CDMA Phase Two

Course 333
cdma2000
cdma2000 Phase
Phase Two:
Two:
3xRTT
3xRTT --
-- or
or HDR/1xEV?
HDR/1xEV?
7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3-1
The CDMA Technology Path to 3G
CDMAone CDMA2000/IS-2000
Generation 1G 2G 2G 2.5G or 3? 3G 3G
1xEV:
IS-2000: IS-2000:
Technology AMPS IS-95A/J-Std008 IS-95B HDR or
1xRTT 3xRTT
1Xtreme
Signal 1250 kHz. F: 3x 1250k 1250 kHz.
30 kHz. 1250 kHz. 1250 kHz. R: 3687k
Bandwidth, 50-80 voice 120-210 per Many packet
1 20-35 25-40
#Users and data 3 carriers users
None, 153K 2.4 Mb/s
Data (HDR)
2.4K by 14.4K 64K 307K 1.0 Mb/s 5 Mb/s
Capabilities
modem 230K (1Xtreme)
First Faster data Faster data

•Improved •Enhanced
Features: System, First CDMA, rates on rates on
Access Access
Incremental Capacity Capacity, shared 3- dedicated
•Smarter •Channel
Progress & Quality carrier 1x RF data
Handoffs Structure
Handoffs bundle carrier
Contents of Course 333
■ Phase two migration paths: 3xRTT vs. Qualcomm’s HDR 1xEV

■ Spreading Rates and Radio Configurations review
■ CDMA2000 Phase Three -- 3xRTT
• Radio Configurations and Channels
• Access Procedure, Power Control Enhancements
• HPSK Modulation on the SR3 Reverse Channels
• Turbo vs. Convolutional Coding and Quasi-Orthogonal Functions
• New 3xRTT Long PN Codes and Short PN Codes!
• Inherent Forward Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)
■ Qualcomm’s HDR - 1xEV High Data Rates
• Network Architecture
• Air Interface: Protocol Stack and Channel Structure
• Forward and Reverse Channels
• Signaling Layer
cdma2000 Spreading Rate 3
REVERSE LINK FORWARD LINK
1 2 3
f
Duplex Frequency Spacing
BTS
■ SR3 (3xRTT) is a three-times-original-bandwidth CDMA system
■ 3xRTT uses all the new coding implemented in SR1 1xRTT
■ 3xRTT can support higher data rates than 1xRTT
■ Prior to harmonization, there were two SR3 modes of operation:
• Direct Spread
– A single signal forward & reverse, 3x bandwidth of 1xRTT
– This mode has been dropped from IS-2000 and is now
considered part of the 3GPP WCDMA family of modes
• Multi-Carrier
– Designed to fit nicely in overlay mode with IS-95 systems
– Forward Link uses three adjacent 1xRTT carriers
– Reverse Link uses single 3xRTT carrier
Relationships between SR3 and IS-95 SR1
REVERSE LINK FORWARD LINK
SR3
3xRTT 1 2 3
f
SR1
1 2 3
1xRTT & IS-95B
f
■ SR3 signals can be overlaid on top of existing IS-95B systems.
■ If the Walsh codes used by the SR3 forward link carriers are not used by
the corresponding SR1 carriers below, interference does not occur. The
two carriers divide the available capacity
■ SR3 reverse link carriers above SR1 carriers do not interfere since
different long PN offsets are used. They divide capacity.
■ Operators can smoothly upgrade from IS-95B>1xRTT>3xRTT without
requiring additional spectrum!
• Older network equipment remains usable
• Even existing 800 MHz. operators and PCS D, E, F, and C1/C2/C3
operators can benefit from 3xRTT without requiring additional licensed
spectrum
Spreading Rates & Radio Configurations
Spreading Radio Data Radio Data
Rate Configuration Forward Link Rates Configuration Reverse Link Rates
Required. IS-95B Compatible Required. IS-95B Compatible

RC1 No CDMA2000 coding features
9600 RC1 No CDMA2000 coding features
9600
Compatible with IS-95B RS2 Compatible with IS-95B RS2

SR1 RC2 No CDMA2000 coding features
14400 RC2 No CDMA2000 coding features
14400
1xRTT Quarter-rate convolutional or 9600

RC3 Turbo Coding, base rate 9600 153600 ¼ rate conv or Turbo coding
9600
1 carrier
1.2288 9600
RC3 ½ rate conv or Turbo coding 153600
Half-rate convolutional or base rate 9600
MCPS RC4 Turbo Coding, base rate 9600 307200 307200
Quarter-rate convolutional or 14400 ¼ rate convolutional or 14400

RC5 Turbo Coding, base rate 14400 230400
RC4 Turbo Coding, base rate 14400 230400
1/6 rate convolutional 9600

SR3 RC6 or Turbo coding, base rate 9600
9600
307200 Required. ¼ or 1/3 convolutional
3xRTT 9600
RC5 or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 307200
Required. 1/3 rate convolutional
Fwd: RC7 or Turbo coding, base rate 9600 614400 614400
3 carriers
1.2288 ¼ or 1/3 rate convolutional or 14400
MCPS RC8 Turbo coding, base rate 14400 460800
14400
¼ or ½ convolutional or Turbo
Rev:
14400
RC6 encoding, base rate 14400 460800
3.6864 ½ or 1/3 rate convolutional or
MCPS RC9 Turbo encoder, base rate 14400 1036800 1036800
CDMA2000 SR3 CDMA Channels
FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
Same coding as IS-95B, Includes Power
How many 1 F-Pilot Backward compatible Control Subchannel R-Pilot 1
Possible: Same coding as IS-95B, Access Channel
1 F-Sync Backward compatible (IS-95B compatible) R-ACH or
Enhanced 1
1 to 7 PAGING
Same coding as IS-95B,
Access Channel R-EACH
Backward compatible
Common
0 to 8 F-BCH Broadcast Channel Control Channel R-CCCH 0 or 1
0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

