Instructors Solutions Manual For Elementary Linear Algebra With Applications 9th Edition Ebook PDF
Instructors Solutions Manual For Elementary Linear Algebra With Applications 9th Edition Ebook PDF
Instructors Solutions Manual For Elementary Linear Algebra With Applications 9th Edition Ebook PDF
Elementary Linear
Algebra with
Applications
Ninth Edition
Bernard Kolman
Drexel University
David R. Hill
Temple University
Editorial Director, Computer Science, Engineering, and Advanced Mathematics: Marcia J. Horton
Senior Editor: Holly Stark
Editorial Assistant: Jennifer Lonschein
Senior Managing Editor/Production Editor: Scott Disanno
Art Director: Juan López
Cover Designer: Michael Fruhbeis
Art Editor: Thomas Benfatti
Manufacturing Buyer: Lisa McDowell
Marketing Manager: Tim Galligan
Cover Image: (c) William T. Williams, Artist, 1969 Trane, 1969 Acrylic on canvas, 108!! × 84!! .
Collection of The Studio Museum in Harlem. Gift of Charles Cowles, New York.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in
writing from the publisher.
ISBN 0-13-229655-1
Preface iii
3 Determinants 37
3.1 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Properties of Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3 Cofactor Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 Inverse of a Matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.5 Other Applications of Determinants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Supplementary Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Chapter Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
This manual is to accompany the Ninth Edition of Bernard Kolman and David R.Hill’s Elementary Linear
Algebra with Applications. Answers to all even numbered exercises and detailed solutions to all theoretical
exercises are included. It was prepared by Dennis Kletzing, Stetson University. It contains many of the
solutions found in the Eighth Edition, as well as solutions to new exercises included in the Ninth Edition of
the text.
Chapter 1
Section 1.1, p. 8
2. x = 1, y = 2, z = −2.
4. No solution.
8. Inconsistent; no solution.
10. x = 2, y = −1.
12. No solution.
20. x = 1, y = 1, z = 4.
22. r = −3.
24. If x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , . . . , xn = sn satisfy each equation of (2) in the original order, then those
same numbers satisfy each equation of (2) when the equations are listed with one of the original ones
interchanged, and conversely.
25. If x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , . . . , xn = sn is a solution to (2), then the pth and qth equations are satisfied.
That is,
ap1 s1 + · · · + apn sn = bp
aq1 s1 + · · · + aqn sn = bq .
Then if the qth equation in (2) is replaced by the preceding equation, the values x1 = s1 , x2 = s2 , . . . ,
xn = sn are a solution to the new linear system since they satisfy each of the equations.
2 Chapter 1
C2
C1 C2
Two points of intersection:
32. 3.2 ounces of food A, 4.2 ounces of food B, and 2 ounces of food C.
Section 1.2, p. 19
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0
2. (a) A = 0 1 0 0 0 (b) A = 1 1 0 1 0 .
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
4. a = 3, b = 1, c = 8, d = −2.
5 −5 8 ' (
7 −7
6. (a) C + E = E + C = 4 2 9 . (b) Impossible. (c) .
0 1
5 3 4
−9 3 −9 0 10 −9
(d) −12 −3 −15 . (e) 8 −1 −2 . (f) Impossible.
−6 −3 −9 −5 −4 3
1 2 ' ( 5 4 5 ' (
1 2 3 −6 10
8. (a) A = 2
T
1 , (A ) =
T T
. (b) −5 2 3 . (c) .
2 1 4 11 17
3 4 8 9 4
Section 1.3 3
' ( 3 4 ' (
0 −4 17 2
(d) . (e) 6 3 . (f) .
4 0 −16 6
9 10
' ( ' ( ' (
1 0 1 0 3 0
10. Yes: 2 +1 = .
0 1 0 0 0 2
λ−1 −2 −3
12. −6 λ+2 −3 .
−5 −2 λ−4
14. Because the edges can be traversed in either direction.
x1
x2
16. Let x = . be an n-vector. Then
..
xn
x1 0 x1 + 0 x1
x2 0 x2 + 0 x2
x + 0 = . + . = . = . = x.
.. .. .. ..
xn 0 xn + 0 xn
n )
) m
18. aij = (a11 + a12 + · · · + a1m ) + (a21 + a22 + · · · + a2m ) + · · · + (an1 + an2 + · · · + anm )
i=1 j=1
= (a11 + a21 + · · · + an1 ) + (a12 + a22 + · · · + an2 ) + · · · + (a1m + a2m + · · · + anm )
)m ) n
= aij .
j=1 i=1
n
) n
) n
) n
)
19. (a) True. (ai + 1) = ai + 1= ai + n.
i=1 i=1 i=1 i=1
n
) m
) n
)
(b) True. 1 = m = mn.
i=1 j=1 i=1
)n )m m
) m
) m
)
(c) True. ai bj = a1 bj + a2 bj + · · · + an bj
i=1 j=1 j=1 j=1 j=1
) m
= (a1 + a2 + · · · + an ) bj
. j=1 /
)n m
) )m )n
= ai bj = ai bj
i=1 j=1 j=1 i=1
Section 1.3, p. 30
2. (a) 4. (b) 0. (c) 1. (d) 1.
