Ebook Maths in Focus Year 11 Mathematics Advanced PDF Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Maths in Focus Year 11 Mathematics Advanced PDF Full Chapter PDF
Ebook Maths in Focus Year 11 Mathematics Advanced PDF Full Chapter PDF
ALGEBRAIC TECHNIQUES
This chapter revises and extends the algebraic techniques that you will need for this course.
These include indices, algebraic expressions, expansion, factorisation, algebraic fractions and surds.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.01 Index laws
1.02 Zero and negative indices
1.03 Fractional indices
1.04 Simplifying algebraic expressions
1.05 Expansion
1.06 Binomial products
1.07 Special products
1.08 Factorisation
1.09 Factorisation by grouping in pairs
1.10 Factorising trinomials
1.11 Further trinomials
1.12 Perfect squares
1.13 Difference of two squares
1.14 Mixed factorisation
1.15 Simplifying algebraic fractions
1.16 Operations with algebraic fractions
1.17 Substitution
1.18 Simplifying surds
1.19 Operations with surds
1.20 Rationalising the denominator
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Index laws
am × an = am + n
am ÷ an = am - n
(am)n = amn
(ab)n = anbn
a n an
= n
°b b
Simplify:
a m9 × m7 ÷ m2 b (2y4)3 c ( y 6 )3 × y −4
y5
Solution
3 Simplify:
a a6 × a9 × a2 b y3 × y-8 × y5 c a-1 × a-3
1 1
d w2 × w2 e x6 ÷ x f p3 ÷ p-7
y11
g h (x7)3 i (2x5)2
y5 5
x2
j (3y-2)4 k a3 × a5 ÷ a7 l 9
y
w6 × w7 p 2 × ( p3 ) 4 x6 ÷ x7
m n o
w3 p9 x2
a 2 × ( b 2 )6 ( x 2 )-3 × ( y3 )2
p q
a 4 × b9 x -1 × y 4
(2m7 )3 xy3 × ( xy 2 )4
d (7a5b)2 e f
m4 xy
-3
(2k8 )4 5 7y12 a6 × a 4
g h (2 y ) × i 11
(6k3 )3 8 a
3
5xy 9
j 8 3
x ×y
3
6 Evaluate a3b2 when a = 2 and b = .
4
2 1 x3 y2
7 If x = and y = , find the value of .
3 9 xy5
1 1 1 a 2b 3
8 If a = , b = and c = , evaluate 4 as a fraction.
2 3 4 c
a11 b8
9 a Simplify .
a8 b7
a11 b8 2 5
b Hence evaluate as a fraction when a = and b = .
a8 b7 5 8
p5 q 8 r 4
10 a Simplify .
p 4 q6 r 2
p5 q 8 r 4 7 2 3
b Hence evaluate 4 6 2
as a fraction when p = , q = and r = .
p q r 8 3 4
1
4 3 2 6
11 Evaluate (a ) when a = .
3
a3 b 6 1 2
12 Evaluate 4
when a = and b = .
b 2 3
EXAMPLE 2
0
ab5c
a Simplify 4
.
° abc
b Evaluate 2-3.
c Write in index form:
1 3 1 1
i 2
ii 5
iii iv
x x 5 x x +1
d Write a−3 without the negative index.
Solution
0
ab5c 1
a =1 b 2-3 =
4 23
° abc
1
=
8
1 3 1
c i = x-2 ii =3× 5
x2 x5 x
= 3x-5
2 Evaluate:
-4 -1 -2 0
1 2 5 x + 2y
a 20 b c d e 3x - y
2 3 6
-3 -1 -2 -3 -5
1 3 1 2 1
f g h i j
5 4 7 3 2
-1 0 -2 -2 0
3 8 6 9 6
k l m n o
7 9 7 10 11
-2 -3 0
(-1 )
1 2 3
p -
4
q -
5
r
( ) 2 -1
-3 7 s -
8
t 1 -2
4
INVESTIGATION WS
( ) =(
indices and
1 2
= x radicals
)
2
So x2 x
= x
1
∴ x2 = x
Now simplify these expressions.
1 ( )
1
x2 2 2 x 2
3 ( ) 1 3
x3 4 ( )
x3
1
3 5 ( x) 3
3
6
3
x 3
7 ( ) 1 4
x4 8 ( )x4
1
4 9 ( x)
4
4
10
4
x4
Proof
n
1
a n = a (by index laws)
( n a )n = a
1
n
∴ a n = a
EXAMPLE 3
a Evaluate:
1 1
i 49 2 ii 27 3
b Write 3x − 2 in index form.
