Instructor's Solutions Manual for

Elementary Linear Algebra with

Applications, 9th Edition - eBook PDF
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/instructors-solutions-manual-for-elementary-linear
-algebra-with-applications-9th-edition-ebook-pdf/
 Instructor's Solutions Manual for
Elementary Linear Algebra with
Applications, 9th Edition - eBook PDF
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebooksecure.com/download/instructors-solutions-manual-for-elementary-linear
-algebra-with-applications-9th-edition-ebook-pdf/
 Instructor’s Solutions Manual

Elementary Linear
Algebra with
Applications
Ninth Edition

Bernard Kolman
Drexel University

David R. Hill
Temple University
Editorial Director, Computer Science, Engineering, and Advanced Mathematics: Marcia J. Horton
Senior Editor: Holly Stark
Editorial Assistant: Jennifer Lonschein
Senior Managing Editor/Production Editor: Scott Disanno
Art Director: Juan López
Cover Designer: Michael Fruhbeis
Art Editor: Thomas Benfatti
Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell
Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan
Cover Image: (c) William T. Williams, Artist, 1969 Trane, 1969 Acrylic on canvas, 108!! × 84!! .
Collection of The Studio Museum in Harlem. Gift of Charles Cowles, New York.

c 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996 by Pearson Education, Inc.

"
Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

c 1991, 1986, 1982, by KTI;

Earlier editions "
1977, 1970 by Bernard Kolman

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 0-13-229655-1

Pearson Education, Ltd., London

Pearson Education Australia PTY. Limited, Sydney
Pearson Education Singapore, Pte., Ltd
Pearson Education North Asia Ltd, Hong Kong
Pearson Education Canada, Ltd., Toronto
Pearson Educación de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.
Pearson Education—Japan, Tokyo
Pearson Education Malaysia, Pte. Ltd
Contents

Preface iii

1 Linear Equations and Matrices 1

1.1 Systems of Linear Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Matrix Multiplication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Algebraic Properties of Matrix Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5 Special Types of Matrices and Partitioned Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Matrix Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Computer Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.8 Correlation Coefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2 Solving Linear Systems 27

2.1 Echelon Form of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 Solving Linear Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Elementary Matrices; Finding A−1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Equivalent Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5 LU -Factorization (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

3 Determinants 37
3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Properties of Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3 Cofactor Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 Inverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5 Other Applications of Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

4 Real Vector Spaces 45

4.1 Vectors in the Plane and in 3-Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
4.2 Vector Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.3 Subspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.4 Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.5 Span and Linear Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.6 Basis and Dimension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.7 Homogeneous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.8 Coordinates and Isomorphisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.9 Rank of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
ii CONTENTS

Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5 Inner Product Spaces 71

5.1 Standard Inner Product on R2 and R3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5.2 Cross Product in R3 (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
5.3 Inner Product Spaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5.4 Gram-Schmidt Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.5 Orthogonal Complements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
5.6 Least Squares (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6 Linear Transformations and Matrices 93

6.1 Definition and Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6.2 Kernel and Range of a Linear Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.3 Matrix of a Linear Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
6.4 Vector Space of Matrices and Vector Space of Linear Transformations (Optional) . . . . . . . 99
6.5 Similarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.6 Introduction to Homogeneous Coordinates (Optional) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 109

7.1 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7.2 Diagonalization and Similar Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
7.3 Diagonalization of Symmetric Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

8 Applications of Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors (Optional) 129

8.1 Stable Age Distribution in a Population; Markov Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
8.2 Spectral Decomposition and Singular Value Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.3 Dominant Eigenvalue and Principal Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
8.4 Differential Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
8.5 Dynamical Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
8.6 Real Quadratic Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
8.7 Conic Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
8.8 Quadric Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

10 MATLAB Exercises 137

Appendix B Complex Numbers 163

B.1 Complex Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
B.2 Complex Numbers in Linear Algebra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Preface

This manual is to accompany the Ninth Edition of Bernard Kolman and David R.Hill’s Elementary Linear
Algebra with Applications. Answers to all even numbered exercises and detailed solutions to all theoretical
exercises are included. It was prepared by Dennis Kletzing, Stetson University. It contains many of the
solutions found in the Eighth Edition, as well as solutions to new exercises included in the Ninth Edition of
the text.
Chapter 1

Linear Equations and Matrices

Section 1.1, p. 8
2. x = 1, y = 2, z = −2.

4. No solution.

6. x = 13 + 10t, y = −8 − 8t, t any real number.

8. Inconsistent; no solution.

10. x = 2, y = −1.

12. No solution.

14. x = −1, y = 2, z = −2.

16. (a) For example: s = 0, t = 0 is one answer.
(b) For example: s = 3, t = 4 is one answer.
(c) s = 2t .

18. Yes. The trivial solution is always a solution to a homogeneous system.

20. x = 1, y = 1, z = 4.

22. r = −3.

24. If x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , . . . , xn = sn satisfy each equation of (2) in the original order, then those
same numbers satisfy each equation of (2) when the equations are listed with one of the original ones
interchanged, and conversely.

25. If x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , . . . , xn = sn is a solution to (2), then the pth and qth equations are satisfied.
That is,

ap1 s1 + · · · + apn sn = bp
aq1 s1 + · · · + aqn sn = bq .

Thus, for any real number r,

(ap1 + raq1 )s1 + · · · + (apn + raqn )sn = bp + rbq .

Then if the qth equation in (2) is replaced by the preceding equation, the values x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , . . . ,
xn = sn are a solution to the new linear system since they satisfy each of the equations.
2 Chapter 1

26. (a) A unique point.

(b) There are infinitely many points.
(c) No points simultaneously lie in all three planes.

C2

28. No points of intersection: C1 C2 C1

One point of intersection: C1 C2

C1 C2
Two points of intersection:

Infinitely many points of intersection: C1 = C2

30. 20 tons of low-sulfur fuel, 20 tons of high-sulfur fuel.

32. 3.2 ounces of food A, 4.2 ounces of food B, and 2 ounces of food C.

34. (a) p(1) = a(1)2 + b(1) + c = a + b + c = −5

p(−1) = a(−1)2 + b(−1) + c = a − b + c = 1
p(2) = a(2)2 + b(2) + c = 4a + 2b + c = 7.
(b) a = 5, b = −3, c = −7.

Section 1.2, p. 19
   
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
   
   
2. (a) A =  0 1 0 0 0 (b) A =  1 1 0 1 0 .
   
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0

4. a = 3, b = 1, c = 8, d = −2.
 
5 −5 8 ' (
  7 −7
6. (a) C + E = E + C = 4 2 9 . (b) Impossible. (c) .
0 1
5 3 4
   
−9 3 −9 0 10 −9
(d)  −12 −3 −15 . (e)  8 −1 −2 . (f) Impossible.
−6 −3 −9 −5 −4 3
   
1 2 ' ( 5 4 5 ' (
  1 2 3  −6 10
8. (a) A = 2
T
1 , (A ) =
T T
. (b) −5 2 3 . (c) .
2 1 4 11 17
3 4 8 9 4
Section 1.3 3

 
' ( 3 4 ' (
0 −4   17 2
(d) . (e) 6 3 . (f) .
4 0 −16 6
9 10
' ( ' ( ' (
1 0 1 0 3 0
10. Yes: 2 +1 = .
0 1 0 0 0 2
 
λ−1 −2 −3
12.  −6 λ+2 −3 .
−5 −2 λ−4
14. Because the edges can be traversed in either direction.
 
x1
 x2 
 
16. Let x =  .  be an n-vector. Then
 .. 
xn

      
x1 0 x1 + 0 x1
 x2   0   x2 + 0   x2 
       
x + 0 =  .  +  .  =  .  =  .  = x.
 ..   ..   ..   .. 
xn 0 xn + 0 xn

n )
) m
18. aij = (a11 + a12 + · · · + a1m ) + (a21 + a22 + · · · + a2m ) + · · · + (an1 + an2 + · · · + anm )
i=1 j=1
= (a11 + a21 + · · · + an1 ) + (a12 + a22 + · · · + an2 ) + · · · + (a1m + a2m + · · · + anm )
)m ) n
= aij .
j=1 i=1

n
) n
) n
) n
)
19. (a) True. (ai + 1) = ai + 1= ai + n.
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
 
n
) m
) n
)
(b) True.  1 = m = mn.
i=1 j=1 i=1
  
)n )m m
) m
) m
)
(c) True.  ai   bj  = a1 bj + a2 bj + · · · + an bj
i=1 j=1 j=1 j=1 j=1
) m
= (a1 + a2 + · · · + an ) bj
. j=1 /
)n m
) )m )n
= ai bj = ai bj
i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1

20. “new salaries” = u + .08u = 1.08u.

Section 1.3, p. 30
2. (a) 4. (b) 0. (c) 1. (d) 1.
4. x = 5.
4 Chapter 1
√
6. x = ± 2, y = ±3.
8. x = ±5.
10. x = 65 , y = 5 .
12

     
0 −1 1 15 −7 14 8 8
12. (a) Impossible. (b)  12 5 17 . (c)  23 −5 29 . (d)  14 13 . (e) Impossible.
19 0 22 13 −1 17 13 9
' ( ' (
58 12 28 8 38
14. (a) . (b) Same as (a). (c) .
66 13 34 4 41
' ( ' (
28 32 −16 −8 −26
(d) Same as (c). (e) ; same. (f) .
16 18 −30 0 −31
 
0 1 −1 4 2
16. (a) 1. (b) −6. (c) −3 0 1 . (d)  −2 8 4 . (e) 10.
3 −12 −6
 
9 0 −3
(f)  0 0 0 . (g) Impossible.
−3 0 1
18. DI2 = I2 D = D.
' (
0 0
20. .
0 0
   
1 0
 14   18 
22. (a)  
 0 . (b)  .
 3
13 13
           
1 −2 −1 1 −2 −1
24. col1 (AB) = 1  2  + 3  4  + 2  3 ; col2 (AB) = −1  2  + 2  4  + 4  3 .
3 0 −2 3 0 −2

26. (a) −5. (b) BAT

10 0 1
28. Let A = aij be m × p and B = bij be p × n.
(a) Let the ith row of A consist entirely of zeros, so that aik = 0 for k = 1, 2, . . . , p. Then the (i, j)
entry in AB is
)p
aik bkj = 0 for j = 1, 2, . . . , n.
k=1

(b) Let the jth column of A consist entirely of zeros, so that akj = 0 for k = 1, 2, . . . , m. Then the
(i, j) entry in BA is
)m
bik akj = 0 for i = 1, 2, . . . , m.
k=1
 
    x1  
2 3 −3 1 1 2 3 −3 1 1   7
3  x2 
0 2 0 3 3 0 2 0 3     −2 
 
30. (a) 
2
. (b)   x3  = .
3 0 −4 0 2 3 0 −4 0    3
 x4 
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 5
x5
Section 1.3 5
 
2 3 −3 1 1 7
3 0 2 0 3 −2 
(c) 
2

3 0 −4 0 3
0 0 1 1 1 5
' (' ( ' (
−2 3 x1 5
32. = .
1 −5 x2 4

2x1 + x2 + 3x3 + 4x4 = 0

34. (a) 3x1 − x2 + 2x3 =3 (b) same as (a).
−2x1 + x2 − 4x3 + 3x4 = 2
 
   
' ( ' ( ' ( ' ( −1 1 3
3 2 1 4
36. (a) x1 + x2 + x3 = . (b) x1  2  + x2  −1  =  −2 .
1 −1 4 −2
3 1 1
      
' ( x1 ' ( 1 2 1 x1 0
1 2 0   1
38. (a) x2 = . (b)  1 1 2   x2  =  0 .
2 5 3 1
x3 2 0 2 x3 0
39. We have
 
v1
n
) 0 1 
 v2 
u·v = ui vi = u1 u2 · · · un  .  = uT v.
i=1
 .. 
vn

 
1 0 0
40. Possible answer:  2 0 0 .
3 0 0

42. (a) Can say nothing. (b) Can say nothing.

n
) )n
43. (a) Tr(cA) = caii = c aii = c Tr(A).
i=1 i=1
n
) n
) n
)
(b) Tr(A + B) = (aii + bii ) = aii + bii = Tr(A) + Tr(B).
i=1 i=1 i=1
0 1
(c) Let AB = C = cij . Then
n
) n )
) n n )
) n
Tr(AB) = Tr(C) = cii = aik bki = bki aik = Tr(BA).
i=1 i=1 k=1 k=1 i=1

n
) n
)
(d) Since aTii = aii , Tr(AT ) = aTii = aii = Tr(A).
i=1 i=1
0 1
(e) Let AT A = B = bij . Then
n
) n
) n
) n )
) n
bii = aTij aji = a2ji =⇒ Tr(B) = Tr(AT A) = bii = a2ij ≥ 0.
j=1 j=1 i=1 i=1 j=1

Hence, Tr(AT A) ≥ 0.
6 Chapter 1

44. (a) 4. (b) 1. (c) 3.

2' (3
1 0
45. We have Tr(AB − BA) = Tr(AB) − Tr(BA) = 0, while Tr = 2.
0 1
 
b1j
0 1 0 1  b2j 
 
46. (a) Let A = aij and B = bij be m × n and n × p, respectively. Then bj =  .  and the ith
 .. 
bnj
n
)
entry of Abj is aik bkj , which is exactly the (i, j) entry of AB.
k=1
04 4 4 1 0 1
(b) The ith row of AB is k aik bk1 k aik bk2 · · · k aik bkn . Since ai = ai1 ai2 · · · ain ,
we have
04 4 4 1
ai b = k aik bk1 k aik bk2 · · · k aik bkn .
This is the same as the ith row of Ab.
0 1 0 1
47. Let A = aij and B = bij be m × n and n × p, respectively. Then the jth column of AB is
 
a11 b1j + · · · + a1n bnj

(AB)j =  .. 
. 
am1 b1j + · · · + amn bnj
   
a11 a1n
= b1j  ...  + · · · + bnj  ... 
   

am1 amn
= b1j Col1 (A) + · · · + bnj Coln (A).

Thus the jth column of AB is a linear combination of the columns of A with coefficients the entries in
bj .

48. The value of the inventory of the four types of items.

50. (a) row1 (A) · col1 (B) = 80(20) + 120(10) = 2800 grams of protein consumed daily by the males.
(b) row2 (A) · col2 (B) = 100(20) + 200(20) = 6000 grams of fat consumed daily by the females.

51. (a) No. If x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ), then x · x = x21 + x22 + · · · + x2n ≥ 0.

(b) x = 0.

52. Let a = (a1 , a2 , . . . , an ), b = (b1 , b2 , . . . , bn ), and c = (c1 , c2 , . . . , cn ). Then

n
) n
)
(a) a · b = ai bi and b · a = bi ai , so a · b = b · a.
i=1 i=1
n
) n
) n
)
(b) (a + b) · c = (ai + bi )ci = ai ci + bi ci = a · c + b · c.
i=1 i=1 i=1
n
) n
)
(c) (ka) · b = (kai )bi = k ai bi = k(a · b).
i=1 i=1
Section 1.4 7

53. The i, ith element of the matrix AAT is

n
) n
) n
)
aik aTki = aik aik = (aik )2 .
k=1 k=1 k=1
n
)
Thus if AAT = O, then each sum of squares (aik )2 equals zero, which implies aik = 0 for each i
k=1
and k. Thus A = O.
' (
17 2 22
54. AC = . CA cannot be computed.
18 3 23

55. B T B will be 6 × 6 while BB T is 1 × 1.

Section 1.4, p. 40
0 1 0 1 0 1
1. Let A = aij , B = bij , C = cij . Then the (i, j) entry of A + (B + C) is aij + (bij + cij ) and
that of (A + B) + C is (aij + bij ) + cij . By the associative law for addition of real numbers, these two
entries are equal.
0 1 0 1
2. For A = aij , let B = −aij .
n
)
0 1 0 1 0 1
4. Let A = aij , B = bij , C = cij . Then the (i, j) entry of (A + B)C is (aik + bik )ckj and that of
k=1
n
) n
)
AC + BC is aik ckj + bik ckj . By the distributive and additive associative laws for real numbers,
k=1 k=1
these two expressions for the (i, j) entry are equal.
0 1 0 1
6. Let A = aij , where aii = k and aij = 0 if i &= j, and let B = bij . Then, if i &= j, the (i, j) entry of
)n )n
AB is ais bsj = kbij , while if i = j, the (i, i) entry of AB is ais bsi = kbii . Therefore AB = kB.
s=1 s=1
n
)
0 1 0 1
7. Let A = aij and C = c1 c2 · · · cm . Then CA is a 1 × n matrix whose ith entry is cj aij .
j=1
 
a1j
 a2j  )n )m
 
Since Aj =  . , the ith entry of cj Aj is cj aij .
 ..  j=1 j=1
amj
' ( ' ( ' (
cos 2θ sin 2θ cos 3θ sin 3θ cos kθ sin kθ
8. (a) . (b) . (c) .
− sin 2θ cos 2θ − sin 3θ cos 3θ − sin kθ cos kθ
(d) The result is true for p = 2 and 3 as shown in parts (a) and (b). Assume that it is true for p = k.
Then
' (' (
cos kθ sin kθ cos θ sin θ
Ak+1 = Ak A =
− sin kθ cos kθ − sin θ cos θ
' (
cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ cos kθ sin θ + sin kθ cos θ
=
− sin kθ cos θ − cos kθ sin θ cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ
' (
cos(k + 1)θ sin(k + 1)θ
= .
− sin(k + 1)θ cos(k + 1)θ
Hence, it is true for all positive integers k.
8 Chapter 1
 
( ' ' ( √1 √1
1 0 0 1
10. Possible answers: A = ;A= ;A= 2 2 .
0 1 1 0 √1 1
− 2
√
2
' ( ' ( ' (
1 1 0 0 0 1
12. Possible answers: A = ;A= ;A= .
−1 −1 0 0 0 0
0 1
13. Let A = aij . The (i, j) entry of r(sA) is r(saij ), which equals (rs)aij and s(raij ).
0 1
14. Let A = aij . The (i, j) entry of (r + s)A is (r + s)aij , which equals raij + saij , the (i, j) entry of
rA + sA.
0 1 0 1
16. Let A = aij , and B = bij . Then r(aij + bij ) = raij + rbij .
n
) n
)
0 1 0 1
18. Let A = aij and B = bij . The (i, j) entry of A(rB) is aik (rbkj ), which equals r aik bkj , the
k=1 k=1
(i, j) entry of r(AB).