R-TRAFFIC
Reverse Fundamental
Common Channel (IS95B comp.) R-FCH 1
0 to 4 F-CPCCH Power Control Channel
Dedicated
BTS Common Control Channel R-DCCH 0 or 1
0 to 7 F-CACH Assignment Channel
Reverse
Common Supplemental Channel R-SCH 0 to 2
0 to 7 F-CCCH Control Channels
Users:
0 to many F-TRAFFIC Forward
Traffic Channels
1 F-FCH Fundamental Channel
Dedicated
0 or 1 F-DCCH Control Channel
Supplemental
0 to 7 F-SCH IS-95B only Channels IS-95B only
Supplemental
0 to 2 F-SCH Channels RC3,4,5
SR3 Multi-Carrier Pilot F-PICH Coding
I 1228.8 kcps
■ Each RF carrier has its own pilot All
FIR
Zero Gain
I Short Code LPF I RF
■ The pilot is all zeros and the Data
1228.8 kcps
QShort Code FIR
Carrier
spreading Walsh code is all Walsh 256 LPF Q F1
Alll Zero Generator
zeros Walsh Code
1228.8 kcps
■ The resulting string of all zeros

is applied to only the I data
channel, resulting in non- I 1228.8 kcps
complex short code scrambling All
Zero Gain
FIR
I RF
I Short Code LPF
just like IS-95 Data
1228.8 kcps
QShort Code
Carrier
FIR
Walsh 256 Q F2
■ IS-95B mobiles on F1, F2, or F3 Alll Zero Generator
LPF
1228.8 kcps
will be able to use the carrier as Walsh Code
if it were an IS-95 carrier

■ The I and Q components are
sent along for summing with any I 1228.8 kcps
All
other forward channels on each Zero Gain
I Short Code
FIR
LPF I RF
Data
carrier 1228.8 kcps Carrier
QShort Code FIR
Walsh 256 LPF Q F3
Alll Zero Generator
1228.8 kcps
Walsh Code
SR3 MC, RC7 (9600 bps) F-FCH
4.8 ksps FIR
LPF I
I I 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
9.6 ksps Serial to Walsh256
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Parallel Generator
Scrambling F1
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Q FIR
Power
4.8 ksps LPF Q
Control
Puncturing
Full Rate +CRC & 1/3 rate Pwr Ctrl 4.8 ksps
Interleaver FIR
Data Bits Tail bits Conv Encoder Bits
LPF I
I I
9.6 ksps
8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 28.8 ksps 800 bps
Gain
Demultiplexer
1228.8 kcps
Gain 1228.8 kcps
User Long PC Serial to Walsh256
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Code Mask Punc Parallel Generator
Scrambling F2
1228.8 kcps
28.8 ksps 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code
800 bps
Power Ctrl
Q Q FIR
Generator Decimator Decimator 4.8 ksps LPF Q
3686.4 kbps /W/2
Power control information 4.8 ksps FIR
may be carried as shown
LPF I
or on the F-DCCH
I I 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Serial to Walsh256
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
9.6 ksps Parallel Generator
Scrambling F3
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Q FIR
4.8 ksps LPF Q
SR3 MC, RC7 (9600 bps) F-FCH
Coding Details
4.8 ksps FIR
LPF I
I I 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Parallel Generator
Scrambling F1
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Q FIR
Power
4.8 ksps LPF Q
Control
Puncturing
Interleaver FIR
LPF I
I I
9.6 ksps
Gain
Demultiplexer
1228.8 kcps
Gain 1228.8 kcps
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Scrambling F2
1228.8 kcps
28.8 ksps 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code
800 bps
Power Ctrl
Q Q FIR
3686.4 kbps /W/2
LPF I
or on the F-DCCH
I I 1228.8 kcps
■ After coding, symbol repetition, block Serial to

1228.8 kcps
Walsh256
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
F3
Scrambling
interleaving, long code scrambling, and Q
1228.8 kcps
Q
1228.8 kcps
FIR
Q
power control puncturing, the symbols are 4.8 ksps LPF
split into three streams

■ One stream is transmitted over each carrier
■ This provides processing gain per carrier far
larger than provided in IS-95B
7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 10

SR3 Forward Transmit Diversity
4.8 ksps FIR
LPF I
I I 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Parallel Generator
Scrambling F1
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Q FIR
Power
4.8 ksps LPF Q
Control
Puncturing
Interleaver FIR
LPF I
I I
9.6 ksps
Gain
Demultiplexer
1228.8 kcps
Gain 1228.8 kcps
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Scrambling F2
1228.8 kcps
28.8 ksps 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code
800 bps
Power Ctrl
Q Q FIR
3686.4 kbps /W/2
LPF I
or on the F-DCCH
I I 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Serial to Walsh256
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Scrambling F3
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Q FIR
4.8 ksps LPF Q
■ Each SR3 forward channel is already split into three parts, carried on
three different RF carriers
■ Although the three transmitters could be duplexed into the same
antenna if desired, space diversity is obtained if separate antennas
are used
■ This improves forward link capacity by combating Raleigh fading

SR3 Power Control Puncturing
■ The different SR3 radio

configurations (RCs) have
Symbol Number of
different symbol rates. Radio
Rate, Symbols
Configuration ksps Punctured
■ The number of symbols
punctured varies for each RC RC6 57.6 6
as shown in the table at right RC7 28.8 3
■ The long code decimator RC8 57.6 6
adjusts its decimation length
proportionally to the length of RC9 28.8 3
the Walsh code being used for
the channel
• Decimation length = Walsh
code length/2

SR3 MC, RC6 (306.6 kbps) F-SCH
153.6 ksps FIR
LPF I
I I 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
307.2 ksps Serial to Walsh 8
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Parallel Generator
Scrambling F1
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Q FIR
153.6 ksps LPF Q
Payload +CRC & 1/3 rate 153.6 ksps