1
c Write ( a + b ) 7 without fractional indices.
Solution
1 1
a i 49 2 = 49 = 7 ii 27 3 = 3 27 = 3
1 1
b 3x − 2 = (3x − 2) 2 c ( a + b )7 = 7 a + b
( a)
n m
an = a m or n
Proof
m 1 m m 1
an =a n
a n = am ( ) n
( a)
m
= n
= n am
Proof
-n
a 1
= n
b a
b
1
=
an
bn
an
= 1÷
bn
bn
= 1×
an
bn
=
an
n
b
=
a
EXAMPLE 4
a Evaluate:
4 1 −3
− 2
i 83 ii 125 3 iii °
3
b Write in index form:
i x5 ii 1
( 4 x − 1) 2 2
3
3
−
c Write r 5 without the negative and fractional indices.
3
− 1 1
c r 5 = 3
=
5
r3
r5
Fractional indices
Nicole Oresme (1323-82) was the first mathematician to use fractional indices.
John Wallis (1616-1703) was the first person to explain the significance of zero, negative
and fractional indices. He also introduced the symbol ∞ for infinity.
Research these mathematicians and find out more about their work and backgrounds.
You could use keywords such as indices and infinity as well as their names to find this
information.
1 1 1 1 1
k 814 l 325 m 08 n 1253 o 3433
1 1 2 5 2
1 1 1 3 3
- - - - -
k x 8 l y 3 m a 4 n z 4 o y 5
1 1 1 1 2
- -
p (2x + 5) 2 q (6q + r ) 3 r (a + b)9 s (3x - 1) 2 t ( x + 7) 5
1 1 1 1
f (3x + 1)5 g h i j
2t + 3 (5x - y ) 3 3
( x - 2) 2 2 y +7
5 1 3
k l m
3 x+4 3 y -1 2
5 ( x 2 + 2)3
4
EXAMPLE 5
Simplify:
Solution
Only ‘like’ terms can be
a 4x2 - 3x2 + 6x2 = x2 + 6x2 added or subtracted.
= 7x2
b x3 - 3x - 5x + 4 = x3 - 8x + 4 c 3a - 4b - 5a - b = 3a - 5a - 4b - b
= -2a - 5b
EXAMPLE 6
Simplify:
5a3b
a -5x × 3y × 2x b
15ab 2
Solution
2 Simplify:
a 5 × 2b b 2x × 4y c 5p × 2p
d -3z × 2w e -5a × -3b f x × 2y × 7z
g 8ab × 6c h 4d × 3d i 3a × 4a × a
3 2 5
j (-3y) k (2x ) l 2ab3 × 3a
m 5a2b × -2ab n 7pq2 × 3p2q2 o 5ab × a2b2
p 4h3 × -2h7 q k3p × p2 r (-3t3)4
s 7m6 × -2m5 t -2x2 × 3x3y × -4xy2
3 Simplify:
8a 2
a 30x ÷ 5 b 2y ÷ y c
2
8a 2 8a 2 xy
d e f
a 2a 2x
3a 2b 2 20 x
g 12p3 ÷ 4p2 h i
6 ab 15xy
-9 x 7 2ab
j k -15ab ÷ -5b l
3x 4 6 a 2b 3
-8 p 2xy 2 z3
m n 14cd2 ÷ 21c3d3 o
4 pqs 4 x 3 y 2z
42 p5q 4 2( a -5 )2 b 4
p q 5a9b4c-2 ÷ 20a5b-3c-1 r
7 pq3 4 a -9 ( b 2 )-1
Expanding expressions
To expand an expression, use the distributive law:
a(b + c) = ab + ac
EXAMPLE 7
Solution
b 5 - 2(y + 3) = 5 - 2 × y - 2 × 3
= 5 - 2y - 6
= -2y - 1
c 2(b - 5) - (b + 1) = 2 × b + 2 × -5 - 1 × b - 1 × 1
= 2b - 10 - b - 1
= b - 11
Binomial product
(x + a)(x + b) = x2 + bx + ax + ab
EXAMPLE 8
Solution
= a2 + 5a + 5a + 25
= a2 + 10a + 25
WS
1.07 Special products
Homework
Some binomial products have special results and can be simplified quickly using their special
Expanding
expressions properties. Did you notice some of these in Exercise 1.06?
