
Layer 1
New in
OSI
CDMA2000!
Physical Layer
Protocol Stack and Managed Objects
SYSTEM MOBILE
Application
Application
IS-95 2G IS-2000 Other Packet Voice Circuit IS-95 2G IS-2000 Other Packet Voice Circuit
Layer 3 Upper Upper Data Services Data Layer 3 Upper Upper Data Services Data
Signaling Layer Layer Service Services Signaling Layer Layer Service Services
Signaling Signaling Signaling Signaling
IS-95 IS-2000 Other Packet Null Circuit IS-95 IS-2000 Other Packet Null Circuit
LAC
LAC
Signaling Signaling Signaling Data Layer 2 Data Signaling Signaling Signaling Data Layer 2 Data
Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2
Instance 3 Instance 2 Instance 1 Instance 3 Instance 2 Instance 1

PLICF
PLICF
User Packet Data Layer 3 Signaling User Vocoder Bits User Packet Data Layer 3 Signaling User Vocoder Bits
Traffic Traffic
MUX & QOS Instance-Specific

SRBP SRLP SRBP SRLP
RBP RLP RBP RLP
PLDCF
PLDCF
Signaling Signaling Signaling Signaling
Radio Radio Radio Radio
Burst Link Burst Link
Protocol Protocol Protocol Protocol
PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer
PLDCF
PLDCF
CDMA2000 Physical Layer CDMA2000 Physical Layer
RLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol RLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol
Frames full of Symbols
Functional Entity Definitions
■ Signaling
• Performs Channel Assignment, Service Negotiation,
Handoff, etc
■ Packet/Circuit/Voice PLICF
• Interacts with the Resource Control and the Peer PLICF to
coordinate state transitions between the MS and BS
■ RMAC PLICF
• Controls the behavior of the BS/MS when in Dormant State
■ MUX & QoS
• realtime prioritization of the use of dedicated traffic
resources
• Mux/de-Muxing of the logical channels from/to different
PLICFs based on the Service Reference
Example of Voice & Data Call In Progress
SYSTEM MOBILE
v SEL
Application
Application
Packet IS-2000 Voice Packet IS-2000 Voice
Data Upper Services Data Upper Services
Service Layer Service Layer
Signaling Signaling
LAC
LAC
Packet IS-2000 Null Packet IS-2000 Null
Data Signaling Layer 2 Data Signaling Layer 2
Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2
Instance 3 Instance 2 Instance 1 Instance 3 Instance 2 Instance 1
PLICF
PLICF
User Packet Layer 3 User User Packet Layer 3 User
Data Signaling Vocoder Bits Data Signaling Vocoder Bits
Traffic Traffic

SRBP SRBP
RBP RLP RBP RLP
PLDCF
PLDCF
Signaling Signaling
Radio Radio
Burst Burst
Protocol Protocol
PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer PLDCF MUX and QoS Sublayer
PLDCF
PLDCF
CDMA2000 Physical Layer CDMA2000 Physical Layer
RLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol RLAC - Radio Link Access Protocol
Frames full of Symbols
States and Transitions In the Data Service
Active
T_active or
Release
Traffic channel
Exists
Suspended
Initialization Service Option
Control Channel
exists
Connected T_suspend
Control Channel
Exists
Control Hold T_hold

Packet Service Packet Service
Request Deactivated
PPP Terminated
Release Sent!
Service Option
Connected
Control Channel Exists Dormant
Have New Data
Null to send!
Reconnect
PPP Terminated
Release Sent!
System MAC/LAC Parameters
•How is data flow managed? ■ The answers to all these questions
•Can I keep my FCH all the time? are determined by MAC & LAC layer
•Will my connection drop in a fade? processes and parameters
•When is an SCH turned on for me? ■ Each network manufacturer
•How long will my SCH burst last? implements some subset of the
•What is the data rate of my SCH? MAC/LAC states and parameters
•If I can’t get a full-rate SCH, can I at specified in the IS-2000 standard
least get a lower-rate SCH? ■ Each manufacturer has its own
•Which kinds of traffic have priority? unique parameter set to control state
•Do some users have higher priority? transitions
■ Most networks begin operation using
Active manufacturer-recommended defaults
T_active or
Release
• as networks and applications
Suspended
Initialization
Traffic channel
Exists Control Channel
exists
mature, parameters will be fully
Service Option
Connected
Control Channel
T_suspend optimized
Exists
Control Hold T_hold ■ A basic knowledge of the