Interleaver FIR
307.2 ksps
Data Bits Tail bits Turbo Encoder
LPF I
306.6 kbps 307.2 kbps 921.6 ksps I I
Demultiplexer
1228.8 kcps
Gain 1228.8 kcps
User Long Serial to Walsh 8
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Code Mask Parallel Generator
Scrambling F2
1228.8 kcps
921.6 ksps 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code
Q Q FIR
Generator Decimator 153.6 ksps LPF Q
3686.4 kbps /W/2

is carried on the F-DCCH LPF I
I I 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Serial to Walsh 8
Complex
PN Sequence
Carrier
Scrambling F3
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Q FIR
153.6 ksps LPF Q

3xRTT
3xRTT Codes
Codes and
and Coding
Coding
Details
Details

What if we run out of Walsh Codes?
Quasi-Orthogonal Functions
■ 3xRTT has 256 Walsh codes available
• but so many new types of channels, and
variable length codes, can cause Walsh
code shortages on some sectors! The Original Walsh Codes
■ When no more Walsh codes are available, “Set 0”
Quasi-Orthogonal Functions can be used
• QOFs are generated by multiplying Walsh Quasi-Orthogonal
Codes with a quasi-orthogonal mask
Functions
• Following Walsh Spreading, the I and Q “QOF Set 1”
channels are rotated 90 degrees gated by
another Walsh Code
Quasi-Orthogonal
■ Each set of QOFs is self-orthogonal among its
members Functions
“QOF Set 2”
• there is slight non-orthogonality between
different QOF sets including the original
walsh codes, but not at troublesome levels Quasi-Orthogonal
• Short PN imperfections are just as bad, Functions
and they aren’t troublesome “QOF Set 3”
■ Manufacturers didn’t implement QOFs in their
initial CDMA2000 products, but all are
expected eventually to support QOFs

Masks for Quasi-Orthogonal Functions
■ There are four mask

conditions used to create
Walsh and QOF functions
• 0: Walsh Codes
(perfectly orthogonal)
• 1-3: QOF functions
(approximately
orthogonal)

Walsh Code/Quasi Orthogonal Implementation
Complex Multiplier
This block builds the
QOFs
Iin +
I Baseband
YI Σ Filter
-
Walsh Cos 2πfct
Function When
Enabled, +
Rotate
by 90° Σ S(t)
(Output - +
Qin +jIin)
QOFsign
BTS Qin +
Q Baseband
YQ Σ Filter
+
Enable
Sin 2πfct
Walshrotn
PNI
PNQ
Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)

QOFsign= ±1 sign multiplier QOF mask (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)
Walshrot = ‘0’ or ‘1’ 90°-rotation-enable Walsh function
Walshrot = ‘0’ means no rotation
Walshrot = ‘1’ means rotate by 90°
The null QOF has QOFsign = +1 and Walshrot = ‘0’
PNI and PNQ = ±1 I-channel and Q-channel PN sequences
The null QOF is used for Radio Configurations 1 and 2

Data Protection: Convolutional vs. Turbo Coding
■ In CDMA, bits are protected against transmission errors by first coding
them into symbols before transmission. After reception, the decoding
process is highly tolerant of bad symbols and the correct bits can be
recovered despite symbol errors
■ Many different coding methods are available to convert bits into symbols.
CDMA voice applications have always used convolutional encoders;
CDMA2000 also introduces Turbo coding
■ Voice is a real-time streaming application and lost frames can’t be
retransmitted, they’re too late. An FER of about 1% or 2% is the typical
target in CDMA systems for voice applications.
■ Data applications are more forgiving of lost frames since the main
objective is throughput and retransmission of a few frames doesn’t hurt
throughput significantly
■ Turbo coders are a class of coders with higher throughput and efficiency
but slightly less error immunity than convolutional encoders.
• Their design is experimental; optimal algorithms are not yet known
■ Experiments have achieved higher overall sector capacities
• Run data channels at approx. 5% FER with Turbo coding, using
packet retransmission to correct lost frames
• Run voice channels at traditional 1-2% FER with Convolutional coders

CDMA Convolutional Coders

The CDMA2000 Turbo Coder
■ The IS-2000 general turbo

coder is shown at right
■ The turbo coder produces five 144 ksps
output streams - the original Output
stream plus four others using 144 ksps

a combination of feedback + + Output
shift register and interleaving

techniques + + 144 ksps
+ Output
• A fifth-rate Turbo Coder 144Input

kbps
+ D D D
■ Puncturing reduces the
output rate to 3 times original +
■ This turbo coder has Interleaver
+ +
144 ksps
Output
approximately 0.5 db better
error performance than a + +
convolutional encoder of + 144 ksps
Output
similar rate + D D D
+
Symbol Puncturing with Turbo and
Convolutional Codes
■ Symbol puncturing is used

to reduce the symbol rate
after Turbo Encoding and
after Convolutional
Encoding
■ Even after puncturing,
sufficient symbols remain
for reliable operation -- the
encoding is powerful
enough to correct the
values of the missing
symbols

Frame Rate Detection
■ The original IS-95 CDMA traffic channels use “blind rate detection”
• The receiver has no idea what data rate is being transmitted in a
frame until the whole frame can be examined after reception
– Symbol repetition patterns and CRC bits are examined for each
possibility, and the actual rate is chosen as the one with the
lowest apparent errors
– This requires substantial processing in the receiver!
■ The SCH (supplemental channels) of IS-2000 will normally be carrying
fast packet data
• Blind rate detection would require substantial processing and battery
power
• Rates of SCHs will usually “float” depending on available capacity on
the cell
– The cell will attempt to satisfy the offered voice loading by varying
the throughput for data users
■ The F-DCCH will normally inform users of the rates to expect on their F-
SCHs so they do not need to do blind rate detection
• SCH rates will be controlled by the appropriate layers of the protocol
stack, in accordance with the individual user’s priorities

