Macro Tut 9: Open-Economy Macroeconomics

Multiple Choice: Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1. The production possibilities frontier illustrates

A the combinations of output that an economy should produce.
.
B the combinations of output that an economy should consume.
.
C the combinations of output that an economy can produce.
.
D All of the above are correct.
.

2. A production possibilities frontier is bowed outward when (Outward thì 2 goods có positive relation
ship và ngược lại) relation ship về opportunity cost chứ k phải về resources
A the more resources the economy uses to produce one good, the fewer resources it has
. available to produce the other good.
B an economy is self-sufficient instead of interdependent and engaged in trade.
.
C the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced is constant.
.
D the rate of tradeoff between the two goods being produced depends on how much of each
. good is being produced.

3. When each person specializes in producing the good in which he or she has a comparative
advantage, total production in the economy
A falls.
.
B stays the same.
.
C rises.
.
D may fall, rise, or stay the same.
.

Table 3-2
Assume that Aruba and Iceland can switch between producing coolers and producing radios at a
constant rate.

Labor Hours
Needed to Make 1
Cooler Radio
Aruba 2 5
Iceland 1 4

4. Refer to Table 3-2. Suppose Aruba decides to increase its production of radios by 10. What is the
opportunity cost of this decision?
A 0.25 coolers
.
B 2.5 coolers
.
C 4 coolers

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 .
D 25 coolers
.
5h to make 1 radio => 10 radio = 50h
=> Cooler = 50/2 = 25 coolers
5. Refer to Table 3-2. Iceland should export
A coolers and import radios. Cooler opportunity cost lower than radios => import
. radios
B radios and import coolers.
.
C both goods and import neither good.
.
D neither good and import both goods.
.

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Table 3-3
Assume that Zimbabwe and Portugal can switch between producing toothbrushes and producing
hairbrushes at a constant rate.

Machine Minutes
Needed to Make 1
Toothbrush Hairbrush
Zimbabwe 3 10
Portugal 5 6

6. Refer to Table 3-3. Portugal has an absolute advantage (so sánh input của 1 good nhưng giữa 2
countries) in the production of (comparative advantage là so sánh OC của 1 goods nhưng giữa 2
countries)
A toothbrushes and a comparative advantage in the production of toothbrushes.
.
B toothbrushes and a comparative advantage in the production of hairbrushes.
.
C hairbrushes and a comparative advantage in the production of toothbrushes.
.
D hairbrushes and a comparative advantage in the production of hairbrushes. (Por có output
. của hair > Zim => có absolute advantage, còn OC của hair por < hair Zim => có
comparative advantage)
Tính output: với 30p thì sẽ sản suất đc:
Tooth Hair

Zim 10 3

Por 6 5

⇨ Opportunity cost (vd: OC của 10 tooth là 3 hair => OC của 1 tooth là 3/10)
Tooth Hair
Zim 3/10 10/3
Por 5/6 6/5

⇨ OC của hair is higher than tooth => comparative advantage.

Table 3-7
Assume that Japan and Korea can switch between producing cars and producing airplanes at a constant
rate.

Hours Needed Quantity Produced

to Make 1 in 2400 Hours
Car Airplane Cars Airplanes
Japan 30 150 80 16
Korea 50 150 48 16

7. Refer to Table 3-7. Without trade, Japan produced and consumed 50 cars and 6 airplanes and
Korea produced and consumed 27 cars and 7 airplanes. Then, each country agreed to specialize in the
production of the good in which it has a comparative advantage and trade 28 cars for 8 airplanes. As a
result, Japan gained
A 0 cars and 2 airplanes and Korea gained 1 car and 1 airplane.
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 .
B 2 cars and 2 airplanes and Korea gained 1 car and 1 airplane.
.
C 28 cars and 8 airplanes and Korea gained 28 cars and 8 airplanes.
.
D 52 cars and 8 airplanes and Korea gained 28 cars and 8 airplanes.
.
Before trade
Cars Planes

Japan 50 6

Korea 27 7

After trade (use specialize data)

Cars Planes

Japan 80 – 28 = 52 0+8=8

Korea 0 + 28 = 28 16 – 8 = 8

Lấy after trade – before trade của cars và planes sẽ ra số mà từng nước gained
Table 3-9
Barb and Jim run a business that sets up and tests computers. Assume that Barb and Jim can switch
between setting up and testing computers at a constant rate. The following table applies.