Packet Service Packet Service
Request Deactivated manufacturers proprietary
PPP Terminated
Release Sent!
Service Option
parameters gives very useful
Connected
Control Channel Exists Dormant insights into configuration and
Null
Have New Data
to send! performance issues
Reconnect PPP Terminated
Release Sent!
MAC States
IP Selector/ Channel
Session Svc Cfg (RLP)
PPP
Element State
Internet Backbone
Network
PDSN/
Foreign BTS F-TRAFFIC R-TRAFFIC
VPNs T
PDSN
SECURE TUNNELS
Authentication
T Agent
R-P Interface
F-FCH ACTIVE R-FCH
Authorization AAA
Home Agent Accounting F-SCH exit timer: R-SCH
a few seconds
(C)BSC/ SEL CE SCH driven SCH driven
Access Manager t1 by traffic by traffic
Internet Backbone
Network
PDSN/
Foreign BTS
F-TRAFFIC
CONTROL R-TRAFFIC
HOLD
Agent
F-DCCH R-DCCH
PDSN Authentication R-P Interface
Home Agent
Authorization AAA intermittent
Accounting (Optional State)
(C)BSC/ SEL CE exit timer: a few seconds
Access Manager t1 very fast return to active state
Internet Backbone PDSN/

PAGING
VPNs T
Network
SECURE TUNNELS T
Foreign BTS
Agent SUSPENDED R-EACH
PDSN Authentication R-P Interface (Optional State)
Home Agent
Authorization AAA R-CCCH
Accounting exit timer: a few seconds
(C)BSC/ SEL CE between data bursts intermittent
Access Manager t1
Internet Backbone
Network
PDSN/
Foreign BTS
PAGING
VPNs T
PDSN
SECURE TUNNELS
Authentication
T Agent
R-P Interface
DORMANT R-EACH
Home Agent
Authorization
Accounting
AAA exit timer: minutes, hours R-CCCH
between data bursts
(C)BSC/ SEL
Access Manager t1 intermittent
PDSN/Foreign Agent
Forward Link SCH Scheduling

FCH or
data R-P
FCH + SCH? My F-SCH
Buffer
Interface
Data Rate
BTS
PCF SEL CE
t1 BTSC
Wireless
(C)BSC/Access Manager Mobile Device
■ The main bottleneck is the forward link itself: restricted by available

transmitter power and walsh codes
■ Each connected data User has a buffer in the PDSN/PCF complex
• When waiting data in the buffer exceeds a threshold, the PDSN/PCF asks
the BTS for an F-SCH. Its data rate is limited by:
– Available BTS forward TX power; available walsh codes; competition
from other users who also need F-SCHs; and mobile capability
• When the buffer is nearly empty, the SCH ends; FCH alone
• Occupancy timers and other dynamic or hard-coded triggers may apply
• QOS (Quality of Service) rules also may be implemented, giving
preference to some users and some types of traffic
Packet Data Service Call Control States
The mobile station performs a packet data service call control function
consisting of the following states:
■ Null State:
• Call control functionality is in this state when packet data service
has not been activated.
■ Initialization State:
• In this state, the mobile station attempts to connect a packet data
service option.
■ Connected State:
• In this state, the packet data service option is connected. (Note: A
connected service option is required for all ACTIVE packet data
services to function.)
■ Dormant State:
• In this state, the packet data service is disconnected.
■ Reconnect State:
• In this state, the mobile station attempts to connect a previously
connected packet data service option.
Link Layer: Media Access Control (MAC)
■ The MAC Sublayer provides 3

important functions:
Packet Data Voice Circuit Data ■ MAC Control State: Supports
OSI Layers 3-7
Upper Layers
Application Services Application

multiple instances of an
Signaling
Services
TCP UDP advanced-state machine

High Speed
IP
Circuit Network
Layer Services
• An instance for each active
PPP packet circuit or circuit data
instance
LAC LAC Protocol Null LAC ■ Best-effort delivery: reasonably
OSI Layer 2
reliable radio transmission