Reverse Pilot & Power Control Bit Multiplexing
Pilot Data: 00000s One Power Control Group
To Mobile Pilot Pilot Pilot PC Bits
MUX I-Channel
Summer
312.5 µs 312.5 µs 312.5 µs 312.5 µs
Power Control Bits:
PCB, EIB, QIB 1.25 ms
■ The reverse pilot R-PCH includes a power control subchannel used to

power control the Forward Link. Depending on the Forward Power Control
Mode (FPC), the channel may contain combinations of:
• Power Control Bits
• Erasure Indicator Bits
• Quality Indicator Bits
■ The time-structuring of the power control is similar to that transmitted on
the IS-95B forward traffic channel
• A frame is divided into 16 Power Control Groups, 1.25 ms each
• 1 Power Control Bit is sent per Power Control Group
■ Each Power Control Group is divided into 4 subgroups
• 3 groups of pure pilot, one group of power control bits

SR3, RC5 R-FCH Channel Coding
Orthogonal
Spreading
8.6
9.6 kbps 38.4 ksps 76.8 ksps
kbps 230.4 ksps 3686.4 kcps
R-FCH Channel 1/4 Rate X2 Symbol 1 Frame X3 Symbol
Convolutional Repetition Block Repetition
Data Bits Coder Encoder Interleaver
Add CRC
& Tail Bits
Spread
Factor =16 Walsh W416
■ The R-FCH carries voice information in most cases

• When in voice mode, frames are 20 ms long
• When in data mode, frames are 5 ms long
■ Unlike the SR1 case, an additional 3X symbol repetition is applied
after block interleaving
■ Walsh spreading raises the chip rate to the SR3 level
■ Walsh Code 4, 16-chip length, is always used for the R-FCH

SR3, RC5 R-SCH Channel Coding
Orthogonal
Spreading
306 kbps 307.2 kbps 921.6 ksps
921.6 ksps 3686.4 kcps
R-SCH Channel Turbo 1 Frame
Encoder Block
Data Bits Coder 1/5>1/3 rate Interleaver
Add CRC
& Tail Bits
Spread
Factor =4 Walsh W24
■ The R-SCH supplemental channel usually carries high speed data

• Its frames are always 20 ms long
■ There is an option for using convolutional coding or turbo coding
when sending high speed data
■ The diagram above shows the turbo coding option in use
• Fifth rate turbo coder, punctured to one-third rate
■ Walsh Code 2, 4-chip length, is used in this case
• The coding gain of this channel is much less than that of a
voice channel, so it will consume much more power than the
accompanying R-FCH

SR3 Reverse Channel Spreading
R-SCH 2 Gain Complex

3686.4 kcps Scale Scrambling
3686.4 kcps
W24 or W68
R-Pilot +
+
Power
Control
Σ Σ I
I-channel
Short Code - 3686.4 kcps
Gain
R-DCCH
3686.4 kcps Scale 3686.4 kcps
W816
User Long Long Code
Code Mask Generator W22
R-SCH-1
or 1-chip Decimate
Gain Delay By 2
R-EACH Scale
or 3686.4 kcps
R-CCCH Q-channel +
Σ Q
Short Code
W12 or W14
or W28 or W48
Σ + 3686.4 kcps
Gain
R-FCH
W416 W416 means Walsh Code #4 at 16-chip length

Some Fine Points on SR3 Reverse Channels
R-SCH 2 Gain Complex
■ The SR3 mode uses the same 3686.4 kcps Scale Scrambling
3686.4 kcps
W24 or W68
spreading technique as SR1 R-Pilot +
Power
Control
Σ
+
Σ I
I-channel
- 3686.4 kcps
■ Since multiple reverse channels

Short Code
Gain
R-DCCH
are summed together, the offset R-SCH-1

W816
User Long
Code Mask
Long Code
Generator W22
QPSK does not help reduce the or

R-EACH
or
Gain
3686.4 kcps Scale
1-chip
Delay
Decimate
By 2
+
R-CCCH Q-channel
dynamic range of the signal and W12 or W14

or W28 or W48
Σ
Short Code
+
Σ Q
3686.4 kcps
linear amplifiers are needed R-FCH Gain

■ HPSK modulation is used to W416 W416 means Walsh Code #4 at 16-chip length
reduce the dynamic range

somewhat, but linear amplifiers
will still be necessary
■ Therefore, CDMA2000 mobiles
with data capability will have
poorer battery efficiency and more
costly power amplifiers

SR3 Multicarrier Reverse PN Short Codes
■ Since the SR3 chip rate is 3x SR1, SR1 short PN codes cannot be
used in building reverse-link SR3 signals
■ New Short PN codes are selected to preserve the 75-repetitions
per two seconds characteristic
• This is accomplished by changing the short code patterns from
a 215 length to a 220 length sequence
• A 220 length sequence has 1,048,576 chips in its pattern
• Therefore, only the first 26 2/3 ms. is used (98,304 chips) and
then the sequence is restarted
• The I code is aligned to begin with even-second clock and the
Q code is delayed 219 chips from the I code
■ End result: 75 repetitions every 2 seconds

SR3 Reverse Long Code
User Long Long Code 1228.8 kbps

Code Mask Generator
1228.8 kbps
SR3 MC
0.814 µs MUX
Delay Long Code
3686.4 kcps
1228.8 0.814 µs
kbps Delay
1228.8 kbps
■ Just when you thought things were settling down, we have a change to tell
you concerning the Reverse Long Code in SR3
■ A new SR3 Reverse Long Code must be used since the Chip Rate is 3x faster
than the old SR1 case
■ To achieve this change, the original SR1 Long Code is delayed and mixed
with itself twice to generate the additional 1.2288 MCPS long codes
• The delay is 1 chip at SR1, 814 nanoseconds
• The three long codes are then time-multiplexed together to produce a new
long code that runs at 3.6864 MCPS and repeats in the exact same
period as the original SR1 Long Code
■ Don’t worry, all this stuff happens inside chipsets we buy; we don’t have to do
it ourselves.

