Chem 4

1 Electroplating steel objects with silver involves a three-step process.
ss. (b) Give two changes which would be needed in order to coat nickel onto the object in step 2.
step 1 A coating of copper is applied to the object. ....................................................................................................................................................
step 2 A coating of nickel is applied to the object. ....................................................................................................................................................
step 3 The coating of silver is applied to the object. ....................................................................................................................................................
(a) A diagram of the apparatus used for step 1 is shown. .............................................................................................................................................. [2]
+ –
(c) Copper, nickel and silver are transition elements.
Typical physical properties of transition elements are a high density and a high melting point.
Give three different properties of transition metals which are not typical of other metals.
copper (anode)
....................................................................................................................................................
steel object (cathode)
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
aqueous copper(II) sulfate [Total: 8]
electrolyte
(i) The chemical process taking place on the surface of the object is
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)
Explain whether this process is oxidation or reduction.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Explain why the concentration of copper ions in the electrolyte remains constant throughout
step 1.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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1
(b) The cell shown below can be used to determine the order of reactivity of metals.
2 Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an energy change.

V
(a) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture which contains aluminium
oxide, Al 2O3. This decomposes to form aluminium at the negative electrode and oxygen magnesium copper
at the positive electrode. electrode electrode
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.
..................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode. MgSO4(aq) CuSO4(aq)
porous barrier
2O2– → ....... + .......
[2]
(i) Is the reaction in the cell exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
(iii) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
..................................................................................................................... [1]..
2
3 Zinc is an important metal. Its uses include making alloys and the construction of dry cells (batteries).
(ii) Explain why the mass of the magnesium electrode decreases and the mass of the copper (a) Name an alloy which contains zinc. What is the other metal in this alloy?
electrode increases.
name of alloy .............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. other metal in alloy ....................................................................................................................

[2]
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The main ore of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS.
(iii) How could you use this cell to determine which is the more reactive metal, magnesium or (i) The ore is heated in the presence of air to form zinc oxide and sulfur dioxide.
manganese? Write the equation for this reaction.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Give a major use of sulfur dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [2] ....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Zinc can be obtained from zinc oxide in a two step process. Aqueous zinc sulfate is made from
(c) The combustion of propane, C3H8, is exothermic. zinc oxide and then this solution is electrolysed with inert electrodes. The electrolysis is similar
to that of copper(II) sulfate with inert electrodes.
Give an equation for the complete combustion of propane. (i) Name the reagent which will react with zinc oxide to form zinc sulfate.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Complete the following for the electrolysis of aqueous zinc sulfate.
Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.

(d) Photosynthesis is an unusual endothermic reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
(i) Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from?
Name the product at the positive electrode.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
The electrolyte changes from zinc sulfate to .................................................................... .
[3]
(ii) Give the word equation for photosynthesis.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
3
(d) A dry cell (battery) has a central rod, usually made of graphite. This is the positive electrode which 4 A fuel cell produces electrical energy by the oxidation of a fuel by oxygen.
is surrounded by the electrolyte, typically a paste of ammonium chloride and manganese(IV) The fuel is usually hydrogen but methane and methanol are two other fuels which may be used.
oxide, all of which are in a zinc container which is the negative electrode. A diagram of a hydrogen fuel cell is given below.
wire H2
electrons flow
graphite
when cell e–
electrode anode
produces
energy V
zinc cathode
electrode e–
H2O O2
electrolyte which is a paste of
ammonium chloride
and manganese(IV) oxide (a) When the fuel is hydrogen, the only product is water.
What additional product would be formed if methane was used?
(i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to indicate the direction of electron flow. [1] .............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Suggest why the electrolyte is a paste.

(b) Write the equation for the chemical reaction that takes place in a hydrogen fuel cell.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) The following changes occur in a dry cell.
For each change, decide if it is oxidation or reduction and give a reason for your choice.
(c)
c) At which electrode does oxidation occur? Explain your choice.
Zn to Zn2+
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at this electrode.
manganese(IV) oxide to manganese(III) oxide
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) Fuel cells are used to propel cars.
[Total: 13] Give two advantages of a fuel cell over a gasoline-fuelled engine.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 7]
4
5 Carbonyl chloride is made from carbon monoxide and chlorine. (c) The structural formula of carbonyl chloride is given below.
CO(g) + Cl 2(g) COCl 2(g) Cl
(a) Two methods of preparing carbon monoxide are from methane and oxygen, and from methane C O
and steam.
Cl
(i) The reaction between methane and oxygen can also form carbon dioxide. How can carbon
monoxide be made instead of carbon dioxide? Draw a diagram showing the arrangement of the valency electrons around the atoms in one
molecule of this covalent compound.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
Use ○ to represent an electron from an oxygen atom.
(ii) The following reaction is used to make carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Use × to represent an electron from a chlorine atom.
The reaction is carried out at 1100 °C and normal pressure. Use ● to represent an electron from a carbon atom.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
The reaction is reversible and comes to equilibrium. Suggest why a high temperature is
used.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) What is the disadvantage of using a high pressure for the reaction given in (a)(ii)? [3]
............................................................................................................................................. [Total: 13]
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Chlorine is made by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

Describe this electrolysis. Write ionic equations for the reactions at the electrodes and name
the sodium compound formed.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
5
6 Aluminium is obtained from purified alumina, Al 2O3, by electrolysis.
(a) Alumina is obtained from the main ore of aluminium.