20. 1
6 A, k = 16 .

22. 3.

24. If Ax = rx and y = sx, then Ay = A(sx) = s(Ax) = s(rx) = r(sx) = ry.

26. The (i, j) entry of (AT )T is the (j, i) entry of AT , which is the (i, j) entry of A.
0 1
27. (b) The (i, j) entry of (A + B)T is the (j, i) entry of aij + bij , which is to say, aji + bji .
0 1 0 1
(d) Let A = aij and let bij = aji . Then the (i, j) entry of (cA)T is the (j, i) entry of caij , which
is to say, cbij .
   
5 0 −4 −8
28. (A + B)T =  5 2 , (rA)T =  −12 −4 .
1 2 −8 12
   
−34 −34
30. (a)  17 . (b)  17 . (c) B T C is a real number (a 1 × 1 matrix).
−51 −51
' ( ' ( ' (
1 −3 1 2 −1 2
32. Possible answers: A = ;B= 2 ;C= .
0 0 3 1 0 1
' ( ' ( ' (
2 0 0 0 0 0
A= ;B= ;C= .
3 0 1 0 0 1

33. The (i, j) entry of cA is caij , which is 0 for all i and j only if c = 0 or aij = 0 for all i and j.
' (
a b
34. Let A = be such that AB = BA for any 2 × 2 matrix B. Then in particular,
c d
' (' ( ' (' (
a b 1 0 1 0 a b
=
c d 0 0 0 0 c d
' ( ' (
a 0 a b
=
c 0 0 0
' (
a 0
so b = c = 0, A = .
0 d
Section 1.5 9

Also
' (' ( ' (' (
a 0 1 1 1 1 a 0
=
0 d 0 0 0 0 0 d
' ( ' (
a a a d
= ,
0 0 0 0
' (
a 0
which implies that a = d. Thus A = for some number a.
0 a

35. We have

(A − B)T = (A + (−1)B)T
= AT + ((−1)B)T
= AT + (−1)B T = AT − B T by Theorem 1.4(d)).

36. (a) A(x1 + x2 ) = Ax1 + Ax2 = 0 + 0 = 0.

(b) A(x1 − x2 ) = Ax1 − Ax2 = 0 − 0 = 0.
(c) A(rx1 ) = r(Ax1 ) = r0 = 0.
(d) A(rx1 + sx2 ) = r(Ax1 ) + s(Ax2 ) = r0 + s0 = 0.

37. We verify that x3 is also a solution:

Ax3 = A(rx1 + sx2 ) = rAx1 + sAx2 = rb + sb = (r + s)b = b.

38. If Ax1 = b and Ax2 = b, then A(x1 − x2 ) = Ax1 − Ax2 = b − b = 0.

Section 1.5, p. 52
0 1
1. (a) Let Im = dij so dij = 1 if i = j and 0 otherwise. Then the (i, j) entry of Im A is
m
)
dik akj = dii aij (since all other d’s = 0)
k=1
= aij (since dii = 1).

0 1
2. We prove that the product of two upper triangular matrices is upper triangular: Let A = aij with
)n
0 1 0 1
aij = 0 for i > j; let B = bij with bij = 0 for i > j. Then AB = cij where cij = aik bkj . For
k=1
i > j, and each 1 ≤ k ≤ n, either i > k (and so a0ik =1 0) or else k ≥ i > j (so bkj = 0). Thus every
term in the sum for cij is 0 and so cij = 0. Hence cij is upper triangular.
0 1 0 1 0 1
3. Let A = aij and B = bij , where both aij = 0 and bij = 0 if i &= j. Then if AB = C = cij , we
)n
have cij = aik bkj = 0 if i &= j.
k=1
   
9 −1 1 18 −5 11
4. A + B =  0 −2 7  and AB =  0 −8 −7 .
0 0 3 0 0 0

5. All diagonal matrices.

10 Chapter 1
' ( ' ( ' (
7 −2 −9 −11 20 −20
6. (a) (b) (c)
−3 10 22 13 4 76
q summands
7 85 6
8. Ap Aq = (A · A · · · A) (A · A · · · A) = Ap+q ; (Ap )q = A p p p
A A · · · A p
= A p + p + · · · + p = Apq .
5 67 85 67 8 5 67 8
p factors q factors q factors
5 67 8
p + q factors

9. We are given that AB = BA. For p = 2, (AB)2 = (AB)(AB) = A(BA)B = A(AB)B = A2 B 2 .

Assume that for p = k, (AB)k = Ak B k . Then

(AB)k+1 = (AB)k (AB) = Ak B k · A · B = Ak (B k−1 AB)B

= Ak (B k−2 AB 2 )B = · · · = Ak+1 B k+1 .

Thus the result is true for p = k + 1. Hence it is true for all positive integers p. For p = 0, (AB)0 =
In = A0 B 0 .

10. For p = 0, (cA)0 = In = 1 · In = c0 · A0 . For p = 1, cA = cA. Assume the result is true for p = k:
(cA)k = ck Ak , then for k + 1:

(cA)k+1 = (cA)k (cA) = ck Ak · cA = ck (Ak c)A = ck (cAk )A = (ck c)(Ak A) = ck+1 Ak+1 .

11. True for p = 0: (AT )0 = In = InT = (A0 )T . Assume true for p = n. Then

(AT )n+1 = (AT )n AT = (An )T AT = (AAn )T = (An+1 )T .

12. True for p = 0: (A0 )−1 = In−1 = In . Assume true for p = n. Then

(An+1 )−1 = (An A)−1 = A−1 (An )−1 = A−1 (A−1 )n = (A−1 )n+1 .
91 : 91 : 9 : 9 :
13. kA
−1
(kA) = k · k A−1 A = In and (kA) k1 A−1 = k · k1 AA−1 = In . Hence, (kA)−1 = k1 A−1 for
k &= 0.
14. (a) Let A = kIn . Then AT = (kIn )T = kInT = kIn = A.
(b) If k = 0, then A = kIn = 0In = O, which is singular. If k &= 0, then A−1 = (kA)−1 = k1 A−1 , so A
is nonsingular.
(c) No, the entries on the main diagonal do not have to be the same.
' (
a b
16. Possible answers: . Infinitely many.
0 a
' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 5 11 10 14
17. The result is false. Let A = . Then AA =
T
and A A =
T
.
3 4 11 25 14 20
18. (a) A is symmetric if and only if AT = A, or if and only if aij = aTij = aji .
(b) A is skew symmetric if and only if AT = −A, or if and only if aTij = aji = −aij .
(c) aii = −aii , so aii = 0.

19. Since A is symmetric, AT = A and so (AT )T = AT .

20. The zero matrix.

21. (AAT )T = (AT )T AT = AAT .

22. (a) (A + AT )T = AT + (AT )T = AT + A = A + AT .
Section 1.5 11

(b) (A − AT )T = AT − (AT )T = AT − A = −(A − AT ).

23. (Ak )T = (AT )k = Ak .

24. (a) (A + B)T = AT + B T = A + B.
(b) If AB is symmetric, then (AB)T = AB, but (AB)T = B T AT = BA, so AB = BA. Conversely, if
AB = BA, then (AB)T = B T AT = BA = AB, so AB is symmetric.
0 1 0 1
25. (a) Let A = aij be upper triangular, so that aij = 0 for i > j. Since AT = aTij , where aTij = aji ,
we have aTij = 0 for j > i, or aTij = 0 for i < j. Hence AT is lower triangular.
(b) Proof is similar to that for (a).

26. Skew symmetric. To show this, let A be a skew symmetric matrix. Then AT = −A. Therefore
(AT )T = A = −AT . Hence AT is skew symmetric.

27. If A is skew symmetric, AT = −A. Thus aii = −aii , so aii = 0.

k
28. Suppose that A is skew symmetric, so AT = −A. Then (Ak )T = (AT )k = (−A) = −Ak if k is a
positive odd integer, so Ak is skew symmetric.
9 : 9 :
29. Let S = 12 (A + AT ) and K = 12 (A − AT ). Then S is symmetric and K is skew symmetric, by
Exercise 18. Thus 9 : 9 :
S + K = 12 (A + AT + A − AT ) = 12 (2A) = A.
Conversely, suppose A = S + K is any decomposition of A into the sum of a symmetric and skew
symmetric matrix. Then

AT = (S + K)T = S T + K T = S − K
9 :
A + AT = (S + K) + (S − K) = 2S, S = 12 (A + AT ),
9 :
A − AT = (S + K) − (S − K) = 2K, K = 12 (A − AT )

   
2 7 3 0 −1 −7
1 1
30. S = 7 12 3  and K =  1 0 1 .
2 2
3 3 6 7 −1 0
' (' ( ' (
2 3 w x 1 0
31. Form = . Since the linear systems
4 6 y z 0 1

2w + 3y = 1 2x + 3z = 0
and
4w + 6y = 0 4x + 6z = 1

have no solutions, we conclude that the given matrix is singular.

 
1
0 0
4 
 
32. D−1 =  0 − 12 0 .
 
0 0 1
3
 
− 12 1
34. A =  . 2

2 −1
' (' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 4 16 38
36. (a) = . (b) .
1 3 6 22 53
12 Chapter 1
' (
−9
38. .
−6
' (
8
40. .
9
' ( ' ( ' (
1 0 0 0 1 0
42. Possible answer: + = .
0 0 0 1 0 1
' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 −1 −2 0 0
43. Possible answer: + = .
3 4 3 4 6 8

44. The conclusion of the corollary is true for r = 2, by Theorem 1.6. Suppose r ≥ 3 and that the
conclusion is true for a sequence of r − 1 matrices. Then
−1 −1 −1
(A1 A2 · · · Ar )−1 = [(A1 A2 · · · Ar−1 )Ar ]−1 = A−1
r (A1 A2 · · · Ar−1 )
−1
= A−1
r Ar−1 · · · A2 A1 .

45. We have A−1 A = In = AA−1 and since inverses are unique, we conclude that (A−1 )−1 = A.

46. Assume that A is nonsingular, so that there exists an n × n matrix B such that AB = In . Exercise 28
in Section 1.3 implies that AB has a row consisting entirely of zeros. Hence, we cannot have AB = In .

47. Let
 
a11 0 0 ··· 0
 0 a22 0 ··· 0 
 
A= .. ,
 . 
0 0 · · · · · · ann

where aii &= 0 for i = 1, 2, . . . , n. Then

 
1
a11 0 0 ··· 0
 
 
 0 1
a22 0 ··· 0 
A−1 =
 ..



 . 

0 0 ··· ··· 1
ann

as can be verified by computing AA−1 = A−1 A = In .

 
16 0 0
48. A4 =  0 81 0 .
0 0 625
 
ap11 0 0 ··· 0
 0
 ap22 0 ··· 0 
49. Ap =  .. .
 . 
0 0 p
· · · · · · ann

50. Multiply both sides of the equation by A−1 .

51. Multiply both sides by A−1 .

Section 1.5 13
' (' ( ' (
a b w x 1 0
52. Form = . This leads to the linear systems
c d y z 0 1

aw + by = 1 ax + bz = 0
and
cw + dy = 0 cx + dz = 1.

A solution to these systems exists only if ad − bc &= 0. Conversely, if ad − bc &= 0 then a solution to
these linear systems exists and we find A−1 .

53. Ax = 0 implies that A−1 (Ax) = A0 = 0, so x = 0.

54. We must show that (A−1 )T = A−1 . First, AA−1 = In implies that (AA−1 )T = InT = In . Now
(AA−1 )T = (A−1 )T AT = (A−1 )T A, which means that (A−1 )T = A−1 .
 
4 5 0
55. A + B =  0 4 1  is one possible answer.
6 −2 6
   
2×2 2×2 2×1 2×2 2×3
56. A =  2 × 2 2 × 2 2 × 1  and B =  2 × 2 2 × 3 .
2×2 2×2 2×1 1×2 1×3
' ( ' (
3×3 3×2 3×3 3×2
A= and B = .
3×3 3×2 2×3 2×2
 
21 48 41 48 40
 18 26 34 33 5 
 
 
 24 26 42 47 16 
AB =  .
 28 38 54 70 35 
 
 33 33 56 74 42 
34 37 58 79 54

57. A symmetric matrix. To show this, let A1 , . . . , An be symmetric matrices and let x1 , . . . , xn be scalars.
Then AT1 = A1 , . . . , ATn = An . Therefore

(x1 A1 + · · · + xn An )T = (x1 A1 )T + · · · + (xn An )T

= x1 AT1 + · · · + xn ATn
= x1 A1 + · · · + xn An .

Hence the linear combination x1 A1 + · · · + xn An is symmetric.

58. A scalar matrix. To show this, let A1 , . . . , An be scalar matrices and let x1 , . . . , xn be scalars. Then
Ai = ci In for scalars c1 , . . . , cn . Therefore

x1 A1 + · · · + xn An = x1 (c1 I1 ) + · · · + xn (cn In ) = (x1 c1 + · · · + xn cn )In

which is the scalar matrix whose diagonal entries are all equal to x1 c1 + · · · + xn cn .
' ( ' ( ' ( ' (
5 19 65 214
59. (a) w1 = , w2 = , w3 = , w4 = ; u2 = 5, u3 = 19, u4 = 65, u5 = 214.
1 5 19 65
(b) wn−1 = An−1 w0 .
' ( ' ( ' (
4 8 16
60. (a) w1 = , w2 = , w3 = .
2 4 8
(b) wn−1 = An−1 w0 .
14 Chapter 1

63. (b) In Matlab the following message is displayed.

Warning: Matrix is close to singular or badly scaled.
Results may be inaccurate.
RCOND = 2.937385e-018
Then a computed inverse is shown which is useless. (RCOND above is an estimate of the condition
number of the matrix.)

(c) In Matlab a message similar to that in (b) is displayed.

64. (c) In Matlab, AB − BA is not O. It is a matrix each of whose entries has absolute value less than
1 × 10−14 .

65. (b) Let x be the solution from the linear system solver in Matlab and y = A−1 B. A crude measure
of difference in the two approaches is to look at max{|xi − yi | i = 1, . . . , 10}. This value is
approximately 6 × 10−5 . Hence, computationally the methods are not identical.

66. The student should observe that the “diagonal” of ones marches toward the upper right corner and
eventually “exits” the matrix leaving all of the entries zero.

( '
0 0
67. (a) As k → ∞, the entries in A → 0, so A → k
. k
0 0

(b) As k → ∞, some of the entries in Ak do not approach 0, so Ak does not approach any matrix.

Section 1.6, p. 62
2. y

1
f(u) = (3, 0)
x
−3 −1 O 1 3
u = (1, −2)

4. y

1
O x
−2 −1 1 2
f(u) = (6.19, −0.23)

u = ( − 2, −3)
Section 1.6 15

6. y
( − 6, 6)
f(u) = − 2 u 6

u = ( − 3, 3) 2

x
−6 −4 −2 O 1

8. z

u = (0, −2, 4)

f(u) = (4, −2, 4)

1
y
O
1 1

10. No.

12. Yes.

14. No.

16. (a) Reflection about the line y = x.

(b) Reflection about the line y = −x.
  
2 0
18. (a) Possible answers: −1 , 0 .
  
0 1
   
0 1
(b) Possible answers:  4 ,  2 .
4 0

20. (a) f (u + v) = A(u + v) = Au + Av = f (u) + f (v).

(b) f (cu) = A(cu) = c(Au) = cf (u).
(c) f (cu + dv) = A(cu + dv) = A(cu) + A(cv) = c(Au) + d(Av) = cf (u) + df (v).

21. For any real numbers c and d, we have

f (cu + dv) = A(cu + dv) = A(cu) + A(dv) = c(Au) + d(Av) = cf (u) + df (v) = c0 + d0 = 0 + 0 = 0.
16 Chapter 1

    
0 ··· 0 u1 0

22. (a) O(u) =  ..   ..   .. 
.   .  =  .  = 0.
0 ··· 0 un 0
    
1 0 ··· 0 u1 u1

(b) I(u) =  ..   ..   .. 
.   .  =  .  = u.
0 0 ··· 1 un un

Section 1.7, p. 70

2. y

4
2
x
O
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

4. (a) y

(4, 16) (12, 16)

16

12

4
(4, 4) (12, 4)
3

1
x
O 1 3 4 8 12
Section 1.7 17

(b) y

1
4
x
1 3
O 4 4 1 2

6. y

1
2

x
O 1

8. (1, −2), (−3, 6), (11, −10).

10. We find that

(f1 ◦ f2 )(e1 ) = e2
(f2 ◦ f1 )(e1 ) = −e2 .

