Insulation Handbook (Statoil)
Insulation Handbook (Statoil)
Insulation Handbook (Statoil)
142
Z1 05.10.00 Approved OS BB BB
REV DATE REASON FOR ISSUE: PREPARED CHECKED APPROVED PREPARED REVIEWED REVIEWED
P.O. NO. TAG NUMBER: AREA: WELL NO: SYSTEM NO.: DISKETTE REF:
As an example, dwellings were “insulated with clay/ moss etc. and fruits and vegetables were
placed in mud huts where it was chilly and the temperature kept an evenly level. The latter is
the precursor to the refrigerator.
Earlier the “insulation” was carried out by all categories of skilled hands, and tat is one of the
reasons to the implementation of elements from several categories of trades. Examples are
tinsmith (sheeting), tailor (sewing of insulation material) and bricklayer (placing the
insulation material) etc.
During the time as the need for insulation increased, and we got more and more areas where
insulation was used, the different trades was put into a system, and we got a “new” trade
where the performers were named insulation operator.
The insulation operator shall master the requirements laid down to carry out a well done
professional insulation work. This implements the installing of the insulation material and the
outer protection (enclosure).
The education is performed during learning/trade skill in the company where the person is
employed.
Before 1995 there was no official education within the trade, but when the trade showed up to
have a larger and larger spreading, it was established from this date rules for execution, and
an education plan from the Department of Education was presented. This is a plan worked
out by the Apprentice council and based on an education period of 3 years.
The theoretical education is mainly sorted under the Grammar school – mechanics as this
covered the insulation branch best, but as well ship building and construction division are
used. In addition, practical skill competence is decisive before the vocational certificate test is
carried out.
During the time, the original hot and cold insulation was enlarged also to include more trades.
We got insulation covering HVAC, noise, fire, condense etc. and the trade was more and
more specialized. In parallel we got more and more knowledge about insulation and the
economical consequences the trade represented. It became a requirement that the insulation
trade should have an official status and by that to be a profession.
A new educational plan was carried out by the Educational council and is implemented from
1. September 1988.
The education is based on a training period of 4 years and comprises both theoretical an
practical education, divided into 3 years practices and 1 year theory with final profession
tests.
Looking at the perspectives, the insulating has been carried out from long time ago, but the
first group of professional insulation installers, were educated at the end of the 1980-decade.
The insulation trade has been under continuous changes and especially from the beginning of
the 1980-decade the development has been increasing. We have among others got
new/improved insulation materials, as cellular glass, tape systems, pre-insulated pipes, new
methods for applying, and more authority requirements.
The upper mentioned factors lead to new requirements to the insulation contractor and the
individual insulation specialist.
The individual customer demands these days that the insulation branch shall be updated in
techniques /new developments at any time. The branch shall be able to inform about potential
methods which may give improved solutions without increased costs, be updated in new
solutions within the various insulation methods/classes and be willing to rationalise the
workmanship methods.
With the insulation handbook we hope that we have given a contribution to that the insulation
trade may strengthen in the years ahead and that the trade gets a positive development.
OBJECTIVE, STANDARDS AND
SPECIFICATIONS
2.1 OBJECTIVE
This handbook have as a goal to give information about guidance to be used in order
to achieve the best possible skilled and economical result when products are
insulated/protected.
This handbook expresses the companies’ guidance for delivery and installing thermal-,
acoustic- and fire insulation at onshore and offshore installations. (pipes, tanks etc. is
included)
The handbook gives guidance for execution of the various insulation classes.
2.2 STANDARDS
As superior regulation to standards and specifications applies Oljedirektoratets
(Ministry’s petroleum department) regulation collection for the petroleum activity
included as well Health-, Environment- and Safety regulations.
All insulation details, systems and designs shall meet the requirements to the last
edition of the following:
ASTM- A167 Corrosion Resisting Chromium Nickel Steel Plate Sheet and
Strips
ASTM- C592 Ceramic Fibre Blanket Insulation for Pipe and Vessels
Saga – Norsok
Use of materials and execution shall be in accordance with upper mentioned standards
and specifications.
Any proposal to alteration shall be described and approved regarding material and
execution by the Company before used.
HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND
SAFETY
Requirements and guidance for Health, Environment and Safety (HES)
HES is a concept in connection with all work executed regarding choice of product
and living conditions/surroundings at the various platforms and work places and shall
prevent injuries on persons and the complete environment.
Definition:
H = Health
This includes factors that contribute to prevent injury on health to the individual
person by exposure on short and long term.
E = Environment
This includes factors that contribute to prevent damage to the total environment by
exposure of pollution and residuals on short and long term. This includes the global-,
work place- and the individual’s environment.
The same products and factors that have negative effect on the health effect as well the
total environment negative.
it is an individual responsibility that all packaging and residuals are treated and sorted
in accordance with prevailing regulations.
S = Safety
This includes factors that can prevent damages on persons and equipment. Improved
safety for the individuals are executed by providing that relevant laws obligations at
the various work places are respected and carried out.
In addition must factors under Health and Environment be co-ordinated with Safety.
Systematic health-, environmental- and safety work means continuously
effort by the supplier and the employees.
By organising the HES work into participation and engagement for the employees and
union representatives, the supplier and customer obtain a recourse which in addition to
a more safe work place, will improve the economical result.
Acute damages:
- cut damages
- falling damages
- acute allergic damages
In connection with the follow-up of acute damages it appears that the major incidents of
damages are caused by lack of/at protection equipment, applicable regulations regarding
securing scaffolding are not followed-up, securing of tools/equipment on scaffolding are
neglected and that data sheets for chemical solvents are not made available and even not red.
These problems must be taken into consideration when the systematic health-, environment-
and safety work are mapped, planned and followed-up.
Even if the acute damages may be seriously, it will be the long term damages
the attention has to be directed against.
Special attention has to be directed to products classified as health hazardous. In this respect
it has appeared that guidance and regulations are not followed-up. It is everybody’s
responsibility that regulations, requirements and obligations laid down in HES sheets (health
data sheet, technical data sheets etc.) are gone through before the work starts and that the
obligations are followed-up.
Solvents are present in a lot of products within the insulation trade and especially in
sealing/joint filler, fire retarding coat, PIR and PUR. These are products that among others
may cause delayed injuries to the central nerve system and allergies.
Dust particles from synthetic mineral fibres (MMMF) and glass particles in cellular glass may
among others cause lung damage and respiratory passage infections.
Noise is a problem to be taken serious as there are extensive possibilities for gradually
reduced hearing if not ear protection are used.
1 Hazardous to health:
Very dangerous, Poisonous, Health injuring, Cauterising,
Irritating, Allergy provoking, Cancer provoking.
There are published “Administrative norms for pollution in work atmosphere” where the
guidance for allowed quantity of the various substances are laid down.
Any product used within the insulation trade shall be identifiable and be labelled.
In those cases where the product is not obliged to label, this shall be informed on the package.
If the product in not marked, the producer / Work supervision Authority shall be contacted
before the use of the product.
HES - HEALTH, ENVIRONMENT AND
SAFETY REQUIREMENTS
_________________________________________________________________________
There is a personal responsibility for the individual person to read and follow-up the
guidance/regulations given by labelling and also to use the obligatory/required protection
equipment.
The company using products required labelling, shall have register of substances, labelling
requirements and product- and health datasheets to any time.