State the name of this ore. 1 At present the most important method of manufacturing hydrogen is steam reforming of
methane.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(a) In the first stage of the process, methane reacts with steam at 800 °C.
(b) Describe the extraction of aluminium from alumina. Include the electrolyte, the electrodes and
CH4(g) + H2O(g) 3H2(g) + CO(g)
the reactions at the electrodes.
In the second stage of the process, carbon monoxide reacts with steam at 200 °C.
....................................................................................................................................................
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2(g)
....................................................................................................................................................
(i) Explain why the position of equilibrium in the first reaction is affected by pressure but
....................................................................................................................................................
the position of equilibrium in the second reaction is not.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................................. [6]
(ii) Suggest why a high temperature is needed in the first reaction to get a high yield of
products but in the second reaction a high yield is obtained at a low temperature.
(c) Aluminium is resistant to corrosion. It is protected by an oxide layer on its surface.
The thickness of this oxide layer can be increased by anodising. ....................................................................................................................................
(i) State a use of aluminium due to its resistance to corrosion. .............................................................................................................................. [2]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Anodising is an electrolytic process. Dilute sulfuric acid is electrolysed with an aluminium
object as the anode. The thickness of the oxide layer is increased. Complete the equations
for the reactions at the aluminium anode.
.......OH– → O2 + 2H2O + ......e–
....Al + ......... → ......... Al 2O3 [4]
[Total: 12]
6
2 Aluminium is an important metal with a wide range of uses.
(b) Two other ways of producing hydrogen are cracking and electrolysis.
(a) Aluminium is obtained by the electrolysis of aluminium oxide dissolved in molten cryolite.
(i) Hydrogen can be a product of the cracking of long chain alkanes. waste gases
Complete the equation for the cracking of C8H18.
C8H18 → 2............ + H2 [1] oxygen given off

at carbon anode (+)
(ii) There are three products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride. Hydrogen is one of them. molten mixture of
Write an equation for the electrode reaction which forms hydrogen. carbon cathode (–)
aluminium oxide and cryolite
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
aluminium
(iii) Name the other two products of the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium
chloride and give a use of each one. (i) Solid aluminium oxide is a poor conductor of electricity. It conducts either when
molten or when dissolved in molten cryolite. Explain why.
product ............................................ use ............................................
....................................................................................................................................
product ............................................ use ............................................ [4]
....................................................................................................................................
[Total: 11]
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Why is a solution of aluminium oxide in molten cryolite used rather than molten
aluminium oxide?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
7
(iii) Explain why the carbon anodes need to be replaced periodically. 3 For centuries, iron has been extracted from its ore in the blast furnace. The world production
of pig iron is measured in hundreds of million tonnes annually.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(a) The following raw materials are supplied to a modern blast furnace.
(iv) One reason why graphite is used for the electrodes is that it is a good conductor of
electricity. Give another reason. iron ore which is hematite, Fe2O3
limestone which is calcium carbonate
.............................................................................................................................. [1] carbon in the form of coke
air
(b) Aluminium is used to make food containers because it resists corrosion. Describe the essential reactions in the blast furnace. Each of the four raw materials must
Explain why it is not attacked by the acids in food. be mentioned at least once. Give the equation for the reduction of hematite.
........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2] ...........................................................................................................................................
(c) Aluminium is used for overhead power (electricity) cables which usually have a steel ...........................................................................................................................................
core.
...........................................................................................................................................
aluminium
...........................................................................................................................................
steel core ...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
(i) Give two properties of aluminium which make it suitable for this use.
...........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [6]
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Each year, blast furnaces discharge millions of tonnes of carbon dioxide into the
(ii) Explain why the cables have a steel core. atmosphere. This will increase the percentage of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
.................................................................................................................................... (i) Explain why this increased percentage of carbon dioxide may cause problems in the
future.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................
[Total: 10]
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Until the early eighteenth century, charcoal, not coke, was used in the blast furnace.
Charcoal is made from wood but coke is made from coal. Explain why the use of
charcoal would have a smaller effect on the level of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
8
(iii) A method being developed to produce iron with lower emissions of carbon dioxide
is by electrolysis. Hematite, Fe2O3, is dissolved in molten lithium carbonate and
electrolysed. The ore is spilt into its constituent elements. 4 The ore of aluminium is bauxite which is impure aluminium oxide. Alumina, pure aluminium
oxide, is obtained from bauxite.
Write an equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode). Aluminium is formed at the cathode when a molten mixture of alumina and cryolite, Na3Al F6,
is electrolysed.
....................................................................................................................................
(a)
a) Name two products formed at the anode in this electrolysis.
Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
........O2– → ............... + ............... [3]
(ii) All the aluminium formed comes from the alumina not the cryolite.
[Total: 13] Suggest two reasons why the electrolyte must contain cryolite.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) The major impurity in bauxite is iron(III) oxide. Iron(III) oxide is basic, aluminium
oxide is amphoteric. Explain how aqueous sodium hydroxide can be used to separate
them.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
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(b) The purification of bauxite uses large amounts of sodium hydroxide. 5 During electrolysis, ions move in the electrolyte and electrons move in the external circuit.
Reactions occur at the electrodes.
(i) Describe the chemistry of how sodium hydroxide is made from concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. The description must include at least one ionic equation. (a) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium iodide.
.................................................................................................................................... + –
.................................................................................................................................... external circuit
.................................................................................................................................... electrode electrode
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [5]
(ii) Making sodium hydroxide from sodium chloride produces two other chemicals. molten lithium iodide
Name these two chemicals and state one use of each chemical.
chemical ....................................................................................................................
heat
use .............................................................................................................................
chemical .................................................................................................................... (i) Draw an arrow on the diagram to show the direction of the electron flow in the
external circuit. [1]
use ....................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Electrons are supplied to the external circuit. How and where is this done?
[Total: 13]
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Explain why solid lithium iodide does not conduct electricity but when molten it is a
good conductor.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The results of experiments on electrolysis are shown in the following table. Complete the
table. The first line has been done as an example.
product at product at change to

