UNIVERSITY OF ECONOMICS – TECHNOLOGY FOR INDUSTRIES

FACULTY OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES

REVIEWS QUESTIONS BRITISH AND

AMERICAN STUDIES

Student: Pham Thu Trang

Date of birth: 04/03/2002

Class: DHNN14A4HN

HANOI, 2024
 REVIEW QUESTIONS
SECTION A: An Overview of the British Studies
UNIT 1: COUNTRY AND PEOPLE
1. Which of the names suggested in this unit for the group of islands off the north-west
coast of Europe do you think would be the best? Can you think of any others?
Lying off the north-west coast of Europe, there are two large islands and hundreds of much
smaller ones. The largest island is called Great Britain. The other large one is called Ireland
(Great Britain and Ireland). From my perspective, “ Great Britain and Ireland’ would be the
best because it covers all the large and smaller islands in terms of geography.
2. Is there the same kind of confusion of and disagreement about names in your country as
there is in Britain and Ireland? How does this happen?
People often refer to Britain by another name. They call it England. But this is not correct, and
its use can make some people angry.
England is only one of the four nations. The others are Scotland, Wales, and Ireland refer to
call British.
3. Think of the well-known symbols and tokens of nationality in your country. Are they the
same types of real-life objects (e.g. plants and clothes) that are used in Britain?
Let’s explore the rich tapestry of national symbols in both Vietnam and Britain. While they
differ in specifics, they share a common thread of cultural significance.

Symbols and tokens of nationality in VIET Symbols and tokens of nationality in

NAM BRITAIN

1. National Flag 1. Union Jack (Union Flag)

- The Vietnamese flag features a bright red - The Union Jack combines the flags of
background with a golden five-pointed star England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland.
at its center. - It represents the unity of the United
- The red symbolizes the bloodshed during the Kingdom.
struggle for liberation, while the yellow
represents the skin color of the majority of
Vietnamese people.
- The golden star represents the five main
classes of society: intellectuals, peasants,
workers, businessmen, and military
personnel
2. National Emblem 2. National Animals
 - The circular emblem of Vietnam features a - Lion: The lion symbolizes courage and
five-pointed golden star framed by rice ears. strength in British heraldry.
- Below the star is half a cogwheel, and the - Unicorn: Scotland’s mythical unicorn is
inscription reads: "Socialist Republic of also part of the royal coat of arms.
Vietnam - The Red Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch) is the
national symbol of Wales.
3. National Anthem 3. National Anthem
- The national anthem, called “Tiến quân ca” - “God Save the Queen” (or “God Save the
(The Song of the Marching Troops), was King” when the monarch is male) is the
composed by musician Văn Cao in 1944. official national anthem.
- Although it has two verses, only the first one
is used officially
4. National Flowers: 4. National Flowers:
- The lotus flower is a cherished symbol of - Rose: The Tudor Rose is England’s
purity, enlightenment, and resilience in national flower.
Vietnamese culture. - Thistle: Scotland’s national flower is the
thistle.
- Leek or Daffodil: Wales celebrates the leek
and the daffodil.
- The oak tree is England’s national tree

In both countries, these symbols evoke history, identity, and pride. While some are tangible
objects like flowers and flags, others carry deeper cultural meanings.
4. In the British government, there are ministers with special responsibility for Scotland,
Wales and Northern Ireland, but there is no minister for England. Why do you think
this is?
In the British parliamentary system, the prime minister is indeed determined by the leader of
the political party that wins the majority of seats in the House of Commons during a general
election. This leader is typically the head of the winning party and becomes the prime
minister. The absence of a specific minister for England does indeed reflect the parliamentary
democracy in which the prime minister's position is determined by party leadership rather
than a direct public vote.
The system of government in the UK places a significant emphasis on political parties, and
the party with the majority of seats in Parliament typically forms the government. As a result,
the prime minister is essentially the leader of the majority party rather than a directly elected
position by the public. This structure is designed to ensure stability and efficiency in
governance, as the prime minister and their cabinet members are accountable to Parliament
rather than directly to the electorate.
While the absence of a specific minister for England may seem notable in comparison to
ministers for Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, it aligns with the overall structure of
 British governance, where the focus is on the party in power rather than specific regional
representation at the ministerial level.

UNIT 2: HISTORY
1. In Britain, as in most countries, history and popular myths are mixed up together. How
many cases can you find in this chapter of stories which are of doubtful historical truth?
In this lesson about British history, I found numerous cases in which there are doubtful
historical truths, such as the purpose of Stonehenge. It was used by the Druidsfor ceremonies
marking the passing of the seasons since it appears to act as an astronomical clock, and it has
always piqued the interest of the British public throughout the prehistory period. Moreover,
the initial substance utilized to construct Hadrian’s Wall astounded me. Turf was used in the
original structure of Hadrian’s Wallbefore it was replaced with stone, perhaps due to limited
access to stone at the time, most of the original construction was built green in turf. In
addition, what surprised me the most was King Alfred. Although he was a dedicated scholar
and was the first English king to write books, he was illiterate (couldn’t read or write) until he
was 12.
In my opinion, the most deserving "national day" in Britain is Christmas. On Christmas Day
in 1066, the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England after
defeating the English at the Battle of Hastings, and the date is regarded as the last time that
England was successfully invaded.
2. At present there is discussion in Britain about the idea of establishing a ‘national day’
(which Britain has never had). National days usually commemorate some important
event in a country’s history. Which event in British history do you think is most worthy
of such commemoration?
In my opinion, the most deserving "national day" in Britain is Christmas. On Christmas Day
in 1066, the Norman leader, Duke William of Normandy, was crowned king of England after
defeating the English at the Battle of Hastings, and the date is regarded as the last time that
England was successfully invaded.
3. How would you describe the changing relations between religion and politics in British
history? Are the changes that have taken place similar to those in your country?
The changing relationship between religion and politics in British history has been
characterized by significant shifts in power dynamics, religious tolerance, and the influence of
various religious institutions on governance. Here's a brief overview of the key changes:
Medieval Period: During the medieval period, particularly in the early Middle Ages, the
Church wielded significant political power in Britain. The Church, specifically the Catholic
Church, played a central role in governance, education, and social life. Monarchs often sought
the approval of the Church for their rule, and the Church had its own courts and legal system.
However, conflicts between monarchs and the Church occasionally arose, such as the dispute
between Henry II and Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury.
 Reformation: The Reformation in the 16th century marked a significant turning point in the
relationship between religion and politics. Henry VIII's break with the Catholic Church and
establishment of the Church of England as the state church shifted power away from the Pope
and centralized authority under the monarch. Subsequent monarchs, particularly Elizabeth I,
sought to balance Protestant and Catholic influences to maintain stability.
Civil War and Interregnum: The English Civil War in the 17th century further transformed the
relationship between religion and politics. The conflict between Parliamentarians and
Royalists, which was partly fueled by religious differences, led to the temporary abolition of
the monarchy and the rise of Puritan influence under Oliver Cromwell's rule during the
Interregnum.
Glorious Revolution: The Glorious Revolution of 1688 marked another significant shift, as
Protestant William III and Mary II ascended to the throne, replacing the Catholic James II.
The event solidified Protestantism as the dominant religious force in British politics and led to
the passage of the Bill of Rights, which limited the powers of the monarchy and affirmed the
rights of Parliament.
Secularization and Religious Pluralism: In modern times, Britain has experienced increasing
secularization and religious pluralism. The influence of the Church of England has
diminished, and Britain has become more diverse religiously, with significant populations of
Catholics, Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and others. This has led to debates over the role of
religion in public life and issues such as religious freedom and equality.
 As for the comparison with Vietnam, there are similarities and differences in the changing
relations between religion and politics:
Vietnam’s State-Religion Relationship:
In Vietnam, religion has been crucial for nation-building. Feudal states historically supported
religious development and used religious values for governance.
In the current context of international integration, the state-religion relationship is more
complex and politically sensitive.
Vietnam’s religious landscape includes various world religions and indigenous folk beliefs,
reflecting its multi-religious and multi-ethnic nature.
Vietnam’s Recent Changes:
Since the 1986 Renovation (Đổi Mới), Vietnam has emphasized religious freedom and
diversity. Resolution No. 24/NQ-TW affirmed the right to choose and believe in faith and
religion.
Spirituality remains a resource in Vietnam’s struggle for independence, reunification, and
socialist construction.
While there are similarities in the changing dynamics of religion and politics, each country’s
unique historical context shapes these relationships differently. Both Britain and Vietnam
grapple with balancing tradition, diversity, and secularization in their evolving societies
4. Britain is unusual among European countries in that, for more than 300 years now,
there has not been a single revolution or civil war. Why do you think this is?
 There are a few key reasons why Britain has avoided major revolutions or civil wars for over
300 years:
1. Political stability and evolution of the monarchy-parliament relationship:
The passage states that during the 18th century, "Monarch and Parliament got on quite well
together." It describes how the gradual evolution of power between the monarchy and
parliament, rather than violent conflict, led to the establishment of the modern democratic
system.
2. Gradual reform vs. radical revolution:
The passage notes that "middle-class religious conviction, together with a belief that reform
was better than revolution, allowed reforms in public life" during the 19th century. This
emphasis on gradual reform over radical revolution helped maintain political stability.
3. Lack of major social upheaval:
Compared to much of Europe, Britain experienced relatively less social upheaval during this
period, with the passage stating that the 18th century was "politically stable" and the early
20th century saw the resolution of "un-British" extremism.
4. Evolution of the party system:
The formation of the Whig and Tory political parties in the 18th century, which the passage
describes as the "beginning of the party system in Britain," provided an institutional
framework for managing political differences.
In summary, the combination of an evolving monarchy-parliament relationship, a reformist
rather than revolutionary approach, relative social stability, and the development of the party
system all contributed to Britain avoiding major violent upheavals over the past three
centuries, unlike many of its European counterparts. The passage suggests this was an unusual
and notable aspect of British political history.

