SSG App C Des Con Guide - pdf2

Approved Version Sewerage Sector Guidance Appendix C
2.1
25 May 2021
2. Access points on sewers and lateral drains should not be laid in enclosed private land. Where this is
not practicable, access points of sewers and lateral drains may be constructed:
a) in shared rear yards or parking areas, provided there is free access at all times;
b) in enclosed shared private areas provided that all those properties served by the sewers have
right of access to the area at all times. Access control systems should include provision for
access by the sewerage company;
c) where the drain or sewer serves ten properties or less, in unfenced gardens; or
d) on sewers serving no more than two properties, provided that access is also possible from the
other property by another access point.
3. The external face of any new sewer or lateral drain should be at least 1.2 m from any building or
structure (e.g., a wall), or a distance equivalent to the depth of the sewer below the foundation,
whichever is greater; except that a sewer or lateral drain with a nominal internal diameter of 150 mm or
less, with an invert level at least 150 mm above the base of the foundation and no more than 1100 mm
deep, and should be greater than 100 mm from the foundations (see Figure B 1).
4. Where it is not possible to comply with B5.1.3 because another building/structure is in such close
proximity that there are no permitted locations, new sewers or lateral drains may be located between
buildings or structures provided that:
a) there is at least 900 mm separating the buildings or structures where a single sewer or lateral
drain is proposed and 1100 mm where dual systems are proposed;
b) the depth of the invert of the sewer or lateral drain below the ground level is no greater than
the distance between the buildings or structures;
c) the sewers or lateral drains have a nominal internal diameter of 150 mm or less;
d) the sewers or lateral drains have an invert level at least 150 mm above the base of the
highest of the foundations of the two buildings;
e) there is at least 350 mm cover above the pipe; and
f) there is at least 100 mm between the pipe wall and the foundations (see Figure B 2).
5. For the purposes of B5.1.3 and B5.1.4, the foundation level of the building or structure with piled
foundations should be taken as:
a) for friction piles (or piles with a combination of friction and end bearing), from the underside of
the capping beam; or
b) for end bearing piles (with no allowance for side friction), the base of the pile.
Note: In B5.1.1, B5.1.3 and B5.1.4, the recommendations are intended to allow sufficient working space
for hand excavation in proximity to the building or structure if repair is necessary in the future.
6. Foul sewers and lateral drains should not be constructed under any building, or any structure except
that they may cross under a boundary wall not greater than 1.8 m high (see B7.4).
7. The minimum depth of cover to the crown of gravity pipes without protection should be as follows:
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a) domestic gardens and pathways without any possibility of vehicular access, 0.35 m;
b) domestic driveways, parking areas and yards with height restrictions to prevent entry by
vehicles with a gross vehicle weight in excess of 7.5 tonnes, 0.5 m;
c) domestic driveways, parking areas and narrow streets without footways (e.g., mews
developments) with limited access for vehicles with a gross vehicle weight in excess of
7.5 tonnes, 0.9 m;
d) agricultural land and public open space, 0.9 m;
e) other highways and parking areas with unrestricted access to vehicles with a gross vehicle
weight in excess of 7.5 tonnes, 1.2 m.
8. Sewers and lateral drains may be laid through arches and other external openings through buildings
or structures provided that they are laid as near to the centre of the opening as possible and:
a) for vehicular entries with a minimum width of 4.0 m and minimum height of arch above ground
level of 2.1 m, the maximum nominal internal diameter of the pipe should be 225 mm with a
maximum depth to invert of the pipe of 2.0 m and the invert should be at least 150 mm above
the foundation level; or
b) for pedestrian access with a minimum width of 0.9 m and minimum height of 2.0 m, the
maximum nominal internal diameter of the pipe should be 100 mm and should comply with
B5.1.4.
9. Sewers or lateral drains may pass through an opening in a property boundary wall provided that
there is an arch or lintelled opening to give at least 50 mm space around the pipe (see B5.1.6).
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Figure B 1
Illustration of the permitted locations of adoptable sewers and
lateral drains in proximity to buildings
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Figure B 2
Illustration of the permitted location of small diameter adoptable sewers and
lateral drains between buildings
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10. The design of landscaping should be undertaken at the same time as the design of the lateral
drains and sewers so that the impact of tree roots on sewers and drains can be considered. A sewer or
lateral drain should not be located closer to trees/bushes/shrubs than the canopy width at mature
height, except where special protection measures are provided, in accordance with B7.6. A tree should
not be planted directly over sewers or where excavation onto the sewer would require removal of the
tree. The following shallow rooting shrubs are generally suitable for planting close to sewers and lateral
drains:
• Berberis candidula; (paleleaf barberry)