electrolyte electrodes
cathode anode electrolyte
molten lithium iodide carbon lithium iodine used up
aqueous copper(II) sulfate platinum oxygen
concentrated aqueous
carbon chlorine
potassium chloride
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(c) The diagram below shows the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid. Hydrogen is formed at
the negative electrode (cathode) and oxygen at the positive electrode (anode) and the 1 Tin is an element in Group IV.
concentration of sulfuric acid increases.
(a) The position of tin in the reactivity series is:
+ –
zinc
iron
carbon anode carbon cathode tin
copper
dilute sulfuric acid
(i) For each of the following, decide if a reaction would occur. If there is a reaction,
bubbles of bubbles of complete the equation, otherwise write ‘no reaction’.
oxygen gas hydrogen gas
Cu + Sn2+ → ..........................................
The ions present in the dilute acid are H (aq), OH (aq) and SO4 (aq).
+ – 2–
Fe + Sn2+ → ..........................................
(i) Write an equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
Sn + Zn2+ → .......................................... [4]
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Name the three products formed when tin(II) nitrate is heated.
(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
....................................................................................................................................
4OH–(aq) → O2(g) + .....H2O(l) + ....... [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Suggest an explanation of why the concentration of the sulfuric acid increases.
(b) Aqueous tin(II) sulfate is electrolysed using carbon electrodes. This electrolysis is similar
.............................................................................................................................. [1] to that of aqueous copper(II) sulfate using carbon electrodes.
(i) What is the product at the negative electrode (cathode)?

(d) In the apparatus used in (c), the power supply is removed and immediately replaced by
a voltmeter. .............................................................................................................................. [1]
voltmeter (ii) Write the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
V
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
carbon anode carbon cathode (iii) Name the acid formed in this electrolysis.
dilute sulfuric acid .............................................................................................................................. [1]
bubbles of bubbles of
oxygen gas hydrogen gas
A reading on the voltmeter shows that electrical energy is being produced. Suggest an
explanation for how this energy is produced.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(c) Steel articles can be plated with tin or zinc to prevent rusting. 2 Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture of alumina, which is aluminium
When the zinc layer is damaged exposing the underlying steel, it does not rust, but when oxide, and cryolite.
the tin layer is broken the steel rusts. Explain.
waste gases,
........................................................................................................................................... oxygen and carbon dioxide,
from anode
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
carbon anode (+)
[Total: 14]
mixture of aluminium
carbon cathode (–) 900 °C oxide and cryolite
aluminium at cathode
(a)
a) Alumina is obtained from the main ore of aluminium.
Name this ore.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Explain why it is necessary to use a mixture, alumina and cryolite, rather than just
alumina.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iii) Copper can be extracted by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution.

Suggest why the electrolysis of an aqueous solution cannot be used to extract
aluminium.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) The ions which are involved in the electrolysis are Al 3+ and O2–. The products of this
electrolysis are given on the diagram.
Explain how they are formed. Use equations where appropriate.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [4]
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(c) The uses of a metal are determined by its properties. 3 Aluminium was first isolated in 1827 using sodium.
(i) Foods which are acidic can be supplied in aluminium containers. Al Cl 3 + 3Na → Al + 3NaCl
food that is acidic Aluminium, obtained by this method, was more expensive than gold.
CH
LEM IC
ON IN KEN (a) Suggest an explanation why aluminium was so expensive.
SA
UC
E
...........................................................................................................................................
aluminium container
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) The modern method for extracting aluminium is the electrolysis of a molten electrolyte,
Explain why the acid in the food does not react with the aluminium. aluminium oxide dissolved in cryolite. The aluminium oxide decomposes.
.................................................................................................................................... 2Al 2O3 → 4Al + 3O2
.............................................................................................................................. [1] Both electrodes are made of carbon.
(ii) Explain why overhead electrical power cables are made from aluminium with a steel (i) Give two reasons why the oxide is dissolved in cryolite.
core.
....................................................................................................................................
aluminium
....................................................................................................................................
steel core
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the anode.
....................................................................................................................................
.......... O2– → O2 + ......... e–
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................. [3] (iii) Why do the carbon anodes need to be replaced frequently?
[Total: 13] ....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The electrolysis of a molten electrolyte is one method of extracting a metal from its ore.
Other methods are the electrolysis of an aqueous solution and the reduction of the oxide
by carbon. Explain why these last two methods cannot be used to extract aluminium.
electrolysis of an aqueous solution ...................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
using carbon .....................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 8]
13
4 The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride, between inert electrodes, is used
to make four important chemicals.
(c) Sodium chlorate(I) is made by the reaction between chlorine and sodium hydroxide. It is
hydrogen used as bleach but over time it decomposes.
chlorine
sodium hydroxide 2NaCl O(aq) → 2NaCl (aq) + O2(g)
sodium chlorate(I)
The rate of decomposition can be studied using the apparatus shown below.
(a) The ions present in the electrolyte are Na+, H+, Cl – and OH –.
(i) Hydrogen ions are discharged at the negative electrode (cathode).

