WMN Iv
WMN Iv
WMN Iv
Local loop is a circuit line from a subscriber’s phone to the local central office (LCO). But
the implementation of local loop of wires is risky for the operators, especially in rural and
remote areas due to less number of users and increased cost of installation. Hence, the
solution for it is the usage of wireless local loop (WLL) which uses wireless links rather than
copper wires to connect subscribers to the local central office.
WLL Architecture:
WLL components:
1. PSTN:
It is Public Switched Telephone Network which is a circuit switched network. It is a
collection of world’s interconnected circuit switched telephone networks.
2. Switch Function:
Switch Function switches the PSTN among various WANUs.
3. WANU:
It is short for Wireless Access Network Unit. It is present at the local exchange office. All
local WASUs are connected to it. Its functions includes: Authentication, Operation &
maintenance, Routing, Transceiving voice and data. It consists of following sub-
components:
● Transceiver: It transmits/receives data.
● WLL Controller: It controls the wireless local loop component with WASU.
● AM: It is short for Access Manager. It is responsible for authentication.
● HLR: It is short for Home Location Register. It stores the details of all local WASUs.
4. WASU:
It is short for Wireless Access Subscriber Units. It is present at the house of the
subscriber. It connects the subscriber to WANU and the power supply for it is provided
locally.
Advantages of WLL:
● It eliminates the first mile or last mile construction of the network connection.
● Low cost due to no use of conventional copper wires.
● Much more secure due to digital encryption techniques used in wireless
communication.
● Highly scalable as it doesn’t require the installation of more wires for scaling it.
Features of WLL:
● Internet connection via modem
● Data service
● Voice service
● Fax service
WLL Applications.
● There are two types of WLL :- The Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS)
and Multichannel Multipoint Distribution System (MMDS)
1 LMDS
2 MMDS
● LMDS provides services :- High speed internet access , Real time multimedia file
transfer, remote access to local area network, interactive video , video on demand ,
video conference , telephone services
● MMDS can transmit videos, voice or data signals at rate 1.5 to 2 Mbps downstream
and 320 Kpbs to upstream.
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
LEC stands for Local Exchange Carrier, is a telco in the United States that provides local
telephone and telecommunication services to businesses and individuals. “Local exchange”
refers to a telco’s central office( (CO) The central office (CO) contains the switching
equipment that connects telephone subscribers to both local and long-distance phone
services.), and “carrier” refers to a company that “carries” telephone and data traffic for
customers. In other words, your local exchange carrier (LEC) is simply the company that
sends you a telephone bill for local phone calls.
A LEC owns the local loop cabling between its CO and its subscribers’ premises, which are
confined to a geographical area known as the local access and transport area (LATA).
Any calls that take place within a given LATA are considered local calls and are billed
accordingly. The largest LECs came into existence with the breakup of AT&T in the early
1980s.
● Number portability:
● Resale of telecommunication services:
● Dialing parity:
● Comply to standards and policies:
● Reciprocal compensation:
●
Turning digital data into digital signals is known as line coding. Because data is always
transmitted in the form of digital signals, we may use line coding to turn a sequence of bits
(or encoding) into a digital signal, which is then translated back into bits by the receiver (or
can be said to be decoded by the receiver). We'll need line coding systems to avoid signal
overlapping and distortion for all of this to happen.
Characteristics of line coding
The first line coding method turns digital data into digital signals. The following are
important parameters that characterize line coding schemes.
● There is a minor complication.
Unipolar encoding
A binary one is represented by a positive voltage, while a binary zero is represented by zero
volts. It's the simplest line code, simply encoding the bitstream, and it's similar to
modulation's on-off keying.
Polar line coding
Polar line coding techniques use positive and negative voltage levels to encode binary values.
Like the unipolar line coding systems discussed above, Polar signaling has both NRZ and RZ
forms. However, there are two types of NRZ schemes for polar line coding.
NRZ(Non-Return to Zero)
NRZ schemes were commonly used in the construction of unipolar schemes.
RZ(Return to zero)
Return to zero(RZ) has proven to be a viable alternative, if not a complete solution, to the
NRZ's shortcomings. RZ, unlike NRZ, uses three voltage values: positive, negative, and zero.
It also returns to zero during each bit, as the name implies.
The binary signal when modulated gives a zero value when the binary data represents 0 while
gives the carrier output when data is 1. The frequency and phase of the carrier signal remain
constant.
● The receiver and transmitter have a simple design which also makes it comparatively
inexpensive.
● It uses lesser bandwidth as compared to FSK thus it offers high bandwidth efficiency.
Disadvantages of amplitude shift Keying –
● It is susceptible to noise interference and entire transmissions could be lost due to this.
PCM stands for Pulse Code While DPCM stands for Differential Pulse
1. Modulation. Code Modulation.
For transmission channel, PCM needs Whereas DPCM needs less bandwidth (B)
5. high bandwidth(B). than PCM.
In PCM, seven bits are transmitted per In DPCM, four bits are transmitted per six
7. eight sample. sample.
In PCM, for transmitting bits rate While in DPCM, for transmitting bits rate
8. varies from fifty five to sixty four. varies from thirty two to forty eight.
Difference between Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) and Delta Modulation (DM):
S.NO PCM DM
In PCM, signal requires encoder and In DM, signal can modulate and
9. decoder both sides. demodulate.
Spread Spectrum
The Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum or FHSS can also be classified into two
types:
o Slow Hopping: In slow hopping, multiple bits are transmitted on a specific frequency
or same frequency.
o Fast Hopping: In fast hopping, individual bits are split and then transmitted on
different frequencies.
o
The Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum or DSSS can also be classified into two types: