Finite Element Analysis of
Finite Element Analysis of
Finite Element Analysis of
Abstract: To represent the structural behavior of self-compacted concrete filled steel tube
composite columns under axial compression loading after high temperatures exposure, a nonlinear
three-dimensional finite element analysis model has been achieved to analyze these columns using
ANSYS R-15 software. An eight-node solid brick element (Solid65) is used to represent the
concrete, while a four-node isoparametric shell element (Shell63) is used to represent the steel tube
for the analyzed composite columns. A Newton-Raphson incremental-iterative approach is used to
simulate the nonlinear solution technique. The finite element method results indicated that the
predicted ultimate loads and axial deformations for the analyzed four column specimens agree well
Article – Peer Reviewed with the experimental results for normal strength and high strength concrete in static loading up to
failure, and therefore, it is sufficient to model how these columns behave. The reduction in the
Received: 1 March 2023
analytical ultimate loads compared to the experimental values ranged from 11% and 16%, while
Accepted: 24 March 2023 the reduction in the total axial deformation values ranged from 3% to 7%. The yield patterns
Published: 31 March 2023 obtained from the analyzed composite columns under axial compressive stress are comparable to
the yield patterns determined from the experimental study.
Copyright: © 2023 RAME Publishers Keywords: self-compacted, composite column, steel tube, finite element, ANSYS.
This is an open access article under
the CC BY 4.0 International License. 1. Introduction
Concrete Filled Steel Tube (CFST) composite columns are widely used in structures
due to their excellent attitude, including superior fire resistance compared to plain steel
https://creativecommons.org/licenses
columns, resistance to seismic loads, efficient use of materials, better strength, higher
/by/4.0/
stiffness, larger ductility, and a noticeably shorter construction time. Composite concrete-
Cite this article: Waleed Khalid
Mohammed, Khamees N.
steel structural elements are frequently used in modern bridge and building construction
Abdulhaleem, Shwan H. Said, Qais
[1]. When a steel part, such as a steel tube, is enclosed in concrete or when a steel I-section
F. Hasan, “Finite Element Analysis
is filled with concrete, a composite member here is produced. In a CFST like this, the
of Self-Compacted Concrete Filled
high compression concrete strength matches the high-tension steel strength. Concrete that
Steel Tube Columns Exposed to High
self-compacts (SCC) is fluid and is cast without vibration [2]. This building material is
Temperatures”, International increasingly employed in flat buildings like slabs or industrial floors because of its self-
Journal of Analytical, Experimental leveling qualities. However, when concrete is uncovered to hot and/or windy
and Finite Element Analysis, RAME circumstances, this form of construction is particularly susceptible to plastic shrinkage
Publishers, vol. 10, issue 1, pp. 1-10, cracking [3]. Investigations were made for the behavior of steel tubular SCC filled stub
2023. columns and exposed to a protocoled fire at the same time [4]. The temperature
https://doi.org/10.26706/ijaefea.1.10. distribution, axial deformation, steel’s limiting temperature, and fire resistance of the SCC
202309252 filled steel tubular stub columns were all measured through a series of experiments. A
Finite Element Method (F.E.M) analysis model was also suggested and utilized to
simulate the columns’ fire behavior.
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis https://www.rame.org.in/ijaefea/
Waleed Khalid Mohammed et. al.
A F.E.M analytical model was used to predict the load versus deformation relationships of CFST stub columns
subjected to temperature and axial compression [5]. A CFST stub columns set were tested under a variety of thermal and
mechanical loading conditions with high temperatures to ascertain the specimens’ residual strength which were heated
evenly. The tests are done on specimens exposed to fire according to the ISO-834 standard with no initial loads. These
tests were all simulated using this model. This model may reasonably accurately predict the load versus deformation
relationships, according on a comparison of the predicted and test findings. The behavior of CFST stub columns was then
investigated using the F.E.M analysis model by looking at the confinement stress development and cross-sectional stress
distribution at various loading stages, including initial loading stage in addition to heating and cooling stages. After
cooling, all of the specimens were loaded until they failed, and the residual stress index was examined in relation to a
number of factors. The ultimate strength was found to be marginally lower when temperature and loading were taken into
account than it was after being exposed to fire with no initial load. The peak strain that corresponded to the strength at
ultimate was much higher.