Link Layer
MAC Best Effort Delivery

using RLP radio link protocol
MAC
Control State RLP at a best-effort level of delivery
Multiplexing QoS Control
■ Multiplexing and QoS control
• Enforcement of negotiated
Layer 1
OSI
Physical Layer
QoS levels by mediating
and prioritizing conflicting
requests
Just What IS the MAC Layer?
■ Located in OSI Link Layer 2, the MAC and LAC sublayers provide:
• A wide performance range of upper layer services at speeds of 1.2
kbps to > 2 Mbps.
• Multimedia services: combinations of voice, packet data, and circuit
data services operating simultaneously.
• QoS control mechanisms: balance the varying QoS requirements
of the multiple concurrent users and services.
■ The MAC Layer supports THREE important functions:
• Best Effort Delivery: Reasonably reliable transmission over the
radio link via an RLP (Radio Link Protocol) that supplies a “Best
Effort” level of reliability.
• Multiplexing and QoS control: Enforcement of negotiated QoS
levels by mediating conflicting requests from the competing
services and by the appropriate prioritization of access requests.
– Accomplished using PLICFs, Physical Layer Independent
Convergence Functions
• Short Data Bursts: This capability is available when the mobile is
in a Dormant Data Service instance.
■ Active, Control Hold, Suspend, and Dormant are the Packet Data
Service States, since all the states do not reside in the MAC Sublayer.
cdma2000 MAC State Transitions
RC-Release.
Indication(dtch,dmch,SR)
cdma2000 RC-Release.
MAC Indication(dtch,dmch)
RC-Release. RC-Release RC-Release

Indication(dtch) .Indication(dmch) .Indication(SR)
Control
Active Suspended Dormant
Hold
State State State
State
AllocateAndLock
.
Confirm(dtch)
RC-Release.
Indication(dmch,SR)
AllocateAndLock.
Confirm(dtch, dmch)
AllocateandLock
.Confirm(dtch, dmch,SR)
! PC & Control ! No Dedicated ! No Dedicated

Channels Channels Channels
! Traffic, PC, & ! No BS, MSC
Assigned ! RLP & PPP State
Control Channels Resources
! Very Fast Traffic Maintained
Assigned ! PPP State
Channel ! "Virtual Active Set"
Reassignment ! Slotted Submode Maintained
! Small Data Bursts
Packet Data States
■ Active State
• Dedicated traffic channels (e.g., fundamental or
supplemental) are allocated;
• The Activity Timer starts when no traffic is exchanged and
reset when there is traffic to be exchanged;
• Traffic channel is released when the Activity Timer expires.
■ Control Hold State
• A dedicated control channel is maintained on which MAC
control commands (e.g., to begin a high speed data burst)
can be transmitted.
• Power control is also maintained so that high speed burst
operation can begin with minimum delay.
Active State
■ Active State is specified as part of the Traffic Channel Substate.