Perfect squares
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2
EXAMPLE 9
Solution
1.08 Factorisation WS
Factors divide exactly into an equal or larger number or term, without leaving a remainder.
Homework
Factorising
algebraic
expressions
Factorising
To factorise an expression, we use the distributive law in the opposite way from when we
expand brackets.
ax + bx = x(a + b)
EXAMPLE 10
Factorise:
a 3x + 12 b y2 - 2y c x3 - 2x2
d 5(x + 3) + 2y(x + 3) e 8a3b2 - 2ab3
Solution
4 8x + 2 5 24 - 18y 6 x2 + 2x
EXAMPLE 11
Factorise:
a x2 - 2x + 3x - 6 b 2x - 4 + 6y - 3xy
Solution
4 m2 - 2m + 3m - 6 5 ad - ac + bd - bc 6 x3 + x2 + 3x + 3
10 x2 + 5x - x - 5 11 y + 3 + ay + 3a 12 m - 2 + 4y - 2my
16 x4 + 7x3 - 4x - 28 17 7x - 21 - xy + 3y 18 4d + 12 - de - 3e
19 3x - 12 + xy - 4y 20 2a + 6 - ab - 3b 21 x3 - 3x2 + 6x - 18
Factorising trinomials
x2 + (a + b)x + ab = (x + a)(x + b)
Find values for a and b so that the sum a + b is the middle term and the product ab is the
last term.
EXAMPLE 12
Factorise:
a m2 - 5m + 6
b y2 + y - 2
a a + b = -5 and ab = 6
To have a + b = -5, at least one number must be negative.
To have ab = 6, both numbers have the same sign. So both are negative.
For ab = 6: we could have -6 × (-1) or -3 × (-2)
-3 + (-2) = -5 so a = -3 and b = -2.
So m2 - 5m + 6 = (m - 3)(m - 2)
Check: (m - 3)(m - 2) = m2 - 2m - 3m + 6
= m2 - 5m + 6
b a + b = 1 and ab = -2
To have ab = -2, the numbers must have opposite signs. So one is positive and one is
negative.
For ab = -2: we could have -2 × 1 or -1 × 2
-1 + 2 = 1 so a = -1 and b = 2.
So y2 + y - 2 = ( y - 1)( y + 2)
Check: ( y - 1)( y + 2) = y2 + 2y - y - 2
= y2 + y - 2
4 t2 + 8t + 16 5 z2 + z - 6 6 x2 - 5x - 6
7 v2 - 8v + 15 8 t2 - 6t + 9 9 x2 + 9x - 10
10 y2 - 10y + 21 11 m2 - 9m + 18 12 y2 + 9y - 36
13 x2 - 5x - 24 14 a2 - 4a + 4 15 x2 + 14x - 32
16 y2 - 5y - 36 17 n2 - 10n + 24 18 x2 - 10x + 25
19 p2 + 8p -9 20 k2 - 7k + 10 21 x2 + x - 12
22 m2 - 6m - 7 23 q2 + 12q + 20 24 d 2 - 4d - 5
trinomial.
WS
This method still involves finding 2 numbers that give a required sum and product but it also
involves grouping in pairs. Homework
Excel
worksheet:
Factorising
trinomials
EXAMPLE 13
Factorise:
Excel
a 5x2 - 13x + 6 spreadsheet:
Factorising
b 4y2 + 4y - 3 trinomials
Solution
a First, multiply the coefficient of the first term by the last term: 5 × 6 = 30.
= (x - 2)(5x - 3)
b First, multiply the coefficient of the first term by the last term: 4 (-3) = -12
Now a + b = 4 and ab = -12.
Since the product is negative, a and b have opposite signs (one positive and one
negative).
2 numbers with product -12 and sum 4 are 6 and -2.
Now write the trinomial with the middle term split into 2 terms 6y and -2y, and
then factorise by grouping in pairs.