Minutes Needed toNumber of Computers

Set Up or Tested in a
40-Hour Week
Set Up 1 Test 1 Computers Computers
Computer Compute Set Up Tested
r
Barb 48 60 50 40
Jim 30 40 80 60

8. Refer to Table 3-9. Barb’s opportunity cost (Nhìn vào output) of testing one computer is setting up
A 4/5 computer and Jim’s opportunity cost of testing one computer is setting up 3/4 computer.
.
B 4/5 computer and Jim’s opportunity cost of testing one computer is setting up 4/3 computers.
.
C 5/4 computers and Jim’s opportunity cost of testing one computer is setting up 3/4 computer.
.
D 5/4 computers and Jim’s opportunity cost of testing one computer is setting up 4/3 computers.
.
Opportunity cost của cái nào thì lấy cái còn lại chia cho cái đó. VD: OC của testing thì lấy
setting up chia cho testing ra 5/4.

Table 3-10
Juanita and Shantala run a business that programs and tests cellular phones. Assume that Juanita and
Shantala can switch between programming and testing cellular phones at a constant rate. The
following table applies.

Minutes Needed to Number of Cellular Phones

Programmed or Tested in a
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 40-Hour Week
Program 1 Test 1 Cellular Phones Cellular Phones
Cellular Phone Cellular Phone Programmed Tested
Juanita 15 2 160 1200
Shantala 10 4 240 600

9. Refer to Table 3-10. The number of minutes needed by Juanita to program a cellular phone is
A 4.
.
B 5.
.
C 7.5.
.
D 15.
.

40 hours lập trình đc 160 phones => 1h lập trình đc 4 phones => 1 phone mất 15p
10. Refer to Table 3-10. Which of the following points would be on Juanita's production possibilities
frontier, based on a 40-hour week?
A (120 cellular phones programmed, 295 cellular phones tested)
.
B (130 cellular phones programmed, 225 cellular phones tested) (130x15 + 225x2 = 2400
. phút)
C (140 cellular phones programmed, 155 cellular phones tested)
.
D Both (a) and (b) would be on Juanita’s production possibilities frontier.
.

Figure 3-6
Maxine’s Production Possibilities Frontier Daisy’s Production Possibilities Frontier

11. Refer to Figure 3-6. Suppose Daisy is willing to trade 3/4 tart to Maxine for each pie that Maxine
makes and sends to Daisy. Which of the following combinations of pies and tarts could Maxine not
then consume, assuming Maxine specializes in making pies and Daisy specializes in making tarts?
(Could not consume tức là tỷ lệ k thõa mãn được trade rate để trao đổi mà consume)
A 4 pies and 6 tarts
.
B 6 pies and 5 tarts (tổng 12 pies, ăn 6 pies, còn 6 cái để trade sang tart với tỷ lệ 1p = ¾
. tart. Tức là 6 pies còn lại sẽ đổi được 4.5 tarts, nhưng nó đòi tận 5 cái thì chịu rồi =((
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 C 8 pies and 3 tarts
.
D 10 pies and 1.5 tarts
.

Figure 3-7
Bintu’s Production Possibilities Frontier Juba’s Production Possibilities Frontier

12. Refer to Figure 3-7. The opportunity cost of 1 cup for Juba is
A 1/6 bowl.
.
B 2/3 bowl. (Opportunity của 6 cups là 4 bowls => OC = 4/6)
.
C 3/2 bowls.
.
D 6 bowls.
.

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13. Refer to Figure 3-7. Bintu has a comparative advantage in the production of (?)
A bowls and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of cups.
.
B cups and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of bowls.
.
C both goods and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of neither gooD.
.
D neither good and Juba has a comparative advantage in the production of both goods.
.

Figure 3-8
Belgium’s Production Possibilities Frontier Latvia’s Production Possibilities Frontier

OC pancakes của Latvia cao hơn => Belgium sẽ specialize pancakes

OC waffles của Belgium cao hơn => Latvia sẽ specialize waffles
14. Refer to Figure 3-8. If Belgium and Latvia each spends all its time producing the good in which it
has a comparative advantage and the countries agree to trade 7 waffles for 5 pancakes, then Belgium
will consume
A 7 waffles and 7 pancakes and Latvia will consume 5 waffles and 5 pancakes.
.
B 7 waffles and 7 pancakes and Latvia will consume 5 waffles and 11 pancakes.
.
C 23 waffles and 7 pancakes and Latvia will consume 5 waffles and 5 pancakes.
.
D 23 waffles and 7 pancakes and Latvia will consume 5 waffles and 11 pancakes.
.

Before trade:
Pancakes Waffles

Belgium 12 0

Latvia 0 12

After trade
Pancakes Waffles

Belgium 12 – 5 = 7 0+7=7

Latvia 5 +0=5 12 – 7 = 5

15. Refer to Figure 3-8. Latvia should specialize in the production of

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A waffles and import pancakes.
.
B pancakes and import waffles.
.
C both goods and import neither good.
.
D neither good and import both goods.
.