Walsh Code Selection for the SR3 R-SCH
■ When there is 1 operating SCH

• Mobile should use R-SCH 1 with Walsh Code W24
• Walsh Code W12 is used only for the highest data rates
■ When there are 2 operating SCHs:
• R-SCH 1 uses:
– Either Walsh W12 or W24
• R-SCH 2 uses:
– Either Walsh W24 or W68
■ Using two-bit Walsh codes will defeat the peak-to-average
reductions of HPSK; this should be avoided if possible

1xEV
1xEV DO
DO -- 1xEV
1xEV DV
DV
Alternatives
Alternatives to
to 3xRTT?
3xRTT?

1xEV
1xEV DO “HDR” 2.4576 Mb/s
1xEV DV “1Xtreme” 4.9152 Mb/s
WARNING!
Not available in all areas. Use only as directed. Certain restrictions apply.
You probably won’t achieve rates this fast except right across the street from a BTS in
the wee hours. May cause discomfort, envy, or nausea among TDMA/GSM/GPRS
users. May also drain your battery quickly. If you experience dizziness, disorientation
or internet addiction, revert to IS-95 CDMA and seek professional counseling at once.

What is 1xEV?
■ 1xEV, “1x Evolution”, is a family of alternative fast-data schemes that can

be implemented on a 1x CDMA carrier.
■ Many operators expect that 1xEV will satisfy their customers’ needs for
fast data wireless service, making deployment of 3xRTT unnecessary
■ 1xEV DO means “1x Evolution, Data Only”. The prime example is
Qualcomm’s proprietary technology HDR, “High Data Rates”
• Offers up to 2.4576 Mbps forward, 153.6 kbps reverse
• Dedicates a 1x carrier in a proprietary way for data only, no voice
• Uses same hardware & architecture as 1xRTT networks
■ 1xEV DV means “1x Evolution, Data and Voice”. The prime example is
1Xtreme, a proprietary technology by Motorola and Nokia
• Offers 5 Mbps forward data throughputs and is backward compatible
with IS-95/1xRTT voice on the same carrier as the data
■ All versions of 1xEV exploit advanced but more fragile modulation
techniques to achieve their high throughputs.
• To achieve the highest data rates, users must be in very clean strong-
signal environments and the sector must have most of its capacity
unused and available

1xEV
1xEV DO:
DO:
Qualcomm's
Qualcomm's HDR
HDR

Basic HDR Features
■ Qualcomm's HDR uses special modulation techniques to provide

fast data transmission on a single 1.25 CDMA carrier
■ Instead of the IS-95-standard QPSK modulation, HDR can use
• 16-QAM for very fast data under favorable conditions
– 2.4 Mb/s downlink, 307.2 kbps uplink
• 8-PSK for moderately fast data under fair conditions
• QPSK if conditions are extremely poor
■ HDR uses 32 walsh codes on the uplink
• Three are used for signalling
• This leaves 29 codes available for a max of 29 users/sector
■ HDR provides data transmission only, not circuit-switched voice

Basic
Basic HDR
HDR Network
Network Architecture
Architecture

The HDR Access Network
HDR Radio Network HDR Glossary
HDR A11 interface HDR - High Data Rate,
IS2000
IS2000 HDR A10 interface
Qualcomm’s proprietary rapid
BTS
BTS BSC
BTS A1 data service
MSC - Mobile Switching Center
MSC PDSN PDSN - Packet Data Serving
IS-2000 Radio Network Node
A1
IS2000 IS-2000 A2 BTS - Base Transceiver Station
IS2000
IS2000 A5
BTS BSC BSC - Base Station Controller
BTS
BTS A10 interface
A11 interface AN - Access Network
AT - Access Terminal
■ HDR Network Architecture: Same as CDMA2000 but logically separate

■ Interfaces
• HDR to MSC: A1
• HDR to PDSN: A10, A11
■ Interoperability:
• Dual-mode IS-2000/HDR terminals
• IS-2000/HDR handoff supported using A1, A10, and A11 interfaces

Collocated 3G 1x/HDR System
HDR
Subscriber
Station
HD
R
Ca
HDR r ri e
Subscriber r
Station
HDR
Access
er AAA Server
rri Point
x Ca
1
3G BTS Access
Point
Consolidation
Router DNS Server
BSC
PDSN
SNMP Server
IP Network
DHCP
PSTN MSC
Server
Customer Care

Qualcomm Announces new BTS 1xEV
Channel Element Chipset
Credit RCR News,
August 6, 2001
www.rcrnews.com

HDR Air Interface Channel Structure
FORWARD CHANNELS REVERSE CHANNELS
Pilot
Medium
Access
Access
Control Pilot
Forward Activity Medium Access Control
Reverse Activity Reverse Rate Indicator
Reverse Power Control Data
ACCESS
BTS
Control TERMINAL
ACCESS Traffic Traffic
NETWORK
Pilot
Medium Access Control
Reverse Rate Indicator
Data Rate Control
Data

The HDR Air Interface Protocol Stack
HDM Air Interface ■ HMP: HDR Messaging Protocol

Protocol Stack • Governs message exchange
HMP PPP ■ SLP: Signaling Link Protocol
SLP RLP
■ RLP carries PPP bytes in Default Packet
Stream Layer Application
Session Layer ■ Stream Layer adds 2-bit header providing 4
data streams
Connection Layer ■ Session Layer negotiates and maintains
sessions, including “keep-alive”
Security Layer
■ Manages Connections, both open & closed
MAC Layer ■ The security layer is not currently used
Physical Layer ■ MAC layer manages operation of the main
HDR data channels
• There’s a MAC protocol for each channel

Resource Management Philosophy of HDR
■ Capacity is maximized by fully using all available resources

• Great flexibility for time, bandwidth, and code configuration
• Each HDR user is dynamically allocated all available
bandwidth, code-space, and time for maximum throughput
■ HDR’s operating strategy is continuous transmission at full power
and dynamic adjustment of the bit rate of each user according to
C/I for optimal system capacity
■ The HDR forward link uses rate control instead of power control