EXAMPLE 14
Factorise:
a x2 - 8x + 16 b 4a2 + 20a + 25
Solution
EXAMPLE 15
Factorise:
Solution
a d2 - 36 = d2 - 62
= (d + 6)(d - 6)
b 1 - 9b2 = 12 - (3b)2
= (1 + 3b)(1 - 3b)
4 x2 - 25 5 4x2 - 49 6 16y2 - 9
WS
1.14 Mixed factorisation
Homework
Factorising
expressions
EXAMPLE 16
Solution
EXAMPLE 17
Simplify:
4x + 2 2x 2 − 3x − 2
a b
2 x2 − 4
Solution
2ab - 4 a 2 s2 + s - 2 b4 -1
7 8 9
a 2 - 3a s 2 + 5s + 6 b2 -1
2 p 2 + 7 p - 15 a2 -1 3( x - 2) + y( x - 2)
10 11 2 12
6p-9 a + 2a - 3 x2 - 4
x 3 + 3x 2 - 9 x - 27 2 p2 - 3 p - 2 ay - ax + by - bx
13 14 15
x 2 + 6x + 9 2 p2 + p 2ay - by - 2ax + bx
Simplify:
x −1 x + 3 2a 2b + 10 ab a 2 − 25 2 1 2 1
a − b ÷ c + d − 2
5 4 b2 − 9 4 b + 12 x −5 x +2 x +1 x −1
Solution
a x − 1 x + 3 4( x − 1) − 5( x + 3)
− =
5 4 20
4 x − 4 − 5x − 15
=
20
− x − 19
=
20
b 2a 2b + 10 ab a 2 − 25 2a 2b + 10 ab 4 b + 12
÷ = × 2
b2 − 9 4 b + 12 b2 − 9 a − 25
2ab( a + 5) 4( b + 3)
= ×
( b + 3)( b − 3) ( a + 5)( a − 5)
8ab
=
( a − 5)( b − 3)
c 2 1 2( x + 2) + 1( x − 5)
+ =
x −5 x +2 ( x − 5)( x + 2)
2x + 4 + x − 5
=
( x − 5)( x + 2)
3x − 1
=
( x − 5)( x + 2)
d 2 1 2 1
− = −
x + 1 x 2 − 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2( x − 1) 1
= −
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2x − 2 1
= −
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2x − 2 − 1
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)
2x − 3
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)
x 2 - 6 x + 9 x 2 - 5x + 6 p2 - 4 5q + 5
i ÷ 2 j ×
x 2 - 25 x + 4x -5 2
q + 2q + 1 3 p + 6
3 Simplify:
2 3 1 2 3
a + b - c 1+
x x x -1 x a+b
x2 1 1 1
d x- e p-q+ f +
x+2 p+q x +1 x - 3
2 3 1 1
g - h +
x2 - 4 x + 2 a 2 + 2a + 1 a + 1
4 Simplify:
a 2 - 5a 3a - 15 y 2 - y - 2 3 2x + 8 x 2 + 3x
a ÷ × b + 2 ×
y2 - 4 y + 4 y2 - 4 5ay x - 3 x - 9 4 x - 16
5b b2 b x 2 - 8 x + 15 x 2 - 9 x 2 + 5x + 6
c ÷ 2 - d ÷ ×
2b + 6 b + b - 6 b + 1 5x 2 + 10 x 10 x 2 2x - 10
5 Simplify:
5 3 2 2 3 a b 1
a 2
- - b + c - +
x -4 x - 2 x + 2 p + pq pq - q 2
2
a + b a - b a2 - b2
EXAMPLE 19
a V = πr2h is the formula for finding the volume of a cylinder with radius r and height h.
Find V (correct to 1 decimal place) when r = 2.1 and h = 8.7.
9C
b If F = + 32 is the formula for converting degrees Celsius (°C) into degrees
5
Fahrenheit (°F), find F when C = 25.
Solution
a When r = 2.1, h = 8.7,
V = πr2h
= π(2.1)2(8.7)
= 120.533…
≈ 120.5
b When C = 25,
9C
F= + 32
5
9(25)
= + 32
5
= 77 This means that 25°C is the same as 77°F.
7 S = 2πr(r + h) is the formula for the surface area of a cylinder. Find S when r = 5 and
h = 7, correct to the nearest whole number.
8 A = πr2 is the area of a circle with radius r. Find A when r = 9.5, correct to 3 significant
figures.