UNIT 3: GEOGRAPHY
1. How is the pattern of human settlement in your country different from that in Britain?
 Similarities:
- Densely Populated Big Cities: Both Vietnam and Britain have major cities with high
population densities. Cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam and London,
Manchester, and Birmingham in Britain are hubs of economic activity, culture, and population
concentration.
- Sparsely Populated Highlands or Mountainous Areas: Both countries have regions
characterized by rugged terrain and lower population densities. In Vietnam, mountainous
areas such as the Central Highlands and the northern mountain ranges have fewer inhabitants
 compared to the lowland areas. Similarly, in Britain, regions like the Scottish Highlands and
the Welsh mountains have lower population densities compared to urban areas.
 Differences:
- Rural vs. Urban Population Distribution: As you mentioned, the distribution of the population
between rural and urban areas is a significant point of difference. In Vietnam, the majority of
the population resides in rural areas, including villages and the countryside, accounting for
almost 60% of the total population. In contrast, in Britain, the majority of the population lives
in urban areas, including cities and towns, with approximately 80% of the population residing
in these urban centers.
- Economic Structure and Development: The differences in population distribution between
rural and urban areas are influenced by the economic structure and development level of each
country. In Vietnam, agriculture remains a significant sector, employing a large portion of the
rural population. In contrast, Britain has undergone extensive industrialization and
urbanization, leading to the concentration of economic activities, employment opportunities,
and population in urban centers.
- Government Policies and Urbanization: Government policies and urban planning initiatives
also contribute to the differences in population distribution. Vietnam has been experiencing
rapid urbanization in recent decades, driven by industrialization, economic growth, and
government-led development initiatives. In contrast, Britain has a more established urban
infrastructure and planning system, reflecting historical urbanization patterns and economic
development.
- Overall, while Vietnam and Britain share similarities in the presence of densely populated
cities and sparsely populated mountainous areas, the distribution of the population between
rural and urban areas reflects distinct economic, social, and historical factors in each country.
2. Does the capital city of your country stand in the same relation to the rest of the
country as London does to Britain?
In my point of view, the capital city of Vietnam, which is Hanoi, does have a significant role
similar to London's role in the United Kingdom.
Here are some similarities in the roles of Hanoi and London
Political Center: Both Hanoi and London serve as the political centers of their respective
countries. They are where the government institutions are located, decisions are made, and
national policies are formulated.
Cultural and Historical Significance: Hanoi and London are rich in cultural and historical
heritage. They are home to numerous historical landmarks, museums, and cultural institutions
that reflect the country's past and identity.
Economic Hub: London and Hanoi are important economic centers. They attract business
activities, investments, and have strong financial sectors that contribute significantly to the
national economy.
Global Influence: Both cities have international significance and influence. London is a global
financial hub and a major player in world politics, while Hanoi plays a crucial role in
Southeast Asia and has diplomatic relations with many countries worldwide.
While there are similarities in their roles, it is important to note that there are also differences
in terms of size, population, historical background, and specific functions within their
respective countries.
3. In modern times, London is expanding towards the east. Can you see any problems
with expanding in this particular direction?
Britain has neither towering mountain ranges nor impressively large rivers, plains, or forests.
The scenery changes noticeably over quite short distances. Overall, the south and east of the
country are comparatively low-lying, consisting of either flat plains or gently rolling hills.
Expanding towards the east may encroach on green spaces and wildlife habitats, leading to
environmental degradation. Increased pollution and waste generation may strain existing
resources and infrastructure. The existing transportation infrastructure may not be well-
equipped to handle the increased demand that comes with expansion, leading to congestion
and delays. Building new transportation links to the eastern areas may be costly and time-
consuming.
4. People sometimes say that London is not at all typical of the rest of Britain. On the
basis of the information given in chapter 3 of Britain, do you think this is true? Does the
capital city of your country stand in the same relation to the rest of the country as
London does to Britain?
In my opinion, this is wrong because:
London is often at all typical compared to the rest of Britain due to several factors:
Size and Population: London is significantly larger and more densely populated than most
other cities in the UK, giving it a distinct urban character.
Diversity: London is a melting pot of cultures, languages, and backgrounds, making it more
diverse than many other parts of the country.
Economic Hub: London serves as the economic and financial center of the UK, with a
concentration of businesses, industries, and job opportunities not found to the same extent
elsewhere.
Cultural Influence: London's rich history, arts scene, and landmarks set it apart as a cultural
hub with global influence.
 Relation of Capital Cities to their Countries:
Capital cities often differ from the rest of the country in various ways, similar to London's
relationship with the UK:
Economic Disparities: Capital cities tend to have higher incomes and more economic
opportunities compared to other regions within their countries.
Cultural Centers: Capital cities often attract cultural events, institutions, and diverse
populations, shaping them into cultural hubs.
Political Influence: Capital cities are usually the political centers of their countries, hosting
government institutions and decision-making bodies.
In my point of view, While Hanoi, like London, holds political importance as the capital city
of Vietnam, it may not exhibit the same level of economic dominance or cultural diversity
compared to the rest of the country as London does in relation to Britain. Each capital city has
its unique characteristics and relationship with the rest of the country, shaped by historical,
economic, and cultural factors. In summary, while London's atypicality compared to the rest
of Britain is often noted, Hanoi, as the capital city of Vietnam, shares some similarities in
terms of political significance but differs in terms of economic and cultural influence
compared to London's relationship with Britain.
5. Are the stereotypes of the north and south of England and their inhabitants similar to
the images of the north and south of your country?
The stereotypes associated with the north and south of England are not directly comparable to
those of the north and south of Vietnam. While both regions have distinct characteristics and
cultural differences, the nature of these differences and the associated stereotypes are unique
to each country. Here are some general points to consider:
England:
North of England: In England, the north is often stereotyped as being more industrial,
working-class, and having a stronger regional identity. People from the north are sometimes
portrayed as friendly, straightforward, and having a distinct accent. There might also be
perceptions of a more traditional way of life and a stronger sense of community.
South of England: The south is often associated with wealth, a higher cost of living, and a
more cosmopolitan lifestyle. The south is seen as more affluent, containing London and other
major cities, with a greater influence on national politics and the economy. There might also
be stereotypes of people from the south being more reserved or posh.
Vietnam:
North of Vietnam: The north of Vietnam is often seen as the cultural and political heartland of
the country. It is associated with historical sites such as Hanoi, the capital city, and a strong
connection to Vietnamese traditions. Stereotypically, people from the north are considered
more reserved, traditional, and focused on preserving cultural heritage.
 South of Vietnam: The south of Vietnam, particularly Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), is
known for its vibrant economy, bustling urban life, and openness to foreign influences. The
region is often perceived as more dynamic, entrepreneurial, and modern. People from the
south may be stereotyped as more outgoing, business-oriented, and adaptable to change.
It's important to note that stereotypes are generalizations and do not accurately represent the
diversity and complexity of individuals within these regions. People from both the north and
south of England and Vietnam encompass a wide range of attitudes, beliefs, and lifestyles.
Stereotypes can perpetuate biases and should be approached with caution, as they often
oversimplify and reinforce cultural assumptions.
6. Are the different stereotype reputations of north and south in England similar to those
in your own country?
The different stereotype reputations of the north and south in England are not directly
comparable to those in Vietnam. While both countries have regional differences and
associated stereotypes, the nature of these stereotypes and the specific characteristics
attributed to each region can vary significantly. Here are some key points to consider:
England
North of England: The north of England is often associated with stereotypes such as being
more industrial, having a stronger regional identity, and a distinct accent. There might be
perceptions of friendliness, straightforwardness, and a traditional way of life. These
stereotypes have historical and cultural roots, shaped by factors like industrial heritage and
regional pride.
South of England: The south of England is often stereotyped as more affluent, cosmopolitan,
and having a higher cost of living. It is associated with London and other major cities, with
perceptions of greater influence on national politics and the economy. Stereotypes may
include being more reserved or posh. These stereotypes are influenced by factors such as
economic disparities and the concentration of political and financial power in the south.
Vietnam:
North of Vietnam: The north of Vietnam is often seen as the cultural and political heartland of
the country. It is associated with historical sites, a strong connection to Vietnamese traditions,
and a more reserved demeanor. Stereotypically, people from the north may be considered
more traditional, conservative, and focused on preserving cultural heritage. These stereotypes
are influenced by historical factors, including the establishment of the capital in the north and
the influence of Confucian values.
South of Vietnam: The south of Vietnam, particularly Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon), is
known for its vibrant economy, bustling urban life, and openness to foreign influences. It is
associated with dynamism, entrepreneurialism, and adaptability to change. Stereotypically,
people from the south may be perceived as more outgoing, business-oriented, and progressive.
These stereotypes are influenced by factors such as economic development, urbanization, and
historical influences from international trade.
While there are some broad similarities in terms of regional stereotypes, it's important to note
that the specific characteristics and perceptions associated with the north and south in England
 and Vietnam are shaped by unique historical, cultural, and socio-economic factors.
Stereotypes can be oversimplifications and do not capture the full diversity and complexity of
individuals and communities within these regions.