• Berberis julianae; (wintergreen barberry)
• Ceanothus burkwoodii; (Californian lilac ‘Burkwoodii’)
• Cotoneaster dammeri; (bearberry cotoneaster)
• Cotoneaster skogholm; (Cotoneaster x suecicus, ‘Skogholm’)
• Cytisus varieties or Sarothamnus; ((common or Scotch) broom)
• Euonymus japonicus; (Japanese spindle)
• Euonymus radicans; Variety of Euonymus (fortune’s spindle or winter creeper)
• Mahonia varieties; can be included in the genus Berberis, most common name is
M. aquifolium (Oregon grape)
• Potentilla varieties; most varieties are types of cinquefoil. Also includes common tormentil,
silverweed and barren strawberry
• Skimmia japonica; (Skimmia)
• Spiraea japonica; (Japanese spirea or Japanese meadowsweet)
• Veronica varieties; (Speedwell)
• Viburnum davidii; (David viburnum)
• Viburnum tinus; (Lauristinus)
11. To minimise the risk of root damage, tree planting should provide good growing conditions.
Guidance can be found in ‘Trees in Hard Landscapes: A Guide for Delivery’.
12. When constructed along the line of a highway, the sewer should be laid in the carriageway and,
where practicable, at least 1m from the kerbline. The external faces of manholes (including any
concrete surround) should be at least 0.5 m from the kerbline. This is to allow any subsequent
excavation for a new connection or a repair to be made without interfering with other services sited in
the footway.
13. Where it is proposed to lay pipes in third-party land, agreement should be obtained from the owner
of the land surface as to acceptable levels of predicted settlement, prior to the construction. The
construction techniques should be selected to ensure that the maximum settlement is within the agreed
limits.
14. Where foul sewers are laid under some types of SuDs components (e.g., a swale or a rill), this can
require decommissioning and reconstruction of the SuDS component if excavation is required to repair
the foul sewer. The layout of both foul sewers and surface water drainage should minimise the length of
foul sewer under SuDs components, for example, by ensuring that any crossings are at as near as
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possible to a right angle and are positioned under narrow SuDS components. Foul sewers should not
be laid under infiltration components. If necessary a short section of an infiltration component may be
modified so that the foul sewer passes through a section where no infiltration takes place.
15. BS EN 752 provides further detail on the design of sewer systems including layout.
B5.2 Access
1. Access points, should be located so that they are accessible and apparent to the sewerage company
at all times for use. They should avoid rear gardens or enclosed locations. Additional access points
may be provided in other locations, as long as access is provided to the system from other access
points, in accordance with the recommendations in B5.2.2 to B5.2.30.
2. Access points, and any inlets to drains or sewers, should be located so as to minimise the risk of
damage to buildings or other critical infrastructure in the event of sewer flooding.
3. Access points and sewers should be sited with due regard to public utility services. An access point
should be built:
a) at every change of alignment or gradient (though this does not exclude the use of a backdrop
at a manhole in accordance with B5.2.27);
b) at the head of all branches;
c) at every junction of two or more public sewers;
d) wherever there is a change in the size of the sewer;
e) at every junction of a public sewer with another sewer serving three or more properties; or
f) at or within 1 m of the property boundary at the upstream end of each lateral drain (preferably
inside the property boundary).
4. Manholes should be provided as the means of access to a pipe where:
a) the depth from cover level to soffit is greater than 3 m; or