Therefore f1 ◦ f2 &= f2 ◦ f1 .
' (
2 0
12. Here f (u) = u. The new vertices are (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 3), and (0, 3).
0 3

(2, 3)
3

x
O 2

14. (a) Possible answer: First perform f1 (45◦ counterclockwise rotation), then f2 .
(b) Possible answer: First perform f3 , then f2 .
' (
cos θ − sin θ
16. Let A = . Then A represents a rotation through the angle θ. Hence A2 represents a
sin θ cos θ
rotation through the angle 2θ, so
' (
cos 2θ − sin 2θ
A2 = .
sin 2θ cos 2θ
18 Chapter 1

Since ' (' ( ' 2 (

cos θ − sin θ cos θ − sin θ cos θ − sin2 θ −2 sin θ cos θ
A = 2
= ,
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ 2 sin θ cos θ cos2 θ − sin2 θ
we conclude that
cos 2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ
sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ.

17. Let ' ( ' ( ' (

cos θ1 − sin θ1 cos(−θ2 ) − sin(−θ2 ) cos θ2 sin θ2
A= and B = = .
sin θ1 cos θ1 sin(−θ2 ) cos(−θ2 ) − sin θ2 cos θ2
Then A and B represent rotations through the angles θ1 and −θ2 , respectively. Hence BA represents
a rotation through the angle θ1 − θ2 . Then
' (
cos(θ1 − θ2 ) − sin(θ1 − θ2 )
BA = .
sin(θ1 − θ2 ) cos(θ1 − θ2 )
Since
' (' ( ' (
cos θ2 sin θ2 cos θ1 − sin θ1 cos θ1 cos θ2 + sin θ1 sin θ2 cos θ1 sin θ2 − sin θ1 cos θ2
BA = = ,
− sin θ2 cos θ2 sin θ1 cos θ1 sin θ1 cos θ2 − cos θ1 sin θ2 cos θ1 cos θ2 + sin θ1 sin θ2
we conclude that
cos(θ1 − θ2 ) = cos θ1 cos θ2 + sin θ1 sin θ2
sin(θ1 − θ2 ) = sin θ1 cos θ2 − cos θ1 sin θ2 .

Section 1.8, p. 79
2. Correlation coefficient = 0.9981. Quite highly correlated.
10

0
0 5 10

4. Correlation coefficient = 0.8774. Moderately positively correlated.

100

80

60

40

20

0
0 50 100
Supplementary Exercises 19

Supplementary Exercises for Chapter 1, p. 80

' (
b1
2. (a) k=1 B= .
0
' (
b11 b12
k=2 B= .
0 0
' (
b11 b12 b13
k=3 B= .
0 0 0
' (
b b b b
k=4 B = 11 12 13 14 .
0 0 0 0
(b) The answers are not unique. The only requirement is that row 2 of B have all zero entries.
 
' ( 1 0 0
1 12
4. (a) . (b)  0 0 0 . (c) I4 .
0 1
0 0 0
' ( ' 2 ( ' (
a b a + bc ab + bd 0 1
(d) Let A = . Then A2 = = = B implies
c d ac + dc bc + d2 0 0

b(a + d) = 1
c(a + d) = 0.
It follows that a + d &= 0 and c = 0. Thus
' 2 ( ' (
a b(a + d) 0 1
A =
2
= .
b d 2
0 0
Hence, a = d = 0, which is a contradiction; thus, B has no square root.
5. (a) (AT A)ii = (rowi AT ) × (coli A) = (coli A)T × (coli A)
(b) From part (a)
 
a1i
0 1   n
 a2i  ) 2
(AT A)ii = a1i a2i · · · ani ×  .  = a ≥ 0.
 ..  j=1 ji
ani
(c) AT A = On if and only if (AT A)ii = 0 for i = 1, . . . , n. But this is possible if and only if aij = 0
for i = 1, . . . , n and j = 1, . . . , n
6. (Ak )T = (A · A · · · A)T = A A 67· · · AT8 = (AT )k .
T T
5 67 8 5
k times k times

7. Let A be a symmetric upper (lower) triangular matrix. Then aij = aji and aij = 0 for j > i (j < i).
Thus, aij = 0 whenever i &= j, so A is diagonal.
8. If A is skew symmetric then AT = −A. Note that xT Ax is a scalar, thus (xT Ax)T = xT Ax. That is,
xT Ax = (xT Ax)T = xT AT x = −(xT Ax).
The only scalar equal to its negative is zero. Hence xT Ax = 0 for all x.
9. We are asked to prove an “if and only if” statement. Hence two things must be proved.
(a) If A is nonsingular, then aii &= 0 for i = 1, . . . , n.
Proof: If A is nonsingular then A is row equivalent to In . Since A is upper triangular, this can
occur only if we can multiply row i by 1/aii for each i. Hence aii &= 0 for i = 1, . . . , n. (Other
row operations will then be needed to get In .)
20 Chapter 1

(b) If aii &= 0 for i = 1, . . . , n then A is nonsingular.

Proof: Just reverse the steps given above in part (a).
' ( ' ( ' (
0 a 0 b −ab 0
10. Let A = and B = . Then A and B are skew symmetric and AB =
−a 0 −b 0 0 −ab
which is diagonal. The result is not true for n > 2. For example, let
 
0 1 2
A =  −1 0 3 .
−2 −3 0
 
5 6 −3
Then A2 =  6 10 2 .
−3 2 13
11. Using the definition of trace and Exercise 5(a), we find that
Tr(AT A) = sum of the diagonal entries of AT A (definition of trace)
 
)n )n )n
= (AT A)ii =  a2ji  (Exercise 5(a))
i=1 i=1 j=1

= sum of the squares of all entries of A

Thus the only way Tr(AT A) = 0 is if aij = 0 for i = 1, . . . , n and j = 1, . . . , n. That is, if A = O.
12. When AB = BA.
' 1(
1 2
13. Let A = . Then
0 12
   
2 2 3
1 1
2 + ( 12 ) 1 1
2 + ( 12 ) + ( 12 )
A2 =  2
 and A3 =  3
.
0 ( 12 ) 0 ( 12 )

Following the pattern for the elements we have

 
1 2 1 n
1 1
2 + ( 2 ) + · · · + ( 2 )
An =  n
.
0 ( 12 )

A formal proof by induction can be given.

14. B k = P Ak P −1 .
15. Since A is skew symmetric, AT = −A. Therefore,
A[−(A−1 )T ] = −A(A−1 )T = AT (A−1 )T = (A−1 A)T = I T = I
and similarly, [−(A−1 )T ]A = I. Hence −(A−1 )T = A−1 , so (A−1 )T = −A−1 , and therefore A−1 is
skew symmetric.
16. If Ax = 0 for all n × 1 matrices x, then AEj = 0, j = 1, 2, . . . , n where Ej = column j of In . But then
 
a1j
 a2j 
 
AEj =  .  = 0.
 .. 
anj
Hence column j of A = 0 for each j and it follows that A = O.
Supplementary Exercises 21

17. If Ax = x for all n × 1 matrices X, then AEj = Ej , where Ej is column j of In . Since

 
a1j
 a2j 
 
AEj =  .  = Ej
 .. 
anj

it follows that aij = 1 if i = j and 0 otherwise. Hence A = In .

18. If Ax = Bx for all n × 1 matrices x, then AEj = BEj , j = 1, 2, . . . , n where Ej = column j of In . But
then    
a1j b1j
 a2j   b2j 
   
AEj =  .  = BEj =  .  .
 ..   .. 
anj bnj
Hence column j of A = column j of B for each j and it follows that A = B.

19. (a) In2 = In and O2 = O

' ( ' (
0 0 1 0
(b) One such matrix is and another is .
0 1 0 0
(c) If A2 = A and A−1 exists, then A−1 (A2 ) = A−1 A which simplifies to give A = In .

20. We have A2 = A and B 2 = B.

(a) (AB)2 = ABAB = A(BA)B = A(AB)B (since AB = BA)
= A2 B 2 = AB (since A and B are idempotent)
(b) (A ) = A A = (AA)
T 2 T T T
(by the properties of the transpose)
= (A ) = A
2 T T
(since A is idempotent)
(c) If A and B are n × n and idempotent, then A + B need not be idempotent. For example, let
' ( ' ( ' (
1 1 0 0 1 1
A= and B = . Both A and B are idempotent and C = A + B = . However,
0 0 1 1 1 1
' (
2 2
C2 = &= C.
2 2
(d) k = 0 and k = 1.

21. (a) We prove this statement using induction. The result is true for n = 1. Assume it is true for n = k
so that Ak = A. Then
Ak+1 = AAk = AA = A2 = A.
Thus the result is true for n = k + 1. It follows by induction that An = A for all integers n ≥ 1.
(b) (In − A)2 = In2 − 2A + A2 = In − 2A + A = In − A.
22. (a) If A were nonsingular then products of A with itself must also be nonsingular, but Ak is singular
since it is the zero matrix. Thus A must be singular.
(b) A3 = O.
(c) k = 1 A = O; In − A = In ; (In − A)−1 A = In
k = 2 A2 = O; (In − A)(In + A) = In − A2 = In ; (In − A)−1 = In + A
k = 3 A3 = O; (In − A)(In + A + A2 ) = In − A3 = In ; (In − A)−1 = In + A + A2
etc.
22 Chapter 1

 
1
1
 
v· .
 .. 
1
24.    
1 1
1 1
   
. · .
 ..   .. 
1 1
) )
25. (a) Mcd(cA) = (caij ) = c aij = c Mcd(A)
i+j=n+1 i+j=n+1
) ) )
(b) Mcd(A + B) = (aij + bij ) = aij + bij = Mcd(A) + Mcd(B)
i+j=n+1 i+j=n+1 i+j=n+1

(c) Mcd(AT ) = (AT )1n + (AT )2 n−1 + · · · + (AT )n1 = an1 + an−1 2 + · · · + a1n = Mcd(A)
' ( ' (
7 −3 1 1
(d) Let A = and B = . Then
0 0 −1 1
' (
10 4
AB = with Mcd(AB) = 4
0 0

and ' (
7 −3
BA = with Mcd(BA) = −10.
−7 3
 
1 2 0 0
3 4 0 0
26. (a) 
0
.
0 0 1
0 0 3 2
'( ' ( ' ( ' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 1 1 0 0 −1 0
(b) Solve y= and z= obtaining y = and z = . Then the solution
3 4 1 2 3 3 1 1
 
−1
' (
 1
to the given linear system Ax = B is x =   where x = y .
 0 z
1

27. Let
' ( ' (
0 a 0 b
A= and B = .
−a 0 −b 0

Then A and B are skew symmetric and

' (
−ab 0
AB =
0 −ab

which is diagonal. The result is not true for n > 2. For example, let
 
0 1 2

A = −1 0 3 .
−2 −3 0
Supplementary Exercises 23

Then
 
5 6 −3
A2 =  6 10 2 .
−3 2 13

28. Consider the linear system Ax = 0. If A11 and A22 are nonsingular, then the matrix
' −1 (
A11 O
O A−1
22

is the inverse of A (verify by block multiplying). Thus A is nonsingular.

29. Let ' (

A11 A12
A=
O A22
where A11 is r × r and A22 is s × s. Let
' (
B11 B12
B=
B21 B22

where B11 is r × r and B22 is s × s. Then

' ( ' (
A11 B11 + A12 B21 A11 B12 + A12 B22 I O
AB = = r .
A22 B21 A22 B22 O Is

We have A22 B22 = Is , so B22 = A−122 . We also have A22 B21 = O, and multiplying both sides of this
equation by A−1
22 , we find that B −1
21 = O. Thus A11 B11 = Ir , so B11 = A11 . Next, since

A11 B12 + A12 B22 = O

then
A11 B12 = −A12 B22 = −A12 A−1
22

Hence,
B12 = −A−1 −1
11 A12 A22 .

Since we have solved for B11 , B12 , B21 , and B22 , we conclude that A is nonsingular. Moreover,
 
−1 −1 −1
A 11 −A A A
11 12 22 
A−1 =  .
O A−1
22

 
  −1 0 3 5
4 5 6  −2 0 6 10 
30. (a) XY T =  8 10 12 . (b) XY T =
 −1
.
0 3 5
12 15 18
−2 0 6 10
0 1T 0 1T
31. Let X = 1 5 and Y = 4 −3 . Then
' ( ' ( ' ( ' (
1 0 1 4 −3 4 0 1 4 20
XY T = 4 −3 = and Y X T = 1 5 = .
5 20 −15 −3 −3 −15

It follows that XY T is not necessarily the same as Y X T .

24 Chapter 1

32. Tr(XY T ) = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + · · · + xn yn (See Exercise 27)

= XT Y .
   
1 0 1 7 0 1
33. col1 (A) × row1 (B) + col2 (A) × row2 (B) =  3  2 4 +  9  6 8
5 11
     
2 4 42 56 44 60
=  6 12  +  54 72  =  60 84  = AB.
10 20 66 88 76 108
34. (a) H T = (In − 2W W T )T = InT − 2(W W T )T = In − 2(W T )T W T = In − 2W W T = H.
(b) HH T = HH = (In − 2W W T )(In − 2W W T )
= In − 4W W T + 4W W T W W T
= In − 4W W T + 4W (W T W )W T
= In − 4W W T + 4W (In )W T = In
Thus, H T = H −1 .
   
 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0
  1 2 5 −1 0
1 2 3 −1 1  1 0 0 0

0
 1 2 1 0
2 5
 (c)    
35. (a) 3 1 2 (b) 
 5 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0 = I5 (d) 0 0 1 2 1
2    
2 3 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 2
2 5 −1 1
0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 1
 
c1 c2 c3
36. We have C = circ(c1 , c2 , c3 ) =  c3 c1 c2 . Thus C is symmetric if and only if c2 = c3 .
c2 c3 c1
; n
<
)
37. Cx = ci x.
i=1

38. We proceed directly.

    
c1 c3 c2 c1 c2 c3 c21 + c23 + c22 c1 c2 + c3 c1 + c2 c3 c1 c3 + c3 c2 + c2 c1
C T C =  c2 c1 c3   c3  
c1 c2 = c2 c1 + c1 c3 + c3 c2 c22 + c21 + c23 c2 c3 + c1 c2 + c3 c1 
c3 c2 c1 c2 c3 c1 c3 c1 + c2 c3 + c1 c2 c3 c2 + c2 c1 + c1 c3 c23 + c22 + c21
    
c1 c2 c3 c1 c3 c2 c21 + c22 + c23 c1 c3 + c2 c1 + c3 c2 c1 c2 + c2 c3 + c3 c1
CC = c3
T  c1 c2   c2  
c1 c3 = c3 c1 + c1 c2 + c2 c3 c23 + c21 + c22 c3 c2 + c1 c3 + c2 c1  .
c2 c3 c1 c3 c2 c1 c2 c1 + c3 c2 + c1 c3 c2 c3 + c3 c1 + c1 c2 c22 + c23 + c21

It follows that C T C = CC T .

Chapter Review for Chapter 1, p. 83

True or False
1. False. 2. False. 3. True. 4. True. 5. True.
6. True. 7. True. 8. True. 9. True. 10. True.
Chapter Review 25

Quiz
' (
2
1. x = .
−4
2. r = 0.

3. a = b = 4.
4. (a) a = 2.
(b) b = 10, c = any real number.
' (
3
5. u = , where r is any real number.
r
Chapter 2

Solving Linear Systems

Section 2.1, p. 94
−1r1 → r1  
1 −1 1 0 −3
3r1 + r2 → r2 0
2. (a) Possible answer: 1 4 1 1
−4r1 + r3 → r3
2r2 + r3 → r3 0 0 0 0 0

2r1 + r2 → r2  
1 1 −4
−4r1 + r3 → r3 
(b) Possible answer: 0 1 2
r2 + r3 → r3
0 0 1
6 r3 → r3
1

 
1 0 0 8  
0 1 0 0 −1 4
3r3 + r1 → r1  1 0 −1 
 0
4. (a) (b) −3r2 + r1 → r1 1 0 1 0
−r3 + r2 → r2  0 0 1 2
0 0 1 −1 0
0 0 0 0
−r1 → r1
−2r1 + r2 → r2  
−3r1 + r2 → r2 1 0 −3
−2r1 + r3 → r3
−5r1 + r3 → r3 0
1
r → r2  1 2
6. (a) 2 2 I3 (b) 2r1 + r4 → r4 0
−3r3 → r3 0 0
−r2 + r3 → r3
3 r3 + r2 → r2
4
−r2 + r1 → r1 0 0 0
−5r3 + r1 → r1
2r2 + r1 → r1
8. (a) REF (b) RREF (c) N

9. Consider the columns of A which contain leading entries of nonzero rows of A. If this set of columns is
the entire set of n columns, then A = In . Otherwise there are fewer than n leading entries, and hence
fewer than n nonzero rows of A.
10. (a) A is row equivalent to itself: the sequence of operations is the empty sequence.
(b) Each elementary row operation of types I, II or III has a corresponding inverse operation of the
same type which “undoes” the effect of the original operation. For example, the inverse of the
operation “add d times row r of A to row s of A” is “subtract d times row r of A from row s of
A.” Since B is assumed row equivalent to A, there is a sequence of elementary row operations
which gets from A to B. Take those operations in the reverse order, and for each operation do its
inverse, and that takes B to A. Thus A is row equivalent to B.
(c) Follow the operations which take A to B with those which take B to C.
28 Chapter 2

   
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
12. (a)  2 1 0 0 0  (b)  0 1 0 0 0 
3 53 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Section 2.2, p. 113

2. (a) x = −6 − s − t, y = s, z = t, w = 5.
(b) x = −3, y = −2, z = 1.
4. (a) x = 5 + 2t, y = 2 − t, z = t.
(b) x = 1, y = 2, z = 4 + t, w = t.
6. (a) x = −2 + r, y = −1, z = 8 − 2r, x4 = r, where r is any real number.
(b) x = 1, y = 23 , z = − 23 .
(c) No solution.
8. (a) x = 1 − r, y = 2, z = 1, x4 = r, where r is any real number.
(b) x = 1 − r, y = 2 + r, z = −1 + r, x4 = r, where r is any real number.
' (
r
10. x = , where r &= 0.
0
 
− 14 r
 
 
12. x =  14 r , where r &= 0.
 
r
14. (a) a = −2. (b) a &= ±2. (c) a = 2.
√ √
16. (a) a = ± 6. (b) a &= ± 6.
' (
a b 0
18. The augmented matrix is . If we reduce this matrix to reduced row echelon form, we see
c d 0
that the linear system has only the trivial solution if and only if A is row equivalent to I2 . Now show
that this occurs if and only if ad − bc &= 0. If ad − bc &= 0 then at least one of a or c is &= 0, and it is a
routine matter to show that A is row equivalent to I2 . If ad − bc = 0, then by case considerations we
find that A is row equivalent to a matrix that has a row or column consisting entirely of zeros, so that
A is not row equivalent to I2 .
Alternate proof: If ad − bc &= 0, then A is nonsingular, so the only solution is the trivial one. If
ad − bc = 0, then ad = bc. If ad = 0 then either a or d = 0, say a = 0. Then bc = 0, and either b
or c = 0. In any of these cases we get a nontrivial solution. If ad &= 0, then ac = db , and the second
equation is a multiple of the first one so we again have a nontrivial solution.