REGULATION OF SYSTEMATIC HEALTH-,
ENVIRONMENT- AND SAFETY WORK IN
ESTABLISHMENTS
(INTERNAL CONTROL REGULATIONS)
§ 1 OBJECTIVE:
By requirement of systematic accomplishment of actions,
this regulation shall promote an improvement effort in the establishment in the areas of:
• Pollution law, if the establishment employs work (law 13. March 1981 no.6)
§ 3 DEFINITIONS:
In this regulation means:
Internal control
Systematic actions to secure that the activities in the establishment are planned, organised,
carried out and maintained in accordance with requirements stated in or according to health-,
environment- and safety regulations.
The employees shall participate at the implementation and execution of internal control.
Written documentation shall to this regulation at least comprise second section (no.4 to no.8)
in this Article.
§ 6 CO-ORDINATION:
When more establishments are performing work at the same working place, they shall, when
necessary, in writing agree who is to have the responsibility to co-ordinate the internal control
for their common activities or areas. If such an agreement is not established, the supervising
authority may decide whom to be the responsible.
If the respect to health-, environment- and safety leads to put responsibility on another party,
the supervision authority (Governmental labour supervision, Governmental pollution
supervision and similar) may alter an agreement.
When an establishment as the principal engage contractors or similar to carry out tasks at the
establishment’s own area or plant, the contractors’ internal control shall as far as possible be
applicable for the activities comprising the task. This complies both when the contractor
carries out the task personally, by his employees or others. The principal shall inform about
common register and similar and see to that possible lacks are corrected or necessary
adjustments are made in own or contractor’s internal control.
§ 7 SUPERVISION AUTHORITY:
The supervision authority related to health-, environment- and safety regulations do
supervision on and give guidance for carrying out and living up to this regulation.
§ 8 DISPENSATION:
“Kommunal- og arbeidsdepartementet (Ministry of rural affairs) may after consultation with
the Environment Ministry, Family Ministry and Ministry of justice give dispensation from
this regulation when special conditions are relevant.
§ 9 APPEAL:
Individual decisions made with the authority of this regulation may be appealed to the
administrative body next above the administrative body made the decision, ref. law of
administration.
At individual decisions made with the authority of the health-, environment- and safety law,
the provisions regarding appeal rights in the mentioned laws will be applicable.
§ 10 PENALTY:
Provisions of punishment and other penalties as appears from health-, environment- and
safety law, is applicable at violation of the provisions in the regulation.
The regulation is applicable for all leaders, employees and employee representatives in
official and private establishments. It may also be applicable for one-man establishments.
The regulation is as well applicable if your products may cause damage to customers and
users. It is not applicable to private persons or users.
Systematic health-, environmental- and
safety work may be organised in the
following way:
Start-up:
• Take initiative to the work
• Inform and motivate
• Put goals and describe responsibility and authority
• Organise and plan the set to work
Mapping:
• Provide overview for the relevant laws and regulations
• Map existing routines for health, environment and safety
• Systemise and file documents
• Map problem areas
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.1.1 WHAT THE INSULATION TRADE COMPRISES
4.1.2 WHAT IS HEAT
4.1.3 EXPANSION
4.1.4 TEMPERATURE
4.1.5 FREEZING AND MELTING
4.1.6 CONDENSATION AND VAPORISING
4.1.7 HEAT QUANTIFICATION
4.1.8 HEAT CAPACITY
4.1.9 HEAT TRANSMISSION THEORY
4.1.10 RADIATION
4.1.11 CONVECTION OR TRANSMISSION
4.1.12 HEAT CONDUCTION
4.1.13 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OR HEAT CONDUCTION FIGURES
- (LAMBDA) THE VALUE
A roustabout may receive certificate after 5 years continuous work in the trade and
passed the examination.
Theoretical Practical
All fluid and firm substances are compounds of molecules, which as well are built of
atoms. Atoms and molecules move at temperatures above – 273oC. Even in the
hardest substances are the particles not quiet, but have a constant small movement.
We can consider all substances we are in touch with as composed of small particles
moving fast among themselves, and we shall try to prevent that the speed is changed.
The particles effect each other so that if a substance with a defined temperature
(speed) of the movements are in touch with firm substances or gases with another
temperature, energy are transmitted from the hottest to the coldest until both items
have reached the same temperature.
4.1.3 EXPANSION
Metals expand when they get hot, and we have to take this into consideration within
the insulation trade.
An iron ball that suits into a ring, will after heating not og through the ring, because
it has expanded. If we heat a flat bar from 0oC to 100oC we will observe that on one
meter it expands 1,25 mm in longitudinal direction. At heating, liquids expand more
than firm substances.
By heating liquids, the distance between the particles increases, and simultaneously,
the distance and speed of movement increase.
Conclusion:
Ethanol = -114oC
Mercury = -38,9oC
Ice = 0o C
Seawater = -2,5oC
Tin = 232oC
Led = 327oC
Silver = 961oC
Copper = 1084oC
Iron = 1530oC
Platina = 1756oC
Titanium = 1800oC
Wolfram = 3370oC
4.1.6 CONDENSATION AND VAPORISING
When a gas converts to liquid it is called condensing.
If we lower the temperature for a gas, it will convert to liquid.
Dry air consists mainly of Nitrogen (79%), Oxygen (20%) and Argon (1%).
Water vapour content – amount of water as gas, vary with temperature, pressure and
climatic conditions. Water vapour in air is dependent of air temperature and
pressure.
When gas/air contains the maximum possible amount of water vapour, we call it
saturated, or “moisture degree” relative moisture 100%.
If the temperature is falling during such condition, the elementary water will excerpt
as fog or dew on objects in the surroundings.
Such a registration are later used via tables that give moisture content in the air of
given condition compared to how much maximum moisture the air in equilibrium
condition could contain, in order to calculate the humidity of the air – RF.
If we burn a log of wood, we convert the energy in the log to heat energy.
Work may be converted to heat, and tests have shown that 4200 Joule is needed to
increase the temperature of 1 kg water with 1oK.
4.1.8 HEAT CAPACITY
Not all substances have the same ability to magazine heat.
The ability for a substance to magazine heat is called heat capacity. Heat capacity is
the quantity of heat that is needed to heat 1 kg of the substance 1oK.
For water, it is as mentioned, necessary 4200 J, which means that the water’s heat
capacity is 4200 J/kg K.
There will always be a heat transport from higher to lower temperature, because the
difference in the heat will aim to equalise.
This heat transmission can be slowed by leading it through substances that is hard to
heat, but it can never be stopped.
- Radiation
- Conduction (the heat is conducted through a substance)
- Convection (by streams that bring the heat ahead)
The heat transmission through a copper pipe is near unhindered, while through a
thermos flask it is major reduced.
4.1.10 RADIATION
Radiation occur from a heat source by electromagnetic waves of larger wave length
than red light – infrared radiation – are sent from the heat source’s surface.
The infrared light can not be seen by eye, but is felt on naked skin as skin heat. Dark
surfaces absorb heat radiation quickly, and the temperature – the surface’s temperature
increases.
Heat convey via enforced flowing air may/must not be confused with
convection.
Air, glass, water and wood are poor heat conveyors, while all metals are good heat
conveyors.
If we take a glass pole and hold it with one hand to a flame, we will see that it takes
longer time before the other end gets warm than if we do the same experiment with a
copper thread.