Write an equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) The hydrogen ions are from the water. sodium chlorate(I) solution
H2O H+ + OH –
(i) How could you measure the rate of decomposition of sodium chlorate(I)?
Suggest an explanation why the concentration of hydroxide ions increases.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Describe how you could show that the rate of decomposition of sodium chlorate(I) is
.............................................................................................................................. [2] a photochemical reaction.
(iii) When a dilute solution of sodium chloride is used, chlorine is not formed at the ....................................................................................................................................
positive electrode (anode), a different gas is produced. Name this gas.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 11]
(iv) State an example of an inert electrode.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(b)
b) State a use of hydrogen.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Why is chlorine used to treat the water supply?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
14
5 The results of experiments on electrolysis using inert electrodes are given in the table. 6 The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride produces three commercially
important chemicals hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
Complete the table; the first line has been completed as an example.
(a) The ions present are Na+(aq), H+(aq) ,Cl (aq) and OH (aq).
electrolyte change at negative change at positive change to
electrode electrode electrolyte (i) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
molten lead(II) lead formed bromine formed used up + H2 [1]

bromide
(ii) Complete the ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
potassium formed iodine formed used up − Cl2 [1]
(iii) Explain why the solution changes from sodium chloride to sodium hydroxide.
[1]
dilute aqueous
sodium chloride
(b)
b) Why does the water supply industry use chlorine?
[1]
aqueous copper(II)
(ii) Name an important chemical that is made from hydrogen.
sulfate
[1]
(iii) How is sodium hydroxide used to make soap?

hydrogen formed bromine formed potassium hydroxide
formed [2]
[Total: 7]
[Total: 8]
15
1 Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of a molten mixture that contains alumina, which (d) Give an explanation for each of the following.
is aluminium oxide, Al2O3.
(i) Aluminium is used extensively in the manufacture of aircraft.
(a) The ore of aluminium is bauxite. This contains alumina, which is amphoteric, and
iron(III) oxide, which is basic. The ore is heated with aqueous sodium hydroxide. [1]
Complete the following sentences.
(ii) Aluminium is used to make food containers.
The dissolves to give a solution of [2]
The does not dissolve and can be removed by [4] (iii) Aluminium electricity cables have a steel core.
[1]
(b) Complete the labelling of the diagram.
[Total: 16]
waste gases
carbon anode (+)

.......................
....................... (–) mixture of aluminium

oxide and .........................
................................
temperature is .........................
[4]
3+ 2
(c) The ions that are involved in the electrolysis are Al and O .
(i) Write an equation for the reaction at the cathode.
[2]
(ii) Explain how carbon dioxide is formed at the anode.
[2]
16
2 The position of aluminium in the reactivity series of metals is shown below. (c) Complete the following table by writing “reaction” or “no reaction” in the spaces
provided.
magnesium
aluminium
oxide type of oxide reaction with acid reaction with alkali
zinc
copper
magnesium
agnes
(a) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of its molten oxide.

aluminium
aluminium am
waste gases
[2]
(d) Predict the equations for the decomposition of the following aluminium compounds.
carbon anode (+)
(i) Al(OH)3 + [2]
carbon mixture of aluminium

900 oC oxide and cryolite (ii) aluminium nitrate + +
cathode (–)
aluminium [2]
(i) Name the main ore of aluminium.
[1]
(ii) Why does the molten electrolyte contain cryolite?
[1]
(iii) Oxygen is produced at the positive electrode (anode). Name another gas which is
given off at this electrode.
[1]
(b) Aluminium reacts very slowly with aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
2Al(s) + 3CuSO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Cu(s)
(i) Which of the two metals has the greater tendency to form ions?
[1]
(ii) Describe what you would see when this reaction occurs.
[1]
(iii) Explain why aluminium reacts so slowly.
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3 (a Copper has the structure of a typical metal. It has a lattice of positive ions and a “sea” (c) Aqueous copper(II) sulphate can be electrolysed using copper electrodes. The
of mobile electrons. The lattice can accommodate ions of a different metal. reaction at the negative electrode is the same but the positive electrode becomes
smaller and the solution remains blue.
Give a different use of copper that depends on each of the following.
(i) Write a word equation for the reaction at the positive electrode.
(i) the ability of the ions in the lattice to move past each other
[1]
[1]
(ii) Explain why the colour of the solution does not change.
(ii) the presence of mobile electrons
[1]
[2]
(iii) the ability to accommodate ions of a different metal in the lattice
(iii) What is the large scale use of this electrolysis?
[1]
[1]
(b) Aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution can be electrolysed using carbon electrodes. The
ions present in the solution are as follows.
Cu2+(aq), 4
2
(aq), +
(aq), (aq)
(i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
[1]
(ii) A colourless gas was given off at the positive electrode (anode) and the solution
changes from blue to colourless.
Explain these observations.
[2]
18
4 Hydrogen can be manufactured from methane by steam reforming.
(v) Describe a test for chlorine.
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)
test ......................................................................................................................................
The reaction is carried out using a nickel catalyst at temperatures between 700 °C and 1100 °C and
result ...................................................................................................................................
using a pressure of one atmosphere.
[2]
The forward reaction is endothermic.
(f) The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride can be represented by the following
(a) What is meant by the term catalyst?
word equation.
....................................................................................................................................................
sodium chloride + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen + chlorine
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
Construct a chemical equation to represent this reaction. Do not include state symbols.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Suggest two reasons why a temperature lower than 700 °C is not used.
....................................................................................................................................................
(g) State one use of
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
chlorine, .....................................................................................................................................
sodium hydroxide, .....................................................................................................................