Investigation is done into an experimental study result that looked at the behavior of columns with SCC-filled steel
tube that had been exposed to high temperatures [6]. Twenty-eight composite column specimens were tested in the lab to
determine the during heating temperature distribution, the relationship between load and deformation besides the residual
strengths of SCC filled columns after being exposed to high temperatures are studied. The purpose of the experiment was
to determine how the behavior of the composite columns was affected by a number of different factors, such as
temperature exposure, compressive strength of concrete, diameter of steel tube, and wall thickness of steel tube. The test
findings demonstrated that when applied temperature increased, the SCC concrete compressive strength and the failure
load of composite columns dropped. After being heated to 400 and 600 oC, the compressive strength of standard SCC
reduced by around 39.77 and 64.55%, whereas the compressive strength of high SCC values decreased by 40.86, 74.38,
and 89.35% after being heated to 400, 600, and 800 oC, respectively. After high temperatures exposure, the failure loads
of the normal and high strength composite columns reduced by smaller amounts with the largest reduction ratio occurring
at 800 oC.
Many researchers investigated analytical algorithms using F.E.M to analyses for the concrete filled steel tubes [7, 8].
A F.E.M analysis algorithm was performed [9], using commercial software, to evaluate the performance of Concrete-
Filled Double-Skin Tube (CFDST) composite columns exposed to post-earthquake fires. This primary objective was to
replicate findings from a series of tests that involved firing the identical specimens in a furnace after cyclic lateral loading
which was used to subject CFDST columns to various degrees of seismic damage. In the loading sequence, the numerical
algorithm followed the experiments closely. The ability of various material models and modeling approaches to replicate
experimental findings, including local failure modes such buckling of steel tube, was evaluated based on their ability to
replicate experimental findings including local failure modes like steel tube buckling. In order to recreate the fire testing
portion of the tests, the results from the subsequent thermal stress analysis were preserved as initial conditions, including
residual deformations. The models of CFDST columns were subjected to a sequentially coupled nonlinear thermal stress
analysis to examine the impacts of exposure to a typical fire (time-temperature) curve. A reasonable comparison with
experimental results was made for both during and after the fire using numerical simulations that used material parameters
adapted from European general principles for structural fire design [10, 11].
2. Aim of research
Using a three-dimensional F.E.M analysis model and statically increased loads up to failure, the current study aims
to analyze the behavior of SCC-filled steel tube composite columns exposed to high temperatures. The developed F.E.M
model, which would be carried out using the ANSYS R-15 software, will be verified and used to simulate the behavior
and predict the ultimate load and deflection capacities of four different composite columns within the up-to-failure loading
stage due to axial compression loading after theoretically exposure to high temperatures. The obtained analytical results
will to be discussed and compared with the experimental results available in literature.
3. Finite element method analysis model
An efficient tool for the analysis of reinforced concrete structures is the nonlinear F.E.M. It represents the real
structure as an amalgamation of a limited number of components. It is conceivably a numerical laboratory procedure.
The effectiveness and precision of this artificial lab instrument mostly depend on the stiff and accurate modeling of the
particular material properties of steel and concrete. The uncracked elastic stage, the crack propagation stage, and the
inelastic stage can be used to roughly categorize the reaction of SCC filled steel composite columns. The three main
causes of nonlinearity are steel tube yielding, concrete crushing in compression, and inelastic behavior of concrete in
compression [12]. All the experimentally tested SCC steel composite columns are examined in the current study using a
nonlinear F.E.M analysis to depict the structural behavior of SCC steel composite columns under axial loading. The
analysis was completed using the all-inclusive general purpose finite element computer program ANSYS (ANalysis
SYStem Release-15) [13].
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis
Finite Element Analysis of Self-Compacted Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Exposed to High Temperatures
3 3 ξ
Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis https://www.rame.org.in/ijaefea/
Z(w) V2i
V2i
Y(v)
z
y Jtop
Waleed Khalid Mohammed et. al.
Figure 3. Four-node isoparametric shell element (Shell63) used to model steel tube.
Table 1. Integration rule locations of the sampling points and the weighting variables [12, 13].
Sampling Load Coordinates
Point Weight
Figure 4. Location of integration points for the 8-node brick element [13].
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis
Finite Element Analysis of Self-Compacted Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Exposed to High Temperatures
Equation (1) is used to solve for the unknown displacements {U} in linear elastic situations. The stiffness matrix [K] for
a nonlinear system is a function of the unidentified displacements (or their derivatives). Therefore the unknown
displacements {U} have to be determined precisely before computing equation (1).
Figure 7. F.E.M mesh discretization used for a typical SCC composite column.
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis https://www.rame.org.in/ijaefea/
Waleed Khalid Mohammed et. al.
Table 2. Material properties and parameters used for the composite column specimens.
f'c Ec*
Temperature νc fy Es
(MPa) (MPa) νs
(oC) (MPa) (MPa)
NS HS NS HS NS HS
25 44 49.8 31176 33167 0.2 0.2 340 200000 0.284
400 26.5 29.45 24194 25505 0.2 0.2 300 168000 0.299
600 15.6 12.76 18563 16788 0.2 0.2 260 116000 0.308
800 9.7 5.3 14638 10820 0.2 0.2 230 66000 0.316
* Ec = 4700 f c
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis
Finite Element Analysis of Self-Compacted Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Exposed to High Temperatures
mm. A comparison between analytical and experimental load-axial deformation curves for normal and high strength
concrete for four different SCC filled steel tube column specimens are shown through Table 6 and Figs. 10-13.