19. This had to be shown in the first proof of Exercise 18 above. If the alternate proof of Exercise 18 was
given, then Exercise 19 follows from the former by noting that the homogeneous system Ax = 0 has
only the trivial solution if and only if A is row equivalent to I2 and this occurs if and only if ad−bc &= 0.
 3  
2 −1
   
20.  −2  +  1  t, where t is any number.
0 0

22. −a + b + c = 0.
24. (a) Change “row” to “column.”
(b) Proceed as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, changing “row” to “column.”
Section 2.2 29

25. Using Exercise 24(b) we can assume that every m × n matrix A is column equivalent to a matrix in
column echelon form. That is, A is column equivalent to a matrix B that satisfies the following:

(a) All columns consisting entirely of zeros, if any, are at the right side of the matrix.
(b) The first nonzero entry in each column that is not all zeros is a 1, called the leading entry of the
column.
(c) If the columns j and j + 1 are two successive columns that are not all zeros, then the leading
entry of column j + 1 is below the leading entry of column j.

We start with matrix B and show that it is possible to find a matrix C that is column equivalent to B
that satisfies

(d) If a row contains a leading entry of some column then all other entries in that row are zero.

If column j of B contains a nonzero element, then its first (counting top to bottom) nonzero element
is a 1. Suppose the 1 appears in row rj . We can perform column operations of the form acj + ck for
each of the nonzero columns ck of B such that the resulting matrix has row rj with a 1 in the (rj , j)
entry and zeros everywhere else. This can be done for each column that contains a nonzero entry hence
we can produce a matrix C satisfying (d). It follows that C is the unique matrix in reduced column
echelon form and column equivalent to the original matrix A.

26. −3a − b + c = 0.

28. Apply Exercise 18 to the linear system given here. The coefficient matrix is
' (
a−r d
.
c b−r

Hence from Exercise 18, we have a nontrivial solution if and only if (a − r)(b − r) − cd = 0.

29. (a) A(xp + xh ) = Axp + Axh = b + 0 = b.

(b) Let xp be a particular solution to Ax = b and let x be any solution to Ax = b. Let xh = x − xp .
Then x = xp + xh = xp + (x − xp ) and Axh = A(x − xp ) = Ax − Axp = b − b = 0. Thus xh is
in fact a solution to Ax = 0.
30. (a) 3x2 + 2 (b) 2x2 − x − 1

32. 3 2
2x − x + 12 .
34. (a) x = 0, y = 0 (b) x = 5, y = −7

36. r = 5, r2 = 5.

37. The GPS receiver is located at the tangent point where the two circles intersect.

38. 4Fe + 3O2 → 2Fe2 O3

' (
0
40. x = 1 .
4 − 14 i

42. No solution.
30 Chapter 1

Section 2.3, p. 124

1. The elementary matrix E which results from In by a type I interchange of the ith and jth row differs
from In by having 1’s in the (i, j) and (j, i) positions and 0’s in the (i, i) and (j, j) positions. For that
E, EA has as its ith row the jth row of A and for its jth row the ith row of A.
The elementary matrix E which results from In by a type II operation differs from In by having c &= 0
in the (i, i) position. Then EA has as its ith row c times the ith row of A.
The elementary matrix E which results from In by a type III operation differs from In by having c in
the (j, i) position. Then EA has as jth row the sum of the jth row of A and c times the ith row of A.
     
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
 0 −2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
2. (a) 0
.
 (b) 
.
 (c) 
 1 0 0 0 .

0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1
   
1 0 0 1 0 0
4. (a) Add 2 times row 1 to row 3:  0 1 0 → 0 1 0 = C
−2 0 1 0 0 1
   
1 0 0 1 0 0
(b) Add 2 times row 1 to row 3:  0 1 0 → 0 1 0 = B
0 0 1 2 0 1
    
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(c) AB =  0 1 0   0 1 
0 = 0  1 0 .
−2 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1
    
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
BA =  0 1 0  0 1 0 = 0 1 0 .
2 0 1 −2 0 1 0 0 1
Therefore B is the inverse of A.

6. If E1 is an elementary matrix of type I then E1−1 = E1 . Let E2 be obtained from In by multiplying

the ith row of In by c &= 0. Let E2∗ be obtained from In by multiplying the ith row of In by 1c . Then
E2 E2∗ = In . Let E3 be obtained from In by adding c times the ith row of In to the jth row of In . Let
E3∗ be obtained from In by adding −c times the ith row of In to the jth row of In . Then E3 E3∗ = In .
 
1 −1 0
 
 3
8. A−1 =  32 1
− .
 2 2

−1 0 1
     
1 −1 0 −1 3 1 3
− 3
− 1
   2 2  5 5 5
   1  2 4
10. (a) Singular. (b)  1 −2 1 . (c)  1 −2
3 . (d)  3
5 −5 
.
   2  5
− 32 5
2 −2
1
0 1
2 −2
1
− 15 1
5
2
5
 
1 −1 0 −1
 
 
 0 −2 1
0 0
12. (a) A = 
−1  . (b) Singular.
3
 − 15 1 1 
 5 5 
2 1 2 1
5 −2 −5 −5
Section 2.3 31

14. A is row equivalent to I3 ; a possible answer is

        
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −1
 
A= 0 1 2 = 0 1 0    0 1 0   0 1 0   0 1 0   0 1 2   0 1 0 .
1 0 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 −2 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 1
 
3 1
−1
 2 2 
 
16. A =  1
0 − 12 .
 2 
−1 1 0

18. (b) and (c).

20. For a = −1 or a = 3.
21. This follows directly from Exercise 19 of Section 2.1 and Corollary 2.2. To show that
' (
1 d −b
A =
−1
ad − bc −c a
we proceed as follows:
' (' ( ' ( ' (
1 d −b a b 1 ad − bc db − bd 1 0
= = .
ad − bc −c a c d ad − bc −ca + ac −bc + ad 0 1
     
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 −5
22. (a)  0 1 0 . (b)  0 1 0 . (c)  0 1 0 .
0 0 −3 0 1 0 0 0 1
23. The matrices A and B are row equivalent if and only if B = Ek Ek−1 · · · E2 E1 A.
Let P = Ek Ek−1 · · · E2 E1 .
24. If A and B are row equivalent then B = P A, where P is nonsingular, and A = P −1 B (Exercise 23). If
A is nonsingular then B is nonsingular, and conversely.
25. Suppose B is singular. Then by Theorem 2.9 there exists x &= 0 such that Bx = 0. Then (AB)x =
A0 = 0, which means that the homogeneous system (AB)x = 0 has a nontrivial solution. Theorem
2.9 implies that AB is singular, a contradiction. Hence, B is nonsingular. Since A = (AB)B −1 is a
product of nonsingular matrices, it follows that A is nonsingular.
Alternate Proof: If AB is nonsingular it follows that AB is row equivalent to In , so P (AB) = In . Since
P is nonsingular, P = Ek Ek−1 · · · E2 E1 . Then (P A)B = In or (Ek Ek−1 · · · E2 E1 A)B = In . Letting
Ek Ek−1 · · · E2 E1 A = C, we have CB = In , which implies that B is nonsingular. Since P AB = In ,
A = P −1 B −1 , so A is nonsingular.
26. The matrix A is row equivalent to O if and only if A = P O = O where P is nonsingular.
27. The matrix A is row equivalent to B if and only if B = P A, where P is a nonsingular matrix. Now
B T = AT P T , so A is row equivalent to B if and only if AT is column equivalent to B T .
28. If A has a row of zeros, then A cannot be row equivalent to In , and so by Corollary 2.2, A is singular.
If the jth column of A is the zero column, then the homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a nontrivial
solution, the vector x with 1 in the jth entry and zeros elsewhere. By Theorem 2.9, A is singular.
' ( ' (
1 0 0 0
29. (a) No. Let A = , B = . Then (A + B)−1 exists but A−1 and B −1 do not. Even
0 0 0 1
0 1 0 1 0 1
supposing they all exist, equality need not hold. Let A = 1 , B = 2 so (A + B)−1 = 13 &=
0 1 011
1 + 2 = A−1 + B −1 .
32 Chapter 1

(b) Yes, for A nonsingular and r &= 0.

' ( ' (
1 1
(rA) A−1 = r A · A−1 = 1 · In = In .
r r

30. Suppose that A is nonsingular. Then Ax = b has the solution x = A−1 b for every n × 1 matrix b.
Conversely, suppose that Ax = b is consistent for every n × 1 matrix b. Letting b be the matrices
     
1 0 0
0 1 0
     
.    
e1 =  .  , e2 =  0  , . . . , en =  ..  ,
. . .
  .  
  . 0
0 0 1

we see that we have solutions x1 , x2 , . . . , xn to the linear systems

Ax1 = e1 , Ax2 = e2 , ..., Axn = en . (∗)

Letting
0 C be the matrix
1 whose jth column is xj , we can write the n systems in (∗) as AC = In , since
In = e1 e2 · · · en . Hence, A is nonsingular.

31. We consider the case that A is nonsingular and upper triangular. A similar argument can be given for
A lower triangular.
By Theorem 2.8, A is a product of elementary matrices which are the inverses of the elementary
matrices that “reduce” A to In . That is,

A = E1−1 · · · Ek−1 .

The elementary matrix Ei will be upper triangular since it is used to introduce zeros into the upper
triangular part of A in the reduction process. The inverse of Ei is an elementary matrix of the same
type and also an upper triangular matrix. Since the product of upper triangular matrices is upper
triangular and we have A−1 = Ek · · · E1 we conclude that A−1 is upper triangular.

Section 2.4, p. 129

1. See the answer to Exercise 4, Section 2.1. Where it mentions only row operations, now read “row and
column operations”.
' ( ' (
I4 I2 0
2. (a) . (b) I3 . (c) . (d) I4 .
0 0 0

4. Allowable equivalence operations (“elementary row or elementary column operation”) include in par-
ticular elementary row operations.

5. A and B are equivalent if and only if B = Et · · · E2 E1 AF1 F2 · · · Fs . Let Et Et−1 · · · E2 E1 = P and

F1 F2 · · · Fs = Q.
   
' ( −1 2 0 1 0 −1
I 0
6. B = 2 ; a possible answer is: B =  1 −1 0 A 0 1 −1 .
0 0
−1 1 1 0 0 1
8. Suppose A were nonzero but equivalent to O. Then some ultimate elementary row or column operation
must have transformed a nonzero matrix Ar into the zero matrix O. By considering the types of
elementary operations we see that this is impossible.
Section 2.5 33

9. Replace “row” by “column” and vice versa in the elementary operations which transform A into B.

10. Possible answers are:

   
1 −2 3 0 ' ( 1 0 0 0 0
1 0
(a)  0 −1 4 3 . (b) . (c)  0 1 −2 0 2 .
0 0
0 2 −5 −2 0 5 5 4 4

11. If A and B are equivalent then B = P AQ and A = P −1 BQ−1 . If A is nonsingular then B is nonsingular,
and conversely.

Section 2.5, p. 136

 
0
2. x =  −2 .
3
 
2
 −1 
4. x =  
 0 .
5
     
1 0 0 −3 1 −2 −3
6. L =  4 1 0 , U =  0 6 2 , x =  4 .
−5 3 1 0 0 −4 −1
     
1 0 0 0 −5 4 0 1 1
 6 1 0 0  0 3 2 1  −2 
8. L = 
 −1
, U =  , x =  .
2 1 0  0 0 −4 1  5
−2 3 2 1 0 0 0 −2 −4
     
1 0 0 0 4 1 0.25 −0.5 −1.5
 0.2 1 0 0  1.2 −2.5   
10. L =  , U =  0 0.4 , x =  4.2 .
 −0.4 0.8 1 0 0 0 −0.85 2  2.6 
2 −1.2 −0.4 1 0 0 0 −2.5 −2

Supplementary Exercises for Chapter 2, p. 137

2. (a) a = −4 or a = 2.
(b) The system has a solution for each value of a.

4. c + 2a − 3b = 0.

5. (a) Multiply the jth row of B by k.

1

(b) Interchange the ith and jth rows of B.

(c) Add −k times the jth row of B to its ith row.

6. (a) If we transform E1 to reduced row echelon form, we obtain In . Hence E1 is row equivalent to In
and thus is nonsingular.
(b) If we transform E2 to reduced row echelon form, we obtain In . Hence E2 is row equivalent to In
and thus is nonsingular.
34 Chapter 2

(c) If we transform E3 to reduced row echelon form, we obtain In . Hence E3 is row equivalent to In
and thus is nonsingular.
 
1 −a a2 −a3
 0 1 −a a2 
8. 
0 0
.
1 −a 
0 0 0 1
   
−41 83
10. (a)  47 . (b)  −45 .
−35 −62
√
12. s &= 0, ± 2.

13. For any angle θ, cos θ and sin θ are never simultaneously zero. Thus at least one element in column 1
is not zero. Assume cos θ &= 0. (If cos θ = 0, then interchange rows 1 and 2 and proceed in a similar
manner to that described below.) To show that the matrix is nonsingular and determine its inverse,
we put
' (
cos θ sin θ 1 0
− sin θ cos θ 0 1

into reduced row echelon form. Apply row operations cos1 θ times row 1 and sin θ times row 1 added to
row 2 to obtain
 
sin θ 1
 1 0 
 cos θ cos θ 
 
 .
 
 sin θ
2
sin θ 
0 + cos θ 1
cos θ cos θ

Since

sin2 θ sin2 θ + cos2 θ 1

+ cos θ = = ,
cos θ cos θ cos θ
9 sin θ :
the (2, 2)-element is not zero. Applying row operations cos θ times row 2 and − cos θ times row 2
added to row 1 we obtain
' (
1 0 cos θ − sin θ
.
0 1 sin θ cos θ

It follows that the matrix is nonsingular and its inverse is

' (
cos θ − sin θ
.
sin θ cos θ

14. (a) A(u + v) = Au + Av = 0 + 0 = 0.

(b) A(u − v) = Au − Av = 0 − 0 = 0.
(c) A(ru) = r(Au) = r0 = 0.
(d) A(ru + sv) = r(Au) + s(Av) = r0 + s0 = 0.

15. If Au = b and Av = b, then A(u − v) = Au − Av = b − b = 0.

Chapter Review 35

16. Suppose at some point in the process of reducing the augmented matrix to reduced row echelon form
we encounter a row whose first n entries are zero but whose (n + 1)st entry is some number c &= 0. The
corresponding linear equation is

0 · x1 + · · · + 0 · xn = c or 0 = c.

This equation has no solution, thus the linear system is inconsistent.

17. Let u be one solution to Ax = b. Since A is singular, the homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a nontrivial
solution u0 . Then for any real number r, v = ru0 is also a solution to the homogeneous system. Finally,
by Exercise 29, Sec. 2.2, for each of the infinitely many vectors v, the vector w = u + v is a solution
to the nonhomogeneous system Ax = b.

18. s = 1, t = 1.

20. If any of the diagonal entries of L or U is zero, there will not be a unique solution.

21. The outer product of X and Y can be written in the form

 0 1
x1 y1 y2 · · · yn
 0 1
 x2 y1 y2 · · · yn 
XY = 
T
 .. .

 0 .
1
xn y1 y2 · · · yn

If either X = O or Y = O, then XY T = O. Thus assume that there is=at least

> one nonzero component
in X, say xi , and at least one nonzero component in Y , say yj . Then xi Rowi (XY T ) makes the ith
1

row exactly Y T . Since all the other rows are multiples of Y T , row operations of the form −xk Ri + Rp ,
for p &= i, can be performed to zero out everything but the ith row. It follows that either XY T is row
equivalent to O or to a matrix with n − 1 zero rows.

Chapter Review for Chapter 2, p. 138

True or False
1. False. 2. True. 3. False. 4. True. 5. True.
6. True. 7. True. 8. True. 9. True. 10. False.

Quiz
 
1 0 2
1.  0 1 3 
0 0 0

2. (a) No.
(b) Infinitely many.
(c) No.
 
−6 + 2r + 7s
 r 
(d) x = 

, where r and s are any real numbers.

−3s
s

3. k = 6.
36 Chapter 2

 
0
4. 0 .