18 Find the value of E in the energy equation E = mc2 if m = 8.3 and c = 1.7.
n
r
19 A = P 1+ is the formula for finding compound interest. Find A correct to
100
2 decimal places when P = 200, r = 12 and n = 5.
a ( r n - 1)
20 If S = is the sum of a geometric series, find S if a = 3, r = 2 and n = 5.
r -1
Properties of surds
a× b = ab
a a
=
b b
( x) =
2
x 2 = x for x ≥ 0
EXAMPLE 20
Solution
a 45 = 9 × 5 b 3 40 = 3× 4 × 10 c 5 2 = 25 × 2
= 9× 5 = 3× 2 × 10 = 50
= 3× 5 = 6 10
=3 5 Shutterstock.com/Santhosh Varghese
2 Simplify:
a 2 27 b 5 80 c 4 98 d 2 28 e 8 20
f 4 56 g 8 405 h 15 8 i 7 40 j 8 45
f 4 10 g 3 13 h 7 2 i 11 3 j 12 7
4 Evaluate x if:
a x =3 5 b 2 3= x c 3 7= x d 5 2= x e 2 11 = x
f x =7 3 g 4 19 = x h x = 6 23 i 5 31 = x j x = 8 15
EXAMPLE 21
Simplify 3 − 12 .
Solution
Multiplication and division, as in algebra, are easier to do than adding and subtracting.
Simplify:
2
2 14 10
a 4 2 × 5 18 b c 3
4 2 °
Solution
2
2 14 2 × 7 10 10
a 4 2 × 5 18 = 20 36 b = c
4 2 4 3 = 3
= 20 × 6 °
= 120 7 1
= =3
2 3
EXAMPLE 23
Solution
a 3 7(2 3 − 3 2) = 3 7 × 2 3 − 3 7 × 3 2
= 6 21 − 9 14
b ( 2 + 3 5)( 3 − 2) = 2 × 3 − 2 × 2 + 3 5 × 3 − 3 5 × 2
= 6 − 2 + 3 15 − 3 10
( 5 ) − (2 3)
2 2
c Using the difference of 2 squares: ( 5 + 2 3)( 5 − 2 3) =
= 5− 4 × 3
=−7
d 7 3-4 3 e 5-4 5 f 4 6- 6
g 2 -8 2 h 5 + 4 5 +3 5 i 2 - 2 2 -3 2
m 12 - 27 n 50 - 32 o 28 + 63
p 2 8 - 18 q 3 54 + 2 24 r 90 - 5 40 - 2 10
s 4 48 + 3 147 + 5 12 t 3 2 + 8 - 12 u 63 - 28 - 50
v 12 - 45 - 48 - 5
2 Simplify:
a 7× 3 b 3× 5 c 2 ×3 3
d 5 7 ×2 2 e -3 3 × 2 2 f 5 3×2 3
g -4 5 × 3 11 h 2 7× 7 i 2 3 × 5 12
( 2) (2 7 )
2 2
j 6× 2 k l
m 3× 5 × 2 n 2 3× 7 ×- 5 o 2 × 6 ×3 3
3 Simplify:
4 12 12 18 5 8 16 2
a b c d
2 2 3 6 10 2 2 12
10 30 2 2 4 2 3
e f g h
5 10 6 20 8 10 3 15
2 3 15 5 12 15 18
i j k l
8 6 10 5 8 10 10
2 2
15 2 5
m n 3 o 7
2 6
4 Expand and simplify:
a 2( 5 + 3) b (
3 2 2- 5 ) c 4 3 ( )
3+2 5
d 7 (5 2 - 2 3 ) e - 3 ( 2-4 6 ) f 3 (5 11 + 3 7 )
g -3 2 ( 2 + 4 3 ) h 5 ( 5 -5 3 ) i 3 ( 12 + 10 )
j 2 3 ( 18 + 3 ) k -4 2 ( 2 -3 6 ) l -7 5 ( -3 20 + 2 3 )
m 10 3 ( 2 - 2 12 ) n - 2 ( 5+2) o 2 3 ( 2 - 12 )
(2 2 - 3) p (3 2 + 7 ) (2 3 + 3 5 )
2 2 2
o q
( 7 - 2 5) s (2 8 - 3 5 ) (3 5 + 2 2 )
2 2 2
r t
6 If a = 3 2, simplify:
a a2 b 2a3 c (2a)3
d (a + 1)2 e (a + 3)(a - 3)
(2 ) (2 )( )
2
a 5 +1 = a + b b 2- 5 2 - 3 5 = a + b 10
( )( ) ( )
2
a a+ 3-2 a+ 3+2 b p -1 - p
( )(
9 Evaluate 2 7 - 3 2 7 + 3 . )
10 Simplify ( 2 x + y )( x - 3 y ).
If ( 2 3 - 5 ) = a - b , evaluate a and b.