(c) Suggest one advantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.
hydrogen. ...................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[3]
[Total: 18]
(d) Suggest one disadvantage of using a pressure greater than one atmosphere.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) Hydrogen can also be manufactured by electrolysis. The electrolyte is concentrated aqueous
sodium chloride. The electrodes are inert.
The products of electrolysis are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
(i) electrolysis.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Write an ionic half-equation for the reaction in which hydrogen is produced.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Where is hydrogen produced in the electrolytic cell?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
19
1 Two of the main uses of zinc are for galvanising and for making alloys. (c) The zinc produced by this process is impure. It can be purifiedbyelectrolysisusingamethod
which is similar to the purificationofcopper . Under the conditions used in the process, zinc is
One of the main ores of zinc is zinc blende, ZnS. There are two stages in the extraction of zinc from this or the product at the negative electrode (cathode).
Complete the following description of this purification.
(a) Stage 1 Zinc oxide is made from zinc blende. The electrolyte is aqueous ................................................................................................. . [1]
Describe how this is done and write a word equation for the reaction. The negative electrode (cathode) is made of .................................................................... . [1]
.......................................................................................................................................... The positive electrode (anode) is impure zinc.
....................................................................................................................................... The equation for the reaction at the cathode is ................................................................. . [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [2] The equation for the reaction at the anode is .................................................................... . [1]
Explain why the concentration of the electrolyte does not change.

(b) Stage 2 Zinc oxide is reduced to zinc.
....................................................................................................................................................
Write a word equation for the reduction of zinc oxide by coke.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
................................................................................................................................. [1]
20
(d) Brass is an alloy which contains zinc.
(i) Name the other metal in brass.

(ii) The coating on both of the other two pieces was scratched, exposing the steel.
................................................................................................................................... [1] exposed steel thin layer of

does not rust zinc
(ii) Suggest two reasons why an alloy such as brass is preferred to either of its
constituent
metals.
.........................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................... [2]
steel
(e) In an experiment to investigate the rate of rusting of steel, three pieces of steel were used.
One piece of steel was completely coated with copper, one piece completely coated with The piece of steel coated with zinc still did not rust but the copper-coated piece of steel
zinc and the third piece was left uncoated. All three pieces were left exposed to the atmosphere.
rusted very rapidly.
(i) Explain why the uncoated piece started to rust.
Explain these observations in terms of the formation of ions and the transfer of electrons.
.......................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [1] .............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
[Total: 17]
21
(b) The diagram shows the electrolysis of molten lithium bromide.
2 Lithium bromide is an ionic compound. It can be electrolysed when it is molten or
in aqueous
solution. It cannot be electrolysed as a solid. + – power pack
(a) Solid lithium bromide is a poor conductor of electricity. The ions cannot move to the
electrodes, they are held in an ionic lattice by strong forces.
(i) Describe the motion of the ions in the solid state. carbon
electrodes
................................................................................................................................ [1]
(ii) ! ionic bonding.