0
 1 1 1

−2 2 2
 
5.  1 −1 0 .
− 12 3 1
2 −2

6. P = A−1 , Q = B.

7. Possible answers: Diagonal, zero, or symmetric.

Chapter 3

Determinants

Section 3.1, p. 145

2. (a) 4. (b) 7. (c) 0.

4. (a) odd. (b) even. (c) even.

6. (a) −. (b) +. (c) +.

8. (a) 7. (b) 2.

10. det(A) = a11 a22 a33 a44 − a11 a22 a34 a43 − a11 a23 a32 a44 + a11 a23 a34 a42 + a11 a24 a32 a43 − a11 a24 a33 a42 + · · ·
(24 summands).

12. (a) −24. (b) −36. (c) 180.

14. (a) t2 − 8t − 20. (b) t3 − t.

16. (a) t = 10, t = −2. (b) t = 0, t = 1, t = −1.

Section 3.2, p. 154

2. (a) 4. (b) −24. (c) −30. (d) 72. (e) −120. (f) 0.

4. −2.

6. (a) det(A) = −7, det(B) = 3. (b) det(A) = −24, det(B) = −30.

8. Yes, since det(AB) = det(A) det(B) and det(BA) = det(B) det(A).

9. Yes, since det(AB) = det(A) det(B) implies that det(A) = 0 or det(B) = 0.

4 4
10. det(cA) = (±)(ca1j1 )(ca2j2 ) · · · (canjn ) = cn (±)a1j1 a2j2 · · · anjn = cn det(A).

11. Since A is skew symmetric, AT = −A. Therefore

det(A) = det(AT ) by Theorem 3.1

= det(−A) since A is skew symmetric
= (−1)n det(A) by Exercise 10
= − det(A) since n is odd

The only number equal to its negative is zero, so det(A) = 0.

38 Chapter 3

12. This result follows from the observation that each term in det(A) is a product of n entries of A, each
with its appropriate sign, with exactly one entry from each row and exactly one entry from each column.
2 3
1
13. We have det(AB ) = (det A)(det B ) = (det A)
−1 −1
.
det B
14. If AB = In , then det(AB) = det(A) det(B) = det(In ) = 1, so det(A) &= 0 and det(B) &= 0.
15. (a) By Corollary 3.3, det(A−1 ) = 1/ det(A). Since A = A−1 , we have
1
det(A) = =⇒ (det(A))2 = 1.
det(A)
Hence det(A) = ±1.
(b) If AT = A−1 , then det(AT ) = det(A−1 ). But
1
det(A) = det(AT ) and det(A−1 ) =
det(A)
hence we have
1
det(A) = =⇒ (det(A))2 = 1 =⇒ det(A) = ±1.
det(A)

16. From Definition 3.2, the only time we get terms which do not contain a zero factor is when the terms
involved come from A and B alone. Each one of the column permutations of terms from A can be
associated with every one of the column permutations of B. Hence by factoring we have
2' (3 )
A O
det = (terms from A for any column permutation)|B|
O B
)
= |B| (terms from A for any column permutation)
= (det B)(det A) = (det A)(det B).

17. If A2 = A, then det(A2 ) = [det(A)]2 = det(A), so det(A) = 1. Alternate solution: If A2 = A and A is

nonsingular, then A−1 A2 = A−1 A = In , so A = In and det(A) = det(In ) = 1.
1
18. Since AA−1 = In , det(AA−1 ) = det(In ) = 1, so det(A) det(A−1 ) = 1. Hence, det(A−1 ) = .
det(A)
19. From Definition 3.2, the only time we get terms which do not contain a zero factor is when the terms
involved come from A and B alone. Each one of the column permutations of terms from A can be
associated with every one of the column permutations of B. Hence by factoring we have
? ?
? A O ? )
? ?
? C B ?= (terms from A for any column permutations)|B|
)
= |B| (terms from A for any column permutation)
= |B||A|

20. (a) det(AT B T ) = det(AT ) det(B T ) = det(A) det(B T ).

(b) det(AT B T ) = det(AT ) det(B T ) = det(AT ) det(B).
? ? ? ?
? 1 a a2 ? ? 1 a a2 ??
? ? ?
22. ?? 1 b b2 ?? = ?? 0 b − a b2 − a2 ??
? 1 c c2 ? ? 0 c − a c2 − a2 ?
= (b − a)(c2 − a2 ) − (c − a)(b2 − a2 ) = (b − a)(c − a)(c + a) − (c − a)(b − a)(b + a)
= (b − a)(c − a)[(c + a) − (b + a)] = (b − a)(c − a)(c − b).
Section 3.3 39

24. (a) and (b).

26. (a) t &= 0. (b) t &= ±1. (c) t &= 0, ±1.

28. The system has only the trivial solution.

0 1
29. If A = aij is upper triangular, then det(A) = a11 a22 · · · ann , so det(A) &= 0 if and only if aii &= 0 for
i = 1, 2, . . . , n.
30. (a) I3
(b) Only the trivial solution.
31. (a) A matrix having at least one row of zeros.
(b) Infinitely many.

32. If A2 = A, then det(A2 ) = det(A), so [det(A)]2 = det(A). Thus, det(A)(det(A) − 1) = 0. This implies
that det(A) = 0 or det(A) = 1.

33. If A and B are similar, then there exists a nonsingular matrix P such that B = P −1 AP . Then
1
det(B) = det(P −1 BP ) = det(P −1 ) det(A) det(P ) = det(P ) det(A) = det(A).
det(P )

34. If det(A) &= 0, then A is nonsingular. Hence, A−1 AB = A−1 AC, so B = C.

36. In Matlab the command for the determinant actually invokes an LU-factorization, hence is closely
associated with the material in Section 2.5.

37. For # = 10−5 , Matlab gives the determinant as −3×10−5 which agrees with the theory; for # = 10−14 ,
−3.2026 × 10−14 ; for # = 10−15 , −6.2800 × 10−15 ; for # = 10−16 , zero.

Section 3.3, p. 164

2. (a) −23. (b) 7. (c) 15. (d) −28.

4. (a) −3. (b) 0. (c) 3. (d) 6.

6. (b) 2. (c) 24. (f) −30.

8. (b) −24. (d) 72. (e) −120.

9. We proceed by successive expansions along first columns:

? ? ? ?
? a22 a23 · · · a2n ? ? a33 a34 · · · a3n ?
? ? ? ?
? 0 a33 · · · a3n ? ? 0 a44 · · · a4n ?
? ? ? ?
det(A) = a11 ? .. .. .. .. ? = a11 a22 ? .. .. .. .. ? = · · · = a11 a22 · · · ann .
? . . . . ? ? . . . . ?
? ? ? ?
? 0 0 · · · ann ? ? 0 0 · · · ann ?

12. t = 1, t = −1, t = −2.

13. (a) From Definition 3.2 each term in the expansion of the determinant of an n × n matrix is a product
of n entries of the matrix. Each of these products contains exactly one entry from each row and
exactly one entry from each column. Thus each such product from det(tIn − A) contains at most
n terms of the form t − aii . Hence each of these products is at most a polynomial of degree n.
Since one of the products has the form (t − a11 )(t − a22 ) · · · (t − ann ) it follows that the sum of
the products is a polynomial of degree n in t.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
indeed, most unexpected. Before this matter had been settled
the German Minister was killed. Suddenly meeting this affair
caused us deep grief. We ought vigorously to seek the murderer
and punish him.' No more. The date July 18; the murder June
20!

"Yet even in this decree there was a complete 'volte-face.'

Missionaries who were by the decree of July 2 'to be at once
driven away to their own countries' were by the decree of July
18 'to be protected in every province,' 'to be protected
without the least carelessness.' The truculence and
belligerence of the decrees issued when our troops had been
driven back had disappeared; the tone now was one of
justification and conciliation. Only one interpretation was
possible—that the Chinese had been defeated. Confirmation came
the same day. A messenger sent out by the Japanese
successfully passed the enemy's lines and brought us the news
that we had so long awaited. … By the same messenger a letter
was received by the French Minister. … The same messenger also
brought to the Belgian Minister a despatch from his Consul at
Tien-tsin. … Days followed quietly now, though 'sniping' did
not cease. Several casualties occurred among the garrison. A
Russian was killed and an Austrian wounded; an Italian wounded
and also a Japanese. In the Fu it was still dangerous for the
Christian refugees to move about, and several were hit and two
killed. But the Yamên became more and more conciliatory, until
we could gauge the advance of the reliefs by the degree of
apology in their despatches. But all supplies were rigorously
cut off, and the sufferings of the Christians were acute. …

"On the 22nd Sir Robert Hart received a despatch from the
Tsung-li-Yamên. They naïvely remarked that it was now one
month since they had heard from him, and his silence gave them
concern for his welfare. Moreover, a report had just reached them
that his house had been burned, but they expressed the hope
that he and al his staff were well. Another despatch requested
his advice upon a Customs question that had arisen in
 Shanghai. Sir Robert Hart wrote a dignified reply. For more
than a month, he said, he had been a refugee in the British
Legation with all his staff, having had to flee from his house
without warning; that all Customs records and papers, and
every paper and letter of value that he had accumulated during
a lifetime, had been destroyed; that not only his house, but
some 19 other buildings in the occupation of his staff had
been burned with all their contents; that the acting postal
secretary had been killed by a shell, and two other members of
his staff—Mr. Richardson and Mr. Macoun—had been wounded by
bullets. …

"Meanwhile, the armistice continued, if armistice it can be

called where true armistice there was none. Desultory firing
continued, and sniping was still the chief pastime at the
Chinese outposts. Friendly relations were, however, opened
with some Chinese soldiers in the Fu. A Japanese Volunteer
established a bureau of intelligence to which the enemy's
soldiers had access. One soldier was especially communicative,
and earned high reward for the valuable information that he
conveyed to us. For a week from July 26 to August 2 daily
bulletins based upon this information of the advance of the
relief column were posted on the bell tower of the British
Legation.
{127}
An unbroken series of victories was attending our relief
forces. … Letters were given to the soldier to take to the
General of the relief column, and a reward offered if an
answer should be brought next day, but no answer was ever
brought. Our informant had brought the armies along too
quickly. He was compelled to send them back. Accordingly on
the 31st he made the Chinese recapture Chang-chia-wan, killing
60 of the foreigners; advancing upon Matou he killed 70
foreigners more, and drove them back to An-ping. Next day he
drove the foreigners disastrously back to Tien-tsin with a
loss of 1,000. The day was equally disastrous to himself. Our
informant had killed the goose that lay the golden egg. For a
messenger arrived on that day with letters from Tien-tsin,
dated July 30, informing us that a large force was on the
point of leaving for our relief. … Meanwhile, while our
informant was marching our relief backwards and forwards to
Tien-tsin, Prince Ching and others were vainly urging the
Ministers to leave Peking, but whether they left Peking or not
they were to hand over the Christian refugees now under the
protection of the Legations to the mercies of the Government,
which had issued a decree commanding that they be exterminated
unless they recanted their errors. In other communications
Prince Ching 'and others' urged that the foreign Ministers
should telegraph to their Government 'en clair' lying reports
of the condition of affairs in Peking.

Two days after the cessation of hostilities Prince Ching 'and

others' sent a despatch to Sir Claude MacDonald to the effect
that it was impossible to protect the Ministers in Peking
because 'Boxers' were gathering from all points of the
compass, and that nothing would satisfy them (the 'Boxers')
but the destruction of the Legations, and that the Ministers
would be given safe conduct to Tien-tsin. Sir Claude, in
reply, asked why it was that protection could be given to the
Ministers on the way to Tien-tsin and yet could not be given
to them while in the Legations in Peking. Prince Ching 'and
others' replied: 'July 25, 1900. … As to the inquiry what
difference there is between giving protection in the city or
on the road, and why it is possible to give it in the latter,
there is only an apparent discrepancy. For the being in the
city is permanent, the being on the road is temporary. If all
the foreign Ministers are willing to temporarily retire we
should propose the route to Tung-chau and thence by boat down
stream to Tien-tsin, which could be reached in only two days.
No matter what difficulties there might be a numerous body of
troops would be sent, half by water to form a close escort,
half by road to keep all safe for a long way on both banks.
Since the time would be short we can guarantee that there
would be no mishap. It is otherwise with a permanent residence
in Peking, where it is impossible to foretell when a disaster
may occur.' … In the envelope which brought this letter were
two other communications of the same guileless nature. 'On
July 24,' said the first, 'we received a telegram from Mr.
Warren, British Consul-General in Shanghai, to the effect that
while China was protecting the Legations no telegram had been
received from the British Minister, and asking the Yamên to
transmit Sir C. M. MacDonald's telegram to Shanghai. As in
duty bound we communicate the above, and beg you to send a
telegram "en clair" to the Yamên for transmission.' Tender
consideration was shown for us in the second letter:—'For the
past month and more military affairs have been very pressing.
Your Excellency and other Ministers ought to telegraph home
that your families are well in order to soothe anxiety, but at
the present moment peace is not yet restored, and your
Legation telegrams must be wholly "en clair," stating that all
is well, without touching on military affairs. Under those
conditions the Yamên can transmit them. The writers beg that
your Excellency will communicate this to the other foreign
Ministers.'

"Evasive replies were given to these communications. … Our

position at this time compelled us to temporize. We knew from
the alteration in tone of the Chinese despatches that they had
suffered defeats and were growing alarmed, but we did not know
how much longer international jealousies or difficulties of
obtaining transport were to delay the departure of the troops
for Tien-tsin. … Though now nominally under the protection of
an armistice sniping still continued, especially in the Fu,
into any exposed portion of the besieged area. … The Chinese
worked on continuously at their fortifications. … Finding that
the Ministers declined to telegraph to their Governments 'en
clair' that all was well with the Legations, the
Tsung-li-Yamên wrote to Sir Robert Hart asking him to send
home a telegram in the sense they suggested. Sir Robert
replied diplomatically, 'If I were to wire the truth about the
Legations I should not be believed.'
 "A malevolent attempt was next made by the Chinese to obtain
possession of the refugees who were in our safe keeping. On
July 27 they wrote to Sir Claude MacDonald saying that 'they
hear that there are lodged at the Legations a considerable
number of converts, and that, as 'the space is limited and
weather hot, they suggest that they must be causing the
Legations considerable inconvenience. And now that people's
minds are quieted, these converts can all be sent out and go
about their ordinary avocations. They need not have doubts or
fears. If you concur, an estimate should be made of the
numbers and a date fixed for letting them out. Then all will
be in harmony.' The reply of the diplomatic body was to the
effect that while they were considering the two last
letters—one offering safe conduct to Tien-tsin and the other
declaring that the converts might leave the Legations in
perfect security—heavy firing was heard in the direction of
the Pei-tang, which was evidently being attacked in force;
that yesterday and last night a barricade was built across the
North Bridge, from behind which shots are being continuously
fired into the British Legation. The French and Russian
Legations are also being fired upon. As all this seems
inconsistent with the above letters, an explanation is asked
for before further consideration is given to the offer.
Promptly the Yamên sent its explanation. The Pei-tang
refugees, it seemed, who were starving, had made a sortie to
obtain food. And they had fired upon the people. 'A decree,'
it went on to say, 'has now been requested to the effect that
if the converts do not come out to plunder they are to be
protected and not to be continually attacked, for they also
are the children of the State. This practice (of continually
firing upon the converts) will thus be gradually stopped.'
{128}
Such a callous reply was read with indignation, and there was
not the slightest intention on the part of any Minister to
leave Peking. Yet on the 4th of August a decree was issued
appointing Yung Lu to conduct the foreign Ministers safely to
Tien-tsin 'in order once more to show the tenderness of the
Throne for the men from afar.' …

"On August 10, Friday, a messenger succeeded in passing the

enemy's lines, and brought us letters from General Gaselee and
General Fukushima. A strong relief force was marching to
Peking, and would arrive here if nothing untoward happened on
the 13th or 14th. Our danger then was that the enemy would
make a final effort to rush the Legations before the arrival
of reinforcements. And the expected happened. …

"Yesterday [August 13] passed under a continuous fusillade

which increased during the night. Then at 3 on this morning we
were all awakened by the booming of guns in the east and by
the welcome sound of volley firing. Word flew round that 'the
foreign troops are at the city wall and are shelling the East
Gate.' At daylight most of us went on to the wall, and
witnessed the shelling of the Great East Gate. We knew that
the allies would advance in separate columns, and were on the
qui vive of excitement, knowing that at any moment now the
troops might arrive. Luncheon, the hard luncheon of horse
flesh, came on, and we had just finished when the cry rang
through the Legation, 'The British are coming,' and there was
a rush to the entrance and up Canal-street towards the Water
Gate. The stalwart form of the general and his staff were
entering by the Water Gate, followed by the 1st Regiment of
Sikhs and the 7th Rajputs. They passed down Canal-street, and
amid a scene of indescribable emotion marched to the British
Legation. The siege has been raised.