b) where the diameter of the largest sewer is greater than or equal to 450 mm DN/ID;
c) where the chamber contains equipment (e.g., penstock or flow control device) that will require
maintenance; or
d) where the chamber serves more than ten properties.
In other locations specified in B5.2.3, the access point may be an inspection chamber.
5. The flow diagram in Figure B3, used in conjunction with the access structure standard details will
ensure that the sewerage system meets the required safety, operational and sustainability standards.
Each junction, change of direction or change of status, is described here as a node. Unless otherwise
required in accordance with B5.2.6, no access is required at a node if it connects less than three
properties and there already is, or will be, sufficient access to carry out sewer maintenance.
6. Where access to a pipe is provided through an inspection chamber, no part of the pipe should be
more than 22.5 m from the adjacent inspection chamber (i.e., the distance between adjacent inspection
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chambers should be no more than 45 m). Where access to a pipe is provided through a manhole, no
part of the pipe should be more than 45 m from the adjacent manhole (i.e., the distance between
adjacent manholes should be no more than 90 m). Where the nearest adjacent node to a manhole is an
inspection chamber, they should be no more than 45 m apart.
7. Manholes should be designed for safe access and egress. The minimum clear opening into any
manhole less than or equal to 3 metres deep to the soffit of the lowest outgoing pipe should be 600 mm
x 600 mm.
8. Inspection chambers should be designed to afford reasonable access for equipment to carry out
testing, inspection and maintenance activities. Inspection chambers should be designed for personnel
working at ground level.
9. Any pipe, and associated access upstream of the point of demarcation, is a private drain and should
be constructed in accordance with the Building Regulations.
10. Figure B 4 to Figure B 17 show typical details of manholes for a variety of depths from cover level to
soffit of pipe up to 6 m, including backdrops. No significant departure from these dimensions should be
made without approval by the sewerage company.
11. In exceptional cases, where access is required at a greater depth than 6 m, the details should be
agreed in advance with the sewerage company.
12. Minimum manhole diameters for Type A, B and C manholes should be in accordance with Table B
1. The minimum diameter should be increased, as necessary, to provide the minimum benching
dimensions specified in Figures Figure B 4 to Figure B 12.
Table B 1
Manhole diameters
Nominal Internal Diameter of Minimum Nominal Internal

Largest Pipe in Manhole (mm) Dimension of Manhole (mm)
Less than 375 1200
375 – 450 1350
500 – 700 1500
750 – 900 1800
Greater than 900 Pipe diameter + 900
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Figure B 3
Access type selection
All depths are from cover level to the soffit of highest outgoing pipe
Start
Site-specific
Is node > 6m deep Yes engineered
solution
No
Type A Access
Is node > 3m deep Yes
(3-6m)
No
Does node serve Type B Access

Yes Is node > 1.5m deep Yes
> 10 properties (< 3m)
No
Site-specific
Is outgoing pipe
Yes engineered
≥ DN/ID450
solution
No
Type C Access
No
(< 1.5m)
Does node serve