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 EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS:

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks with no more than two words

1. Rancher and Farmer can both benefit because trade allows each of them to (1) ---specialized--- in
doing what they do best

(2) –Absolute advantage---- is the ability to produce a good using fewer inputs than another producer
(3) –Comparative advantage---- is the ability to produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another
producer
The principle of comparative advantage establishes that there are gains from specialization and trade, but it
leaves open a couple of related questions: What determines the price at which trade takes place? How are the
gains from trade shared between the trading parties? For both parties to gain from trade, the price at which
they trade must lie between the two (4) –opportunity costs----.
2. Suppose Argentina can produce one kilogram of beef for $2.50 and Brazil can produce one kilogram of
beef for $2.90. Argentina is said to have a(n) (5) ---absolute advantage--- in beef production over Brazil.
3. It is possible for a country to have a comparative advantage in some good and a(n) (6) -absolute
advantage----- in none.
If all countries specialize in the production of goods for which they have a comparative advantage, then the
world output will (7) -increase-----. If opportunity costs are the same in all countries, there is no (8) –
comparative advantage---- and no possibility of (9) -trade-----.

Exercise 2: Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

___T_ 1. Interdependence among individuals and interdependence among nations are both based on the gains from
trade.

___T_ 2. If a person chooses self-sufficiency, then she can only consume what she produces.

___F_ 3. If Wrex can produce more math problems per hour and more book reports per hour than Maxine can, then
Wrex cannot gain from trading math problems and book reports with Maxine.

__T__ 4. It is possible for the U.S. to gain from trade with Germany even if it takes U.S. workers fewer hours to
produce every good than it takes German workers.

__F__ 5. A production possibilities frontier is a graph that shows the combination of outputs that an economy should
(can) produce.

__F__ 6. Production possibilities frontiers cannot (can) be used to illustrate tradeoffs.

Problem 1:
American and Japanese workers can each produce 4 cars a year. An American worker can produce 10
tons of grain a year, whereas a Japanese worker can produce 5 tons of grain a year. To keep things
simple, assume that each country has 100 million workers.
a. For this situation, construct a Production Opportunities table.

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 Tons of Cars/year
grain/year

Japan 5 4

America 10 4

Total Production Opportunities (100 million workers)

Tons of Cars/year
grain/year

Japan 500 million 400 million

America 1 billion 400 million

b. Graph the production possibilities frontier of the American and Japanese economies.
c. For the United States, what is the opportunity cost of a car? Of grain? For Japan, what is the opportunity
cost of a car? Of grain? Put this information in the following Opportunity Cost table.

Opportunity cost of

1 unit of Car 1 ton of Grain

5/4 (1.25 tons of

Japan 4/5 (0.8 car)
grain)

10/4 (2.5 tons of

United States 4/10 (0.4 car)
grain)

d. Which country has an absolute advantage in producing cars? In producing grain?

Input = nhau => so sánh output
Car: no countries have absolute advantage
Grain: America has absolute advantage
e. Which country has a comparative advantage in producing cars? In producing grain?
Car: Japan has …
Grain: US …
f. Without trade, half of each country’s workers produce cars and half produce grain. What quantities of cars
and grain does each country produce?

Tons of Cars/year
grain/year

Japan 500/2 = 250 400 million/2 =

million 200 million

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 America 1 billion/2 = 500 400 million/2 =
million 200 million

g. Starting from a position without trade, give an example in which trade makes each country better off.

Problem 2:
The only two countries in the world, Alpha and Omega, face the following production possibilities
frontiers.

a. Assume that each country decides to use half of its resources in the production of each good. Show
these points on the graphs for each country as point A.
b. If these countries choose not to trade, what would be the total world production of popcorn and
peanuts?
Không trade thì sẽ tự cung tự cấp, dùng một nửa resource cho pop và 1 nửa cho peanut.
⇨ Pop: 75 của Alpha + 150 của Omega = 225
Peanut: 125 + 50 = 175
c. Now suppose that each country decides to specialize in the good in which each has a comparative
advantage. By specializing, what is the total world production of each product now?

Popcorn Peanuts

Alpha 150 250

Omega 300 100

⇨ If specialize:

Popcorn Peanuts

Alpha 0 250(total world

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 production)

Omega 300 (total world 0

production)

d. If each country decides to trade 100 units of popcorn for 100 units of peanuts (Cái nào nhiều hơn thì
trừ đi để trade cho cái ít hơn), show on the graphs the gain each country would receive from trade.
Label these points B.
After trade table:

Popcorn Peanuts

Alpha 0+100 = 100 250-100 = 150

Omega 300–100 = 200 0+100 = 100

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