A vacuum insulates very well, as it contains no molecules that can transmit the
movements, and then no conduction will occur. Against radiation however, it will
not insulate.
Light and porous substances conduct heat badly, because they contain a lot of
stationary air, which is a poor heat conductor.
4.1.13 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
OR HEAT CONDUCTION FIGURES
- (LAMBDA) THE VALUE
Normally all three types of heat convey occur – radiation, conduction and convection
– in the total heat conduction figure when heat are conveyed from one medium with
higher temperature to another with a lower temperature.
All substances have their specific heat conduction figure – a figure that describes the
substance’s ability to conduct heat or when we seek for lower figures – insulate.
This figure is rather constant within the temperature areas we operate and conditions
as also described in this booklet.
(For most of the materials the heat conduction figure increases a little at increased
temperature).
Heat conduction figures given by suppliers of insulation materials for their products,
are determined under ideal conditions, while in practice there are several conditions
that will affect and which will affect/increase the heat conduction figure.
All these conditions affect the Lambda –value, and leads to that the real Lambda
–value normally is larger than the given heat conduction figure from the material
supplier.
VALUES FOR SOME SUBSTANCES
AT + 20oC AND IDEAL CONDITIONS.
The heat conduction figure is a material coefficient that describes a characteristic for
the material.
The heat transmission figure, U- value, is however a design coefficient giving the
heat loss in Joule per sec. or Watt per hour for each m2 of the construction when the
temperature difference between the hot and cold side is 1oK. ( [ W/m2 x K] unit for
the heat transmission).
4.1.15 THE HEAT FLOW
The most common insulation materials used for heat insulation are mineral wool glass
wool and cellular glass.
Cellular rubber is used for insulation of hot water pipes up to 100oC in sanitary plants.
An insulation system for heat insulation, have no requirement for water vapour shield
in contradiction to frost insulation.
Due to water vapour diffusion, the insulation and other parts of the construction will
be exposed to moisture. It is therefore very important to limit the water vapour
diffusion so that moisture damages are hindered.
A system for frost insulation have therefore requirements for vapour shield when the
insulation material is not diffusion tight. Vapour shield is a material that has strong
diffusion resistance.
The success with an insulation work is often dependent on how well you have
achieved to hinder moisture from penetrating into the insulation material.
If for example mineral wool have absorbed 1 volume-% moisture, the heat conduction
are increased with 20 – 30%, while absorption of 5 volume-% moisture to a material
of closed cells will increase the heat conduction with equivalent figure of 5%.
The use of diffusion tight materials of the type cellular glass, plastics- or aluminium
foil is common, but here, like many other situations in life, it is the quality of the work
that is the crucial point.
A blockage behind a diffusion tight material needs for example not always to mean
that the moisture shield is established, as movements in the blockage may lead to early
leaking joints.
Cellular rubber has a certain diffusion resistance, and is often installed on cold plants
without diffusion hinders.
Cellular glass is diffusion tight, but the joints here are weak points.
For more complete information about materials, see chapter 3 and for workmanship of
insulation, see chapter 4.
In the oil industry the insulation sorted into different insulation classes,
and requirements to the insulation are primary governed by the following:
- Safety
- Work environment
- Production regularity
Examples:
2) By insulating the pipes at sea bed and forward to the platform, it is achieved
higher inflow temperature to the platform and less need for heat in the process.
Are used to avoid heat absorption from the surroundings to systems the normally
operate under ambient temperature.
Examples:
1) Before gas transport is the gas cooled down to –25oC and the condensate is
removed. Granted condensate free gas can thereafter be exported to the
customer/end user.
Are used on systems operating normally above 70oC and below –10oC in areas
where personal oft are passing and in normal working areas.
Examples:
Examples:
The goal is to reduce the heat transport ad to limit the temperature increase to
400o in 30 minutes on pipes, tanks and equipment.
For some applications, will requirements for temperature and time intervals be
relevant
Examples:
Note:
Pipes and equipment designed for high pressure will not always need to be insulated.
This is dependent on risk analysis and determined by acceptable probability and
consequences of faults/damages that can occur.
In some cases will a quick pressure release limit the use of fire insulation.
4.3.1.6 INSULATION CLASS 6,7 and 8
Acoustic insulation:
Examples:
Examples:
in this insulation class is mainly used shielding, but in special cases there may be need
for insulation, and then it shall be insulated according to table 1.
Following factors define shape and insulation thickness for fire insulation.
Temperature shall not supersede 400oC during 30 minutes after normal HC fire
according to ISO 834.
4.4.7.2
Insulation class 7, Acoustic insulation – 20dB.
Reduction of noise in the area 500 – 2000Hz with 20dB
4.4.7.3
Insulation class 8, Acoustic insulation – 30dB.
Reduction of noise in the area 500 – 2000Hz with 30dB
2.5 COMBINATION OF INSULATION CLASSES
A pipe, a tank etc. may have requirements to more than one insulation class,
materials and thickness at the same time. Pipes and tag number at Å&ID indicates
insulation class, thickness and material type.
Example:
Example:
The quality of pain film is affected by many factors, of which the applying
technique plays an important role. A good quality follow-up during the
applying is necessary in order to secure a satisfactory quality.
PAINT TYPES
Relevant paint types and coatings used in the industry, are categorised within the
generic types, which in practice means the type of chemicals and substances they are
composed by.
There are two main groups of paint coating used in the industry today, and these are:
Physically drying paint products are characterised by that the paint (firm substances)
is dissolved in a solvent. When the solvent (thinner) evaporate, the firm substances
remain on the surface and makes a tight film.
Chemical hardening paints and coatings may be solvent free or solvent based. The
hardening takes place by a chemical reaction between the hardener and base, and results
in a chemical composition, which is almost dissolvable in organically solvents. Due to
the formulas, different characteristics can be achieved. Chemical hardening products are
known to be resistant with long lifetime and good maintenance economy.
It is technically wise advanced paints that requires well-prepared surfaces and with
specific minimum values regarding temperature, air moisture and cleanness for the
surfaces.
Within the two main groups of products there are a number of generic
types, of which the most common are:
One theory is to define an optimal maintenance condition. This requires a definition and
registration of the maintenance objects and a sorting and categorising of different types
of details.
a) Cleaning
b) Pre-treatment
a) Final supervision
Each of the part- activities of the paint maintenance is important, and have influence on
the end-result and the coating’s real lifetime.
CORROSION BEHIND INSULATION
Degradation of coated steel surface can be sorted in to steps, even if these
may go on in parallel.
Corrosion processes behind insulation materials are complex, and the following main
problem areas set special requirements to the surface coating.
Judgement of coating and steel surface is mainly done visually after removal of
insulation.
Insulation types of fibre types are not hygroscopical, but if water penetrates, there
will be difficult to remove. Lack of drainage and ventilation may cause assembly
of moisture/water behind the encasing.
For process pipes is there often needs to add heat by heating cables. Especially
where the heating cable is in touch with the pipe, accelerating corrosion will
appear, if the environment is unfavourable/wet insulation.
Movement in the pipe system may cause friction with mechanical wear of coating
against the insulation material.
PROTECTING COATING BEHIND INSULATION
In order to reduce the affect of these conditions, very strong requirements are stated to
the coating. Today is mainly used paint systems behind insulation consisting of
minimum two layers of paint.