■ Attributes in Active State of Traffic Channel Substate:
• The Call Control Instance is in the Conversation Substate.
• Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate is set to ‘0’ (reverse pilot continuously
transmitted, NOT gated)
– Important: If the mobile station has user data to send, then
the Pilot_Gating_Use_Rates must be ‘0’ to request
continuous reverse pilot and user traffic transmission.
• Flow of data traffic is permitted by the Multiplex Sublayer.
■ Packet data service processing can exist in two states:
• Inactive State: mobile does not provide packet data svcs.
• Active State: mobile station provides packet data services
■ ACTIVE state is described in two parts:
• in Layer 2 (MAC Layer) under RLP and Packet Data Svcs. text
• in Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Ch. Substate text
Control Hold State
■ Control Hold State: Now described, functionally, within the scope of
the IS-2000.5 (Upper Layer Signaling) document as part of the Traffic
Channel Substate.
■ The following are the attributes when the mobile station is the Control
Hold State of the Traffic Channel Substate:
• The Call Control Instance is in the Conversation Substate.
• Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate is set to ‘1’ (i.e. the reverse pilot is gated at
some interval).
• Flow of data traffic is blocked by the Multiplex Sublayer.
■ Within the Mobile’s Capability Information Record, which describes the
features that are supported by the mobile, if the CHS_Supported field
is set to ‘1’ then the mobile supports the Control Hold State.
Otherwise, the mobile sets this field to ‘0’. (i.e. The Control Hold State
is optionally supported by the Mobile Station.)
■ Main point: The Control Hold State is now only described within the
Layer 3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Channel Substate text. It is no
longer referenced within the MAC Sublayer of the IS-2000-A standard
text.
Suspend State
■ Suspend State: Not actually mentioned by name in the IS-2000-A
text, but implied in its functionality description, this packet data service
state now available as part of IS-2000.5 (Upper Layer Signaling).
■ Simply stated, if the mobile station stores its Service Configuration
Record (SCR), and the USE_SYNC_IDs is equal to ‘1’, the mobile
station may include the Sync_ID field as part of it’s message. If this
occurs while the mobile is in a Dormant Data Service instance, then the
mobile is in the Suspended State.
■ Main Point: The Suspended State is only described within the Layer
3 (Upper Layer Signaling) Traffic Channel Substate text. It is no longer
referenced within the MAC Sublayer text.
• Depending on whether the SCR (Service Configuration Record) is
stored or not on the the mobile station, its packet data service state
maybe as Suspended or Dormant.
Dormant State
■ Defined within Layer 2 (MAC Sublayer) -- [IS-707.A-2 --Chapter 12:
High Speed Packet Data Service Option 33 text)]
■ In the Dormant State, the Packet Service Option is disconnected, but
PPP link is still connected.
■ Essentially, when the mobile station exits activity on the Traffic
Channel, it enters into the Call Control instance of Dormant.
• Again, depending on whether the SCR (Service Configuration
Record) is stored or not on the mobile, its packet data services
state is categorized as Suspended or Dormant.
■ Main Point: While Active, Control Hold, and Suspend states are
functionally defined in Layer 3 - Upper Layer Signaling, the Dormant
state is only defined within the Layer 2 - MAC Sublayer.
Packet Data States (cont’d)
■ Suspended State
• No dedicated channels to or from the user are maintained
• The state information for RLP is maintained
• The base station and the user maintain a “virtual active set” which
permits either the user or the base station to know which base station
can best be used (accessed by the user, or paged by the base
station) in the event that packet data traffic for the user occurs.
• Supports a slotted substate that permits the user’s mobile device to
preserve power in a highly efficient manner.
Service Configuration and Negotiation
■ During Traffic Channel operation, the MS and BS communicate by
exchanging frames on the Forward and Reverse Traffic Channels
■ The MS and BS use a common set of attributes (i.e. a service configuration)
consisting of negotiable and non-negotiable parameters:
• Forward and Reverse Multiplex Options
• Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel Configurations
• Radio Configurations/other attributes of FWD/REV traffic channels.
• Forward and Reverse Traffic Channel Transmission Rates
• can include all or just a subset of rates supported by the associated
FWD/REV multiplex option
■ Multiplex Options: divide frames into primary, secondary, signaling bits
■ Rate Set: defines the supported frame structures and transmission rates
■ Service Option Connection: fully describes one traffic channel instance
• Includes service option, Forward traffic type, Reverse traffic type, and
service option connection reference identifier (sr_id).
• Sr_id - Service Reference Identifier: A unique number assigned to each
connected service option instance. Service Reference 1 (sr_id 1) is
assigned to service instance 1, Service Reference 2 is assigned to
service instance 2, and so on.
Packet Data Service State Parameters (1)
■ Control Hold Mode: Within the Mobile’s Capability Information
Record, if CHS_Supported is set to ‘1’, then the mobile can also
include the Gating_Rate_Set field which indicates the set of Reverse
Pilot gating rates that it supports.
■ Active/Inactive Clarification: There are only TWO states defined for
Mobile Station Packet Data Service processing -- Active and Inactive.
However, as stated earlier, there are FIVE packet data service call
control functions performed by the mobile:
• Null State ……………. (part of Inactive State processing)
• Initialization State …… (part of Active State processing)
• Connected State ……... (part of Active State processing)
• Dormant State ……….. (part of Active State processing)
• Reconnect State ……… (part of Active State processing)
■ Suspend State: Sync_ID: Service Configuration
Synchronization Identifier. This is a 16-bit CRC computed over the
entire Service Configuration information record and Non-negotiable
Service Configuration information record and used for determining
whether these two information records should be included in the
Service Connect Message sent by the base station to the mobile
station. (cont. …)
Packet Data Service State Parameters (2)
■ Pilot_Gating_Rate: Reverse pilot gating rate on the Reverse Pilot Channel.
■ Pilot_Gating_Use_Rate: Reverse pilot gating rate enable indicator.
• indicates whether ‘1’ or not ‘0’ the Reverse Pilot Channel is gated
• Gating allows the mobile to send the reverse pilot channel intermittently (i.e.
not continuously) in order to save battery power. Data is only transmitted
when pilot gating is turned OFF.
■ SYNC_ID - Service Configuration Synchronization Identifier:
• a 16-bit CRC computed over the entire Service Configuration information
record and Non-negotiable Service Configuration information record
• used for determining whether these two information records should be
included in the Service Connect Message sent by the base station to the
mobile station.
• mobile generates based on the configuration information and sends it to the
base station in Origination Message or Page Response Message.
• base station computes based on records sent to the mobile
• If the computed value matches the one sent by the mobile station, then
base station does not send these two information records over the air and
expects the mobile station to start using the stored ones.
• (i.e. If SYNC_ID is used to help determine if the Mobile is using the it’s
stored SCR’s. If so, then the mobile is in the Suspended State.)
Operation of PLICFs
■ What is a PLICF?
• Physical Layer Independent Convergence Function, one of
the three sub-layers of the MAC layer
■ The PLICF for a data service instance incorporates all of the
state information for that instance only
■ Each PLICF requests (from Resource Control) logical channels
as needed for proper operation
■ Resource Control requests physical channels to support the
logical channels requested by PLICFs (from the Mux and QoS
Sublayer)
■ If all of the logical channels that are associated with a physical
channel have been released, then Resource Control performs
the same resource release procedure for the associated
physical channel
Resource Control
■ Acts as a central clearinghouse for all