molten lithium
bromide
.....................................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................................ [2]
(iii) What is meant by the term ionic lattice? heat
...................................................................................................................................... 9&;
(i) - 4 ! ! ! 7
.............................................................................................................................. [2] (ii)Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Which ion is oxidised? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
22
3 Iron is extracted from the ore hematite in the Blast Furnace.
waste gases
(c) When aqueous lithium bromide is electrolysed, a colourless gas is formed at the
electrode and the solution becomes alkaline.
negative
raw materials:
Explain these observations and include an equation in your explanation. coke, C
firebrick lining iron ore, Fe2O3
limestone, CaCO3
.......................................................................................................................................... CO forms
CO2 forms
....................................................................................................................................... air
slag
....................................................................................................................................... molten iron
.................................................................................................................................. [3] (a) The coke reacts with the oxygen in the air to form carbon dioxide.
C + O2 → CO2
(i) Explain why carbon monoxide is formed higher in the Blast Furnace.
[Total: 14]
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Write an equation for the reduction of hematite, Fe2O3, by carbon monoxide.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b)
b) Limestone decomposes to form two products, one of which is calcium oxide.
Name the other product.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calcium oxide reacts with silicon(IV) oxide, an acidic impurity in the iron ore, to form slag.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Explain why the molten iron and the molten slag form two layers and why molten iron is
the lower layer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) Suggest why the molten iron does not react with the air.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
23
(c) Iron and steel ) 2 3 2 O, which is rust.
(i) Name the two substances which cause iron to rust. 4 (a) Sodium chlorate(I) decomposes to form sodium chloride and oxygen. The rate of this reaction
is very slow at room temperature provided the sodium chlorate(I) is stored in a dark bottle to
....................................................................................................................................... [1] prevent exposure to light.
(ii) Explain why an aluminium article coated with aluminium oxide is protected from further 2NaCl O → 2NaCl + O2
corrosion but a steel article coated with rust continues to corrode.
The rate of this decomposition can be studied using the following experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1] 20 40 60 80 100
(d) There are two electrochemical methods of rust prevention. oxygen collects
in syringe
(i) The first method is sacrificial protection.
Explain why the steel article does not rust. sodium chlorate(I) solution
Sodium chlorate(I) is placed in the flask and 0.2 g of copper(II) oxide is added. This catalyses
steel pipe the decomposition of the sodium chlorate(I) and the volume of oxygen collected is measured
connected block of zinc every minute. The results are plotted to give a graph of the type shown below.
electrically
to steel pipe
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
volume
............................................................................................................................................. of oxygen
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
The second method is to make the steel article the cathode in a circuit for electrolysis.
power
– + 0
steel girder 0
inert anode time
(i) Explain why the gradient (slope) of this graph decreases with time.
bubbles of
hydrogen gas sea-water .............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Cobalt(II) oxide is a more efficient catalyst for this reaction than copper(II) oxide.
(ii) Mark on the diagram the direction of the electron flow. [1] Sketch, on the grid, the graph for the reaction catalysed by cobalt(II) oxide.
All other conditions were kept constant. [2]
(iii) The steel girder does not rust because it is the cathode. Reduction takes place at the
cathode. Give the equation for the reduction of hydrogen ions.
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 19]
24
(iii) What can you deduce from the comment that sodium chlorate(I) has to be shielded from 1 The main uses of zinc are preventing steel from rusting and making alloys.
light?
(a) The main ore of zinc is zinc blende. Zinc blende consists mainly of zinc sulfide, ZnS.
............................................................................................................................................. There are two major methods of extracting zinc from its ore. They are the direct reduction
of zinc oxide to zinc and by electrolysis. In both methods, zinc oxide is made from the
....................................................................................................................................... [1] zinc sulfide in the ore.
(iv) Explain, in terms of collisions between particles, why the initial gradient would be steeper (i) How is zinc oxide made from zinc sulfide?
if the experiment was repeated at a higher temperature.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction used to reduce zinc oxide to zinc.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) In the electrolytic method, zinc oxide reacts with sulfuric acid to form impure aqueous
(b) The ions present in aqueous sodium chloride are Na+(aq), Cl –(aq), H+(aq) and OH–(aq). zinc sulfate. This solution contains Ni2+, Co2+ and Cu2+ ions as impurities.
The electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride forms three products. They are (i) Write the equation for the reaction between zinc oxide and sulfuric acid.
hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(i) Explain how these three products are formed. Give ionic equations for the reactions at the
electrodes. (ii) Nickel, cobalt and copper are all less reactive than zinc. Explain why the addition of
zinc powder removes these ions from the solution.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................................
(c) The solution of zinc sulfate is electrolysed using inert electrodes.
.............................................................................................................................................
This electrolysis is similar to that of copper(II) sulfate with inert electrodes.
....................................................................................................................................... [4]
(i) Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
(ii) If the solution of the electrolyte is stirred, chlorine reacts with sodium hydroxide to form
sodium chlorate(I), sodium chloride and water. .............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Complete the equation for the reaction at the positive electrode (anode).
Cl 2 + ...NaOH → ..................... + ..................... + .....................
[2] .........OH– → 2H2O + ......... + .........e– [2]
[Total: 14] (iii) The electrolyte changes from zinc sulfate to
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
25
(d)
d) Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Suggest two reasons why brass is often used 2 Zinc alloys have been used for over 2500 years.
in preference to copper.
(a)
a) Explain the phrase zinc alloy.
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Sacrificial protection is a method of rust prevention. Explain in terms of electron
transfer why steel, which is in electrical contact with zinc, does not rust. (ii) Making alloys is still a major use of zinc. State one other large scale use of zinc.
.................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iii) Describe the bonding in a typical metal, such as zinc, and then explain why it is
....................................................................................................................................
malleable. You may use a diagram to illustrate your answer.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
[Total: 15]
....................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [3]
(iv) Suggest why the introduction of a different atom into the structure makes the alloy
less malleable than the pure metal.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Zinc metal is made by the reduction of zinc oxide. The major ore of zinc is zinc blende,
ZnS. Zinc blende contains silver and lead compounds as well as zinc sulfide.
Zinc blende is converted into impure zinc oxide by heating it in air.
2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2
(i) Describe how zinc oxide is reduced to zinc.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Some of the zinc oxide is dissolved in sulfuric acid to make aqueous zinc sulfate.
Write a balanced symbol equation for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
26
(iii) This impure solution of zinc sulfate contains zinc ions, silver(I) ions and lead ions. 3 About 4000 years ago the Bronze Age started in Britain. Bronze is an alloy of copper and
Explain why the addition of zinc powder produces pure zinc sulfate solution. tin.
Include at least one ionic equation in your explanation.
(a)
a) Suggest a reason why a bronze axe was better than a copper axe.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................
(ii) Brass is another copper alloy. Name the other metal in brass.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................
(b) The diagram below shows the arrangement of particles in a pure metal.
.............................................................................................................................. [4]
(iv) Describe how zinc metal can be obtained from zinc sulfate solution by electrolysis.
A labelled diagram is acceptable. Include all the products of this electrolysis. The
electrolysis is similar to that of copper(II) sulfate solution with inert electrodes.
(i) What is the name given to a regular arrangement of particles in a crystalline solid?
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(ii) Draw a diagram which shows the arrangement of particles in an alloy.
[4]
[Total: 18]
[2]
(iii) Explain the term malleable.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
(iv) Why are metals malleable?
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
27
(c) The common ore of tin is tin(IV) oxide and an ore of copper is malachite, 4 Chromium is a transition element.
CuCO3.Cu(OH)2.
(a)
a) Predict two differences in the physical properties of chromium and sodium.
(i) Write a word equation for the reduction of tin(IV) oxide by carbon.
....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(ii) Malachite is heated to form copper oxide and two other chemicals. (ii) Predict two differences in the chemical properties of chromium and sodium.
Name these chemicals.
....................................................................................................................................
................................................... and ................................................................. [2]
....................................................................................................................................
(iii) Copper oxide is reduced to copper which is then refined by electrolysis.
Label the diagram of the apparatus which could be used to refine copper. .............................................................................................................................. [2]
power (b) Chromium is used to electroplate steel objects. The diagram shows how this could be
supply done.
– + add more
chromium(III)
+ sulfate(aq) –
lead anode object to