Basic Operation of the HDR Forward Link
FORWARD CHANNELS
Pilot ■ All sectors transmit forward pilot
Medium bursts simultaneously
Access
Control ■ Each AT estimates C/I of active
Forward Activity pilots, predicts C/I and best rate to
Reverse Activity request for forward link service
Reverse Power Control
BTS
■ Each slot, the AT reports the
Control
ACCESS
requested rate and sector for
ACCESS
NETWORK
Traffic
TERMINAL transmission via the DRC channel
■ The AN schedules transmission of
preamble and data sequentially to
each AT, based on DRC contents
■ AT monitors preamble and decodes
data after preamble is detected
■ Reverse power control and other
MAC information are constantly sent
over the forward channel

Basic Operation of the HDR Reverse Link
REVERSE CHANNELS
Access
■ When an AT has an air link, the reverse
Pilot
pilot and MAC channels are transmitted Medium Access Control
constantly Reverse Rate Indicator
■ Reverse link is power controlled to Data
ACCESS
achieve reliable BER BTS TERMINAL
ACCESS
■ Reverse data is transmitted when NETWORK
Traffic
Pilot
available at rate specified in Reverse
MAC protocol
■ RRI Reverse Rate Indicator is sent over Data Rate Control
the MAC channel to help AN decode the Data
reverse data channel
■ All the channels are BPSK modulated on
the I or Q carrier to keep the peak-to-
average ratio small

The
The HDR
HDR Reverse
Reverse Channels
Channels

Distinguishing the Reverse Channels
REVERSE CHANNELS
■ Each access channel has a distinct Access Access

Channel PN for each sector Pilot
■ Walsh-4 functions are used to orthogonally
spread: Reverse Rate Indicator
Data
• Data channels, Pilot/MAC channels ACCESS
BTS TERMINAL
■ Each Traffic channel is direct-sequence
ACCESS
spread by a distinct user PN code sequence NETWORK
Traffic
■ Data channels are BPSK-modulated on the Q Pilot
carrier phase Medium Access Control
■ Pilot/MAC channels are BPSK modulated on
the I carrier phase Data Rate Control
Data
■ The MAC channel is time-multiplexed with the
Pilot Channel
• Inside the MAC channel the DRC and RRI
channels are time-multiplexed
■ End result: low peak-to-average power ratios
for AT Tx

Reverse Link HDR Packets, Slots, Frames
1 frame 1 frame
26-2/3 ms 26-2/3 ms.
1 timeslot
=1.66 ms.
=2048 chips 1 Packet
(16 per frame)
1 packet = 2 frames
= 53-1/3 ms
■ Each reverse link data packet is 53-1/3 ms. long

• Packets are exactly two frames long
■ Each frame contains 16 timeslots, each 1-2/3 ms. long
■ Packets do not have to begin exactly on frame boundaries
• Packet start can be staggered to begin on the boundary of any
of the timeslots to keep reverse transmission loading random
■ Since the frame and slot lengths do not have to fit with the
customary 20-ms. CDMA Voice frame length, frame and slot
lengths have been selected to conform naturally to the length of
the PN sequence and the number of chips per slot and per packet
The HDR Access Channel
I Phase Pilot Pilot Pilot/MAC Pilot/MAC
Q Phase Access Channel Data Packet

Preamble Frame 1 Preamble Frame 2 Data Frame 1 Data Frame 1
■ To access the AN, an AT transmits a

random access probe sequence REVERSE CHANNELS
■ An access probe includes
Access
• a preamble containing just pilot Pilot
• A two-frame-long Access Channel Medium Access Control
data packet at 9600 bps Reverse Rate Indicator
Data
■ The MAC Channel of an Access data ACCESS
TERMINAL
packet includes only an RRI channel
punctured into the Pilot Channel as
shown

The HDR Reverse Traffic Channel
■ Reverse Traffic Channels include:

• Data Channel
REVERSE CHANNELS
• Pilot Channel
• MAC Channel Traffic
Pilot
– DRC Data Rate Control channel
– RRI Reverse Rate Indicator Reverse Rate Indicator
channel Data Rate Control ACCESS
TERMINAL
Data
■ The reverse pilot permits coherent
demodulation of the reverse link signal at
the base station
• Turbo decoding can be performed in
the synchronous environment

HDR Reverse Traffic Channel Structure
1 frame 1 frame
26-2/3 ms 26-2/3 ms.
1 timeslot
=1.66 ms.
=2048 chips 1 Packet
(16 per frame)
1 packet = 2 frames
= 53-1/3 ms
■ The Reverse Traffic Channel structure is similar to the Access

Channel structure
• Frames 26-2/3 ms long, Packets 53-1/3 ms (2 frames) long
■ Data transmission rate is variable as requested by the terminal and
allocated by the network in response to changing C/I conditions
• Rate may run from 4.8 kbps to 153.6 kbps
■ Transmission parameters:
• Coding is Serial-Concatenated, rate 1/2 or 1/4
• Channel interleaving is by bit reversal with repetition of
interleaved sequence
• Data packets begin at a specific slot boundary in the frame so
that users’ signal powers can be randomized

HDR Coding - Forward and Reverse Links
■ Much of the “magic” of HDR

comes from its advanced
nested coding methods Outer Encoder
■ An inner and an outer encoder 16-state, rate 1/2 or 2/3
3/4 puncturing
are applied convolutional Inner Encoder
• Overall code rate is 1/4, 4-state, rate 1/2 or 3./4
3/8, and 1/2 4/6 puncturing
convolutional
• Pseudo-random code
interleaver is used
• Iterative (Turbo) decoding
of the serial-concatenated
coding yields highly
effective capacity
performance and a very
low background error level

Reverse Traffic Channel
Coding and Modulation Parameters
Data Rate 4.8 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6 Kbps

Reverse Rate Index 1 2 3 4 5 6
Encoder Packet Size 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 bits
Packet Duration 53.33… 53.33… 53.33… 53.33… 53.33… 53.33… ms
Overall Code Rate 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.5 Bits/sym
Code Symbols/ Code
1024 2048 4096 8192 16384 16384 Symbols
Packet
Code Symbol Rate 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2 Ksps
Interleaved Packet
16 8 4 2 1 1
Repeats
Mod. Symbol Rate 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2 Ksps
Data Modulation BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
PN Chips per
Encoder Bit 256 128 64 32 16 8 PN Chips

