1 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R.

BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9
Example:
CONTENT The overall infection rate with A. simplex L3 was
Lesson 7 34.3%, and the mean intensity and abundance were 17.1
TUBULAR PRESENTATION ……………………………………. 1 and 5.9 larvae, respectively, per fish or cephalopod. There
Lesson 8 were many fish species which showed higher than 50%
GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION ……………………………….. 6 infection rate. The highest infection rate observed was
Lesson 9 100% in Lophiomus setigerus, followed by 90% in
MEASURES OF C.T, DISPERSION, LOCATION ………...…... 9 Pleurogrammus azonus and Liparis tessellatus, 88.7% in S.
japonicas, and 84.6% in Gadus macrocephalus. The lowest
LESSON 7: TUBULAR PRESENTATION infection rates were found in Mugil cephalus, Sepia
esculenta, Larimichthys crocea, Sebastes pachycephalus,
➢ It is a table that helps to represent even a large Eptatretus burgeri, Hemiramphus sajori, and Liparis
amount of data in an engaging, easy to read, kanakai, which ranged from 0.8% to 8.9%.
and coordinated manner. The data is arranged The intensity of infection was the highest in G.
in rows and columns. This is one of the most macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S.
popularly used forms of presentation of data as japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). A.
data tables are simple to prepare and read simplex L3 was not detected in 5 fish species,
Pseudosciaena crocea, Cynoglossus semilaevis, Konosirus
I. METHODS OF DATA PRESENTATION punctatus, Oplegnathus fascitus, and Chromis notata, and
1 cephalopod species, Bleeker’s squid Loligo bleekeri.
A. Narrative
B. Tabular
C. Graphical

A. NARRATIVE/ TEXTUAL METHOD

➢ Data is written in paragraph form

➢ Prone to misinterpretation
➢ For small data sets and limited summaries

Example:
The overall infection rate with A. simplex L3 was B.1. PARTS OF A TABLE
34.3%, and the mean intensity and abundance were 17.1
and 5.9 larvae, respectively, per fish or cephalopod. There A. Table number
were many fish species which showed higher than 50% - Numbered in Arabic numerals as they
infection rate. The highest infection rate observed was appear
100% in Lophiomus setigerus, followed by 90% in - “Table” should be left aligned
Pleurogrammus azonus and Liparis tessellatus, 88.7% in S. - Single space between the table number and
japonicas, and 84.6% in Gadus macrocephalus. The lowest first line of the title
infection rates were found in Mugil cephalus, Sepia
esculenta, Larimichthys crocea, Sebastes pachycephalus,
Eptatretus burgeri, Hemiramphus sajori, and Liparis
kanakai, which ranged from 0.8% to 8.9%.
The intensity of infection was the highest in G.
macrocephalus (117.7 larvae per fish), followed by S.
japonicus (103.9 larvae) and L. setigerus (54.2 larvae). A.
simplex L3 was not detected in 5 fish species,
Pseudosciaena crocea, Cynoglossus semilaevis, Konosirus B. Title
punctatus, Oplegnathus fascitus, and Chromis notata, and - Self-explanatory
1 cephalopod species, Bleeker’s squid Loligo bleekeri. - Answers the 4 Ws (Who, where, what and
when)
B. TUBULAR PRESENTATION - Headnote- secondary caption

➢ Provide a compact way of presenting large sets

of detailed information
➢ Can readily point out trends, comparisons,
interrelationships among variables
➢ PROPERTIES
o Simple
o Direct
o Clear

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2 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9
E. PARTS OF A TABLE
- Figures w/in a cell should be aligned by the
decimal points
- Empty cell should contain a 0 or –

C. Column headings
- Centered
- There should be at least 2 spaces in between
headings
- Column width=max width of figures F. FOOTNOTES
- Use small letters instead of numbers
- All footnotes should be placed immediately
below the bottom rule of the table

G. SOURCE OF DATA
- When data is not obtained first hand, it is a
MUST to cite the source.

D. ROW HEADINGS/ STUBS

- Left aligned
- If the heading exceeds the row width,
second line should be idented to the 3rd
character

Table 1. Title: What, Who, Where, When (Headnote)

Row Heading Column Column
(1) (2)
Disease of the
skin
Diarrhea
Viral
Bacterial
Protozoan
Disease of the
vascular
system B.2 POINTERS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TABLE
Total
Average ➢ SIMPLE- clean, professional, uniform look
Mean ➢ CLEAR- should jibe w/ the textual discussion
o Short headings
o Organized footnotes
o Minimum number of variables should be
presented
o Well-spaced cells
➢ DIRECT- only necessary info should be included

POSITIONING:
➢ Should be placed immediately after the text
where it was 1st cited
➢ Or after the next page

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3 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9
➢ Large table may be placed horizontally or in EVERY TABLE SHOULD BE SELF-EXPLANATORY
facing pages.
➢ The reader should be able to understand th
table w/o reading the narrative explanations
o Title must be complete, yet concise
o Units of measure should always be
clearly indicated
o Commonly used abbreviations are
allowed
o Not so common abbreviations should be
explained
o All columns/rows should be with captions

RULING

➢ Rules- lines that separate rows/columns within a

table
o Horizontal rules should separate the
column headings from the figures
o Vertical rules are not necessary, unless
figures are closely-spaced

C.GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

➢ More effective than tables when showing trends

and patterns

UNIFORMITY OF STYLE II. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION/TABLE

➢ Uniformity produces a feeling of normal
expectation
➢ Varying style w/in the same paper gives
unnecessary confusion

NUMBER OF VARIABLES
➢ Large number of variables = confusion
➢ Break large tables into several smaller tubes

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4 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9

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5 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9

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6 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9

➢ TITLE
o should be self-explanatory
o In demography researches, the title should
answer the 4 w’s
o Sources for secondary data should be included
o Position of title: arbitrary

➢ SCALE
o Should be properly proportioned and labelled.