be plated
chromium(III)
sulfate(aq)
(i) Give two reasons why steel objects are plated with chromium.
....................................................................................................................................
[3] .............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) Give one use of copper, other than making alloys. (ii) The formula of the chromium(III) ion is Cr3+ and of the sulfate ion is SO42–. Give the
formula of chromium(III) sulfate.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode (cathode).
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
(iv) A colourless gas, which relights a glowing splint, is formed at the positive electrode
(anode). Name this gas.
.............................................................................................................................. [1]
28
(v) During electrolysis, it is necessary to add more chromium(III) sulfate but during 1 (a) Exothermic reactions produce heat energy.
copper-plating using a copper anode, it is not necessary to add more copper(II)
sulfate. Explain. An important fuel is methane, natural gas. The equation for its combustion is as follows.
.................................................................................................................................... CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
.................................................................................................................................... (i) In chemical reactions bonds are broken and new bonds are formed.
Using this reaction give an example of
.............................................................................................................................. [2]
a bond that is broken,
[Total: 12]
a bond that is formed. [2]
(ii) Explain, using the idea of bonds forming and breaking, why this reaction is
exothermic, that is it produces heat energy.
[2]
(b) Some radioactive isotopes are used as nuclear fuels.
(i) Give the symbol and the nucleon number of an isotope that is used as a nuclear
fuel.
[2]
(ii) Give another use of radioactive isotopes.
[1]
29
(c) Cell reactions are both exothermic and redox. They produce electrical energy as well (d) Cells can be set up with inert electrodes and the electrolytes as oxidant and reductant.
as heat energy.
voltmeter
(i) The diagram shows a simple cell. V
voltmeter electron flow

V carbon carbon
electrode electrode
(inert) (inert)
zinc iron
electrode electrode potassium potassium
manganate(VII) (aq) iodide (aq)
becomes
bubbles of
thinner
hydrogen form
dilute salt bridge
sulphuric acid (allows ions to move from
one beaker to another)
Which substance in this cell is the reductant and which ion is the oxidant?
The potassium manganate(VII) is the oxidant and the potassium iodide is the reductant.
reductant
(i) Describe the colour change that would be observed in the left hand beaker.
oxidant [2]
[2]
(ii) How could the voltage of this cell be increased?
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in the right hand beaker.
[1]
[2]
(iii) What is the important large scale use, relating to iron and steel, of this type of cell
reaction?
[1]
30
2 An ore of copper is the mineral, chalcopyrite. This is a mixed sulphide of iron and copper. (c) Two of the elements in chalcopyrite are the metal, copper, and the non-metal, sulphur.
These have different properties. Copper is an excellent conductor of electricity and is
(a) Analysis of a sample of this ore shows that 13.80 g of the ore contained 4.80 g of malleable. Sulphur is a poor conductor and is not malleable, it is brittle. Explain, in
copper, 4.20 g of iron and the rest sulphur. terms of their structures, why this is so.
Complete the table and calculate the empirical formula of chalcopyrite.
difference in electrical conductivity
copper iron sulphur
composition by mass / g 4.80 4.20 [2]
difference in malleability
number of moles of atoms
[2]
simplest mole ratio of atoms
[3]
The empirical formula is
[1]
(b) Impure copper is extracted from the ore. This copper is refined by electrolysis.
(i) Name;
the material used for the positive electrode (anode),
the material used for the negative electrode (cathode),
a suitable electrolyte.
[3]
(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.
[1]
(iii) One use of this pure copper is electrical conductors, another is to make alloys.
Name the metal that is alloyed with copper to make brass.
[1]
31
3 In the following list of ionic equations, the metals are in order of reactivity. (b) The following diagram shows a simple cell.
voltmeter
+
V
Zn Zn2+ + 2e
2+
Sn Sn + 2e reactivity of metals increases
2+
Hg Hg + 2e tin electrode zinc electrode
+
Ag Ag + e
(a)
a) ( In the space at the top of the series, write an ionic equation that includes a more
reactive metal. [1] electrolyte
dilute sulphuric acid
(ii) Define oxidation in terms of electron transfer.
(i) Predict how the voltage of the cell would change if the tin electrode was replaced
with a silver one.
[1] [1]
(iii) Explain why the positive ions are likely to be oxidising agents. (ii) Which electrode would go into the solution as positive ions? Give a reason for your
choice.
[1]
[1]
(iv) Which positive ion(s) can oxidise mercury metal (Hg)? (iii) State how you can predict the direction of the electron flow in cells of this type.
[1] [1]
32
(b) Copper is refined by the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulphate using copper
electrodes. Describe the change that occurs at the electrodes.
4 For over 5000 years copper has been obtained by the reduction of its ores. More recently the
metal has been purified by electrolysis. (i) cathode (pure copper) ...............................................................................................
(a) Copper is used to make alloys. ...............................................................................................................................[1]
(i) Give two other uses of copper. (ii) anode (impure copper) ..............................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................[2] ...............................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Alloys have similar structures to pure metals. Give a labelled diagram that shows (iii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction at the cathode.
the structure of a typical alloy, such as brass.
...............................................................................................................................[1]
(iv) If carbon electrodes are used, a colourless gas is given off at the anode and the
electrolyte changes from a blue to a colourless solution.
The colourless gas is ................................................. .