UNIT 4: INSTITUTIONS
1. How is the House of Lords different from the House of Commons in Britain?
The UK Parliament operates a two-House system. Both Houses make laws, check the work of
the government and debate issues.
The Commons consists of 650 MPs (Members of Parliament) who are elected by the public.
Each MP represents one constituency (a small part of the country). The Prime Minister and
members of the government's opposition work in the Commons. The Commons alone is
responsible for making decisions about money, like new tax laws.
The Lords is the second chamber of Parliament. It is made up of about 780 members who are
not elected. Some people inherit their status of Lord from their family (about 92 members of
the Lords). Others are chosen specifically by the Prime Minister because they are experts in
their field.
2. What are the Queen’s functions?
Queen Elizabeth, as the head of the Monarchy, are constituents of the legislative authority.
The legislative body is often referred to as the Queen in Parliament.
Each new session of Parliament is opened by the Queen. Similarly, before a general election,
the Queen formally dissolves the Parliament. In addition, the queen uses the Privy Council to
issue orders and proclamations.
The Queen has a special connection with the Prime Minister of the UK. Besides having the
extraordinary power to appoint a prime minister, the Queen is expected to discuss often
various significant issues with the prime minister.
Once the results of a general election are declared, the Queen invites the leader of the majority
party (the one which has won the maximum number of seats) in the House of Commons to
form the government. The leader is also invited to become the prime minister.
3. Who can vote in elections in Britain?
The right to vote in elections has gradually been extended to virtually every British subject
over IS who is resident in Britain (members of the Royal Family and lunatics are not allowed
to vote). People vote for any one of the candidates in the constituency in which they are
registered.
4. How often are General Elections held?
General elections must be held at least every five years, but the Prime Minister has the right to
call elections before the five-year term has expired. Nowadays, the electorate often votes for a
particular party leader rather than the party itself, so Government leaders try to hold elections
at moments of particular popularity. It's also worth mentioning that elections for the devolved
parliaments and assemblies in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland, as well as local
 elections, may be held separately and have their election cycles, which can vary from the
timing of the general elections.
e.g. Mrs. Thatcher after her victory in the Falklands War.
5. By whom are the wide powers of patronage held?
The wide powers of patronage held by the Prime Minister and the strong party system,
together with certain constitutional hangovers from the past, have given the Government
immense power.
6. Are the different stereotype reputations of north and south in England similar to those
in your own country?
The stereotype reputations associated with different regions within a country can vary widely
and are shaped by various factors, including history, culture, geography, and socio-economic
differences. While it is difficult to compare specific stereotypes between different countries
like England and Vietnam, it is not uncommon for regional stereotypes to exist in many
nations.
In the United Kingdom, including England, there are some stereotypes associated with
different regions. For example, there is a common stereotype that people from the north of
England are perceived as down-to-earth, friendly, and having a distinct accent, while those
from the south may be viewed as more sophisticated, posh, and having a different accent.
These stereotypes, however, should be taken with caution, as they are generalizations and do
not represent the diversity and individuality of people within these regions.
Similarly, in Vietnam, there are regional stereotypes that exist. For instance, people from the
northern region might be seen as more conservative, traditional, and reserved, while people
from the southern region might be perceived as more outgoing, entrepreneurial, and open-
minded. These stereotypes do not apply to every individual and are subject to individual
variation.