500
CNt1D1T1
400
Total Load (kN)
300
200
100 Experimental
F.E.M
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Axial deformation (mm)
Figure 10. Analytical and experimental load-axial deformation curves for column CNt1D1T1.
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis https://www.rame.org.in/ijaefea/
Waleed Khalid Mohammed et. al.
500
CNt2D1T1
400
Total Load (kN)
300
200
100 Experimental
F.E.M
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Axial deformation (mm)
Figure 11. Analytical and experimental load-axial deformation curves for column CNt2D1T1.
600
CHt1D1T1
500
Total Load (kN)
400
300
200
Experimental
100
F.E.M
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Axial deformation (mm)
Figure 12. Analytical and experimental load-axial deformation curves for column CHt1D1T1.
800
700 CHt2D2T2
Total Load (kN)
600
500
400
300
200 Experimental
100 F.E.M
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Axial deformation (mm)
Figure 13. Analytical and experimental load-axial deformation curves for column CHt2D2T2.
In general, the computed analytical ultimate axial loads are just a little bit lesser than the recorded experimental values
for all the analyzed four column specimens. The ultimate load for the normal strength concrete of 1.4 mm steel wall
thickness composite column CNt1D1T1 is 12% less than the experimental value, while the analytical ultimate axial
deformation is reduced by 3% compared to the recorded experimental result, as shown in Table 6 and Fig. 10. This means
that the adopted F.E.M model result agrees well with the experimental result, in spite of the fact that it gives a slightly
conservative response. The load-axial deformation curves, both analytical and experimental, are shown and compared in
Fig. 11 for the 1.8 mm steel wall thickness composite column CNt2D1T1 with the same other specifications as for
CNt1D1T1 column. The F.E.M analysis ultimate load is 15% lesser than the experimental value, while the axial
deformation is reduced by 5% compared to the experimental value. The predicted ultimate load for the high strength
concrete composite column CHt1D1T1 with 76 mm outer diameter and 1.4 mm wall thickness is less than the experimental
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis
Finite Element Analysis of Self-Compacted Concrete Filled Steel Tube Columns Exposed to High Temperatures
value by 11%, while for the high strength concrete composite column CHt2D2T2, with 101 mm outer diameter and 1.8
mm wall thickness, the predicted ultimate load is 16% lower than the experimental value, and this represents the
maximum calculated difference percentage between the analytical and experimental ultimate loads. The ultimate
analytically predicted axial deformations are reduced by 4% and 7% for these columns, respectively, when compared
with the experimental result. This means that the analytical results perform with good agreement with the experimental
results, but with a relatively conservative response due to the conservative concrete model followed in F.E.M analysis
procedure. Moreover, the stiffer response of the experimental results may be attributed to the behavior of concrete inside
the steel tube which may exhibit a type of confinement which is not being considered in the F.E.M analysis.
5. Conclusions
The current study’s numerical F.E.M. analysis results led to the following conclusions:
1. The F.E.M analytical model utilized in this study is sufficient to simulate the behavior of SCC filled steel composite
columns under axial compressive force. For both normal and high strength SCC composite columns, and at normal
and elevated temperatures. The predicted behavior and ultimate load by F.E.M. analysis are in good agreement with
the experimental results. The numerical ultimate load can vary by up to 16% from the experimental value.
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis https://www.rame.org.in/ijaefea/
Waleed Khalid Mohammed et. al.
2. A comparison between the analytical and experimental behaviors shows a slightly stiffer response for the
experimental results, which may be attributed to the behavior of concrete inside the steel tube which exhibits a type
of confinement which is not being considered in the F.E.M analysis.
3. The load-axial deformation curves under axial compressive loading depict the behavior of the analytically studied
composite columns and exhibit good agreement with the corresponding experimental data. The composite columns
that have undergone numerical analysis, however, have a slightly softer response in both the linear and nonlinear
regimes, with 7% maximum difference in ultimate axial deformation when compared with the experimental result.
4. Under axial compressive loading, the yield patterns derived from the studied composite columns are comparable to
the yield patterns concluded from the experimental study.
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Int. J. of Analytical, Experimental and Finite Element Analysis
Finite Element Analysis of Self-
Compacted Concrete Filled
Steel Tube Columns Exposed to
High Temperatures
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Finite Element Analysis of Self-Compacted Concrete Filled Steel
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