➢ TREND LINES AND CURVES

LESSON 8: GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION o Should be labelled or identified by
legends
➢ Graphical representation refers to the use of
charts and graphs to visually display, analyze,
clarify, and interpret numerical data, functions,
and other qualitative structures.

I.OVERVIEW

➢ PROS:
o More appealing than the narrative and
the tabular methods
o Can easily convert complex masses of
data into visuals that show trends or
patterns
➢ CONS:
o Cannot show detailed information
o Can be used to distort facts or to
oversimplify situations

II. POINTERS IN CONSTRUCTING A GRAPH

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7 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9
➢ Vertical scale should always start with 0
o If data is far above the margin, parts of
the scale may be omitted

➢ A break is sed to show where the omission has

been made

➢ GRIDS
o A.K.A. guide rulings
o May be used to help accentuate trends
o Number of grids must be kept to a
minimum
o Grids should be lighter in weight than the ➢ Multiple colors can be used in differentiating
lines of the graph trend lines as long as hard copy reproduction of
the presentation will also be in colored

III. TYPES OF GRAPHS

1. BAR GRAPH:
o Nature of variable: Qualitative or
Quantitative (Discrete)
o Functions: compare frequencies among
the different categories of a variable
o Bars are SEPARATED by gaps to stress
discontinuities
▪ Gap width = ½ bar width
▪ Bars should have equal width
o Two types of BAR GRAPHS
▪ Horizontal
▪ Vertical

➢ A graph should have a neat, businesslike quality

o Simplest graphs are the most effective
➢ x - basis of classification (IV)
➢ y - frequency (DV)

2. PIE CHART
o Nature of variable: Qualitative
o Functions: shows components or
breakdown of a group/total that has few
categories
▪ Shows breakdown of funds,
budgets or expenses

3. COMPONENT BAR GRAPH

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8 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9
o Nature of variable: Qualitative o Frequencies are plotted against the class
o Functions: similar with Pie chart Midpoints
▪ Compare compositions of 2 or o Adjacent points are connected w/ lines
more groups/populations o Endpoints are connected to the x-axis to
close the figure

4. HISTOGRAM
o Nature of variable: Continuous
quantitative
o Functions: shows frequency distribution 6. LINE GRAPH
of a continuous variable o Nature of variable: time series
o Each bar depicts the frequency of each o Function: shows trends or changes in a
class particular variable overtime
▪ x = units of continuous variable
▪ y = frequency

o Notes on construction of histograms

▪ Bars are drawn over the class
boundaries
▪ No gaps between bars
▪ Classes based on area of the
bars
• Area = f x class width

7. SCATTERPLOT/ SCATTERGRAPH/ DOT DIAGRAM

o Nature of
variable:
quantitative
o Functions: shows
the relationship
between 2
quantitative
variables
5. FREQUENCY POLYGON ▪ Shows the rough
o Nature of variable: Quantitative estimate of the
o Functions: similar with histogram type and degree
▪ Shows 2 or more distributions in a of correlation
single graph between variable
• x = scale of
measurement of the
variable
• y = frequency

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9 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9

LESSON 9: MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY, DISPERSION

AND LOCATION

A. MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

a. Ex: Mean, Median, Mode (Mn, Md,
Mo)
b. Function: represent a series of
observations

B. MEASURES OF DISPERSION
a. Ex: Variance, standard deviation,
coefficient of variation (s, s2, CV)
b. Function: describe the variability of the
data

C. MEASURES OF LOCATION
a. Ex: Percentiles, Deciles, Quartiles
b. Function: determine the relative
position of a specific value in an array of
data

MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY

➢ AKA Averages
➢ Usually, a value near the center of the distribution
➢ Formula depends on whether the observations
are ungrouped or grouped.

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10 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9
o Ex: Range, Variance, Standard
Deviation, Coefficient of Variation

MEASURES OF DISPERSION

➢ Describe the variability of a given population

➢ Homogenous: little difference between adjacent
observations
➢ Heterogenous: observations are scattered
around the mean

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11 STATISTICAL BIOLOGY WEEK 7-9 // R. BALATBAT
LESSON 7-9

MEASURES OF LOCATION

➢ Aid in determining the relative position of a

particular value in an array of observations
o Ex: Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles

1. Percentiles
a. Points in the distribution
that divides the observations
into one hundred equal parts
2. Deciles
a. Points in the distribution
that divides the observations
into ten equal parts
3. Quartiles
a. Points in the distribution
that divides the observations
into one four equal parts

LESSON 10: THE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

NOTE: Refer to the

given learning
material instead
(PDF FILE)

PS: tamad na akong maglipat ng

pictures dito sa word kasi di rin
naman siya nadiscuss. PASENSYA
HEHEHEHE AND GUDLAK!

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