"Peking, August 15. On reading over my narrative of the siege

I find that in the hurry and confusion of concluding my report
I have omitted one or two things that I had wished to say. In
the first place, I find that I have not in any adequate way
expressed the obligation of all those confined in the British
Legation to the splendid services done by the Reverend F. D.
Gamewell, of the American Episcopal Mission [who was educated
 as a civil engineer at Troy and Cornell], to whom was due the
designing and construction of all our defences, and who
carried out in the most admirable manner the ideas and
suggestions of our Minister, Sir Claude MacDonald. To the
Reverend Frank Norris, of the Society for the Propagation of
the Gospel, our thanks are also specially due. He
superintended, often under heavy fire, the construction of
defences in the Prince's Fu and in other exposed places,
working always with a courage and energy worthy of admiration.
He was struck in the neck once by a segment of a shell, but
escaped marvellously from serious injury. He speaks Chinese
well, and Chinese worked under him with a fearlessness that
few men can inspire. In the second place, I noticed that I
have not sufficiently recorded the valuable services rendered
by Mr. H. G. Squiers, the First Secretary of the American
Legation, who on the death of Captain Strouts became Chief of
the Staff to Sir Claude MacDonald. He had been for 15 years in
the United States cavalry, and his knowledge and skill and the
resolution with which he inspired his small body of men will
not readily be forgotten. …

"To-day the Pei-tang Cathedral was relieved. Bishops, priests,

and sisters had survived the siege and, thanks to the
wonderful foresight of Bishop Favier, the Christians had been
spared from starvation. Japanese coming down from the north of
the city relieved the cathedral; French, British, and Russians
from the south arrived as the siege was raised. Mines had been
employed with deadly effect. The guards had lost five French
killed and five Italians. Some 200 of the Christians had
perished."

London Times,
October 13 and 15, 1900.

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (June-December).

Upright conduct of the Chinese Viceroys in
the Yang-tsze provinces.
 In his annual message of December 3, 1900, to Congress,
referring to the occurrences in China, the President of the
United States remarked with much justice: "It is a relief to
recall and a pleasure to record the loyal conduct of the
viceroys and local authorities of the southern and eastern
provinces. Their efforts were continuously directed to the
pacific control of the vast populations under their rule and
to the scrupulous observance of foreign treaty rights. At
critical moments they did not hesitate to memorialize the
Throne, urging the protection of the legations, the
restoration of communication, and the assertion of the
Imperial authority against the subversive elements. They
maintained excellent relations with the official
representatives of foreign powers. To their kindly disposition
is largely due the success of the consuls in removing many of
the missionaries from the interior to places of safety." The
viceroys especially referred to in this are Chang Chih-tung
and Liu Kun-yi, often referred to as "the Yang-tsze viceroys."

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (July).

Speech of German Emperor to troops departing to China,
commanding no quarter.

See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1900 (OCTOBER 9).

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (July).

American troops sent to co-operate with those of other Powers.
Capture of Tientsin by the allied forces.
Death of Colonel Liscum.
Reported massacre of foreign Ministers and others in Peking.
The long month of dread suspense.
Overtures from Earl Li Hung-chang for negotiation.

"On the 26th of June Major Gen. Adna R Chaffee, U. S. V., was
appointed to the command of the American forces in China. He
 embarked from San Francisco on the 1st of July, reached
Nagasaki on the 24th, and Taku, China, on the 28th. … On
reaching Nagasaki he received the following instructions,
dated, … July 19: 'Secretary War directs that you proceed at
once with transport Grant, Sixth Cavalry, and Marines to Taku,
China, and take command of American land forces, which will be
an independent command known as the China relief expedition.
You will find there the Ninth and Fourteenth Infantry, one
battery of the Fifth Artillery, and one battalion of Marines.
Sumner sailed from San Francisco July 17 with Second Battalion
of Fifteenth Infantry and recruits to capacity of vessel.
{129}
Reinforcements will follow to make your force in the immediate
future up to 5,000, and very soon to 10,000. … Reports now
indicate that American Minister with all the legation have
been destroyed in Pekin. Chinese representative here, however,
insists to the contrary, and there is, therefore, a hope which
you will not lose sight of until certainty is absolute. It is
the desire of this Government to maintain its relations of
friendship with the part of Chinese people and Chinese
officials not concerned in outrages on Americans. Among these
we consider Li Hung Chang, just appointed viceroy of Chili.
You will to the extent of your power aid the Government of
China, or any part thereof, in repressing such outrages and in
rescuing Americans, and in protecting American citizens and
interests, and wherever Chinese Government fails to render
such protection you will do all in your power to supply it.
Confer freely with commanders of other national forces, act
concurrently with them, and seek entire harmony of action
along the lines of similar purpose and interest. There
should be full and free conference as to operations before
they are entered upon. You are at liberty to agree with them
from time to time as to a common official direction of the
various forces in their combined operations, preserving,
however, the integrity of your own American division, ready to
be used as a separate and complete organization. Much must be
left to your wise discretion and that of the admiral. At all
times report fully and freely to this Department your wants
and views. The President has to-day appointed you
major-general of volunteers.' …

"In the meantime the Ninth Infantry, from Manila, reached Taku
on the 6th of July. Two battalions of that regiment, under
Colonel Liscum, pressed forward to Tientsin, reaching that
point on the 11th, and on the 13th took part with the British,
French, and Japanese forces in an attack upon the southwest
part of the walled city of Tientsin, which had been rendered
necessary by the persistent shelling of the foreign quarters,
outside of the walls, on the part of the Chinese troops
occupying the city. Colonel Liscum's command formed part of a
brigade under General Dorward, of the British army, and was
assigned to the duty of protecting the flank of the allied
forces. In the performance of that duty it maintained a
position under heavy fire for fifteen hours, with a loss of 18
killed and 77 wounded. Among the killed was the gallant
Colonel Liscum, who thus ended an honorable service of nearly
forty years, commencing in the ranks of the First Vermont
Infantry at the outbreak of the civil war, and distinguished
by unvarying courage, fidelity, and high character. The
regiment was withdrawn from its position on the night of the
13th, and on the morning of the 14th the native city was
captured, and the southeast quarter was assigned to the
American forces for police and protection. …

"At the time of the capture of Tientsin the most positive and
circumstantial accounts of the massacre of all the ministers
and members of the legations in Pekin, coming apparently from
Chinese sources, had been published, and were almost
universally believed. The general view taken by the civilized
world of the duty to be performed in China was not that the
living representatives of the Western powers in Pekin were to
be rescued, but that their murder was to be avenged and their
murderers punished. In the performance of that duty time and
rapidity of movement were not especially important. The
resolution of the commanders of the allied forces,
communicated by Admiral Kempff on the 8th of July, to the
effect that 80,000 men would be required—20,000 to hold the
position from Taku to Tientsin and 60,000 to march to Pekin,
while not more than 40,800 troops were expected to have
arrived by the middle of August, practically abandoned all
expectation of rescuing the ministers and members of the
legations alive, for it proposed that after the middle of
August any forward movement should be still deferred until
40,000 more troops had arrived. On the 11th of July, however,
the American Secretary of State secured, through the Chinese
minister at Washington, the forwarding of a dispatch in the
State Department cipher to the American minister at Pekin, and
on the 20th of July, pursuant to the same arrangement, an
answer in cipher was received from Minister Conger, as
follows: 'For one month we have been besieged in British
legation under continued shot and shell from Chinese troops.
Quick relief only can prevent general massacre.' This dispatch
from Mr. Conger was the first communication received by any
Western power from any representative in Pekin for about a
month, and although it was at first received in Europe with
some incredulity, it presented a situation which plainly
called for the urgency of a relief expedition rather than for
perfection of preparation. It was made the basis of urgent
pressure for an immediate movement upon Pekin, without waiting
for the accumulation of the large force previously proposed."

United States, Secretary of War,

Annual Report, November 30, 1900,
pages 14-16, 19-20.

As mentioned above, in the instructions of the American

government to General Chaffee, the veteran Chinese statesman
and diplomat, Earl Li Hung-chang, well known in Europe and
America, had now been recalled by the Peking government to the
viceroyalty of Chili, from which he was removed six years
before, and had been given the authority of a plenipotentiary
 to negotiate with the allied Powers. He addressed a proposal
to the latter, to the effect that the Ministers in Peking
would be delivered, under safe escort, at Tientsin, if the
allies would refrain from advancing their forces to Peking.
The reply from all the governments concerned was substantially
the same as that made by the United States, in the following
terms: "The government will not enter into any arrangement
regarding disposition or treatment of legations without first
having free communication with Minister Conger. Responsibility
for their protection rests upon Chinese government. Power to
deliver at Tientsin presupposes power to protect and to open
communication. This is insisted on." Earl Li then asked
whether, "if free communication were established, it could be
arranged that the Powers should not advance pending
negotiations," and was told in reply: "Free communication with
our representatives in Peking is demanded as a matter of
absolute right, and not as a favor. Since the Chinese
government admits that it possesses the power to give
communication, it puts itself in an unfriendly attitude by
denying it. No negotiations seem advisable until the Chinese
government shall have put the diplomatic representatives of
the Powers in full and free communication with their
respective governments, and removed all danger to their lives
and liberty."

{130}

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (July-August).

Boxer attack on the Russians in Manchuria,
and Russian retaliation.

See (in this volume)

MANCHURIA: A. D. 1900.

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (August).

Appointment of Count Waldersee to command the allied forces.
 Field-Marshal Count von Waldersee, appointed to command the
German forces sent to China, being of higher military rank
than any other of the commanding officers in that country, was
proposed for the general command of the allied armies, and
accepted as such. Before his arrival in China, however, many
of the American, Russian, and some other troops, had been
withdrawn.

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (August 4-16).

The advance of the allied forces on Peking and the capture
of the city.

The following is from the report of General Chaffee,

commanding the American forces in the allied movement from
Tientsin, to rescue the beleaguered Legations at Peking: "On
my arrival at Tientsin I called on the various generals
commanding troops, and on August 1 a conference of generals
was held at the headquarters of Lieutenant-General Linivitch,
of the Russian army. Present at the conference were the
commanding general of the Russian army and his chief of staff;
Lieutenant-General Yamagutchi and his chief of staff;
Major-General Fukushima, of the Japanese army;
Lieutenant-General Gaselee, of the British army, and his chief
of staff, General Barrow; General Frey, of the French army; the
Germans were also represented by an officer of the German
navy; myself and Major Jesse M. Lee, Ninth Infantry, and
Lieutenant Louis M. Little, of the marines, who speaks French.
The purpose of this conference was to decide whether the
armies were ready to make a movement for the relief of Pekin.
It was disclosed in the conference that the Japanese, whose
forces occupied the right bank of the river in and about
Tientsin, where also were located the British and American
forces, had by various patrols determined that the Chinese
were in considerable force in the vicinity of Pei-tsang, about
7 miles distance up the river from Tientsin, and that they
were strengthening their position by earthworks extending from
the right bank of the river westward something like 3 miles,
and from the left bank east to the railroad embankment was
also being strengthened. The forces were variously estimated,
from reports of Chinese, at from 10,000 to 12,000 men in the
vicinity of Pei-tsang, with large bodies to the rearward as
far as Yangtsun, where it was reported their main line of
defenses would be encountered.

"The first question submitted for decision was 'whether a

movement should be made at once,' which was decided in the
affirmative, two Powers only dissenting, and these not
seriously, as their doubt seemed to be that the force we could
put in movement was not sufficiently strong to meet the
opposition that might be expected. The decision was that the
attack should be made on Sunday, August 5, and as the
Japanese, British, and American forces occupied the right bank
of the river, the Russians the left, the attack should be made
without change of situation of the troops, the British to send
four heavy guns to aid the Russian column. The strategy on the
right bank of the river was left to the determination of the
British, American, and Japanese generals. The force reported
to the conference as available for the movement was: Japanese,
about 8,000; Russian, 4,800; British, about 3,000; American,
2,100; French, 800. With special effort on the part of
Captains Byron and Wood, Reilly's battery was gotten to
Tientsin August 3 and assembled. We were also able to make one
pack train available on the 4th, just in time to march with
the column. The marines and Sixth Cavalry were gotten off the
'Grant' and to Tientsin August 3. The presence of the Sixth
Cavalry at Tientsin, dismounted, enabled me to take all
available men of the Ninth and Fourteenth, also all the
marines except one company 100 strong, left to assist the
civil government of the city. By arrangement prior to my
arrival the officers selected to establish a civil government
for Tientsin were to be allowed a military force, of which the
United States should furnish 100. I was compelled, of course,
to leave the Sixth Cavalry, because the horses had not
arrived. … The troops moved out from the city of Tientsin
during the afternoon and night of August 4 and bivouacked in
the vicinity of Si-ku arsenal, the same that was taken by
Admiral Seymour in his retrograde movement."

The Chinese were driven from the Arsenal by the Japanese,

before whom they also fell back from Pei-tsang, and the first
serious battle was fought at Yang-tsun, on the 6th. Having
rested at Yang-tsun and cared for its sick and wounded, on the
7th, the army moved forward on the 8th, encountered slight
resistance at Shang-shia-wan on the 11th, found Tong-chow
abandoned, on the 12th, and reached Pekin on the 14th, having
suffered more from heat, fatigue, and the want of potable
water on the march, than from "Boxers" or imperial troops.

Returning now to the report of General Chaffee, we take from

it his account of the final movement to the walls of Pekin, of
the forcing of the gates and of the clearing of Chinese troops
from the city: "The Japanese when taking possession of
Tong-Chow in the morning [of the 12th] advanced troops toward
Pekin for a distance of 6½ miles. It was finally agreed that
the next day, the 13th, should be devoted to reconnaissance;
the Japanese should reconnoiter on the two roads to the right
or north of the paved road which is just north of the canal;
the Russians on the paved road, if at all; the Americans to
reconnoiter on the road just south of the canal; the British a
parallel road 1½ miles to the left of the road occupied by the
Americans. On the 14th the armies should be concentrated on
the advance line held by the Japanese, and that that evening a
conference should be held to determine what the method of
attack on Pekin should be. On the morning of the 13th I
reconnoitered the road to be occupied by the Americans with
Troop M, Sixth Cavalry, Reilly's battery, and the Fourteenth
Infantry up to the point specified in our agreement, or about
7 miles from Tong-Chow. Finding no opposition, I directed the
remainder of my force to march out and close in on the advance
guard. This force arrived at midnight. The British
reconnoitered their road with some cavalry. The Japanese
 reconnoitered their front and also the front which properly
belonged to the Russians.

{131}

"For reasons unknown to me the Russians left their camp at

Tong-Chow about the time that my troops were marching to close
on my advance guard. They followed the road which had been
assigned to them, and about nine o'clock heavy firing was
heard in the vicinity of Pekin. It was the next day
ascertained that they had moved forward during the previous
evening and had attacked the 'Tong-pien-men Gate,' an east
gate of the city near where the Chinese wall joins the Tartar
wall. Very heavy artillery and considerable small-arm firing
was continued throughout the night. At the time of the
occurrence I supposed the firing to be the last efforts of the
Chinese troops to destroy the legations. …

"The 14th being the day decided upon for the concentration on
the line 7 miles from Tong-Chow, I made no preparations for
carrying on any operations beyond a small reconnaissance by a
troop of cavalry to my front, which duty I assigned to Captain
Cabell. … My cavalry had been absent not more than an hour,
when Mr. Lowry, the interpreter who had accompanied it, raced
back and informed me that Captain Cabell was surrounded by
Chinese cavalry. I immediately ordered a battalion of the
Fourteenth Infantry to fall in, and we went forward about a
mile and a half and found Captain Cabell occupying some
houses, firing from the roofs on a village in his front. I
insisted on the French troops giving me the road, which they
reluctantly did. Having joined Cabell, I continued the
reconnaissance to my front, wishing to get as near the wall of
the city as I could, but not expecting to move my whole force,
which was contrary to the agreement at Tong-Chow on the
evening of August 12. Without serious opposition we arrived at
the northeast corner of the Chinese city, having brushed away
some Chinese troops or 'Boxers' that fired from villages to
our left and front. About 10 o'clock I saw the advantage of
holding the ground that I had obtained, and directed all my
force to move forward, as I had then become aware of Russian
troops being in action on my right, and could also hear the
Japanese artillery farther to the right. My left flank at this
time was uncovered, except by a small force of British
cavalry. The British troops did not advance from Tong-Chow
until the 14th, owing to the agreement previously referred to.
On that day they marched for the line of concentration and
found my force advancing on Pekin. At noon a British battery
was at work a mile to my left and rear.

"At 11 a. m. two companies of the Fourteenth Infantry, under

the immediate command of Colonel Daggett, had scaled the wall
of the Chinese city at the northeast corner, and the flag of
that regiment was the first foreign colors unfurled upon the
walls surrounding Pekin. The two companies on the wall, with
the assistance of the troops facing the wall, drove away the
Chinese defenders from the corner to the east gate of the
Chinese city, where the British entered without opposition
later in the day. About noon it was reported to me that the
Russians had battered open 'Tung-pien-men gate' during the
night and had effected an entrance there. I arrived at the
gate soon afterwards and found in the gate some of the
Fourteenth Infantry, followed by Reilly's battery. The Russian
artillery and troops were in great confusion in the passage,
their artillery facing in both directions, and I could see no
effort being made to extricate themselves and give passage
into the city. One company of the Fourteenth Infantry deployed
itself in the buildings to the right of the gate and poured
effective fire onto the Tartar wall. Captain Reilly got two
guns through a very narrow passage to his left, tearing down a
wall to do so, and found a position a few yards to the left of
the road where he could enfilade the Tartar wall, section by
section, with shrapnel. The Fourteenth Infantry crossed the
moat and, taking position paralleling the moat, deployed along
a street facing the Tartar wall, and with the aid of the
artillery swept it of Chinese troops. In this way, gradually
working to the westward, the Tartar wall was cleared of
opposition to the 'Bait-men gate' and beyond.