UNIT 5: EDUCATION
1. Are the main topics of debate around education in Britain the sar as they are in your
country? If not, how are they different?
The main education debates in Britain seem to differ somewhat from those in Vietnam
Debates about education in Britain centre around three matters.
Quality - There is a perception that British students do not learn enough or acquire sufficient
literacy/numeracy skills compared to other European countries. There are concerns about
teacher shortages, large class sizes, and "grade inflation".
Social justice/equality of opportunity - There is an obsession with ensuring equal educational
opportunities regardless of socioeconomic background. Policies like comprehensive schools
and affirmative action for disadvantaged students in university admissions stem from this.
 Freedom of choice - There is a strong belief in allowing choice for parents in terms of which
schools their children attend, limiting how much the national curriculum can dictate, and
providing autonomy to educational institutions.
Some key education debates more specific to Vietnam may include:
Access and quality issues in rural vs. urban areas
Impacts of the Doi Moi economic reforms on education financing/privatization
Integration of ethnic minority groups and differing regional curricula
Meeting demands for skilled labor as Vietnam's economy develops
Influence of Confucian educational philosophy vs. more modern approaches.
2. Is school uniform more or less common in Britain than it is in your country?
In my opinion, School uniforms are more common in Britain than they are in Vietnam. In
Britain, the tradition of school uniforms is deeply ingrained in the education system, and the
majority of schools, especially in the state sector, require students to wear uniforms. These
uniforms typically consist of specific clothing items such as blazers, ties, shirts, skirts, or
trousers, often with the school's logo or colors.
In Vietnam, while some schools may have uniforms, they are generally less prevalent
compared to Britain. The wearing of school uniforms is not as standardized across the
country, and there is more variation in terms of dress code policies among different schools.
Some schools may have informal guidelines regarding dress, but formal uniforms are less
common, especially in rural or remote areas.
Overall, the culture and tradition of school uniforms are more established in Britain, where
they are seen as a symbol of identity, discipline, and equality among students. In Vietnam,
while uniforms may still be present in some schools, they are not as widespread or
standardized across the education system.
3. What would you say are the successes and failures of the British educational system?
What things, if any, does it appear to do well and what areas does it seem to neglect or
do badly in?
The British educational system has both successes and areas that could be considered as
failures or areas for improvement. Here are some aspects that are often discussed in relation to
the system:
Successes:
Historical Reputation: The British educational system has a long-standing reputation for
excellence, particularly in areas such as higher education. Institutions such as the University
of Oxford and the University of Cambridge are globally recognized for their academic rigor
and research contributions.
Standardized Examinations: The system employs standardized examinations, such as GCSEs
(General Certificate of Secondary Education) and A-levels (Advanced Level), which provide
a clear framework for assessing students' knowledge and skills. These qualifications are
widely accepted and respected, facilitating university admissions and employment
opportunities.
 Global Attractiveness: The British educational system attracts international students from
around the world, contributing to the economy and cultural diversity. Institutions like Oxford,
Cambridge, and other universities are sought after by international students for their quality
education.
Areas for Improvement or Failures:
Socioeconomic Disparities: There are concerns about inequalities in access to quality
education, with variations in educational outcomes based on socioeconomic background.
Students from disadvantaged backgrounds often face challenges in terms of resources,
support, and opportunities.
Curriculum and Skills Gap: Critics argue that the curriculum may not always align with the
demands of the modern world. There's a growing emphasis on the need for more practical
skills, such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and digital literacy, which some argue are
not adequately addressed.
Standardized Testing Pressure: The focus on standardized testing can create a high-pressure
environment for students, leading to concerns about mental health and well-being. The
system's heavy reliance on exam results for university admissions and future prospects can
result in intense competition and stress.
Lack of Vocational Education: The British educational system has traditionally been more
academically oriented, with less emphasis on vocational education. This can lead to a neglect
of practical and technical skills that are valuable in various industries.
It's worth noting that the British educational system is complex and multifaceted, and these
points are general observations. Different perspectives exist, and ongoing efforts are being
made to address the areas in need of improvement and build upon the system's strengths.
4. From what you have read about British schools, would you like to (have) go(ne) to
school in Britain?
It seems to me that I like to go to school in Britain because Britain is home to some of the
world's oldest and most prestigious educational institutions, such as Oxford and Cambridge.
Attending school in Britain could provide access to renowned universities and a rich academic
tradition. British schools often embrace cultural diversity and offer a wide range of academic
programs and extracurricular activities. Students may have the opportunity to interact with
peers from different backgrounds and engage in diverse learning experiences.