The HDR Reverse Pilot Channel
1 Slot (2048 chips)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
64 chips Puncture Patterns

MAC
Channel
DRC
Channel
RRI
Channel
■ The I-carrier phase contains unmodulated binary 0 symbols

■ MAC Channel symbols are punctured into this pattern
■ MAC and Pilot Channel symbols are gain-equalized to have same
amplitude so peak-to-average ratio is very low
■ Nearly half of the Pilot/MAC channels content are pilot channel
energy to support synchronous demodulation and multipath
searching

Reverse MAC Channel Contents
■ The Reverse MAC channel contains two streams of information

■ DRC Data Rate Control channel is used by the AT to request the
data rate and desired sector
• Data rate is requested using 8-ary bi-orthogonal coding
• Desired sector is requested using 8-ary Walsh cover
• Each DRC channel slot contains 1024 chips to facilitate reliable
detection
• DRC messages start at the center of a slot to minimize the
delay between C/I estimation and the start of AN transmission
■ RRI Reverse Rate Indicator channel identifies up to 8 different
desired reverse data transmission rates
• 8-ary orthogonal code is used to indicate rates
• The RRI symbol is transmitted 32 times in each frame
• RRI symbols are inverted in the last half of the frame to make
synchronization easier

How the DRC Channel Operates
■ The AT estimates the forward channel C/I and identifies the

feasible data rate and the requested sector to be used
■ The AT sends this information to the AN on the DRC channel
■ Only the requested sector will transmit packets to this AT
■ The requested sector sends a data packet including preamble to
the AT at the rate requested by the DRC in the immediately
preceding slot
■ After the packet transmission is initiated, it must be continued until
the payload has been fully transmitted

The PN Sequences Used by HDR
■ Each user has a unique PN sequence which is used for

quadrature spreading of its traffic channel
• These sequences have periods of 26-2/3 ms, same as IS-95
• The sequences are generated by exclusive-ORing the I and Q
user long code sequences with the I and Q common short PN
sequences
• The long code generation is restarted at the beginning of each
frame
■ Every AT’s Traffic and Access channels use the common short
sequence, which is the same as the short PN sequence of IS-95
■ Each sector has its own Access Channel which is spread by a
unique PN sequence used only by that sector

HDR AT Reverse Link Power Control
■ The same open-loop/closed-loop schemes used in IS-95 are used

for reverse-link power control of HDR
■ Each AT adjusts its transmit power based on received forward link
RF levels in real-time
■ Each AT obeys the 800/second power control bit stream from its
sector
■ Each AT also adjusts the nominal power of its Data Channel to
maintain a constant Eb/No at the AN despite the dynamic
variations in rate

The
The HDR
HDR Forward
Forward Channels
Channels

The Forward Link Channels
FORWARD CHANNELS
Pilot ■ The HDR forward link time-
Medium multiplexes several channels
Access
Control
Forward Activity
• Forward Pilot Channel
Reverse Activity • Forward MAC Channel, with:
Reverse Power Control
BTS
– RPC Reverse Power Control
Control
ACCESS Channel
ACCESS Traffic
NETWORK TERMINAL – FA Forward Activity Channel
– RA Reverse Activity
Channel
• Forward Traffic Channel
• Forward Control Channel

1xEV DO Forward Link Time-Multiplexing

The HDR Forward Link Slot Structure
Half Slot = 1024 chips Half Slot = 1024 chips
Pilot Pilot
96 chips Active Slot 96 chips
Data Data Data Data
464 chips P 464 chips 400 chips P 400 chips
RPC RPC
Pilot Pilot
96 chips 96 chips
Idle Slot
P P
skirt skirt skirt skirt
■ Sectors always transmit a pilot on each active Forward HDR channel

• Pilot is unmodulated BPSK transmitted as bursts 96 chips long every
half slot at full sector power
• 64-chip idle skirts surround the first pilot burst per idle slot to improve
accuracy
■ The pilot is used for acquisition, synchronization, demodulation, decoding,
and C/I estimation by all ATs in the serving area
• All sectors transmit simultaneously to allow C/I estimation
• Burst pilot gives more accurate C/I estimation essential for DRC
generation and Turbo decoding

The Forward MAC Channel
FORWARD CHANNELS
Pilot
Medium
Access ■ The MAC channel includes RPC,
Control FA, and RA channels
Forward Activity
Reverse Activity
• RA Reverse Activity Channel
Reverse Power Control • FA Forward Activity Channel
BTS Control • RPC Reverse Power Control
ACCESS
NETWORK
Traffic Channels
ACCESS
■ RPC Channel TERMINAL
• 600 bps, each access terminal with an assigned air link has an
RPC
■ FA Channel
• Transmits one forward activity bit per slot, indicates to an AT
whether or not the traffic or control channel will be transmitting
later to exploit inactive channels
■ RA Channel
• Transmits one reverse activity bit per slot, telling ATs if reverse
link loading is too high, requiring rate reduction
HDR Forward Traffic Channel Features
■ The Forward Traffic Channel data rate varies from 38.4 kbps to
2.4576 Mbps
■ The data packets have variable length:
• 1024, 2048, 3072 or 4096 bits; from 1-2/3 to 26-2/3 ms.
■ Different multiplexing and modulation methods are used
depending on the data rate
• QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QPSK and bit reversal interleaving
• Bit-reversal-interleaved symbols are demultiplexed into 16
parallel symbol streams covered by 16-ary Walsh Codes
• The 16 walsh code channels are analog-summed for
transmission
• The Traffic Channel is serial-concatenated-coded with a
pseudo-random code interleaver, same as Reverse Channel
• This coding with iterative Turbo decoding gives a low Eb/No
requirement and low background error rate