resource requests
■ Locks and Unlocks resources and
harmonizes state transition across CR1 CR2
multiple PLICFs
■ Maintains a database to control the
operating configuration of the mobile,
including dtch ✓
• the current logical to physical
channel mapping, and
dmch ✓ ✓
• the currently defined physical
channel configuration (e.g.,
dedicated vs. common control … … …
operation; number of active SCHs;
DCCH vs. FCH; etc.).
✔ = Locked
blank = unlocked
CR = Connection Reference
Resource Allocation States
Resource 'r' Resource 'r' is not in use by this PLICF;
is in use other PLICFs may be using it
Resource Does Not Exist Resource Exists
Resource Control Resource r Resource Control Resource r

Resource r Receives Receives
Allocated and Allocated and
Null State RC-AllocateAndLock. RC-Unlock.
Request (r) Locked State Request (r) Unlocked State
Resource Control Recieves

Last Unlock for Resource r;
Resource Control Sends
RC-ResourceReleased.
Indication (r) to all
Associated
Entities
■ Resources are released only when all the services that using the
resource do not need it
■ Example of resources are:
• dtch: dedicated traffic channel
• dmch: dedicated MAC channel
• etc...
Multiple Services
■ Multiple services with different QoS requirements may be

connected simultaneously.
■ The Resource Control coordinates between multiple services
■ State transitions within each PLICF are synchronized
■ This synchronization is necessary because each state (e.g.,
Active, Suspended) has a certain set of attributes that
correspond to the behavior of the BS/MS as a whole
• For example, in the Suspended - slotted substate the MS
operates in slotted mode and RC assures that all the
PLICFs transition to this state simultaneously.
QoS - Quality of Service Classes
■ The following five properties define a user's quality of service:

■ Precedence
• Privilege level for special treatment during congested times
■ Reliability
• Acknowledgment and protection schemes for best performance
■ Delay
• Latency - critical for many internet-tuned IP applications
■ Peak Throughput
• The maximum data rate a user is allowed to experience, even
under ideal conditions
■ User Data Throughput
• The actual average effective throughput for a given user
throughout their entire data session
QoS Classes and Objectives
Class of Service Typical Applications Main Objectives
Voice, Video Telephony, video Low time delay, information
Conversational
games delivered in same order sent
Streaming Multimedia:
Preserve time relation of packets;
Streaming meetings, seminars,
delay is not very critical
presentations
Request/Response pattern;
Interactive Web Browsing; Network Games
preserve data integrity
Destination is not expecting the
Background Email download;
Background data within a certain time.
Non-critical telemetry
Preserve data integrity.
■ This table shows the four main categories or classes of payload

data and the types of applications which produce them
■ Each class has specific requirements relating to delay, accuracy of
transmission, and order of transmission
■ The widely differing transmission requirements of the various
classes are generally compatible
MAC Summary
■ cdma2000 MAC provides:

• Management of logical resources (channels)
• Logical to physical channel mapping
• Coordination of resources between multiple services
• Quality of Service and multiplexing for packet and circuit data
• Best effort delivery for packet data
The LAC Sublayer
■ The Link Access Control (LAC)

sublayer provides transport of
Packet Data Voice Circuit Data data over the air interface
OSI Layers 3-7
Upper Layers
Application Services Application

between corresponding upper-
Signaling
Services
TCP UDP
High Speed
level modules
Circuit Network
IP Layer Services ■ The LAC uses a variety of
PPP
protocols to deliver the
appropriate QoS
LAC LAC Protocol Null LAC
■ Some upper layer entities
OSI Layer 2
Link Layer
need higher QoS than is