UNIT 6: FESTIVAL AND HOLIDAYS

1. Why have traditional British holidays become less popular in the last 50 years? Is the
modern pattern of British holidaymaking the same as it is for people in your country?
In the past, two traditional types of holidays in Britain were seaside holidays and holiday
camp. Since the last quarter of the 20thcentury, both 2 types of holidays have lost its
popularity. Due to the increase in the number of car-ownership, people are encouraged to take
caravan holidays. Also, the 20thcenturyalso saw a burst of foreign tourism. In 1987, British
people took 20 million foreign holidays. Holiday making in my country is radically different
 from that of Britain. British people mostly enjoypackage foreign trips, hiking, “working”
holidays or fruit picking. In contrast, people in VietNam like to travel ingroups of friends or
family members. Backpacking is also popular among youngsters in recent years.
2. What aspects of Christmas in Britain, and the customs associated with it, are different
from those in your country?
Christmas is an important part of British culture while it is not as important in Vietnam. At
Christmas, people in Britain buy Christmas trees and decorate them, which is a tradition
importedfrom Germany in 19th century. They put up decorations around with many certain
symbols of Christmassuch as bits of the holly, mistletoe plants and the received Christmas
cards. People send out Christmascards to their friends and families. Christmas carols are sung
everywhere in churches and schools. Children usually put a sock at the foot of their beds,
hoping Santa Claus would come down the chimneys and fill it up with presents. Christmas is
considered a chimney andime. People gather and have Christmas dinners and listen to the
Queen’s Christmas message on TV. Most families put wrapped up presents around or under
theChristmas trees and open them up some time on Christmas day.
In Vietnam, where Buddism reigns, Christmas does not share the same significance. People
can still feelChristmas in the air from the decorations of lights and paintings from commercial
shops and stores. Christmas carols are played repeatedly in coffee shops all day Rather than a
religious occasion, Vietnamese people regard Christmas as an excuse for friends to go outand
have fun. On the 24th of December, people usually go to churches to get a Christmasy feeling.
Othertraditions such as sending out Christmas cards or giving presents are not commonly seen
here in Vietnam.
3. In Britain, you are generally considered to be unfortunate if your birthday is in the
second half of December. Why?
In Britain, some people consider it unfortunate to have a birthday in the last half of December
because it can often be overshadowed by the holiday season, particularly Christmas and New
Year's. During this time, many people are busy with holiday preparations and celebrations, so
it can be challenging to have a birthday celebration that receives the same level of attention
and focus. Additionally, some individuals may feel that their birthday gifts and festivities are
combined with holiday gifts and events, which can make their special day feel less distinct.
4. There is a science fiction story in which beings from outer space fly over Britain one
night and conclude that planet earth is full of barbaric, cruel people. Which night was
it?
The science fiction story you are referring to is "The Earth Stood Still" by Harry Bates,
published in 1938. In this story, a group of aliens from outer space fly over Britain one night
and observe the behavior of humanity. They witness an act of violence and conclude that
Earth is inhabited by barbaric and cruel beings.
SECTION B: An Overview of the American Studies
UNIT 1: COUNTRY AND PEOPLE
1. What are Americans like? What do Americans like?
"Most Americans take pride in the great variety found in the country's geography and
population." This diversity is seen as a source of pride. Americans are described as having an
"obsession with promptness and efficiency", wearing watches, not liking to waste time, and
making every moment count. Americans are accused of being "materialistic" and valuing
wealth, money and possessions highly, both as symbols of success and for their purchasing
power. Significant cultural, linguistic, culinary and attitudinal differences are noted across the
various regions of the United States.
The key characteristics ascribed to Americans are a value placed on diversity yet also a shared
obsession with time/efficiency, materialism, directness, competitiveness, practicality, and
recognizable regional differences. The portrait is of a pridefully diverse but also impatient,
wealth-oriented people.
Americans are often described as independent and individualistic, valuing personal freedom
and individual rights. They have a strong belief in equality and fairness, and they strive for
equal opportunities for all. Informality is common in American culture, and people tend to
address each other by their first names, regardless of their social status. Americans are known
for their optimism, enthusiasm, and can-do attitude. They value hard work, achievement, and
materialism, and they often associate success with wealth and possessions. Directness is
appreciated in American communication, and people tend to express their opinions openly.
2. Why is the U.S. called “a land of diversity”?
The United States is often referred to as "a land of diversity" due to several key factors as:
Geographical Diversity: The country spans over 3.7 million square miles and encompasses a
wide range of geographical features, including mountains, plains, deserts, forests, and
coastlines. This diverse geography contributes to variations in climate and landscapes across
different regions of the country.
Population Diversity: With a population of approximately 275 million people, the United
States is home to individuals from various ethnic, cultural, and racial backgrounds. The
population consists of individuals with diverse ancestries, including European, African, Asian,
Hispanic, and Native American heritage.
Cultural Diversity: The United States is characterized by its rich cultural tapestry, influenced
by the traditions, languages, cuisines, and customs brought by immigrants from around the
world. Regional differences in language, diet, recreation, and attitudes contribute to the
cultural diversity observed within the country.
Historical Immigration: Throughout its history, the United States has been a destination for
immigrants seeking economic opportunities, freedom, and refuge from persecution. Waves of
immigration from Europe, Asia, Latin America, and other regions have contributed to the
nation's cultural and ethnic diversity.
Social and Economic Diversity: The United States is marked by socio-economic diversity,
with variations in income levels, education, occupation, and lifestyle observed among its
population. The country's commitment to equality of opportunity and the American Dream —
 a belief in the possibility of achieving success through hard work — has attracted individuals
from diverse backgrounds.
3. Do Americans think that it’s good to be honest? What do you think?
Americans believe that “honesty is the best policy.” They are direct and assertive. They ask
for what they want. In many cultures, respect for those in positions of authority keeps people
from expressing their true feelings or intentions. In the U.S.A., However, it's essential to
acknowledge that individual attitudes toward honesty can vary. While honesty is generally
promoted and valued, there may be instances where individuals prioritize other values or
goals over honesty. Additionally, cultural norms and personal experiences can influence an
individual's perspective on honesty.
For me, I can recognize the importance of honesty in fostering trust, maintaining integrity, and
building strong interpersonal relationships. In many contexts, honesty is indeed considered a
fundamental virtue that contributes to ethical behavior and social cohesion.
4. Why is English, rather than French or Spanish, the major language of the U.S.?
The dominance of English in the United States can be attributed to several historical, political,
and cultural factors:
English colonization began in the early 17th century with the founding of Jamestown in 1607
and the Pilgrims' arrival in Plymouth in 1620. These English colonies eventually grew and
formed the foundation of what would become the United States. About 75% of these first
Americans were of mostly British ancestry;
The restman, Dutch, French, Swiss, and Spanish. The British gave the new nation its
language, laws, and philosophy of governmen. As a result, English became the predominant
language spoken in the region.
The thirteen colonies were under British rule until the American Revolution in the late 18th
century. During this time, English culture, institutions, and language were firmly established.
The legal and educational systems were based on English models, further solidifying the use
of English.
After gaining independence from Britain, the new nation continued to use English as its
primary language. The Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution were written in
English, and the Anglo-American political and legal traditions were firmly entrenched.
The United States is geographically separated from Spanish-speaking countries by large
distances and natural barriers such as oceans and deserts. This isolation limited direct contact
and interaction with Spanish-speaking nations compared to English-speaking colonies and
territories.
While Spanish and French were spoken in parts of the territory that would become the United
States (such as Florida, Louisiana, and the Southwest), the massive waves of immigration in
the 19th and 20th centuries primarily came from English-speaking countries like Britain,
Ireland, and Germany. This further reinforced the dominance of English.
English became the language of commerce, industry, and trade in the United States. As the
U.S. grew economically and established itself as a global power, English became increasingly
important for international communication and business.
 English-language media, literature, and entertainment produced in the United States have had
a significant global impact, further promoting the use and spread of English.
5. What three main situations have brought immigrants to the U.S.?
Immigrants have been drawn to the United States for various reasons throughout its history,
but three main situations stand out:
Economic Opportunities: One of the primary reasons for immigration to the United States has
been the pursuit of better economic prospects. Germans came to escape economic and
political difficulties. Many immigrants sought to escape poverty, unemployment, and limited
opportunities in their home countries in search of a better life for themselves and their
families. The promise of jobs, land ownership, and upward mobility in the United States
attracted millions of immigrants, particularly during periods of economic growth and
industrialization.
Escape from Persecution and Conflict: Another significant driver of immigration to the United
States has been the desire to escape persecution, violence, and political turmoil in their home
countries. Many of those from Russia, Romania, and Poland were Jews fleeing religious
persecution. Throughout history, waves of immigrants have fled religious, ethnic, and political
persecution, as well as war and armed conflict. These immigrants sought refuge and safety in
the United States, where they hoped to find freedom, tolerance, and a chance to rebuild their
lives without fear of oppression or discrimination.
Family Reunification: Family reunification has been a major factor in immigration to the
United States, with many immigrants seeking to join family members who had already settled
in the country. Family ties and the desire to be reunited with loved ones have motivated
countless individuals to immigrate to the United States, often through family-sponsored visa
programs and petitions. This trend continues to shape immigration patterns, as families seek
to remain together and support each other in their new lives in the United States.
These three main situations—economic opportunities, escape from persecution and conflict,
and family reunification—have played significant roles in shaping the history and diversity of
immigration to the United States.
6. Where have most of today's foreign-born U.S. residents come from?
15 here's a statistical snapshot of the foreign-born population in the U.S. today:
About 10% of the U.S. population is foreign-born.
Most foreign-born residents are Hispanics or Asian/Pacific Islanders.
About 7 million (28%) of today’s foreign-born residents come from Mexico. That's the largest
foreign-born population from a single country in U.S. history.
- The five states with the largest foreign-born populations are California, New York, Florida,
New Jersey, and Texas. California is home to about one-third of the nation's foreign-born
residents, who make up about 28% of the state's population.
How are immigrants doing in this "land of opportunity"? In 1996, the poverty rate for foreign-
born citizens was 10%. That figure was lower than the poverty rate for American-born
citizens, which was almost 13%. However, foreign-born noncitizens had a poverty rate of
almost 27%.
7. Why has it become more difficult for an illegal alien to get a job?
Finding a good job in this highly technological nation is another challenge because,
governments, particularly in the United States, have been tightening regulations to discourage
illegal immigration and protect the job opportunities of citizens and legal residents.
Employers face penalties for hiring undocumented workers, including fines and legal
sanctions. Therefore, many businesses have become more cautious about verifying the legal
status of their employees to avoid legal repercussions. This often involves more stringent
background checks and documentation requirements during the hiring process, making it
harder for illegal aliens to secure employment.
Furthermore, advancements in technology have enabled better monitoring and verification of
individuals' immigration status, making it more challenging for undocumented individuals to
slip through the cracks and obtain employment illegally.
Additionally, concerns about national security, economic impact, and fairness in the labor
market have led to increased scrutiny and enforcement of immigration laws, further
complicating the job search for illegal aliens.
Overall, a combination of legal, technological, and societal factors has contributed to the
increased difficulty for illegal aliens to find employment.
8. What are contributions of immigrants to the U.S.?
Immigrants have made many valuable contributions to the United States in various areas:
Industrial development: Germans, Scandinavians, and Poles helped turn wilderness into
farmland. Scandinavians and Canadians developed the lumber industry. Chinese and Irish
laborers built the first transcontinental railroad.
Skills and businesses: The Swiss brought clock-making and cheese-making. The English had
horse/cattle/sheep handling skills. Greeks, Italians, Portuguese, and Spanish grew citrus fruits
and grapes. Italians started the wine industry.
Culture and traditions: Immigrants brought their political/social theories, religions, academic
traditions, holidays, festivals, sports, arts, hobbies, and foods which enriched American
culture.
Foods: The Dutch taught Americans to make waffles and donuts. Germans brought
hamburgers and sausages. Italians introduced pizza, spaghetti, etc. Americans enjoy foods
from many immigrant cultures.
Other contributions: Germans introduced Christmas trees, kindergartens, and orchestras.
Dutch brought ice skating, bowling, golf, and tulips. French brought elegant cooking and
dancing. Italians contributed painting, sculpture, architecture.
The U.S. is prosperous largely because it is "a nation of immigrants" who have enriched the
country with their skills, talents, ideas and hard work over generations.