"Orders were sent to the Ninth to follow up the movement of

the Fourteenth Infantry and Reilly's battery as soon as the
wall was cleared of Chinese; also to follow the movement to
the 'Chien-men' gate of the Tartar city. The marines were to
follow the general movement, but later were ordered to protect
the train. At about 3 o'clock p. m. our advance had arrived
opposite the legations, the fire of the Chinese having
practically ended, and we drew over to the Tartar wall and
entered the legation grounds with the Fourteenth Infantry by
the 'water gate or moat,' Reilly's battery passing through the
'Chien-men' gate, which was opened by the American and Russian
marines of the besieged force. The Fourteenth Infantry was
selected on this occasion in recognition of gallantry at
Yang-tsun and during this day. The British troops entered at
the 'Shahuo' gate of the Chinese city, and following a road
through the center of the city to opposite the legations,
arrived there through the 'water gate or moat' in advance of
the United States troops. Having communicated with Minister
Conger, I withdrew the troops from the legation and camped
just outside near the Tartar wall for the night. My casualties
during the day were 8 enlisted men wounded in the Fourteenth
Infantry, 1 enlisted man wounded of Battery F, Fifth
Artillery, and 1 officer and 2 enlisted men wounded of the
marines. …

"I was informed by Mr. Conger that a portion of the imperial

city directly in front of the Chien-men gate had been used by
Chinese to fire on the legations, and I determined to force
the Chinese troops from this position. On the morning of the
15th I placed four guns of Reilly's battery on the Tartar wall
at Chien-men gate and swept the walls to the westward to the
next gate, there being some slight opposition in that
direction, supported by poor artillery. About 8 o'clock a. m.
 the Chinese opened fire on us at Chien-men gate, from the
second gate of the imperial city north of Chien-men gate,
whereupon I directed an attack on the first gate to be made,
and in a short while Lieutenant Charles P. Summerall, of
Reilly's battery, had opened the door of this gate. Our troops
entered, and were met with a severe fire from the next gate,
about 600 yards distant. Fire was directed upon the second
gate with the battery and such of the infantry as could be
elevated on the Tartar wall and side walls of the imperial
city and act effectively. In the course of half an hour the
Chinese fire was silenced, and Colonel Daggett led forward his
regiment to the base of the second gate. Lieutenant Summerall
was directed to open this gate with artillery, which he did.
The course just indicated was pursued for four gates, the
Chinese troops being driven from each gate in succession, the
fourth gate being near what is known as the 'palace grounds,'
which is surrounded by the 'imperial guards.'

{132}

"At a conference that afternoon it was decided not to occupy

the imperial city, and I withdrew my troops into the camp
occupied the night before, maintaining my position on the
Tartar wall at Chien-men gate. The idea of not occupying the
imperial city was not concurred in by the ministers in a
conference held by them the next day. In their opinion the
imperial city should be occupied. It was later decided by the
generals to occupy the imperial grounds, and in consequence of
this decision I reoccupied the grounds we had won on the 15th,
placing the Ninth Infantry within as guard at the gate where
our attack ceased.

"During the 15th and the attack upon the gates referred to our
losses were 2 enlisted men killed and 4 wounded, Ninth
Infantry; 3 enlisted men killed and 14 wounded, Fourteenth
Infantry; 1 enlisted man, Battery F, Fifth Artillery, wounded.
At 8.50 o'clock a. m. of this date Captain Henry J. Reilly,
 Fifth Artillery, was struck in the mouth and almost instantly
killed when standing at my left elbow observing the effect of
a shot from one of his guns by his side.

"At a conference of the generals on the afternoon of the 16th

the Chinese and Tartar cities were divided to the various
forces for police and protection of the inhabitants. The
United States troops were assigned to the west half of the
Chinese city and to that section of the Tartar city lying
between the Chien-men gate and Shun-chin gate of the south
wall of the Tartar city and north to the east and west street
through the Tartar city, being bounded upon the east by the
wall of the imperial city."

United States, Secretary of War,

Annual Report, November 30, 1900,
pages 61-71.

CHINA: A. D. 1900 (August 5-16).

The horrors of the allied invasion.
Barbarity of some divisions of the army in the march
from Tien-tsin to Peking.
Murder, rape, pillage and destruction.

Of the conduct of some divisions of the allied army which

advanced from Tien-tsin, and which represented to "the heathen
Chinee" the civilized and Christian nations of Europe and the
Western world, a writer in "Scribner's Magazine," who
evidently shared the experience and witnessed the scenes of
the march, gives the following account: "The dreary stretches
through which the Pei-ho flows, never attractive to the
Western eye, presented, as the allied armies slowly traversed
them, a scene of indescribable desolation. … In a region which
usually contained a population of many millions, scarcely a
human being, besides those attached to the allied armies, was
to be seen. Towns and villages were completely deserted. In
China an ordinary town will have from one to three hundred
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 And who will sit in Nóvgorod?”
There stepped forward Diví Murza, son of Ulán:
“Listen, our lord, Crimea’s tsar!
You, our lord, shall sit in stone-built Moscow,
And your son in Vladímir,
And your nephew in Súzdal,
And your relative in Zvenígorod,
And let the equerry hold old Ryazán,
But to me, O lord, grant Nóvgorod:
There, in Nóvgorod, lies my luck.”
The voice of the Lord called out from heaven:
“Listen, you dog, Crimea’s tsar!
Know you not the tsarate of Muscovy?
There are in Moscow seventy Apostles,[117]
Besides the three Sanctified;
And there is in Moscow still an orthodox Tsar.”
And you fled, you dog, Crimea’s tsar,
Not over the highways, nor the main road,
Nor following the black standard.

THE SONG OF THE PRINCESS KSÉNIYA BORÍSOVNA [118]

There weepeth a little bird,

A little white quail:
“Alas, that I so young must grieve!
They wish to burn the green oak,
To destroy my little nest,
To kill my little ones,
To catch me, quail.”
In Moscow the Princess weepeth:
“Alas that I so young must grieve!
For there comes to Moscow the traitor,
Gríshka Otrépev Rozstríga,[119]
Who wants to take me captive,
And having captured make me a nun,
To send me into the monastery.
But I do not wish to become a nun,
To go into a monastery:
I shall keep my dark cell open,
To look at the fine fellows.
O our beautiful corridors!
Who will walk over you
After our tsarian life
And after Borís Godunóv?
O our beautiful palace halls!
Who will be sitting in you
After our tsarian life
And after Borís Godunóv?”
And in Moscow the Princess weepeth,
The daughter of Borís Godunóv:
“O God, our merciful Saviour!
Wherefore is our tsardom perished,—
Is it for father’s sinning,
Or for mother’s not praying?
And you beloved palace halls!
Who will rule in you,
After our tsarian life?
Fine stuffs of drawn lace!—
Shall we wind you around the birches?
Fine gold-worked towels!
Shall we throw you into the woods?
Fine earrings of hyacinth
Shall we hang you on branches,
After our tsarian life,
After the reign of our father,
Glorious Borís Godunóv?
Wherefore comes to Moscow Rozstríga,
And wants to break down the palaces,
And to take me, princess, captive,
And to send me to Ustyúzhna Zheléznaya,
To make me, princess, a nun,
To place me behind a walled garden?
 Why must I grieve,
As they take me to the dark cell,
And the abbess gives me her blessing?”

THE RETURN OF PATRIARCH FILARÉT TO MOSCOW[120]

The tsarate of Muscovy was happy

And all the holy Russian land.
Happy was the sovereign, the orthodox Tsar,
The Grand Duke Mikhaíl Fedórovich,
For he was told that his father had arrived,
His father Filarét Nikítich,
From the land of the infidel, from Lithuania.
He had brought back with him many princes and boyárs,
He had also brought the boyár of the Tsar,
Prince Mikhaíl Borísovich Sheyn.
There had come together many princes, boyárs, and dignitaries,
In the mighty tsarate of Muscovy:
They wished to meet Filarét Nikítich
Outside the famous stone-built Moscow.
’Tis not the red sun in its course,—
’Tis the orthodox Tsar that has gone out,
To meet his father dear,
Lord Filarét Nikítich.
With the Tsar went his uncle,
Iván Nikítich the boyár.—
“The Lord grant my father be well,
My father, lord Filarét Nikítich.”
They went not into the palace of the Tsar,
They went into the cathedral of the Most Holy Virgin,
To sing an honourable mass.
And he blessed his beloved child:
“God grant the orthodox Tsar be well,
Grand Duke Mikhaíl Fedórovich!
And for him to rule the tsarate of Muscovy
And the holy Russian land.

FOOTNOTES:

[116] Having destroyed almost the whole of Moscow by fire in

1572, Devlét-Giréy made again an incursion the next year. He
was so sure of an easy victory, that the streets of Moscow, so
Kúrbski tells, were alotted in advance to the Murzas. He came
with an army of 120,000 men, and left on the field of battle
100,000.
[117] Either churches or images of the apostles; a similar
interpretation holds for the next line.
[118] She was shorn a nun by order of the False Demetrius,
and was sent to a distant monastery.
[119] Rozstríga means “he who has abandoned his tonsure.”
[120] Filarét Nikítich, the father of Mikhaíl Fedórovich, returned
from his Lithuanian captivity in 1619 and was at once proclaimed
Patriarch.
 Yúri Krizhánich. (1617-about 1677.)
Krizhánich was a Croatian who had studied at the Croatian
Seminary at Vienna, at the university of Bologna, and at the
Greek College of St. Athanasius at Rome, where he came in
contact with some Russians. He early dreamed of a union of
all the Slavic nations under the rule of Russia, and in 1657 he
went to Southern Russia, where he began a propaganda
among the Cossacks in favour of a union with that country.
Two years later he appeared in Moscow, where his Catholic
religion and his efforts at introducing a Western culture
brought him into disrepute, and he was at once banished to
Siberia, where he lived until the year 1676. He composed a
large number of works on an Universal Slavic language, on
the Russian empire in the seventeenth century, and on the
union of the Churches, writing not in Russian, but in a strange
mixture of several Slavic languages, of his own invention. In
these he developed a strong Panslavism, full of hatred of
everything foreign, except foreign culture, and expressed high
hopes for Russia’s future greatness. His works are said to
have been used by Peter the Great, but they were not
published until 1860.

POLITICAL REASONS FOR THE UNION OF THE CHURCHES

The sixth reason for my contention is of a political nature, and

refers to the nation’s weal. For this discord of the Churches is even
now the cause of Doroshénko’s rebellion and the Turkish invasion,
and continuation of the present war, and has from the beginning
been the cause of much evil. The Poles have an ancient adage: Aut
Moscovia Polonizat, aut Polonia Moscovizat, i. e., Either Moscow
shall become Polish, or Poland shall be a part of the Russian
empire. It is written in the histories of other nations, and the advisers
of the Tsar know it, that in the days of Feódor Ivánovich and later
there have been many congresses held and embassies sent for the
purpose of securing a Russian ruler for Poland and Lithuania. There
is no doubt but that Poland and Lithuania would have become
possessions of the Russian Tsars, if it were not for the division of the
Churches. And there would not have been many old and new wars,
nor bloodshed, in which so many hundreds of thousands of innocent
people have perished by the sword, and have been led into
Mussulman captivity. And the Russian nation would have long ago
been far advanced in profane and political sciences that are so
necessary for all well-educated persons, and would not be scorned
and ridiculed and hated by the European nations for its barbarism.
Nor would it suffer such unbearable disgrace and losses in war and
commerce from the Germans and Crimeans, as it is suffering now.
Book knowledge and political wisdom is a leaven of the mind, and a
fast friendship with the Poles and Lithuanians would have made the
Russian nation more renowned and more feared by the surrounding
peoples, and richer in all earthly possessions.

ON KNOWLEDGE

Kings must instruct their subjects, parents their children, how to

obtain knowledge. The time has come for our nation to be instructed
in various branches, for God has in His mercy and kindness uplifted
through Russia a Slavic kingdom to glory, power and majesty, such
as for splendour has never existed before among us. We observe
with other nations that as soon as a kingdom rises to higher
importance, the sciences and arts at once begin to flourish among
them. We, too, must learn, for under the honoured rule of the
Righteous Tsar and Great King Alexis Mikháylovich we have an
opportunity to wipe off the mould of our ancient barbarism, to acquire
various sciences, to adopt a better organisation of society, and to
reach a higher well-being.

ON FOREIGNERS

We are not possessed of an innate vivacity, nor praiseworthy

national characteristics, nor sincerity of heart. For people who have
such pride do not allow foreigners to command them, except by
force, whereas our nation of its own free will invites foreigners to
come to its country. Not one people under the sun has since the
beginning of the world been so abused and disgraced by foreigners
as we Slavs have been by the Germans. Our whole Slavic nation
has been subject to this kind of treatment; everywhere we have upon
our shoulders Germans, Jews, Scotchmen, Gypsies, Armenians,
Greeks and merchants of other nationalities, who suck our blood. In
Russia you will see nowhere any wealth, except in the Tsar’s
treasury; everywhere there is dire, bare poverty.
 Grigóri Kotoshíkhin. (1630-1667.)
Grigóri Kotoshíkhin was a clerk, and later a scribe
(podyáchi) in the Department of Legations, a kind of Foreign
Office. He had been frequently employed as an ambassador
in connection with various treaties between Russia and
Sweden and Poland. While at Moscow, he had been guilty of
some dishonesty to his own country by giving certain secrets
of State to the Swedish ambassador; but that was an offence
not uncommon at Moscow, where patriotism was seldom of a
disinterested character. In 1664 he was sent out with the
Russian army that was then operating against Poland. Shortly
after, its two generals, Cherkásski and Prozoróvski, were
recalled, and Dolgorúki was sent in their place. The latter tried
to get Kotoshíkhin’s aid in denouncing his two predecessors
for traitorous actions, but Kotoshíkhin refused. Fearing the
wrath of Dolgorúki, he fled, first to Poland, and then, through
Prussia and Lubeck, to Sweden. He settled in Stockholm,
where he was employed in a semi-official capacity in the
Foreign Office. In a fit of intoxication he killed his host, who
was the official Russian translator of Sweden, and for this
crime he was beheaded.
Kotoshíkhin had evidently formed the plan of writing about
Russian customs before his arrival in Stockholm, but he was
also encouraged by distinguished Swedish statesmen, who
hoped to find important information about Russia in his work.
In his capacity of Legation scribe Kotoshíkhin had an
excellent opportunity to become intimately acquainted with
the immediate surroundings of the Tsar; but he supplemented
his knowledge by a clear insight, which he had gained in his
intercourse with other nations. There is no other work of Old
Russia that gives so detailed an account of contemporary
society. Kotoshíkhin’s work was first discovered in 1840,
though several manuscript translations in Swedish were
known to be extant in various libraries.
 THE EDUCATION OF THE PRINCES

FROM CHAP. 1.

For the bringing up of the Tsarévich or Tsarévna they select from

among the women of all ranks a good, pure, sweet-tempered and
healthy woman, and that woman resides for a year in the Upper
Palace, in the apartments of the Tsarítsa. At the expiration of the
year, the husband of that woman, if she be of noble origin, is made
governor of a city, or receives some lands in perpetuity; if she be a
scribe’s, or some other serving-man’s wife, he is promoted and
granted a goodly salary; if he be a countryman, he is given a good
sum, and both are freed from the taxes and other imposts of the Tsar
during their whole lives. The Tsarévich and Tsarévna have also a
chief-nurse to look after them, a distinguished boyár’s wife,—an old
widow, and a nurse and other servants. When the Tsarévich reaches
the age of five, he is put in the keeping of a renowned boyár, a quiet
and wise man, and the latter has for a companion a man from the
lower ranks; they also choose from among the children of the boyárs
a few of the same age as the Tsarévich, to be his servants and
butlers. When the time arrives to teach the Tsarévich to read and
write, they select teachers from the instructed people, who are of a
quiet disposition and not given to drinking; the teacher of writing is
chosen from among the Legation scribes; they receive instruction in
Russia in no other language, neither Latin, Greek, German nor any
other, except Russian.
The Tsaréviches and Tsarévnas have each separate apartments
and servants to look after them. No one is permitted to see the
Tsarévich before his fifteenth year, except those people who serve
him, and the boyárs and Near People[121]; but after fifteen years he
is shown to all people, as his father goes with him to church or to
entertainments. When the people find out that he has been
presented, they come on purpose from many cities to get a look at
him. As the Tsaréviches, when they are young, and the elder and
younger Tsarévnas go to church, there are borne cloth screens all
around them, so that they cannot be seen; likewise, they cannot be
seen when they stand in church, except by the clergy, for they are
surrounded in church with taffeta, and there are few people in church
during that time but boyárs and Near People. Similarly, when they
travel to the monasteries to pray, their carriages are covered with
taffeta. For their winter rides, the Tsarítsa and Tsarévnas use
kaptánas, that is, sleighs in the shape of small huts that are covered
with velvet or red cloth, with doors at both sides, with mica windows
and taffeta curtains; for their summer rides they use kolymágas that
are also covered with cloth; these are entered by steps and are
made like simple carts on wheels, and not like carriages that hang
down on leather straps. These kolymágas and kaptánas have two
shafts, and are without an axle; only one horse is hitched in them,
with other horses in tandem.