Yes
> 3 properties
Type D Access
Yes
(non-entry)
No
Yes
Does node
Type E Access
connect > 2 Yes Is node > 2m deep No
(non-entry)
properties
No
No access
Will access other-
No Yes required at the
wise be available
node
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13. The height of a Type A manhole (benching to slab soffit) should normally be in excess of 2000 mm.
When this is impracticable, Type B manholes are preferred, subject to an absolute minimum height
(benching to slab soffit) of 900 mm.
14. The internal dimensions quoted above are considered to be the minimum. Where two or more pipes
enter the manhole, the internal dimensions should be increased, where necessary, to accommodate
the minimum width of benching. Pipes of different diameters entering manholes should be installed with
soffits at the same level.
15. The dimensions of Type C manholes should be as shown in Figure B 14 or Figure B 15.
16. Figure B 18 to Figure B 25 show typical details of Type D and Type E inspection chambers. No
significant departure from these should be made without approval by the sewerage company.
17. The design of special manholes and other structures should be agreed with the sewerage
company.
18. "In-fill" type covers should not be used unless the developer can demonstrate that the cover can be
safely lifted by two persons using standard lifting keys and that the lateral forces applied by the in-fill
will not deform the cover or frame, causing the cover to become stuck in the frame. Where a cover is
located in an area of block paving, the minimum frame depth should be 150 mm.
19. Covers for manholes and inspection chambers should be in accordance with E2.32 of the Civil
Engineering Specification.
20. Where covers are sited in NRSWA Road Types 0, 1, 2 or 3, the frames of manhole covers should
be bedded using a mortar complying with the requirements of the Design Manual for Roads and
Bridges 4.2 Part 5 HA/104/09 (e.g., a suitable polyester resin bedding mortar).
21. In situations where traffic loading is anticipated to be heavier (e.g., in industrial developments where
large numbers of HGV movements are expected) than would occur on a typical residential estate
distributor road, a cover with a higher specification than BS EN 124 D400 should be used. This should
comprise either a Class E600 cover or a D400 of a type that has been assessed and approved by the
sewerage company as having sufficient additional ruggedness to ensure durability.
22. Unless the chamber is designed to withstand the vertical load acting on it, a precast concrete slab
or in-situ concrete slab, should be provided, to act as a collar to support the cover and frame. The collar
should be separate from the chamber to ensure the loading from the cover and frame is not transferred
to the chamber. The collar itself and the material below the collar should be designed to accommodate
and distribute the loads acting on the collar and into the substrate without resulting in settlement.
23. The first manhole upstream from the connection to the (existing) public sewer should, when
constructed, be fitted with a temporary screen in order to prevent debris entering the public sewer. The
screen should not be removed until immediately prior to the occupation of premises to be served by the
sewer.
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24. Rocker pipes should be provided at entry to, and exits from, manholes when rigid pipes are used.
Their length should be as shown in Table E 13 (see E6.6).
25. Where pipes serving a total of three properties or less connect to a pipe that has a nominal internal
diameter less than or equal to 150 mm, the branch connections should be set so that the soffits of all
the pipes are at the same level. In all other cases, branch connections should be set with the soffit
levels no lower than that of the main pipe and with the invert level of the branch connection at least
50 mm above the invert of the main pipe.
26. The main channel should extend the whole length of the chamber, comprising a half-round section
plus vertical benching from the top edge of the half round section to a height of not less than that of the
soffit of the outlet, where it should be rounded off and sloped upwards to meet the wall of the chamber.
The channel should not bend by more than 90 degrees (including any connecting pipe. Connecting
pipes should be constructed from swept channels (see Figure B 13).
27. Steeper gradients are preferred to the use of backdrops. Where pre-formed manhole or inspection
chamber bases are used, the angular displacement at the joints between the manhole base and the
pipe comply with the requirements of E5.9.4. Where steeper gradients are impractical, backdrops
should be constructed at manholes as shown in Figure B 16 or Figure B 17. Ramped backdrops should
be used for manholes rather than vertical backdrops.
28. Where step rungs and ladders are to be used, the distance from the top rung to the surface should
be a maximum of 675 mm (see E6.7) with a minimum of one course of brickwork. Where ladders are to
be used, they should be positioned relative to the access so that the minimum clear opening is not
obstructed.
29. At the foot of each ladder or set of step rungs, a minimum of 450 mm landing area should be
provided from the outer edge of the step or rung. This may consist of:
a) a single area adjacent to the foot of the ladder or steps; or