UNIT 2: HISTORY
1. What decision by the British Parliament helped the cause of American independence,
and how?
 A key decision by the British Parliament that helped spur the cause of American independence
was when "Parliament exempted the tea of the nearly bankrupt British East India Company
from import duties, numerous merchants throughout the colonies were threatened with
bankruptcy, and colonial opinion united against the British."
This led to the famous Boston Tea Party protest in 1773, where American Patriots boarded
ships and threw British tea into the Boston harbor in defiance of the tax exemption for the
East India Company. "Parliament reacted to this 'act of vandalism' by closing Boston harbor,"
which further escalated tensions between the colonies and Britain. This sequence of events
over the tea tax helped unite colonial opposition against British rule and was a major
contributing factor leading to the American Revolution and Declaration of Independence in
1776.
2. What was the prime cause of the American Civil War?
The prime cause of the American Civil War was the issue of slavery and its expansion into
new states and territories. Specifically, it states:
"The problem of slavery was first raised over the status of Missouri when it was admitted into
the Union in 1821. The anti-slavery movement gained tremendous support and political
divisions over slavery in the Whig and Democratic parties led to the formation of the
Republican Party whose main principle was opposition to the extension of slavery."
When the Republican Abraham Lincoln was elected President in 1860, several Southern
slave-holding states seceded from the Union forming the Confederacy "with a constitution
based on slavery." The passage makes it clear that the disagreement over allowing slavery to
expand into new states and territories was the central issue that led to the outbreak of the Civil
War between the Northern Union states and the Southern Confederate states in 1861.
3. What was America’s original policy during World War I?
America's original policy during World War I was one of strict neutrality. It states:
"America was determined to stay out of the First World War and adopted a policy of strict
neutrality."
However, it goes on to say that America's neutrality was challenged by certain events:
"However, attacks on passenger ships by German submarines and the discovery of a German
plot to involve Mexico in war with the United States led Congress to declare war on Germany
in April 1917."
So while America initially tried to remain neutral and stay out of WWI, it ultimately ended up
entering the war against Germany in 1917 after the attacks on American ships and the
revelation of the German plot involving Mexico.
4. Give a brief description of The Marshall Plan?
Description of the Marshall Plan:
"The desire to keep Europe free of Communism was also behind the Marshall Plan, devised
by US Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947, in which the USA gave or loaned billions
of dollars to various European countries, particularly Germany, to assist in post-war
reconstruction of their industries."
 So in brief, the Marshall Plan was an American program started in 1947, led by Secretary of
State George Marshall, that provided billions of dollars in economic assistance (through
grants and loans) to Western European countries, especially West Germany, after World War
II. The goal was to help rebuild and strengthen the economies and industries of these countries
as a way to prevent the spread of communism by promoting economic recovery and stability
in Western Europe.
5. Why were the country's economic problems not tackled in the 1970s?
The country's economic problems of high inflation and unemployment were not effectively
tackled in the 1970s because of a lack of cooperation between Congress and the presidents at
the time. Specifically, it states:
"The Americans reacted to these scandals (referring to Watergate and other scandals) by
voting a series of honest and honorable, but often rather unimaginative politicians into office
at national, state and local level for the rest of the 1970s. Moreover, Congress refused to
collaborate with Presidents Ford and Carter, so little was done to tackle the country's
economic problems of high inflation and unemployment."
So despite having presidents like Ford and Carter in office, Congress refused to work with
them, resulting in gridlock that prevented any major initiatives or legislation from being
passed to address the economic issues facing the country in the 1970s. The lack of
cooperation between the legislative and executive branches is cited as the key reason why
high inflation and unemployment persisted as problems during that decade.
6. In which sector did President Reagan cut government spending most of all?
- President Reagan's administration in 1980, there was "an attempt to cut back the amount of
national government finance available for nondefense spending, especially social programs."
So the sector where Reagan cut government spending the most was non-defense areas, with a
particular emphasis on reducing spending for social programs. The passage does not provide
more specifics on exactly which social programs saw the biggest cuts, but it indicates
Reagan's budget cuts targeted domestic non-defense spending more than defense spending.
UNIT 3: GEOGRAPHY
1. Which place is known as the coastal plains of the United States?
The eastern coast of the United States is a long, gently rolling lowland area known as the
coastal plains. These coastal plains, which stretch from Maine to Texas, are very fiat and often
swampy. In general, the soil is very poor, except in the fertile southern part, where the plain
reaches many miles inland.
2. What is the most densely populated area of the United States?
The most densely populated area of the United States is typically the Northeast The most
densely populated area of the United States is the Northeast region.
"The most populous area is the relatively small Northeast, which accounts for nearly one
fourth of the nation's population."
Despite being a relatively small geographic area, the Northeast region contains around 25% of
the total U.S. population, indicating it is the most densely populated part of the country.
3. Which is the largest city in the United States?
The largest city in the US is New York City, with over 8.5 million residents. Los Angeles and
Chicago follow, each with more than 2.5 million residents, and southern US cities Houston
and Phoenix round out the top five with populations of almost 2.3 million and 1.6 million,
respectively.
4. What is the typical climate in the United States?
- The United States experiences a variety of climates due to its vast size, ranging from arctic in
Alaska to subtropical in Florida. However, it provides some details on the typical climate
across most of the country:
Most of the country has a humid continental climate with hot summers and cold winters.
The lack of natural barriers allows cold, dry air to flow south from Canada and warm, humid
air north from the Gulf of Mexico. This leads to diverse and "spectacular weather of every
possible type" in the Great Plains and Midwest regions.
Summers are described as hot and very humid in the Great Plains and Midwest regions.
Rainfall decreases towards the west due to the rain shadow effect of the mountain ranges like
the Sierra Nevada.
The southwest portion of the Great Plains is noted as the hottest and most arid region in the
U.S., with precipitation mostly coming as summer showers averaging less than 250mm per
year.
So in summary, while there is climatic diversity, a large portion of the interior U.S.
experiences a humid continental climate with hot, humid summers and cold winters, though
the southwest is noted as being particularly hot and dry. The passage highlights the extreme
variations in temperature and precipitation across the central regions.