PRIVATE LIFE OF THE BOYÁRS AND OF OTHER RANKS (CHAP. 13)

Boyárs and Near People live in their houses, both of stone and
wood, that are not well arranged; their wives and children live all in
separate rooms. Only a few of the greater boyárs have their own
churches in their courts; and those of the high and middle boyárs
who have no churches of their own, but who are permitted to have
priests at their houses, have the matins and vespers and other
prayers said in their own apartments, but they attend mass in any
church they may choose; they never have the mass in their own
houses. The boyárs and Near People pay their priests a yearly
salary, according to agreement; if the priests are married people,
they receive a monthly allowance of food and drink, but the widowed
priests eat at the same table with their boyárs.
On church holidays, and on other celebrations, such as name
days, birthdays and christenings, they frequently celebrate together.
It is their custom to prepare simple dishes, without seasoning,
without berries, or sugar, without pepper, ginger or other spices, and
they are little salted and without vinegar. They place on the table one
dish at a time; the other dishes are brought from the kitchen and are
held in the hands by the servants. The dishes that have little vinegar,
salt and pepper are seasoned at the table; there are in all fifty to one
hundred such dishes.
The table manners are as follows: before dinner the hosts order
their wives to come out and greet their guests. When the women
come, they place themselves in the hall, or room, where the guests
are dining, at the place of honour,[122] and the guests stand at the
door; the women greet the guests with the small salute,[123] but the
guests bow to the ground. Then the host makes a low obeisance to
his guests and bids them kiss his wife. At the request of his guests,
the host kisses his wife first; then the guests make individual bows
and, stepping forward, kiss his wife and, walking back again, bow to
her once more; she makes the small salute each time she kisses a
guest. Then the hostess brings each guest a glass of double-or
treble-spiced brandy, the size of the glass being a fourth, or a little
more, of a quart. The host makes as many low obeisances as there
are guests, asking each one in particular to partake of the brandy
which his wife is offering them. By the request of the guests, the host
bids his wife to drink first, then he drinks himself, and then the guests
are served; the guests make a low obeisance before drinking, and
also after they have drunk and as they return the glass. To those that
do not drink brandy, a cup of Rumney or Rhine wine, or some other
liquor, is offered.
After this drinking the hostess makes a bow to the guests and
retires to her apartments to meet her guests, the wives of the boyárs.
The hostess and the wives of the guests never dine with the men,
except at weddings; an exception is also made when the guests are
near relatives and there are no outsiders present at the dinner.
During the dinner, the host and guests drink after every course a cup
of brandy, or Rumney or Rhine wine, and spiced and pure beer, and
various kinds of meads. When they bring the round cakes to the
table, the host’s daughters-in-law, or married daughters, or the wives
of near relatives come into the room, and the guests rise and,
leaving the table, go to the door and salute the women; then the
husbands of the women salute them, and beg the guests to kiss their
wives and drink the wine they offer. The guests comply with their
request and return to the table, while the women go back to their
apartments. After dinner the host and guests drink more freely each
other’s healths, and drive home again. The boyárs’ wives dine and
drink in the same manner in their own apartments, where there are
no men present.
When a boyár or Near Man is about to marry off his son, or
himself, or a brother, or nephew, or daughter, or sister, or niece, he,
having found out where there is a marriageable girl, sends his
friends, men or women, to the father of that girl, to say that such and
such a one had sent them to inquire whether he would be willing to
give his daughter or relative to him or his relative, and what the girl’s
dowry would be in the trousseau, money, patrimony and serfs. If the
person addressed is willing to give him his daughter, or relative, he
replies to the inquiry that he intends to marry off the girl, only he has
to consider the matter with his wife and family, and that he will give a
definite answer on a certain day; but if he does not wish to give him
the girl, knowing that he is a drunkard, or fast, or has some other bad
habit, he will say at once that he will not give him the girl, or he will
find some excuse for refusing the request.
Having taken counsel with his wife and family, and having decided
to give him the girl, he makes a detailed list of her dowry, in money,
silver and other ware, dresses, patrimony and serfs, and sends it to
the people who had come to him from the prospective bridegroom,
and they, in their turn, take it to the bridegroom. Nothing is told of the
matter to the prospective bride, who remains in ignorance thereof.
The dowry of the bride appearing satisfactory, the groom sends his
people to the bride’s parents, to ask them to present the girl. The
bride’s parents reply that they are willing to show their daughter, only
not to the prospective groom, but to his father, mother, sister or near
female relative, in whom the groom may have special confidence.
On the appointed day the groom sends his mother or sister to
inspect the bride; the bride’s parents make preparations for that day,
attire their daughter in a fine garment, invite their relatives to dinner,
and seat their daughter at the table.
When the inspectress arrives, she is met with the honour due her,
and is placed at the table near the bride. Sitting at the table, the
inspectress converses with the girl on all kinds of subjects, in order
to try her mind and manner of speech, and closely watches her face,
eyes and special marks, in order to bring a correct report to the
bridegroom; having stayed a short time, she returns to the
bridegroom. If the inspectress takes no liking to the bride, having
discovered that she is silly, or homely, or has imperfect eyes, or is
lame, or a poor talker, and so reports to the groom, he gives her up,
and that is the last of it. But if the bride has found favour in the
inspectress’s eyes, and she tells the groom that the girl is good and
clever, and perfect in speech and all things, the groom sends his
former friends again to the girl’s parents, telling them that he likes
their daughter, and that he wishes to come to a parley to write the
marriage contract, in order to marry her on a certain date. The
bride’s parents send word to the groom through his trusted people
that he should come to the parley with a few of his friends in whom
he has most confidence on a certain day, in the forenoon or
afternoon.
On the appointed day the groom puts on his best clothes, and
drives with his father, or near relatives, or friends whom he loves
best to the bride’s parents. Upon arrival, the bride’s parents and her
near relatives meet them with due honour, after which they go into
the house and seat themselves according to rank. Having sat a
while, the groom’s father or other relative remarks that they have
come for the good work, as he has bid them; the host answers that
he is glad to see them, and that he is ready to take up the matter.
Then both sides begin to discuss all kinds of marriage articles and to
set the day for the wedding according to how soon they can get
ready for it, in a week, a month, half a year, a year, or even more.
Then they enter their names and the bride’s name and the names of
witnesses in the marriage contract, and it is agreed that he is to take
the girl on a certain date, without fail, and that the girl is to be turned
over to him on that date, without fail; and it is provided in that
contract that if the groom does not take the girl on the appointed day,
or the father will not give him his daughter on that day, the offending
party has to pay 1000, or 5000, or 10,000 roubles, as the agreement
may be. Having stayed a while, and having eaten and drunk, they
return home, without having seen the bride, and without the bride
having seen the groom; but the mother, or married sister, or wife of
some relative comes out to present the groom with some embroidery
from the bride.
If after that parley the groom finds out something prejudicial to the
bride, or someone interested in the groom tells him that she is deaf,
or mute, or maimed, or has some other bad characteristic, and the
groom does not want to take her,—and the parents of the bride
complain about it to the Patriarch that he has not taken the girl
according to the marriage articles, and does not want to take her,
and thus has dishonoured her; or the bride’s parents, having found
out about the groom that he is a drunkard, or diceplayer, or maimed,
or has done something bad, will not give him their daughter, and the
groom complains to the Patriarch,—the Patriarch institutes an
inquiry, and the fine is collected from the guilty party according to the
contract, and is given to the groom or bride, as the case may be; and
then both may marry whom they please.
But if both parties carry out their agreement, and get ready for the
wedding on the appointed day, then the groom invites to the wedding
his relatives and such other people as he likes, to be his ceremonial
guests, in the same manner as I described before about the Tsar’s
wedding[124]; on the part of the bride the guests are invited in the
same way. On the day of the wedding tables are set at the houses of
the groom and bride, and the word being given the groom that it is
time to fetch the bride, they all set out according to the ceremonial
rank: First the bread-men carry bread on a tray, then, if it be summer,
the priest with the cross rides on horseback, but in winter in a sleigh;
then follow the boyárs, the thousand-man, and the groom.
Having reached the court of the bride’s house, they enter the hall
in ceremonial order, and the bride’s father and his guests meet them
with due honour, and the order of the wedding is the same as
described in the Tsar’s wedding. When the time arrives to drive to
church to perform the marriage, the bride’smaids ask her parents to
give the groom and bride their blessing for the marriage. They bless
them with words, but before leaving bless them with a holy image,
and, taking their daughter’s hand, give her to the groom.
 Then the ceremonial guests, the priest, and the groom with his
bride, whose hand he is holding, go out of the hall, and her parents
and their guests accompany them to the court; the groom places the
bride in a kolymága or kaptána, mounts a horse, or seats himself in
a sleigh; the ceremonial guests do likewise, and all drive to the
church where they are to be married. The bride’s parents and their
guests return to the hall, where they eat and drink until news is
brought from the groom; the bride is accompanied only by her own
and the bridegroom’s go-betweens. The two having been united, the
whole troop drives to the groom’s house, and news is sent to the
bride’s father that they have been propitiously married. When they
arrive at the groom’s court, the groom’s parents and their guests
meet them, and the parents, or those who are in their stead, bless
them with the images, and offer them bread and salt, and then all
seat themselves at the table and begin to eat, according to the
ceremony; and then the bride is unveiled.
The next morning the groom drives out with the bride’s-maid to call
the guests, those of his and the bride’s, to dinner. When he comes to
the bride’s parents, he thanks them for their having well brought up
their daughter, and for having given her to him in perfect health; after
having made the round to all the guests, he returns home. When all
the guests have arrived, the bride offers gifts to all the ceremonial
guests. Before dinner the groom goes with all the company to the
palace to make his obeisance to the Tsar. Having arrived in the
presence of the Tsar, all make a low obeisance, and the Tsar, without
taking off his cap, asks the married couple’s health. The groom bows
to the ground, and then the Tsar congratulates those who are united
in legitimate wedlock, and blesses the married pair with images, and
he presents them with forty sables, and for their garments a bolt of
velvet, and atlas, and gold-coloured silk, and calamanco, and simple
taffeta, and a silver vessel, a pound and a half to two pounds in
weight, to each of them; but the bride is not present at the audience.
Then the Tsar offers the thousand-man, and bridegroom, and the
ceremonial guests a cup of Rumney wine, and then a pitcher of
cherry wine, and after they have emptied their wine the Tsar
dismisses them.
 After arriving home, they begin to eat and drink, and after the
dinner the parents and guests bless the married couple with images
and make them all kinds of presents, and after dinner the guests
drive home. On the third day, the bride and groom and the guests go
to dinner to the bride’s parents, with all their guests, and after the
dinner the bride’s parents and their guests make presents to the
married couple, and they drive home; and that is the end of the
festivity.
During the time that the groom is in the presence of the Tsar, the
bride sends in her name presents to the Tsarítsa and Tsarévnas,
tidies of taffeta, worked with gold and silver and pearls; the Tsarítsa
and Tsarévnas accept these gifts, and send to inquire about the
bride’s health.
During all the wedding festivities, no women are present, and
there is no music, except blowing of horns and beating of drums.
The proceeding is the same when a widowed daughter, or sister,
or niece is married off: the ceremonial and the festivity are the same.
In the beginning of the festivity, the priest who is to marry the pair
receives from the Patriarch and the authorities a permit, with the seal
attached to it, to marry them, having first ascertained that the bride
and groom are not related by sponsorship, nor by the ties of
consanguinity in the sixth and seventh generation, nor that he is the
husband of a fourth wife, nor she the wife of a fourth husband; but if
he discover that they are related by sponsorship, and so forth, he is
not allowed to marry them. Should the priest permit such an unlawful
marriage to take place, with his knowledge or without his knowledge,
he would be discharged from his priesthood and, if he was knowingly
guilty, he has to pay a big fine, and the authorities lock him up for a
year; but the married pair is divorced, without being fined, except the
sin which they have incurred, and if they have not been previously
married three times, they may marry again.
If a widower wants to marry a maiden, the ceremonial at the
wedding is the same, but during the wreathing in church the wreath
is placed on the groom’s right shoulder, whereas the bride wears her
wreath upon her head; if a widower for the third time marries a
maiden, the ceremonial is the same, but the wreath is placed on the
groom’s left shoulder, and the bride wears hers upon her head. The
same is done when a widow marries for the second or third time. But
when a widower marries for the second or third time a widow, then
there is no wreathing, and only a prayer is said instead of the
wreathing, and the wedding ceremonial is different from the one
mentioned above.
The manner of the parley, marriage and ceremonial wedding is the
same with the lower orders of the nobility as described above, and
the wedding is as sumptuous as they can afford to make it, but they
do not call upon the Tsar, except those of his retinue.
Among the merchants and peasants the parley and the ceremonial
are exactly the same, but they differ in their acts and dresses from
the nobility, each according to his means.
It sometimes happens that a father or mother has two or three
daughters, where the eldest daughter is maimed, being blind, or
lame, or deaf, or mute, while the other sisters are perfect in shape
and beauty and speech. When a man begins to sue for their
daughter, and he sends his mother, or sister, or someone else in
whom he has confidence to inspect her, the parents sometimes
substitute the second or third daughter for their maimed sister, giving
her the name of the latter, so that the inspectress, not knowing the
deceit, takes a liking to the girl and reports to the groom that she is a
proper person to marry. Then the groom, depending upon her words,
has a parley with the girl’s parents, that he is to marry her upon an
appointed day, and that the parents are to give her to him upon the
appointed day, and the fine is set so high that the guilty party is not
able to pay it. When the wedding takes place, the parents turn over
to him the maimed daughter, whose name is given in the articles of
marriage, but who is not the one the inspectresses had seen. But the
groom cannot discover on the wedding day that she is blind, or
disfigured, or has some other defect, or that she is deaf or mute, for
at the wedding she is veiled and does not say a word, nor can he
know whether she is lame, because her bride’smaids lead her under
her arms.
 But in that case the man who has been deceived complains to the
Patriarch and authorities, and these take the articles of marriage and
institute an inquiry among the neighbours and housefolk, each one
individually, whether the person he had married is the one indicated
by name in the marriage articles. If so, the articles are valid, and no
faith is to be put in his contention, on the ground that it was his
business to be sure whom he was going to marry. But if the
neighbours and housefolk depose that the bride is not the same as
mentioned by name in the articles, the married pair is divorced, and
the parents have to pay a large fine and damages to the groom, and
besides the father is beaten with the knout, or his punishment is
even more severe, according to the Tsar’s will.
The same punishment is meted out to the man who presents his
serving maid or a widow in place of his unmarried daughter, by
giving her another name and dressing her up so as to look like his
daughter, or when his daughter is of short stature and they place her
on a high chair in such a way that her defect is not noticeable.
When parents have maimed or old daughters, and no one wants
to marry them, they are sent to a monastery to be shorn nuns.
When a man wants to inspect the bride himself, and the parents
grant the request, knowing that she is fair and that they need not be
ashamed of her, but the groom, having taken no liking to her, decries
her with damaging and injurious words, and thus keeps other suitors
away from her,—and the bride’s parents complain to the Patriarch or
authorities: these institute an inquiry, and having found the man
guilty, marry him to the girl by force; but if he has married another girl
before the complaint has been entered, the girl’s disgrace is taken
from her by an ukase.
When a man marries off his daughter or sister, and gives her a
large dowry in serfs and patrimony, and that daughter or sister,
having borne no children, or having borne some who have all died,
dies herself,—the dowry is all taken from her husband and is turned
over to those who had married her off. But if she leaves a son or
daughter, the dowry is, for the sake of her child, not taken from her
husband.
 Gentle reader! Wonder not, it is nothing but the truth when I say
that nowhere in the whole world is there such deception practised
with marriageable girls as in the kingdom of Muscovy; there does not
exist there the custom, as in other countries, for the suitor to see and
sue for the bride himself.
The boyárs and Near People have in their houses 100, or 200, or
300, or 500, or 1000 servants, male and female, according to their
dignity and possessions. These servants receive a yearly salary, if
they are married, 2, 3, 5 or 10 roubles, according to their services,
and their wearing apparel, and a monthly allowance of bread and
victuals; they live in their own rooms in the court of the boyár’s
house. The best of these married servants are sent out by the
boyárs every year, by rotation, to their estates and villages, with the
order to collect from their peasants the taxes and rents. The
unmarried older servants receive some small wages, but the
younger ones receive nothing; all the unmarried servants get their
wearing apparel, hats, shirts and boots; the older of these servants
live in the farther lower apartments, and receive their food and drink
from the kitchen; on holidays they receive two cups of brandy each.
The female servants who are widows remain living in the houses of
their husbands, and they receive a yearly wage and a monthly
allowance of food; other widows and girls stay in the rooms of the
boyárs’ wives and daughters, and they receive their wearing apparel,
and their food from the boyár’s kitchen.
When these girls are grown up, the boyárs marry them, and also
the widows, to some one of their servants to whom they have taken
a liking, but sometimes by force. The wedding takes place in the
boyár’s hall, according to the rank of the marrying parties; the food
and festive dresses are furnished by the boyár. The girls are never
married to any person outside the boyár’s court, because both male
and female servants are his perpetual serfs. In the boyár’s house
there is an office for all domestic affairs, where an account is kept of
income and expenses, and all the affairs of the servants and
peasants are investigated and settled.
 FOOTNOTES:

[121] A division of nobility below the boyárs.

[122] In the front corner, under the holy images.
[123] Bending as far as the girdle.
[124] “The wedding ceremony is as follows: on the Tsar’s side
the first order is the father and mother, or those who are in place
of his parents; the second order, the travellers,—the chief priest
with the cross, the thousand-man, who is a great personage in
that procession, and then the Tsar: eight boyárs. The duties of the
travellers are as follows: they stay with the Tsar and Tsarítsa at
the crowning in church, and at the table occupy higher places
than the others; the friends (drúzhka), whose duty it is to call the
guests to the wedding, to make speeches at the wedding in the
name of the thousand-man and Tsar, and to carry presents; the
bride’s maids (svákha) whose duty it is to watch the Tsarítsa, to
dress her and undress her; the candleholder, who holds the
candle when they get the Tsarítsa ready for the crowning; the
breadholders, who carry the bread on litters to and from church
(these litters are covered with gold velvet and embroidered cloth
and sable furs); the equerry with his suite. The third order is the
sitting boyárs, twelve men and twelve women, who sit as guests
at the tables, with the Tsar’s parents, but do not go to church with
the Tsar. The fourth order is of the court, who attend to the food
and drink.”