09 Social Science Key Notes Pol SC Ch5 Working of Institutions Unlocked
09 Social Science Key Notes Pol SC Ch5 Working of Institutions Unlocked
09 Social Science Key Notes Pol SC Ch5 Working of Institutions Unlocked
Working of Institutions
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• On 6 August 1990, the Cabinet decided to implement and the Prime Minister announced
it in both Houses of Parliament.
• The senior officers drafted an order, signed by an officer and it became the Memorandum
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issued on 13 August 1990.
• There was a heated debate on the issue and it was finally taken to the Supreme Court. The
case was known as “Indira Sawhney and others vs Union of India case.”
• In 1992 Supreme Court declared the Mandal order as valid but asked for some
ID
modifications.
the decisions.
• Hence the need for institutions to do all the above.
• The Constitution of a country lays down basic rules on powers and functions of each
institution.
• The institutions are the Legislative (Parliament), the Executive (the Government) and the
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Judiciary.
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Parliament:
(i) It is needed as final authority to make laws in the country.
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except in a coalition government where he has to listen to other party members.
• When the Prime Minister quits, the entire ministry quits.
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The President is the nominal head in India. He is not directly elected by the people as in
USA.
• All the Members of Parliament and Members of the State Legislatures elect him. Since he
is elected indirectly, he does not have the same powers as the Prime Minister.
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• The President exercises all his legislative, executive, financial, judicial, military powers
only on the advice of the Prime Minister and his Council of Ministers.
•
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The President can only delay a bill. If the Parliament passes it again, he has to sign it.
• President has the power to appoint the leaders when there is a coalition on his own
discretion.
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• The Judiciary is the custodian of the Constitution, and the Supreme Court and the High
Courts have the power to interpret the Constitution.
• It can declare any law passed by the Legislature as invalid, if it violates the Constitution.
• It safeguards the Fundamental Rights of the people of India, and checks malpractices and
misuse of power by the Executive or the Legislature.