Forward Traffic Channel
Coding and Modulation Parameters
38.4, 76.8, 153.6

102.4, 153.6
Data Rate Long,
Short, 921.6 1,228.8 1,843.2 2,457.6
(kbps) 204.8, 307.2 307.2
Short, 614.4 Long
Concatenated Code rate 1/4 1/4 3/8 1/2 1/2 1/2
Information Bits per
1019 4091 3067 2043 3067 4091
Encoder Packet
Effective no. of Tail Bits 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.5
Code Interleaver length
2046 8190 6142 3070 4606 6142
(binary symbols)
PN Generator for Code
P11[x] P13[x] P13[x] P12[x] P13[x] P13[x]
Interleaver
Encoder Output Block
Length (code symbols) 4096 16384 8192 4096 6144 8192

Assymetric Data - Uplink/Downlink
■ Web-surfing and many other

internet applications are
assymetric
• Different data volumes on
uplink and downlink
■ Downlink (Forward link) is
usually much heavier due to
pattern of “download”,
“response”, “download”,
“response”
■ The data usage metering
display at right shows an
example of typical web-surfing
or file downloading

HDR Summary
■ HDR is a highly-specialized wireless data environment carefully

optimized for packet data throughput
■ HDR provides extreme spectral efficiency - 2.45 Mbps in just 1.25
MHz of spectrum - approx. 2 bits data per hertz of bandwidth!!
■ The forward link runs the sector at maximum power and
dynamically adjusts its data channel rates to the highest possible
■ The radio links are optimized for highest possible channel rates
under dynamic channel conditions, in real-time
■ Physical-layer-based signaling for data rate control keeps the
whole system supremely responsive to channel quality fluctuations
■ Each data rate exploits high-performance Turbo coding for the
highest throughput
■ The base stations are compatible with standard IS-95 networks
■ The frame structure and alignment processes are streamlined for
packet data efficiency with the lowest possible use of power for
overhead channels and other non-productive functions

1xEV
1xEV DV
DV
Motorola's
Motorola's 1Xtreme
1Xtreme

Motorola's 1x EV DV Proposal, 1Xtreme
■ Motorola's 1X EV-DV Proposal

■ Peak data rate on a single 1.25 MHz carrier up to 5 Mbps
• average data throughput of 1.2 Mbps
■ backward-compatible with IS-95A/B and CDMA2000 1X
• same channel structures, frame sizes, and coding schemes
• one 1.25 MHz channel can carry IS-95A/B, 1xRTT and 1xEV-
DV
• installed base of IS-95A/B and 1X mobiles is fully compatible
■ Motorola demonstrated 1xEV at the CTIA show in March 2001
• high-speed data throughput of 3.2 Mbps using 16-QAM
• potential rate of almost 5 Mbps with enhancements

Technical Basics of 1Xtreme
■ Multiple Walsh Codes can be combined into one wide channel

• On an idle cell, up to 14 walsh codes are available and can be
combined into a single large "pipe" for fast data
• Maximum data transfer rate up to 4.8 Mbps on the forward link
• This multicode combined channel can be time-multiplexed and
shared among multiple users
■ 1Xtreme uses a combination of FEC and ARQ
• Forward Error Correction (turbo or convolutional coding)
– Makes the signal more resistant to corruption
• Automatic Repeat Request Protocols
– Corrupted packets are requested to be retransmitted
– Corrupted packets are not discarded; they are saved for
combining with the retransmitted packet to improve the
probability of successful decoding by improving SNR

Modulation and Coding Schemes of 1Xtreme
■ 1Xtreme offers eight different Modulation Channel

Scheme
Type Coding Rate
coding schemes
8 64-QAM 3/4
■ The best scheme for current
channel conditions is 7 64-QAM 1/2
dynamically selected 6 16-QAM 3/4
• The mobile measures the 5 16-QAM 1/2
conditions and relays its
4 8-PSK 3/4
requested rate to the BTS
3 8-PSK 1/2
2 QPSK 3/4
1 QPSK 1/2

1Xtreme Phase Constellations
16-QAM 64-QAM
■ Dynamic selection of modulation type, coding scheme, and data

rate squeeze the best performance out of each moment

CDMA Phase Two

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Course 333

First Faster data Faster data

■ Phase two migration paths: 3xRTT vs. Qualcomm’s HDR 1xEV

Required. IS-95B Compatible Required. IS-95B Compatible

Compatible with IS-95B RS2 Compatible with IS-95B RS2

1xRTT Quarter-rate convolutional or 9600

Quarter-rate convolutional or 14400 ¼ rate convolutional or 14400

1/6 rate convolutional 9600

0 to 3 F-QPCH Quick Paging Channel

■ The resulting string of all zeros

if it were an IS-95 carrier

■ After coding, symbol repetition, block Serial to

split into three streams

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 10

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 11

■ The different SR3 radio

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 12

Payload +CRC & 1/3 rate 153.6 ksps

Power control information 153.6 ksps FIR

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 13

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 14

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 15

■ There are four mask

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 16

Walsh function = ±1 (mapping: ‘0’⇒ ⇒+1, ‘1’ ⇒-1)

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 17

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 18

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 19

■ The IS-2000 general turbo

stream plus four others using 144 ksps

shift register and interleaving

• A fifth-rate Turbo Coder 144Input

■ Symbol puncturing is used

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 21

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 22

■ The reverse pilot R-PCH includes a power control subchannel used to

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 23

■ The R-FCH carries voice information in most cases

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 24

■ The R-SCH supplemental channel usually carries high speed data

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 25

R-SCH 2 Gain Complex

W416 W416 means Walsh Code #4 at 16-chip length

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 26

R-SCH 2 Gain Complex

■ Since multiple reverse channels

are summed together, the offset R-SCH-1

QPSK does not help reduce the or

dynamic range of the signal and W12 or W14

linear amplifiers are needed R-FCH Gain

reduce the dynamic range

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 27

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 28

User Long Long Code 1228.8 kbps

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 29

■ When there is 1 operating SCH

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 30

7-2002 cdma2000 Phase Two: 3xRTT v1.60 (c)2001 Scott Baxter 3 - 31