Such products shall be documented through relevant reference lists, accelerated tests or
other relevant qualification.
Thermal sprayed aluminium (TSA) (min. 200 µm) for temperatures above 120 oC.
Another technical solution for these problem areas within corrosion protecting coat, is
to coat with epoxy based powder paint before installing the pipe systems. These coats
are special systems applied in separate production plants.
Examples:
example 1
Insulated pipe “heat traced” medium T<20oC variable.
Cellular glass with mantling AISI 316
example 2
Insulated tank w/liquid medium T<70oC Phenol epoxy.
example 3
Insulated pipe medium T<120oC.
Cellular tape mantling
For a new installation TSA shall be used at T>120oC and Phenol epoxy
at T<120oC.
For Phenol epoxy, it is necessary to provide final hardening of the paint film at high
temperature. At high temperature it is referred to the paint manufacturer’s
recommendations.
Definitions Page
Standards Page
Cellular glass:
Blocks, bowls, segments etc
Mineral wool:
Blocks, bowls, segments etc
Wrapping
The material shall be wrapped in such a way that there will not be damage on the
product during transport or during normal storage.
1. Process technical
2. Economical
Frost insulation:
1. Process technical
2. Economical
3. Defeating condense
4. Frost insulation
Double insulation:
Insulation of objects with variable process temperature above and below the
surrounding temperature.
Personnel protection
Shielding/insulation of objects for protection of personnel against risky contact with
pipes and equipment with surface temperature ≥+70oC or £-10oC
Example:
Operation temperature -120 oC
Temperature at insulated surface +20 oC
Average temperature = (-120 + 20)/2 = -50 oC
Hygroscope property: [ - ]
Ability to absorb water.
Capillary property: [ - ]
The increase of liquid content in the material by suction through channels and
pores.
Pressure resistance: [ MPa ]
For firm materials like cellular glass, vermiculite and firm foam, the strength can
be described as:
For soft materials like fibre material and elstomers the strength can be
described as:
E.Modul: [ MPa ]
Measure unit for a material’s resistance to deformation.
pH value: [ - ]
The lower pH value, the higher acid content.
The higher pH value, the higher hydrogen ion concentration.
Exothermal reaction: [ - ]
A reaction where heat is released.
The heat generation in the insulation material may supersede maximum design
temperature in the insulated object.
Endothermic reaction:
A reaction that requires supply of heat in order to run.
Flame spreading:
The spreading of flames on the surface.
6.3 STANDARDS
For classes where heat preservation/frost preservation is the main task, diffusion tight
materials should preferably be used in order to resist external corrosion at the pipe
surface.
For fire classes are cellular glass, ceramic fibre, mineral fibre etc. used.
For acoustic classes are cellular glass/mineral wool and approved sound insulating
materials used, according to requirements to the need for reduction of dB.
Of corrosion technical reasons, the cellular glass shall have full contact with the pipe’s
surface. The contractor is responsible to that all requirements for HES are fulfilled.
For all classes are metal mantling or tape systems used in accordance with
Norsok R-004.
Perforated metal sheets are used for shielding at class 3 when there is only
requirement to personnel protection.
Cellular glass is produced and delivered as half pipe with outer diameter up to 450
mm. for pipes and equipment with diameter above 450 mm, it is cut segments from
blocks assembled by glue.
Disadvantages:
Thermal conductivity:
see table below
Pressure strength:
Is approximately 500 KPa in all directions
E.Module:
At +23oC
Max 800 Mpa. in all directions.
Chloride content:
Maximum 45 ppm.
pH values:
Between 6.0 and 10.0
Dimension tolerances
Length ±2 mm ±2 mm ±2 mm
Width - ±2 mm ±2 mm
Thickness ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Diameter -0/+3 mm -0/+4 mm
PRODUCcT INFORMATION
Standard dimension:
It may occur that operation conditions require coating of a friction coat at the half
pipe’s inner surfaces. If it is planned to apply such a coating out at the plant, this has
to be specified when the half pipes are ordered, while the inner diameter has to be
slightly increased in order to compensate for the coating.
The operation temperature has to be given as well at ordering, while the coating type
is dependent of this.
The insulation material mineral wool is composed of synthetic resin, with diabase and
basalt stone as main raw materials.
Mats with aluminium foil, half pipes, prefabricated elbows and segments, mineral
cord cross wrapped with galvanised thread for thermal insulation of pipes and loose
wool.
Because of the large scope of materials, it must always be checked before start-up of a
work that dimensions and materials are according to specifications and guidance.
Temperature area / volume mass
300 40
350 50
400 70
600 80
700 90
700 100
750 120
750 150
750 180
First up to 200 oC
Average
temp. in oC
λ in W/mK
40 kg/m3 50 kg/m3 70 kg/m3 80 kg/m3 90 kg/m3 100 kg/m3 120 kg/m3 150 kg/m3 180 kg/m3
Fibre dimension:
Water absorption:
according to AGI Q136:£10% volume
Pressure strength:
Glass wool are produced and delivered as mats without aluminium foil reinforcement
and/or mesh, half pipes with aluminium foil reinforcement and lamella mats.
Due to the large scope of materials, it must always be checked before start-up of a
work that dimensions and materials are according to specifications and guidance.
250 22
350 35
450 55
Firm cellular like plastic based on Polyisocyanurate with closed cell structure.
Firm cellular like plastic based on polyurethane with closed cell structure.
In addition are used Polyisocyanurate (PIR) and Polyurethane as spray foam.
Polyurethane (PUR)
firm foam +120 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
Polyisocyanurate (PIR)
+100 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
foam
Thermal conductivity: Tested according to ASTM C-177
Average temperature in oC Max λ in W/mK
+40 0,023
+20 0,021
+10 0,020
0 0,019
-10 0,019
-20 0,020
-30 0,021
-50 0,022
-100 0,021
-120 0,019
-120 0,016
Dimension tolerances
Type Temperature area Density acc. to ASTM D 1622
Polyurethane (PUR)
+120 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
firm foam
Polyisocyanurate (PIR)
+100 oC to -200 oC 40 kg/m3
foam
Product Information
Length £ 0,3 % ±3 mm ±3 mm
Width ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Thickness ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Diameter -0/+3 mm -0/+4 mm
Standard dimensions:
Blocks Half pipes Pipe Segments Prefabricated
segments units
1 and 2”
Thickness ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20/30 mm
5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals and with
5 mm intervals
Inner ±13,5 up to ±13,5 up to
diameter 386 mm 914 mm
Length 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm, 1000 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1200 mm
Width 500 mm, 625 mm From 600 mm
1000 mm and
1250 mm
2 *Prefabricated units: Top and bottom segments, 2-3 dimensional formed segments
6.4.6.2 EXTRUDED POLYSTYRENE FOAM (XPS).
Extruded polystyrene foam (XPS) are used for thermal insulation of pipes,
equipment etc.