b) where the channel is no more than DN450, one area of at least 225 mm adjacent to the foot
of the ladder or steps with the remainder on the other side of the channel.
30. The minimum dimensions of inspection chambers are determined by the entry radius needed by the
equipment as it passes into the pipe (see Figure B 25). The clear opening should, therefore, have a
minimum diameter greater than 50% of the internal diameter of chamber, subject to a minimum of
90 mm.
31. BS EN 752 provides further detail on the design of sewer systems including provision of access.
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Figure B 4
Typical manhole detail – Type A1
Depth from cover level to soffit of pipe 3 m to 6 m with ladder and reducing slab
Rigid material construction without concrete surround
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Figure B 5
Depth from cover level to soffit of pipe 3 m to 6 m with ladder and reducing slab
Rigid material construction with concrete surround
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Figure B 6
Depth from cover level to soffit of pipe 3 m to 6 m with ladder
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Figure B 7
Alternative rigid material construction with concrete surround
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Figure B 8
Flexible material construction
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Figure B 9
Typical manhole detail – Type B
Depth from cover level to soffit of pipe 1.5 m to 3 m
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Figure B 10
Alternative rigid material construction with concrete surround
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Figure B 11
Alternative base detail for Type A and Type B manholes without concrete surround
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Figure B 12
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Figure B 13
Typical arrangement of pipe junctions within manholes
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Figure B 14
Typical manhole detail – Type C
Depth from cover level to soffit of pipe less than 1.5 m
Maximum pipe size 450 mm diameter
Rigid material construction
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Figure B 15
Typical manhole detail – Type C
Depth from cover level to soffit of pipe less than 1.5 m
Maximum pipe size 450 mm diameter
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Figure B 16
Typical vertical and ramped backdrop detail (rigid materials)
For use in manhole types A to D
Note: Steeper gradients are preferred to the use of backdrops.

Type of backdrop to be used to be agreed with the sewerage company.
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Figure B 17
Typical vertical and ramped backdrop detail (flexible materials)
For use in manhole types A to D
Note: Steeper gradients are preferred to the use of backdrops.

Type of backdrop to be used to be agreed with the sewerage company.
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Figure B 18
Typical inspection chamber detail – Type D
Depth from cover level to soffit of pipe up to 3 m
Flexible material construction for use in areas subject to vehicle loading
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Figure B 19
Flexible material construction alternative top details for use in areas of light vehicle loading or
landscaped areas
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Figure B 20
Rigid material construction for use in areas subject to vehicle loading
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Figure B 21
Rigid material construction for use in areas subject to vehicle loading or landscaped areas
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Figure B 22
Typical base layouts for Type D chambers
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Figure B 23
Typical inspection chamber detail – Type E
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Figure B 24
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Figure B 25
B6 RELIABILITY
1. The minimum size for a gravity foul sewer should be:
a) 100 mm nominal internal diameter for ten properties or less; or

b) 150 mm nominal internal diameter for more than ten properties.
2. The minimum nominal internal diameter for a gravity foul lateral drain should be 100 mm.
3. As far as practicable, junctions should be built in for all planned connections when sewers are
constructed to avoid damage to the sewer by installing connections at a later date. Where it is
necessary to make a post-construction connection to a sewer, B6.8 and E5.8 will apply. The upstream
end of any unused connection should be sealed until required.
4. The vertical angle between the connecting pipe and the horizontal should be greater than 0 o and not
more than 60o (see Figure B 26).
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Figure B 26
Connections to sewer
5. Where the connection is being made to a sewer with a nominal internal diameter of 300 mm or less,
connections should be made using 45o angle, or 90o angle curved square junctions (see Figure B 26).
6. Connections made with junction fittings should be made by cutting the existing pipe, inserting the
junction fitting and jointing with flexible repair couplings or slip couplers.
7. Where the connection is being made to a sewer with a nominal internal diameter greater than
300 mm:
a) where the diameter of the connecting pipe is greater than half the diameter of the sewer, the
connection of an access point should be constructed; or
b) where the diameter of the connecting pipe is less than or equal to half the diameter of the
sewer, then the connection should be made using a preformed saddle fitting.
8. Connections made with saddle fittings should be made by cutting and safely removing a core from
the pipe and jointing the saddle fitting to the pipe, in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, to
ensure a watertight joint. The connecting pipe should not protrude into the sewer.
9. To provide a self-cleansing regime within gravity foul sewers, the minimum flow velocity should be
0.75 m per second at one-third design flow. Where this requirement cannot be met, then this criterion
would be considered to be satisfied if:
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a) a 150 mm nominal internal diameter gravity sewer is laid to a gradient not flatter than 1:150
where there are at least ten dwelling units connected; or
b) a sewer or lateral drain with a nominal internal diameter of 100 mm, or a lateral drain serving
ten or less properties is laid to a gradient not flatter than 1:80, where there is at least one WC
connected and 1:40 if there is no WC connected.
10. These parameters should not to be taken as a norm when the topography permits steeper
gradients. Hydraulic studies indicate that these requirements may not necessarily achieve a self-
cleansing regime. When a choice has to be made between gravity sewerage and pumped sewerage,
these criteria should not be regarded as inflexible and the developer should consult the sewerage
company.
B7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND INTEGRITY
1. Buried pipes should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1295-1 and BS 9295.
2. The design of the pipeline should take account of loading from the passage of construction plant as
well as normal design loading.
3. If the depth of cover level to soffit is less than the values recommended in B5.1.7 (unless it can be
demonstrated by structural calculations or other suitable means) one of the following protection
measures should be provided:
a) a concrete slab in accordance with Figure B 27; or