UNIT 4: INSTITUTIONS
1. List the differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate?
 The main differences between the House of Representatives and the Senate are:
- House of Representatives:
Members are elected every 2 years
Representation is based on population (more populous states have more representatives)
There are currently 435 voting members
The Speaker of the House, elected by the House members, has significant powers and
influence
Considered the more "dynamic" institution
- Senate:
Each state has 2 senators, regardless of population
Senators are elected for 6 year terms, with elections staggered every 2 years
There are currently 100 senators
The Senate is considered the more "conservative counterweight" to the House
 The Senate has the ability for unlimited debate to protect minority rights, which can lead to
filibusters blocking legislation
Vacancies are temporarily filled by state governor appointments until the next election
Additionally, while not explicitly stated, the implies that the House is meant to more directly
represent the populace, while the Senate provides equal representation to each state to balance
popular interests against state interests.
2. List the four functions of Congress as described?
Four main functions of Congress:
1. Legislating - Congress has the power to pass laws and legislation, though bills must be
introduced by members of the House of Representatives or Senate.
2. Scrutinizing the executive branch - An important task of Congress is scrutinizing and
overseeing the policies and actions of the executive branch (the Presidency).
3. Upholding interests of states/districts - Since members of Congress are elected from
and depend on voters in their respective states/districts for re-election, they tend to
prioritize satisfying the particular interests of their constituents and special interest
groups in those areas.
4. Controlling finances - Congress controls the nation's finances and budget. It reviews
and can change the annual budget proposed by the President, aided by its specialist staff.
In summary, the four key functions highlighted are: passing legislation, overseeing the
executive branch, representing interests of states/districts, and managing federal finances
and spending. Congress as an important counterweight and check on the powers of the
Presidency.
3. When is the President elected? Is the President elected directly?
The President is elected on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November of a leap
year.
The President is not elected directly, but rather by an Electoral College:
"The President is not elected directly, but by an Electoral College. The Electors who actually
choose the President are now completely pledged in advance to one person and their names
have almost entirely disappeared from the ballot papers to be replaced by the names of the
candidates themselves."
So while voters cast votes for presidential candidates, the President is officially elected by the
Electoral College, with each state's electoral votes generally going to whichever candidate
won the popular vote in that state.
4. List the similarities and differences between the Republican Party and the Democratic
Party?
Similarities and differences between the Republican and Democratic parties:
Similarities:
Both parties defend the free-enterprise capitalist system, which is accepted by most
Americans as the basis of American society.
Both parties have liberal and conservative wings, and in Congress these wings often side with
each other against the opposing party's wing on certain issues.
 The passage states there is "very little ideological difference" between the two parties.
Differences:
The Democrats, unlike the Republicans, tend to favor some government intervention in the
economy/markets.
It is broadly stated that poorer people tend to vote for the Democrats, while wealthier people
tend to vote Republican.
The passage notes American politics is one of "pragmatism" where parties will alter their
platforms to try and capture the mood of the nation and middle ground.
So in essence, the passage portrays the two parties as relatively centrist, with the Democrats
being slightly more supportive of government economic intervention and populist policies
aimed at lower income voters. But it suggests their core ideological differences are relatively
minor compared to their overall agreement on the capitalist system.
5. Why has there never been an official religion in the US?
There has never been an official national religion in the United States because of the
following reasons:
1. Many of the early immigrants to America, such as the Puritans and Mennonites, left
England and Germany to escape religious persecution. They brought their own particular
Protestant faiths with them.
2. This lack of a single, established religion resulted in religious freedom being explicitly
recognized in the Bill of Rights that was attached to the original U.S. Constitution.
The passage states:
"One of the reasons for which many of the first immigrants left England and Germany was to
escape religious persecution (such as the Puritans and the Mennonites). These immigrants
brought with them their own particular brands of Protestantism. This lack of a national
religion resulted in religious freedom being explicitly recognized in the Bill of Rights attached
to the original Constitution."
So the diversity of Protestant faiths brought by early immigrant groups, combined with their
desire to escape persecution for their beliefs, led to the enshrinement of religious freedom and
the absence of an official state religion in the founding documents of the United States.
6. Describe the Dow Jones Average and its importance?
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a stock market index that tracks 30 large,
publicly owned blue-chip companies trading on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and
Nasdaq. The Dow Jones is named after Charles Dow, who created the index in 1896 along
with his business partner, Edward Jones. Also referred to as the Dow 30, the index is
considered to be a gauge of the broader U.S. economy.

UNIT 5: EDUCATION
1. What is the major goal of American public schools?
 The major goal of American public schools is to develop an educated population, which is
seen as a necessity in a democracy. "In order to develop an educated population (a necessity in
a democracy), all states have compulsory school attendance laws."
The passage also highlights that public schools are designed to provide equal educational
opportunity to all students, regardless of gender, religion, or background, helping to create a
common cultural heritage.
2. Summarize five important characteristics of public schools?
The passage outlines five important characteristics of American public schools.
1. They are supported by state and local taxes and do not charge tuition.
2. Most are neighborhood schools, open to students who live in the district.
3. They are coeducational, with boys and girls attending the same schools and classes.
4. They are locally controlled, with decisions made by an elected board of education and
administrators, rather than the federal government.
5. They are secular, free from the influence of any religion, which helps accommodate
students from diverse religious backgrounds.
3. What are some differences between public and private schools?
Several key differences between public and private schools:
1. Funding and tuition:
Public schools are supported by state and local taxes and do not charge tuition.
Private schools charge tuition and are not under direct public control.
2. Admissions:
Public schools are generally open to students who live in the school district.
Private schools require students to apply and be accepted.
3. Religious affiliation:
Public schools are secular and free from religious influence.
Private schools can be parochial (affiliated with a particular religion) or independent.
4. Oversight and control:
Public schools are locally controlled by elected school boards and administrators.
Private schools are not under direct public control, though many states set educational
standards for them.
In summary, the main differences are in funding sources, admissions policies, religious
affiliation, and oversight/control, with public schools being taxpayer-funded and non-
religious, while private schools charge tuition and can have religious affiliations.
4. What three types of preschool programs were discussed in the preceding section?
According to the passage, the three types of preschool programs discussed are:
1. Nursery schools - Serve 3- to 5-year-olds, mostly in half-day programs.
2. Day-care centers - Take younger children as well, and the children can stay for the whole
day.
3. Workplace/college-affiliated day-care facilities - Many places of business and
colleges/universities have day-care centers that serve the children of their employees or
students/faculty.
 Notes that unlike many other countries, the U.S. does not have a national day-care system,
and parents who use preschool programs usually have to pay tuition, though some facilities
are subsidized.
5. How are the upper elementary grades different from the lower grades?
The upper elementary grades are different from the lower primary grades in the following
ways:
1. Teacher assignments:
In the primary grades (kindergarten through 2nd grade), students generally have the same
teacher for most subjects.
In the upper elementary grades, students in some school systems have a different teacher for
each major academic subject.
2. Specialization of subjects:
In the upper elementary grades, subjects become more specialized, with social studies divided
into American history, European history, and psychology, and math including courses like
algebra and geometry.
In the primary grades, the curriculum is more general.
So the main differences are that the upper elementary grades involve more subject-specific
teachers and a more specialized academic curriculum, compared to the more generalized,
single-teacher approach in the lower primary grades.
6. What two types of students must high schools serve?
American high schools must serve two main types of students:
1. College-bound students:
High schools offer a college preparatory program to provide the courses needed for college
entrance.
They also offer Advanced Placement (AP) courses that allow students to earn college credit.
2. Students entering the workforce:
High schools provide vocational training programs for students who plan to enter the
workforce immediately after graduation.
This includes work/study programs where students can earn high school credit for on-the-job
training.
High schools have "a commitment to offer both a general college preparatory program for
those interested in higher education and vocational training for students who plan to enter the
work force immediately after high school graduation."
So in summary, American high schools must serve both the college-bound as well as students
planning to directly enter the workforce after graduation.