Length £ 0,3 % ±3 mm ±3 mm
Width ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Thickness ±2 ±2 mm ±2 mm
Diameter -0/+3 mm -0/+4 mm
Product information
Standard dimensions:
Blocks Half pipes Pipe Segments Prefabricated
segments units
1 and 2”
Thickness ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20 mm and with ±20/30 mm
5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals 5 mm intervals and with
5 mm intervals
Inner ±13,5 up to ±13,5 up to
diameter 386 mm 914 mm
Length 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm and 500 mm, 1000 mm
1000 mm 1000 mm 1000 mm 1200 mm
Width 500 mm, 625 mm From 600 mm
1000 mm and
1250 mm
2 *Prefabricated units: Top and bottom segments, 2-3 dimensional formed segments
6.4.6.3 FLEXIBLE ELASTOMER FOAM (FEF).
Flexible elastomer foam (FEF) is used for thermal insulation of pipes,
equipment etc. and is a closed cellular structure foam. Processed of
natural or synthetic rubber or in a combination of these.
Thermal conductivity:
Product Information
Standard dimensions:
Half pipes / pipes Plates
Nominal 3 mm, 6 mm, 9 mm, 13 mm,
Thickness
6 mm, 9 mm, 13 mm, 16 mm, 19 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm,
19 mm, 25 mm, 32 mm 50 mm
Length 2000 mm 2000 mm and rolls
6.4.7 PRE-INSULATED PIPES
Pre-insulated pipes are completed foamed and have a finished outer
protection at delivery.
There are suppliers that have documented pre-insulated pipes for the use in fire
classes. Here is the outer mantling of steel or Spiro pipes.
Encasing/weather protection:
Dimension tolerances
Length/thickness Dimension/thickness
Pipes To the customer’s To the customer’s
requirements/design requirements/design
Insulation material To the customer’s To the customer’s
requirements/design requirements/design
Outer protection To the customer’s To the customer’s
requirements/design requirements/design
6.4.8 BOLSTERS
Insulation bolsters are used in all insulation classes, provided that the
characteristics are sufficient documented.
General:
All bolsters shall be adjusted to the individual valve/flange and be secured with
sufficient overlap on adjacent insulated pipes. The design of the bolsters shall be so
that cleaning and at normal weather stresses, the possibility for penetration of water
shall be minimal.
The bolsters shall have drainage holes at the lowest point. The hole shall be protected
with an eye of stainless steel or brass, and it shall be applied with silicone mastic
between the eye and the canvas (both sides).
After sewing, all seams and padding shall be applied with silicone.
The felt shall be applied foil on one side in order to prevent seep of the insulation
material and thereby reduction of the insulating ability.
Other locking mechanisms may be accepted based on design, documentation and tests.
When steel strips are used for bolsters at installing, there shall always be used
protection between the bolsters and strips.
Bolsters for all classes shall be equipped with identification labels.
- Supplier
- Line number
- TAG number (for tagged equipment)
- Bolster number
Documentation.
The identification labels shall be easy to read both before and after the installation and
shall resist atmospherically conditions where the bolsters are installed.
Thermal bolsters:
Outer protection:
The bolster shall be sewed with thread (strengthened steel thread) that resists at least
same temperature as the outer material.
The thread shall have good fatigue characteristics in the offshore environment.
Insulation for protection against HC-fire and jet fire, must in each case be designed to
the requirements laid down in the fire scenarios for the individual areas/modules.
All constructions that are fire insulated shall have completed tests from independent
societies.
The “specifications” mentioned below make the baseline for design of bolsters.
Fire bolsters:
Insulation material:
Outer protection:
Stainless foil
Insulation material:
Outer protection:
Stainless foil
Carbon mat
The design of the bolsters shall be approved and tested for the relevant classes i.e.
class 6, 7 and 8 before installing.
FASTENING- AND DRAINAGE MATERIAL
6.5 FOR INSULATION PRODUCTS
TENSION STRIPS:
Area for the use: Fastening of insulation material and outer protection
STORM STRIPS:
Dimension: 50 x 0,5 mm
FASTENING CORD
Material: SS316
Dimension: approximately 1 mm
Material: SS316
FASTENING TAPE:
POP RIVETS:
Example:
The plugs shall be of such a character that it can be adjusted/cut for the individual
insulation thickness and done with barb/hole.
MATERIAL PRODUCTS FOR
6.6 WEATHER PROTECTION
This part of the manual contains an overview for the most common
mantling products used, including accessories, and the requirements laid
down to the individual product.
Plates/rolls Tolerances
Width min. 1000 mm acc. to ASTM B 209M
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM B 209M
6.6.2 STEEL MANTLING WITH ALUMINIUM COATING:
Steel plate with aluminium coating:
Coating thickness: 305 gr./m2 totally on both sides 50 mm
Mechanical characteristics:
The aluminium coating shall not crack or flake during a mechanical process with
minimum radius during the deformation.
Plate thickness 0,56 mm Min. radius: 1 x plate thickness
Plate thickness 0,80 mm Min. radius: 2 x plate thickness
Standard dimensions/tolerances
Plates/rolls Tolerances
Width min. 500 mm acc. to ASTM A463
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM B 209M
6.6.3 STEEL MANTLING WITH ALU / ZINC COATING:
Aluzinc coating:
Coating thickness: 185 gr./m2 totally on both sides 50 mm
Mechanical characteristics:
The coating shall not crack or flake during a mechanical process with minimum
radius during the deformation.
Plate thickness <1 ,25 mm Min. radius: 1 x plate thickness
Standard dimensions/tolerances
Plates/rolls Tolerances
Width min. 500 mm acc. to ASTM 792M
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM 792M
Mechanical characteristics:
The zinc coating shall not crack or flake during a mechanical process with
minimum radius during the deformation.
Plate thickness shall be <1 ,25 mm and min. radius 3 x plate thickness
PRODUCT INFORMATION:
Standard dimensions/tolerances
Plates/rolls Tolerances
Width min. 500 mm acc. to ASTM 525M
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM 525M
6.6.5 STAINLESS STEEL MANTLING
Steel plate type 316
Standard dimensions/tolerances
Plates/rolls Tolerances
Width min. 500 mm acc. to ASTM 480M
Thickness 0,8 mm and 1,0 mm acc. to ASTM 480M
6.6.6 PVC TAPE
PVC tape may be used for mantling for protection of insulation in well natural
ventilated areas.
PVC shall not be used in areas with sensitive electronic equipment or in the
neighbourhood of electronic switchboards. This has connection with the gasses
released from PVC materials when burning.
The tape may be composed of weather resistant polyvinyl chloride, with outer surface
material with rubber/mastic based glue.
PVC tape are delivered on rolls in various width and the thickness shall be > 1200µm.
6.6.6 WET SYSTEM BASED ON ACRYLICS
Acrylic dispersion with weather resistant extenders and pigments.
Solvent is water.
In addition to the mentioned tape/lining systems, there exist a number of other systems
in the marked.
This part of the manual contains an overview for the most common water
vapour arrestor products used in connection with frost insulation,
including accessories, and the requirements laid down to the individual
product.
MATERIAL COMPOSITION:
Material characteristics
Temperature area:between -60oC and + 120oC
Volume/mass: 1,93 kg/dm3
Mechanical characteristics:
Tension strength: 100 Mpa
Degradation strength: 70 N/m
Tearing-off: 400 g/mm (Elmendorf)
MATERIAL COMPOSITION:
Layer of glue:polyacrylate
Material characteristics
Temperature area:between -45oC and + 120oC
Volume/mass: 1,93 kg/dm3
Mechanical characteristics:
Tension strength: 100 Mpa
Degradation strength: 70 N/m
Tearing-off: 400 g/mm (Elmendorf)
Glue layer:
Fastening tape (width 25mm): 19 N
Shear value: 15 kPa
Protection paper: silicone
Material characteristics
Material Composition:
Material characteristics
Material Composition:
Material characteristics
Material Composition:
Material characteristics
Material Composition:
Butyl rubber and solvents
Material characteristics
Material Composition:
2 component elastomer
Material characteristics
Material Composition:
Polymers and resin.