b) a concrete surround with flexible joints in accordance with Figure B 28; or
c) a ductile iron pipe should be used.
4. If, in accordance with B5.1.6, foul sewers and/or lateral drains are constructed under a boundary wall
not greater than 1.8 m high, a lintel should be incorporated into the wall above the pipe, in accordance
with Figure B 29, to prevent loads from the wall being transmitted to the pipe.
5. The structural design of all pipes should take into account the possible incidence of punching shear.
The design should ensure that no vertical load is imposed by structures such as shafts onto non-load
bearing components such as the pipes.
6. Where there is a risk of tree root intrusion (see B5.1.10) the sewer system should be resistant to tree
root ingress (e.g., by use of appropriate barriers or constructed from polyethylene (see E2.23) with
welded joints).
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Figure B 27
Protection of pipes laid at shallow depths
Figure B 28
Joints for encased pipes
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Figure B 29
Protection of pipes penetrating single leaf boundary walls
B8 MATERIALS
1. Materials should comply with the requirements of Part E.
2. Materials and components should comply with the following:
a) the manufacturing process should minimise the use of solvent-based substances that emit
volatile organic compounds or ozone-depleting substances;
b) products should be made from recycled material, where reasonably practicable; and
c) the use and/or creation of substances included in the UK Red List (DoE, 1988) of toxic
substances should be avoided during the manufacturing process.
B9 CONSTRUCTION
1. Construction of the drainage system should comply with the requirements of Part E.
2. The works should be protected, where necessary, from loads imposed by construction plant during
construction.
B10 TESTING
1. Testing of the drainage system should comply with the requirements of Part E.
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B11 PUMPING STATIONS
1. For guidance on the design and construction of pumping stations see Part D.
© 2019 Water UK 50

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Approved Version Sewerage Sector Guidance Appendix C

• Berberis candidula; (paleleaf barberry)

4. Manholes should be provided as the means of access to a pipe where:

a) the depth from cover level to soffit is greater than 3 m; or

Nominal Internal Diameter of Minimum Nominal Internal

Does node serve Type B Access

Does node serve

a) a single area adjacent to the foot of the ladder or steps; or

Note: Steeper gradients are preferred to the use of backdrops.

Note: Steeper gradients are preferred to the use of backdrops.

1. The minimum size for a gravity foul sewer should be:

a) 100 mm nominal internal diameter for ten properties or less; or

B7 STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND INTEGRITY

1. Buried pipes should be designed in accordance with BS EN 1295-1 and BS 9295.

a) a concrete slab in accordance with Figure B 27; or

1. Materials should comply with the requirements of Part E.

2. Materials and components should comply with the following:

B11 PUMPING STATIONS

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