UNIT 6: FESTIVALS & HOLIDAYS

1. What are the two main themes and colors of Halloween? Why were the children given
candy?
The two main themes and colors of Halloween are:
 Themes:
1. Death and evil spirits
2. Harvest/autumn
Colors:
1. Black and orange, which suggest the ideas of death and harvest.
The children were given candy, cookies, fruit, or money as "treats" when going trick-or-
treating. This custom originated hundreds of years ago when groups of farmers would travel
from house to house asking for food for the village Halloween party, and they would promise
good luck to generous contributors and threaten those who were stingy.
So the treats were originally given to ensure good luck and to avoid threats or "tricks" from
the trick-or-treaters.
2. When is Thanksgiving Day? What foods are served at a traditional American
Thanksgiving feast?
- Thanksgiving Day is celebrated on the fourth Thursday of November in the United States. It is
a national holiday that originated as a harvest festival and is now widely observed as a day of
giving thanks for the blessings of the year.
A traditional American Thanksgiving feast typically includes a variety of dishes. While
specific foods may vary based on regional and family traditions, some common dishes served
at a Thanksgiving meal include:
Roast Turkey: Roast turkey is the centerpiece of most Thanksgiving dinners. It is often stuffed
and cooked until golden brown, and then carved into slices for serving.
Stuffing/Dressing: Stuffing or dressing is a seasoned mixture of bread, vegetables, herbs, and
spices that is traditionally cooked inside the turkey. It is also commonly served as a separate
side dish.
Mashed Potatoes: Mashed potatoes, made by boiling and mashing potatoes with butter, milk,
and seasonings, are a popular side dish on Thanksgiving. They are often served with gravy.
Gravy: Gravy, typically made from the drippings of the roasted turkey, is a savory sauce that
is poured over the turkey and other dishes to add flavor and moisture.
Cranberry Sauce: Cranberry sauce is a sweet and tangy condiment made from cooked
cranberries and sugar. It is often served as a complement to the turkey.
Green Beans: Green bean casserole, made with green beans, cream of mushroom soup, and
crispy fried onions, is a classic side dish on Thanksgiving.
Sweet Potatoes: Sweet potatoes are often prepared as a casserole topped with marshmallows
or pecans, creating a flavorful and sweet dish.
Cornbread: Cornbread, a type of bread made with cornmeal, is a popular addition to
Thanksgiving meals.
Pumpkin Pie: Pumpkin pie is a traditional dessert that features a sweet and spiced pumpkin
filling baked in a pastry crust. It is often served with whipped cream.
Other Side Dishes: Additional side dishes can include roasted vegetables, corn on the cob,
Brussels sprouts, macaroni and cheese, dinner rolls, and various salads.
 It's important to note that the specific dishes served at a Thanksgiving feast can vary based on
personal preferences, regional customs, and cultural influences. Families often have their own
unique traditions and may incorporate different foods into their Thanksgiving meals.
3. What event does Christmas celebrate?
Christmas celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ, who is the central figure of Christianity.
"Christianity, the major religious faith in the U.S., the Western Hemisphere, and the world, is
based upon the teachings and life of Jesus Christ. There are about 2 billion Christians
worldwide. They believe in Jesus's ideas of equality, caring for the weak and needy,
generosity, forgiveness, and love and kindness to all. They also believe that Jesus Christ is the
Son of God, born to the Virgin Mary, and that he was sent to Earth to save the human
race."The passage explains that while the exact date of Jesus' birth is unknown, Christians
have celebrated his birth on December 25th since the 4th century. This date was likely
selected to replace earlier pagan winter solstice celebrations. So in summary, Christmas
celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ, the central figure of the Christian faith.
4. How does gift-giving relate to the birth of Christ and the spirit of Christmas?
- The custom of gift-giving at Christmas is related to the birth of Jesus Christ in the following
ways:
1. The first Christmas gifts were the birthday gifts the three Wise Men brought to the infant
Jesus.
2. The passage states that "the spirit of gift-giving" is part of what makes Christmas such a
festive and meaningful holiday for Americans.
In the U.S., it is customary to exchange gifts with family members and close friends during
the Christmas season, with children typically receiving the most gifts.
So, the modern Christmas tradition of gift-giving is rooted in the biblical story of the three
Wise Men bringing gifts to the newborn Jesus. This gift-giving is seen as embodying the spirit
of generosity, charity and celebration associated with the Christmas holiday.
5. What does Hanukkah celebrate? Why are lights important?
- Hanukkah celebrates the triumph of religious freedom:
"Hanukkah celebrates the triumph of religious freedom. In 168 B.C., the Syrian king
conquered Judea and tried to force the Jews to worship pagan gods. Three years later, a small
group of Jews defeated the powerful Syrian armies. When the Jews recaptured Jerusalem and
rededicated their holy temple, they relit the eternal lamp. They had only one day's supply of
the special oil needed for that lamp. But miraculously, the light burned for eight days, until
fresh oil was available." The passage explains that in memory of this miracle, Jews celebrate
Hanukkah for eight days and light candles in a special holder called a menorah. The lighting
of the candles is an important tradition, as it commemorates the miracle of the oil lamp that
burned for eight days, despite only having one day's supply.
So, the lights and candles are central to the Hanukkah celebration, as they symbolize the
triumph of religious freedom and the miraculous events the holiday commemorates.
6. What is the major theme of the New Year’s holiday? How do Americans celebrate?
The major theme of the New Year's holiday is "saying good-bye to the past and looking
forward to a better future."
"From ancient times to the present, New Year's customs have been connected with saying
good-bye to the past and looking forward to a better future. Therefore, New Year's Day often
inspires people to start new programs and give up bad habits. Some people make New Year's
resolutions, promise to themselves to improve their behavior."
As for how Americans celebrate, the passage describes several common traditions:
At midnight on New Year's Eve, bells ring, horns blow, and friends toast each other with
champagne. It's also customary to exchange kisses.
The country's most crowded New Year's Eve celebration takes place in New York City's Times
Square, with the famous ball-lowering ceremony.
Many people stay up late partying and celebrating the arrival of the new year.
hellOn New Year's Day, many people sleep late after staying up all night. Others watch TV
and enjoy parades and football games.
So, the overall spirit is one of bidding farewell to the old year and welcoming the new with
optimism, resolutions, and festive celebrations.