Material characteristics
PIX PAGE
CONTENTS REF.
CONDENSE INSULATION
7.1 GENERAL
Equipment, receptacles, pipes, etc. shall be insulated according to the
requirements laid down by the Company and authorities regarding
insulation classes and HES.
Updated Data sheet / certificates (HES / Technical) for the individual insulation materials
shall be available for the Company at any time.
Insulation materials which are with finished shape, shall be in accordance with the
suppliers dimension standards.
Are several metal products used, they shall be shielded from each other with electric
conducting material in order to hinder galvanic corrosion.
The individual contractor/supplier and their employees, including hired work forces, are
responsible for that all requirements and guidance related to Health-, Environmental- and
Safety regulations is and will be fulfilled.
The individual supplier and employee have the duty to inform the customer about new
materials/methods that may give improved utilising of materials and execution.
In cases where contractor/company wishes to use other materials, this shall be approved
by customer/companies before execution of insulation.
The insulation material shall be installed to the guidance laid down for
the individual classes.
2 or more layers:
At more than one layer of insulation, the splices shall be staggered in relation to the
splices in the previous layer with at least 150 mm.
Half pipes of mineral wool shall be fastened according to specification requirements for
the individual classes. This is independent of whether the half pipes are with/without
aluminium foils.
At the use of cellular glass, the contact surface against pipes/equipment shall be applied
friction coat when expansion/contraction is relevant. In addition, there shall be
expansion-/contraction grooves.
Longitudinal joints on mantling shall be maximum 60 degrees from the lowest point.
At mantling of tanks, horizontal overlaps shall be 75 mm, and for vertical, 100 mm.
This is as well valid for corrugated/profiled mantling.
If installing of tape is done on details where applying procedures cannot be referred to,
“new” procedure shall be approved by the Companies before installing.
All seams shall be treated, and there shall be made drainage holes in the bolster at
installing. This is to ensure that the drainage hole is put at the lowest point. The number
of drainage holes will be dependent of the bolster’s size and configuration.
The insulation material shall not be used against the weather, wind and moisture during
storage.
All material that is damaged so that it not will fulfil the material supplier’s or the
company’s material requirements/standard, shall be replaced.
It is the contractor who is responsible to that the insulation material is covered during
the installing, so that there not will occur damage or degradation.
If this is not possible, the insulation material shall be covered/protected so that it is not
degraded.
7.1.7 COMBINATION CLASSES
When it is necessary to combine different classes, the following guidance is
valid:
Insulation class 5, fire insulation, shall always the outer in a multi-layer system.
As examples:
Frost insulation needs in addition vapour arresting if this not is taken care of by
choice of material type.
7.2 GUIDANCE FOR
HEAT INSULATION
Mineral wool mats may be used due to a economical judgement, when this is
adequate, and then especially on large dimensions.
Tanks, vessels and heat exchangers shall be insulated with formed block insulation of
cellular glass. Insulation for tank tops shall consist of curved blocks or flat adjusted
standard blocks.
Valves and flanges shall be insulated with pre-formed insulation materials, cut from
standard blocks, if not other is decided.
By the use of insulation bolsters on valves and flanges, the bolsters shall be adjusted
the individual details.
7.2.2 INSULATION OF EQUIPMENT FOR INSULATION CLASS 1.
In class 1, the following equipment shall not be insulated except for vapour service or
when other is decided:
4. Control valves, line valves and pipe transitions that are removed periodically
Insulation of pipes and equipment shall be carried out according to the suppliers’
procedures and drawings in this manual.
When support rings are used on vertical pipes, the distance between the rings shall be
according to chapter 7.2.4.
Fastening of support rings shall be agreed between the Companies and the installation
contractor. Support ring material shall be compatible with the material in vessel/pipe
in order to avoid corrosion.
At outer layer tension strips shall be placed approximately 30 mm to each side of all
joints with intermediate strips with maximum cc 300 mm.
The inner layer of multi-insulation, shall have tension strips with maximum
cc 450 mm.
All joints in cellular glass shall be glued, both vertically and horizontally.
It is not allowed with hollows between the joints. The glue joint for the inner layer
shall not have contact with the metal.
When it is not possible to use tension strips, the insulation may be secured by stainless
steel cord or glass fibre reinforced tape.
Insulation material used for insulation of valves and flanges shall as a main rule be
fastened to the inside of the insulation boxes, if not other is decided.
See drawing no. 9.1.05, 9.1.06, 9.1.07, 9.1.08, 9.1.15 and 9.1.17.
When there is fitted bellows on the line, there shall always be put a 0.8 mm plate on
the bellow’s upper side in order to avoid that the insulation material sinks against the
bellow and deforms.
7.2.4 INSTALLING OF BLOCK/MAT INSULATION
FOR TANKS AND HAT EXCHANGERS
On vertical tanks the insulation shall have support rings that carries the weight of the
insulation material. Support rings shall as well be fitted around all manholes and
nozzles superseding 200 mm in diameter.
See drawing no. 9.2.15 and 9.2.16.
On horizontal tanks the support rings shall be fitted with cc 900 mm and in addition
around all manholes and nozzles that supersede 200 mm in diameter.
The width of the ring shall be minimum 1/3 of, and maximum 12 mm less than the
insulation thickness.
Fastening of support rings shall be agreed upon between the Companies and the
installation contractor.
The material of the support rings shall be compatible with the material of the
tanks/vessels in order to avoid corrosion.
The insulation material shall be adjusted so that each layer have tight joints.
In temperature areas with expansion/contraction shall firm insulation materials be
made with expansion/contraction grooves.
The use of welded studs to fasten mats on spherical vessels/irregular surfaces, must be
approved by the companies.
By the use of snap clips, the studs shall be cut evenly over the clips.
Lock studs shall be divide and bent, and shall end 12 mm into the insulation material.
Block insulation/mats shall be fastened with 3 strips per segment/circumference.
Fastening of insulation on tank tops shall be carried out with crossing strips which
shall be fastened in the strips on the outer insulation.
Fastening of crossing strips shall be carried out with clips of the same metal.
Expansion grooves shall be made between two fixed points. (support rings)
When tanks have skirt, the ventilation opening must not be covered by insulation.
7.2.5 INSTALLATION OF
METAL MANTLING
Between the metal surfaces in overlap shall gasket/sealing be applied, and the joints
shall be fastened with self bore bolts or pop rivets with cc 150 mm.
All pipe mantling shall, in addition to strips on joints, have strips with
cc 200-300 mm.
On vertical pipes there shall be used “S” clips, bolts and pop rivets for fastening the
plate sections. On pipes with temperature > 260oC, only “S” clips shall be used.
All mantling on tanks/vessels shall have tension strips with cc 900 mm.
On vertical vessels, “S” clips shall be used between the individual plates in order to
prevent sliding.
Distance “S” clips on circular joint cc 1000 mm, but minimum 4 per circular joint.
7.3 GUIDANCE FOR
FROST INSULATION
The thickness of the insulation materials for frost insulation, shall be in accordance
with table 2, chapter 4.4.2 if not other is given in P & ID.
