Ch.14 Oscillations Notes

EDUCATION POINT
Sub. - Physics Ch. 14 - Oscillations

 BASIC TERMS
1. AMPLITUDE (A): The maximum displacement of particle from its mean position, is called
amplitude.
Unit – metre (m)
2. TIME PERIOD (T): Time taken to complete one oscillation, is called time period.
Unit – second (s)
3. FREQUENCY (f): The no. of oscillations per unit time, is called frequency.
Unit – Hertz (Hz) or s-1
Relation between frequency and time period =
4. ANGULAR FREQUENCY (w) : The rate of change of phase angle of a particle with respect to time
is define as its angular frequency.
Relation between w and T : =
5. PHASE : The direction of vibration at any particular time, is called its phase.
In this equation, x = A sin (wt + ϕ),
( t + ϕ) is phase, ϕ is initial phase, is angular frequency.
 PERIODIC MOTION
The motion which repeats itself after regular interval of time, is called periodic motion or
harmonic motion.
Examples: (i) Motion of planets around the sun. (ii) Motion of the pendulum of wall clock.
 OSCILLATORY MOTION
The motion, in which body moves to and fro about a fixed point after regular interval of time, is
called oscillatory motion.
 The fixed point about which the body oscillates is called mean position or equilibrium
position.
Examples :
(i) Vibration of the wire of 'Sitar'.
(ii) Oscillation of the mass suspended from spring.
 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (S.H.M.)

The periodic motion in which acceleration act towards the mean position & is directily
Proportional to displacement, is called Simple harmonic Motion.
By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 1

This page is only for understanding purpose
 S.H.M. are of two types

a) Linear S.H.M.
When a particle moves to and fro about a fixed point (called equilibrium position) along a
straight line then its motion is called linear simple harmonic motion.
b) Angular S.H.M.
When a system oscillates angularly with respect to a fixed axis then its motion is called angular
simple harmonic motion. Illustration :- Motion of a bob of simple pendulum.
 Necessary Condition to execute S.H.M.

a) In Linear S.H.M.
The resultant force (or acceleration) acting on the particle should always be proportional to the
displacement of the particle and directed towards the equilibrium position
Negative sign shows that direction of force and acceleration is towards equilibrium position and
x is displacement of particle from equilibrium position.
b) In Angular S.H.M.
The resultant torque (or angular acceleration) acting on the particle should always be
proportional to the angular displacement of the particle and directed towards the equilibrium
position

 DISPLACEMENT IN S.H.M.:
The distance of the particle from the mean position at any instant, is called displacement in
S.H.M.
It can be given by relation
x = A sin wt or x = A cos wt.
 First relation is valid when the time is measured from the mean position and
 Second relation is valid when the time is measured from the extreme position
Q. A particle starts from mean position and moves towards positive extreme as shown below.
Find the equation of the SHM. Amplitude of SHM is A.
Q. Write the equation of SHM for the situation show below :
Ans.

 VELOCITY IN SHM
It is define as the time rate of change of the displacement of the particle at the given instant.
 ACCELERATION IN SHM
It is define as the time rate of change of the velocity of the particle at given instant.
 FORCE LAW IN SHM

 ENERGY OF PARTICLE IN S.H.M.
1. POTENTIAL ENERGY (U OR P.E.)
Note:
System can also have potential energy at mean position. It may be due to any reason such as
Height from earth surface.
 It may be positive, negative or zero.
2. KINETIC ENERGY (K)

(i) In terms of displacement
If mass of the particle executing S.H.M. is m and Its velocity is v then kinetic energy at any
instant.

3. TOTAL ENERGY (E)
E = potential energy + kinetic energy = U + K
 SIMPLE PENDULUM
If a heavy point mass is suspended by a weightless, inextensible and perfectly flexible string from
a rigid support, then this arrangement is called a simple pendulum
EXPRESSION FOR TIME PERIOD

SECOND'S PENDULUM
If the time period of a simple pendulum is 2 second then it is called second's pendulum. Second's
pendulum takes one second to go from one extreme position to other extreme position.
 FREE OSCILLATIONS
When a body is capable of oscillating with a frequency of its own, the oscillations are called free
oscillations.
 Amplitude of vibration is constant.
 The Frequency, with which body oscillates freely, is called natural frequency.
 DAMPED OSCILLATIONS
The oscillations in which the amplitude decreases gradually with time, is called damped
oscillations.
 Amplitude decreases with time.
 RESONANCE :
When natural frequency of system and frequency of external force becomes equal, then these
phenomena is called resonance.

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EDUCATION POINT

Sub. - Physics Ch. 14 - Oscillations

 SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (S.H.M.)

By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 1

 S.H.M. are of two types

 Necessary Condition to execute S.H.M.

By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 2

Q. Write the equation of SHM for the situation show below :

By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 3

 FORCE LAW IN SHM

By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 5

1. POTENTIAL ENERGY (U OR P.E.)

2. KINETIC ENERGY (K)

By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 6

EXPRESSION FOR TIME PERIOD

By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 7

By- Ujjwal Pathak Page 8

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