[3]
The solution changes into .......................................... . [2]
(c) Electrolysis and cells both involve chemical reactions and electricity.
What is the essential difference between them?
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Copper is an unreactive metal. Its compounds are easily reduced to the metal or
decomposed to simpler compounds. Complete the following equations.
(i) ...CuO + ............................ → ...Cu + ............................
(ii) Copper(II) hydroxide → ............................ + ............................

(heat)
............................
(iii) Cu(NO3)2 → ............................ + ............................ + ............................

(heat)
[4]
33

Chem 4

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1 Electroplating steel objects with silver involves a three-step process.

step 1 A coating of copper is applied to the object. ....................................................................................................................................................

step 2 A coating of nickel is applied to the object. ....................................................................................................................................................

step 3 The coating of silver is applied to the object. ....................................................................................................................................................

Cu2+(aq) + 2e– → Cu(s)

Explain whether this process is oxidation or reduction.

2 Chemical reactions are always accompanied by an energy change.

............................................................................................................................................. other metal in alloy ....................................................................................................................

....................................................................................................................................... [2] ....................................................................................................................................... [1]

Write the equation for the reaction at the negative electrode.

(ii) Suggest why the electrolyte is a paste.

CO(g) + Cl 2(g) COCl 2(g) Cl

CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g)

............................................................................................................................................. [Total: 13]

(b) Chlorine is made by the electrolysis of concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.

(a) Alumina is obtained from the main ore of aluminium.

.......OH– → O2 + 2H2O + ......e–

....Al + ......... → ......... Al 2O3 [4]

C8H18 → 2............ + H2 [1] oxygen given off

..................................................................................................................................... [2] ...........................................................................................................................................

steel core ...........................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................... external circuit

.................................................................................................................................... electrode electrode

product at product at change to

molten lithium iodide carbon lithium iodine used up

aqueous copper(II) sulfate platinum oxygen

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [4]

(i) What is the product at the negative electrode (cathode)?

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [Total: 15] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

(iii) Copper can be extracted by the electrolysis of an aqueous solution.

.................................................................................................................................... 2Al 2O3 → 4Al + 3O2

.............................................................................................................................. [1] Both electrodes are made of carbon.

[Total: 13] ....................................................................................................................................

electrolysis of an aqueous solution ...................................................................................

using carbon .....................................................................................................................

(i) Hydrogen ions are discharged at the negative electrode (cathode).

(ii) Why is chlorine used to treat the water supply?

molten lead(II) lead formed bromine formed used up + H2 [1]

potassium formed iodine formed used up − Cl2 [1]

(iii) How is sodium hydroxide used to make soap?

The dissolves to give a solution of [2]

carbon anode (+)

....................... (–) mixture of aluminium

(i) Write an equation for the reaction at the cathode.

(ii) Explain how carbon dioxide is formed at the anode.

(a) Aluminium is extracted by the electrolysis of its molten oxide.

carbon mixture of aluminium

(i) Name the main ore of aluminium.

(ii) Why does the molten electrolyte contain cryolite?

(b) Aluminium reacts very slowly with aqueous copper(II) sulphate.

2Al(s) + 3CuSO4(aq) Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3Cu(s)

(iii) Explain why aluminium reacts so slowly.

PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com [1] PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Explain these observations.

sodium hydroxide, .....................................................................................................................

The products of electrolysis are hydrogen, chlorine and sodium hydroxide.

(ii) Name a substance that can be used as the inert electrodes.

(iv) Where is hydrogen produced in the electrolytic cell?

Complete the following description of this purification.

.......................................................................................................................................... The positive electrode (anode) is impure zinc.

Explain why the concentration of the electrolyte does not change.

(i) Name the other metal in brass.

................................................................................................................................... [1] exposed steel thin layer of

.................................................................................................................................... [1] .............................................................................................................................................

(ii)  !   ionic bonding.

(iii) What is meant by the term ionic lattice? heat

(iv) Which ion is oxidised? Explain your answer.

....................................................................................................................................... [1] 20 40 60 80 100

[Total: 14] (iii) The electrolyte changes from zinc sulfate to

.................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. [1]

2ZnS + 3O2 → 2ZnO + 2SO2

(i) Describe how zinc oxide is reduced to zinc.

(ii) Draw a diagram which shows the arrangement of particles in an alloy.

(iii) Explain the term malleable.

(iv) Why are metals malleable?

lead anode object to

(ii) ! ionic bonding.