It has to be taken into consideration longitudinal contraction for all pipes and vessels
with operation temperature at –50oC and below.
Vessel- and pipe insulation used with factory delivered vapour arrestor, or vapour
arrestor carried out at the construction site, shall be mantled if not other is decided.
If need for shrink joints on vertical vessels, these shall be minimum 25 mm wide and
shall be installed below each of the support rings, except at the bottom end.
At horizontal vessels the shrink joints shall be installed in the firm insulation with
intervals of maximum 3000 mm.
7.3.2 INSULATION MATERIAL FOR FROST INSULATION
For frost insulation is used:
Expanding polyisocyanarate foam (XPS) may be used for maintenance after the
Companies approval.
Joint sealing and material mixtures shall be permanent flexible and have a low
vapour permeability in recommended temperature areas.
7.3.3 INSTALLATION OF VAPOUR ARRESTOR
Vapour arrestor shall be installed and sealed instantly after the insulation material is
installed, in order to avoid moisture to penetrate the insulation material.
The vapour arrestor material shall be prolonged minimum 150 mm over metal
coming out. The termination shall be sealed.
Vapour arrestor applied at site (polyester covered aluminium foil) shall have a
smooth surface without wrinkles, and all edges shall have an overlap of 75 mm.
Both factory- or manually installed vapour arrestors shall be completely sealed with
polyethylene or aluminium tape.
Details of frost insulated pipes shall be vapour sealed with cover of aluminium tape
applied with vapour sealing tape or plastic (according to approval).
One layer: Half pipes shall be installed with staggered joints, both circular and
longitudinal. Glue shall be applied at the outer half of the blunt ends in order to
avoid contact with the pipe surface.
Two ore more layers: All joints shall be staggered in relation to the previous layer,
and the joints shall be glued/grooved 100% at the outer layer.
Where several layers of insulation are used, there shall be put a vapour arrestor
between second last and last layer. This is nor required if cellular glass is used.
The insulation material shall be applied with vapour arrestor if the insulation
material and joints are not 100% vapour tight.
By the use of multi-layer insulation, joints in the outer layer shall have vapour
arrestor with 25 mm width of the joint sealing.
On insulation surfaces at multi-layer joints, there shall be joint sealing and slide
joints.
Corners shall be rounded and be filled with mastic.
NOTE: Mastic has to be of the hardening type.
At horizontal runs this shall be installed between joints of firm insulation, with
intervals of 6 meters.
Contraction joints shall be used at every flange and at the pipe ends of every when
flanged details. The width of the compressible insulation must then be increased to
include the length of bolts +25 mm.
Contraction bolts shall be wrapped with glass fibre mats or loose wool which shall
be compressed 50%.
Strips or glass fibre reinforced tape shall be used in order to secure each insulation
layer, included the outer layer.
Strips shall be installed blunt joint cc 30 mm and thereafter cc 250 mm.
At pipe pillars and pipe supports circular joints shall be staggered if practical
possible.
The latter shall be agreed upon in each case with the Companies.
Gluing/grooving and shrink joints shall be carried out according to item 7.3
The insulation material shall be fastened with strips on each block section.
Contraction joints shall when possible be carried out below support rings and be
filled with compressed mineral wool. Contraction joints shall be carried out
according to item 7.3.4.
Gluing/grooving and shrink joints shall be carried out according to item 7.3
Vapour arrestor shall be carried out according to item 7.3.3
7.3.7 INSTALLATION OF MANTLING ON PIPES AND EQUIPMENT
The mantling shall be done carefully in order to avoid puncture of the vapour
arrestor.
It is not allowed to use pop rivets for securing mantling, except in those cases where
frost insulation material and vapour arrestor are protected by an outer layer of
mineral wool.
Where heating cables run through mantling, edge protection shall be fitted.
“Heat traced” pipes or vessels shall be wrapped in aluminium foil before the
insulation is applied, in order to protect heating cable and to improve heat
conduction to the pipe.
The mantling shall be installed in such a way that puncture of the vapour arrestor is
avoided. This concerns especially at installing of man hole covers.
Where heating cables run through mantling, edge protection shall be fitted.
“Heat traced” pipes or vessels shall be wrapped in aluminium foil before the
insulation is applied, in order to protect heating cable and to conduction heat.
Mantling for tank top shall be prefabricated in largest possible plate sections in order
to reduce the number of joints.
7.4 CONDENSE INSULATION
- Fire loads
- Characteristics and dimension for the object to be insulated
- The content in pipes and tanks/vessels
- Pressure release time for the system to be insulated
- The insulation material’s characteristics
- Cellular glass
- Fibre materials
- Bolster solutions
- Stainless steel mantling
For outer dia. < 150 mm is used 0,5 mm thickness
- Stainless steel mantling
For outer dia. > 150 mm is used 0,7 mm thickness
- Prefabricated fire panels
- Fastening materials like strips, bolts, etc.
shall be of stainless material
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION
According to Norsok R-004 “Piping and equipment insulation ” and in
this Insulation manual, there is only one insulation class for fire
protection, namely class 5.
The baseline for class 5 is that the insulation shall limit the temperature increase in the
relevant valve, flange, pipe etc to maximum 400oC in at least 30 minutes when it is
exposed to a fire equal to a temperature progress as when hydro carbonates burn.
Further on is dimensioning fire scenario, risk analysis, safety judgements and the
companies’ instructions, and as well minimum requirements from the Petroleum
directorate (Oljedirektoratet) the background for fire insulating.
In “Regulation for explosion and fire protection of devices in the petroleum activity”
determined by the Petroleum directorate (Oljedirektoratet), requirements to passive
fire protection is described.
BELOW IS REFERRED EXCERPTS FROM SOME RELEVANT PARAGRAPHS
The passive fire protection shall be carried out so that it gives relevant constructions
or equipment components sufficient fire resistance regarding carrying ability, integrity
and insulation ability under a dimensioned fire, and as well contribute to reduce the
consequences as a result of fire generally.
It shall be carried out a judgement of the poison degree of the gases that are emitted by
fire. The baseline for decision of choice of materials shall be possible to document.
Equipment that shall function at a dimensioning fire, and equipment of which the
consequences of break down will be unacceptable, shall have sufficient fire resistance.
The use of dimensioning fire scenario and risk analysis have achieved increased
importance for the choice of fire protection.
An actual example is insulation against jet fires at plants that produces gas. This
brings to that class 5 not longer fully is comprising all fire insulation, so that there
often in addition to class 5 has to be specified what will be dimensioning fire load,
how long the equipment shall be protected and what is critical maximum temperature
for the equipment.
7.6 GUIDANCE FOR
SOUND INSULATION
Sockets shall be put loose (with protection) on the pipe section before weld assembly
of the pipe sections. This is applicable for all types of sockets. I.e. sockets for correct
lengths, bends, end sections etc.
After pressure testing and approval, the sockets shall be installed in the joint zones.
As pre-insulated pipes may as well be equipped with heating cables, moisture meters
etc, it is important that all necessary disciplines are involved during installing.
7.8.1 RULES
A main rule is that the drain pipe follows the main pipe
concerning insulation and hat tracing.
- If the main pipe is insulated and heat traced, and the drain pipe < 1,0 m:
Only insulation on the drain pipe.
- If main pipe is insulated and heat traced, and the drain pipe > 1,0 m:
Insulation and heat tracing on the drain pipe.