2
11
Evaluate a and b if (7 2 - 3) = a + b 2 .
2
12
Rationalising the denominator of a fractional surd means writing it with a rational number
Homework
Rationalising
3 the
(not a surd) in the denominator. For example, after rationalising the denominator denominator
5
3 5
becomes . WS
5
Homework
To rationalise the denominator, multiply top and bottom by the same surd as in the denominator: Surds
a b a b
× =
b b b
EXAMPLE 24
2
Rationalise the denominator of .
5 3
Solution
2 3 2 3
× =
5 3 3 5 9
2 3
=
5× 3
2 3
=
15
When there is a binomial denominator, we use the difference of 2 squares to rationalise it.
Solution
a i 5
×
2 +3 5 2 +3
=
( )
( )
2
2 −3 2 +3 2 − 32
10 + 3 5
=
2− 9
10 + 3 5
=−
7
ii
2 3+ 5
×
3−4 2 2 3+ 5
=
3−4 2 ( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2
3+4 2 3−4 2 3 − 4 2
2 × 3− 8 6 + 15 − 4 10
=
3− 16 × 2
6 − 8 6 + 15 − 4 10
=
−29
−6 + 8 6 − 15 + 4 10
=
29
3× 3+ 3 6
=
3− 2
9+3 6
=
1
=9+3 6
=9+ 9 × 6
= 9 + 54
So a = 9 and b = 54.
c
2
+
5
=
2 ( 3−2 + 5 ) ( 3+2 )
3+2 3−2 ( 3+2 )( 3−2 )
2 3 − 4 + 15 + 2 5
=
( 3) − 2
2 2
2 3 − 4 + 15 + 2 5
=
3− 4
2 3 − 4 + 15 + 2 5
=
−1
= − 2 3 + 4 − 15 − 2 5
3- 4 2+5 3 3+ 2
d e f
3+4 3- 2 2 5 +3 2
3 Express as a single fraction with a rational denominator:
1 1 2 3
a + b -
2 +1 2 -1 2- 3 2+ 3
1 1
c t+ where t = 3 - 2 d z2 - where z = 1 + 2
t z2
2 +3 1 3 2
e + f +
2 3 2 +3 3
5 2 2 +7 2
g - h -
6 +2 5 3 4+ 3 4- 3
5 - 2 2+ 3
i -
3- 2 3 +1
4 Find a and b if:
3 a 3 a 6 2
a = b = c =a+b 5
2 5 b 4 2 b 5 +1
2 7 2 +3
d =a+b 7 e =a+ b
7 -4 2 -1
2 -1 4
5 Show that + is rational.
2 +1 2
6 If x = 3 + 2, simplify:
2
1 1 1
a x+ b x2 + c x +
x x2 x
4 Simplify 3 2 + 2 98 .
A 5 2 B 5 10 C 17 2 D 10 2
3 2 1
5 Simplify 2
+ − .
x −4 x− 2 x+ 2
x+5 x +1 x+9 x−3
A B C D
( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x − 2) ( x + 2)( x − 2)