MAC Best Effort Delivery
Control State RLP provided directly by the MAC,
MAC
so the LAC may use
Multiplexing QoS Control
• End-to-end reliable ARQs
Layer 1
OSI
Physical Layer • ACKs-NAKs

• Packet retransmission
LAC Sublayer Operation
■ Link Access Control (LAC) Sublayer: the upper sublayer of Layer 2
• implements data link protocol for transport and delivery of Layer 3
signaling messages
• Uses services provided by Layer 1 and MAC Sublayer
■ LAC Signaling Planes:
• Data Plane (contains protocol, where PDUs are generated,
processed, and transferred)
• Control Plane (where processing decisions are made).
■ LAC Sublayer provides:
• services to Layer 3 in the Data Plane. SDUs are passed between
Layer 3 and the LAC Sublayer.
• proper encapsulation of the SDUs into LAC PDUs, which are
segmented and reassembled and transferred as LAC PDU
fragments to the MAC sublayer
■ Processing within the LAC Sublayer is done sequentially in the Data
Plane, with processing entities passing the partially formed LAC PDU
to each other in well established order -- (Note: sublayers are
coordinated in the Control Plane).
■ Logical Channels: SDUs and PDUs are processed and transferred
along functional paths, without the need for the Upper Layers to be
aware of the radio characteristics of the physical channels.
LAC Sublayer Functions on Dedicated Channels
■ LAC Sublayer performs the following functions on dedicated channels:
• Delivery of SDUs to Layer 3 peer entities using ARQ techniques for
reliability (see ARQ sublayer).
• Assembling and validating PDUs for carrying the SDUs
• Segmentation of encapsulated PDUs into LAC PDU fragments of
sizes suitable for transfer by the MAC Sublayer
• Reassembly of LAC PDU fragments into encapsulated PDUs
• Access control through “global challenge” authentication
• Address control to ensure delivery of PDUs based upon addresses
which identify particular mobile stations
■ Service Access Point (SAP): Layer 3-to-Layer 2, Layer 2-to-Layer 1,
and LAC Sublayer-to-MAC Sublayer exchanges use an interface
known as a Service Access Point.
• At the SAP, Layer 3 and Layer 2 exchange SDUs and Message
Control and Status Blocks (MCSBs) using a set of primitives.
– Primitive: An atomic, well-defined conceptual method of
transferring data and control information between two adjacent
layers or sublayers. It is conventionally represented as a
function invocation, with the data and control information
passed as parameters.

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Course 332

First Faster data Faster data

Technology Data Capabilities

Fundamental Channel W53

■ Reverse Link Pilot transmitted by mobile in advanced modes

• Quick Paging Channel indicator bits

wake up mobiles to receive pages GENERAL

■ Auxiliary pilots support beam-forming and

• Expect advanced smart antenna Fu

BTS Aux PCH allows mobile to adjust FCH steering

IS-95/B 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011

1xRTT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011

3xRTT 3x MC 1 3x MC 2 3x MC 3 3x MC 4 Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4

■ Spreading Rate refers to the chip rate of the waveform which

Compatible with IS-95B RS2 Compatible with IS-95B RS2

Quarter-rate convolutional or 14400 14400 Quarter rate convolutional or

1/6 rate convolutional 9600

All the possible combinations

1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800 1800

BTS W1: PAGING TRAFFIC

■ Existing IS-95A/JStd-008 CDMA offers one radio configuration

0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

Mobile hashes using IMSI to recognize

0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

0 to many F-TRAFFIC Forward

BTS Early Acknowledgment

Enhanced Access Data

■ Reservation Access Mode procedures:

Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

■ No input is applied to the Q Q

channel Nothing Connected

just like IS-95

Different Bits carried on logical I

■ No convolutional or turbo coding is used on the power control data

Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

2.4 or 4.8 4.8 or 9.6 19.2 ksps 1228.8 kcps

■ In IS-95B mode (RC 1 or 2) F-Traffic channels include:

800 bps 1228.8 kcps 1228.8 kcps

BTS Long Code

Same symbols go on both I and Q!

800 bps 1228.8 kcps 1228.8 kcps

BTS Long Code

Same symbols go on both I and Q!

0 or 1 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

0 to many F-TRAFFIC Forward

Power Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

Power Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

19.2 ksps 1228.8 kcps

38.4 ksps 1228.8 kcps

Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

614.4 ksps 1228.8 kcps

Orthogonal 1228.8 kcps + I

614.4 ksps 1228.8 kcps

Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)

■ The IS-2000 general turbo

stream plus four others using 144 ksps

shift register and interleaving