- If main pipe is not insulated and the drain pipe is > 1,0 m:
Insulation and heat tracing on the drain pipe.
REQUIREMENT:
- If heat tracing is required, then the heat tracing temperature shall be the
same as the heat tracing on the main pipe.
- The heat tracing temperature for the drain pipe, where the main pipe is not
insulated, will be specified.
- If insulation or insulation and heat tracing is required, then the insulation
and heat tracing shall be to and included the first valve, not collar.
NOTE: With the expression “to and included first valve” is meant that it
shall be possible to remove the bolts so that the collar can be turned without
removing insulation and heat tracing.
Bolster solution should be considered here.
7.8.2 DN20 BRANCHES FROM MAIN PIPES
( TYPICAL IS BLEEDING PIPE )
A main rules is that the bleeding pipe follows the main pipe concerning
insulation and heat tracing.
EXCEPTION:
REQUIREMENTS:
- The heat tracing temperature for the bleeding pipe shall be the same as the
heat tracing for the main pipe.
- The heat tracing cable shall be fitted as a coil down via the bleed pipe. If
there will be too high temperature, above design, in the bleed pipe,
separate circuit shall be used.
- If the main pipe is insulated/heat traced, then the insulation for the bleed
pipe shall be fitted to and included the valve.
The blind flange shall not be insulated. See figure 7.1.1.
- Insulation symbols are not shown at the P&IDs on the bleeding pipe.
Figure 7.1.1. Insulation and heat tracing of bleedings when fire insulation
is not included. Bolster solution should be considered here.
7.8. DN50 DRAIN PIPES TO CLOSED DRAIN
FROM MAIN PIPES AND EQUIPMENT WITH DOUBLE BLOCK
AND BLEED.
A main rule is that ventilation lines not shall be insulated nor heat traced, independent
of possible insulation/heat tracing on the main pipe.
This is not considered as necessary while the lines shall have fall back to the main
pipe.
A main rule is that these lines shall follow the main pipe regarding
insulation and heat tracing.
* The heat tracing temperature for the injection point shall be the same as for
heat tracing temperature for the main pipe, provided that the main pipe is
heat traced.
* The heat trace cable shall be fitted as a coil down via the injection point. If
there will be too high temperature, above design, in the bleed pipe,
separate circuit shall be used.
* If the main pipe is insulated, then the insulation in the injection point shall
be fitted to and included the valve. The blind flange shall not be insulated.
This in order to remove the blind flange without insulation/heat trace has
to be removed. See figure 7.4.1
* Insulation symbol is not shown on P&IDs at the injection point, as this
follows the insulation for the main pipe.
* If the main pipe/equipment is fire insulated, then the line up to the safety
valve shall be fire insulated.
The fire insulation shall be fitted to and included the flange on the safety
valve, so that the bolts as well are fire insulated. The insulation for the
flanges must be simple to remove, while the safety valves often shall be
tested.
See figure 7.5.2.
* If the pipe out from the safety valve is fire insulated, then shall the flange
on the outlet of the safety valve as well be insulated.
To be insulated the same way as above.
Special for lines up to safety valves in the fuel gas system.
* If the main lines in the fuel gas system is insulated and heat traced in addition to
fire insulation, then the line up to safety valves shall only be insulated related to
heat conservation and fire. The insulation shall be terminated as described
above.
Bypass around EV/HZVs is in hydro carbon liquid streams shall be heat traced to
40oC (temperature to prevent wax).
EXCEPTIONS:
Heat tracing temperature shall be the same as temperature given for the main
pipe upstream’s control-/block valve.
REQUIREMENTS:
* If main pipe and bypass are insulated and heat traced, they should be jointed
so that it is possible to switch off the tracing independently of each other.
This because of maintenance.
* Main pipes, Fuel gas Metre and the bypass shall be jointed so that it is
possible to switch off the tracing for fuel gas metre independently of main
pipe and bypass. This to obtain continuous operation at maintenance of the
fuel gas metre.
* Maximum temperature in the fuel gas system from the heat tracing shall
not be higher than 60oC, because of choice of material in downstream’s
system.
The main rule is that the drainage pipe follow the trim number for the equipment
regarding insulation and heat tracing.
* If the trim number states insulated and heat traced, and the drain pipe < 1,0
m: only insulation of the drain pipe.
* If the trim number states not insulated and the drain pipe is > 1,0 m:
insulation and heat tracing of the drain pipe.
NOTE: First valve is considered as a part of the drain pipe at length determination.
REQUIREMENTS:
* If heat tracing is required, then heat tracing temperature shall be the same
as heat tracing temperature given for the trim number.
The main rule is that level indicator glass in hydrocarbon system shall be
insulated and heat traced without exception.
* As the dimension of the level indicator glasses are DN15/20 they shall not be
fire insulated, even if the trim number states fire insulation in addition to
insulation/heat tracing.
* The stub where the level indicator glass is connected has the dimension DN50
and shall be fire insulated in addition to heat tracing. See figure 7.9.1.
* Because of the high set point, the maximum temperature may because of heat
tracing be very high. Temperatures because of heat tracing must be calculated
and checked against acceptable temperatures regarding choice of materials etc.
* The dimension of the level transmitters are DN80 and follows the trim number
regarding insulation and heat tracing.
High temperatures because of heat tracing must be handled like in item 7.8.10.
8.0 GENERAL
Before the insulation work starts, there shall be formulated quality
requirements for how the contractor takes care of the requirements set
before, during and after the insulation work.
All requirements, included HES, laid down by the authorities and customer, shall be
applied to and taken care of.
The contractor is responsible to that all employees are familiar with prevailing
specifications and requirements within the individual project.
Inspections by qualified personnel from the companies/customer will not release the
contractor, material supplier or sub suppliers from guaranties, responsibilities or
obligations to that the material is installed according to approved specifications.
Before start-up, all forms, routines and instructions shall be present and approved by
the customer.
These shall as well be available to any time during the whole work period.
8.1 REQUIREMENTS TO ROUTINES/INSPECTION
OF INSULATION WORK DURING:
START-UP/INSTALLING/
COMPLETION
PERSONNEL:
The contractor shall set up a register showing that the insulation operators used
have the skill and discipline background for the insulation work to be done.
MATERIALS:
The contractor is responsible to that routines are worked out taking care of that
the individual insulation operator is informed about insulation classes and the
requirements set to these at the individual project.
WORKMANSHIP:
The contractor shall have inspection routines taking care of that the work is done
according to regulations and is according to the specifications/requirements set
for the individual insulation classes
COMPLETION:
The contractor shall have inspection routines taking care of that the completion of
the insulation work will be approved by both the contractor and customer.
8.2.2 MATERIAL
Product name Area for use ISO. Data sheet: HES
classes Certificate: considered
Cellular glass Insulation material All Issued date Expire date Approved
Yes
Tape Weather protection in All Issued date Expire date Yes
well natural except 5
ventilated areas
accomplishment A0 Issued date Expire date
Issued date Expire date
8.2.3
START-UP
Proposal:
X: Responsible for Material Material Material Routines/forms for work
execution arrived Equipment Equipment packages, control plan,
made ready delivered divagation actions,
Approved out covering, waste handling
and clearing up the work
place.
Briefed/Accepted
Material manager X X X
QA responsible X X X
Operator: X X