4 5 4 5 8 5 8 5
A B C D
3 3 9 3 9 3 3 3
9 Evaluate as a fraction: 1
−
a 7-2 b 5-1 c 9 2
11 Evaluate:
1 2
a 36 2 b 4-3 as fraction c 83
1 1
−
d 49 2 as a fraction e 16 4 f (-3)0
12 Simplify:
a a14 ÷ a9 b (x5y3)6 c p6 × p5 ÷ p2
(2x 7 )3 y 2
d (2b9)4 e
x10 y
13 Write in index form:
1 1
a n b c d 4 x +1 e 7 a+b
x5 x+ y
2 1 1
f g h 3
x4 i 7
(5x + 3)9 j
x 2x 3 4
m3
14 Write without fractional or negative indices:
1 1
a a-5 b n4 c ( x + 1) 2 d (x - y)-1 e (4t - 7)-4
1 1 3 4 3
− −
f ( a + b )5 g x 3 h b4 i ( 2x + 3) 3 j x 2
9 2
15 Evaluate a2b4 when a = and b = 1 .
25 3
4
1 3
16 If a = and b = , evaluate ab3 as a fraction.
° 3 4
17 Write in index form:
1 1
a x b c 6 x +3 d e 3 y7
y (2x − 3)11
18 Write without the negative index: −5
a
a x-3 b (2a + 5)-1 c °
b
19 Simplify:
3a + 12 x y
a 5y - 7y b c -2k3 × 3k2 d +
3 3 5
e 4a - 3b - a - 5b f 8 + 32 g 3 5 − 20 + 45
24 a (
Expand and simplify 2 5 + 3 2 5 − 3 . )( )
3 3
b Rationalise the denominator of .
2 5+ 3
3 1 2
25 Simplify + − 2 .
x − 2 x +3 x + x −6
26 If a = 4, b = -3 and c = -2, find the value of:
a ab2 b a - bc c a d (bc)3 e c(2a + 3b)
27 Simplify:
3 12 4 32
a b
6 15 2 2
28 The formula for the distance an object falls is given by d = 5t2. Find d when t = 1.5.
(3 )( ) ( )
2
a 2−4 3− 2 b 7 +2
31 Factorise fully:
a 3x2 - 27 b 6x2 - 12x - 18 c 5y2 - 30y + 45
32 Simplify:
3x 4 y 5
a 5
b
9 xy 15x − 5
(3 11) (2 3)
2 3
a b
35 Factorise:
a a2 - 2ab + b2 b a2 - b2
1
36 If x = 3 + 1, simplify x + and give your answer with a rational denominator.
x
37 Simplify:
4 3 x−3 x−2
a + b −
a b 2 5
3 2
38 Simplify − , writing your answer with a rational denominator.
5 + 2 2 2 −1
39 Simplify:
8 6
a 3 8 b −2 2 × 4 3 c 108 − 48 d
2 18
2m3n
e 5a × -3b × -2a f g 3x - 2y - x - y
6 m 2n 5
40 Expand and simplify:
a 2 2 ( 3+ 2 ) b (5 )(
7 −3 5 2 2 − 3 ) c (3+ 2 )(3− 2 )
(4 )( ) (3 )
2
d 3− 5 4 3+ 5 e 7− 2
42 Simplify:
3x x − 2 a + 2 2a − 3 1 2
a − b + c 2
−
5 2 7 3 x −1 x +1
4 1 3 5
d + e −
k 2 + 2k − 3 k + 3 2+ 5 3− 2
43 Evaluate n if:
a 108 − 12 = n b 112 + 7 = n c 2 8 + 200 = n
180
d 4 147 + 3 75 = n e 2 245 + = n
2
2
−
1 Write 64 3 as a rational number.
2xy + 2x − 6 − 6 y
8 Simplify .
4 x 2 − 16 x + 12
( a + 1)3
9 Simplify .
a2 −1
4 a2
10 Factorise − .
x 2 b2
11 a Expand (2x - 1)3.
6 x 2 + 5x − 4
b Hence, or otherwise, simplify .
8 x 3 − 12x 2 + 6 x − 1
12 If V = πr2h is the volume of a cylinder, find the exact value of r when V = 9 and h = 16.
1
13 If s = u + at2, find the exact value of s when u = 2, a = 3 and t = 2 3.
2
14 Expand and simplify, and write in index form:
( ) ( )( )
2
3
a x +x b a+3b 3
a−3b
2 2
° 1 ° 1
c p+ d x + x
p
2 3 4
a3b 2 3 2 1
15 Find the value of if a = , b = and c = .
c 2 ° 4 ° 3 ° 2
EQUATIONS AND
INEQUALITIES
Equations are found in most branches of mathematics. They are also important in many other fields,
such as science, economics, statistics and engineering. In this chapter you will revise basic equations
and solve harder equations, including those involving absolute values, exponential equations,
quadratic equations and simultaneous equations.
CHAPTER OUTLINE
2.01 Equations
2.02 Inequalities
2.03 Absolute value
2.04 Equations involving absolute values
2.05 Exponential equations
2.06 Solving quadratic equations by factorisation
2.07 Solving quadratic equations by completing the square
2.08 Solving quadratic equations by quadratic formula
2.09 Formulas and equations
2.10 Linear simultaneous equations
2.11 Non-linear simultaneous equations
2.12 Simultaneous equations with three unknown variables
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