4. x = 5.
4 Chapter 1
√
6. x = ± 2, y = ±3.
8. x = ±5.
10. x = 65 , y = 5 .
12
0 −1 1 15 −7 14 8 8
12. (a) Impossible. (b) 12 5 17 . (c) 23 −5 29 . (d) 14 13 . (e) Impossible.
19 0 22 13 −1 17 13 9
' ( ' (
58 12 28 8 38
14. (a) . (b) Same as (a). (c) .
66 13 34 4 41
' ( ' (
28 32 −16 −8 −26
(d) Same as (c). (e) ; same. (f) .
16 18 −30 0 −31
0 1 −1 4 2
16. (a) 1. (b) −6. (c) −3 0 1 . (d) −2 8 4 . (e) 10.
3 −12 −6
9 0 −3
(f) 0 0 0 . (g) Impossible.
−3 0 1
18. DI2 = I2 D = D.
' (
0 0
20. .
0 0
1 0
14 18
22. (a)
0 . (b) .
3
13 13
1 −2 −1 1 −2 −1
24. col1 (AB) = 1 2 + 3 4 + 2 3 ; col2 (AB) = −1 2 + 2 4 + 4 3 .
3 0 −2 3 0 −2
(b) Let the jth column of A consist entirely of zeros, so that akj = 0 for k = 1, 2, . . . , m. Then the
(i, j) entry in BA is
)m
bik akj = 0 for i = 1, 2, . . . , m.
k=1
x1
2 3 −3 1 1 2 3 −3 1 1 7
3 x2
0 2 0 3 3 0 2 0 3 −2
30. (a)
2
. (b) x3 = .
3 0 −4 0 2 3 0 −4 0 3
x4
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 5
x5
Section 1.3 5
2 3 −3 1 1 7
3 0 2 0 3 −2
(c)
2
3 0 −4 0 3
0 0 1 1 1 5
' (' ( ' (
−2 3 x1 5
32. = .
1 −5 x2 4
1 0 0
40. Possible answer: 2 0 0 .
3 0 0
n
) n
)
(d) Since aTii = aii , Tr(AT ) = aTii = aii = Tr(A).
i=1 i=1
0 1
(e) Let AT A = B = bij . Then
n
) n
) n
) n )
) n
bii = aTij aji = a2ji =⇒ Tr(B) = Tr(AT A) = bii = a2ij ≥ 0.
j=1 j=1 i=1 i=1 j=1
Hence, Tr(AT A) ≥ 0.
6 Chapter 1
am1 amn
= b1j Col1 (A) + · · · + bnj Coln (A).
Thus the jth column of AB is a linear combination of the columns of A with coefficients the entries in
bj .
50. (a) row1 (A) · col1 (B) = 80(20) + 120(10) = 2800 grams of protein consumed daily by the males.
(b) row2 (A) · col2 (B) = 100(20) + 200(20) = 6000 grams of fat consumed daily by the females.
Section 1.4, p. 40
0 1 0 1 0 1
1. Let A = aij , B = bij , C = cij . Then the (i, j) entry of A + (B + C) is aij + (bij + cij ) and
that of (A + B) + C is (aij + bij ) + cij . By the associative law for addition of real numbers, these two
entries are equal.
0 1 0 1
2. For A = aij , let B = −aij .
n
)
0 1 0 1 0 1
4. Let A = aij , B = bij , C = cij . Then the (i, j) entry of (A + B)C is (aik + bik )ckj and that of
k=1
n
) n
)
AC + BC is aik ckj + bik ckj . By the distributive and additive associative laws for real numbers,
k=1 k=1
these two expressions for the (i, j) entry are equal.
0 1 0 1
6. Let A = aij , where aii = k and aij = 0 if i &= j, and let B = bij . Then, if i &= j, the (i, j) entry of
)n )n
AB is ais bsj = kbij , while if i = j, the (i, i) entry of AB is ais bsi = kbii . Therefore AB = kB.
s=1 s=1
n
)
0 1 0 1
7. Let A = aij and C = c1 c2 · · · cm . Then CA is a 1 × n matrix whose ith entry is cj aij .
j=1
a1j
a2j )n )m
Since Aj = . , the ith entry of cj Aj is cj aij .
.. j=1 j=1
amj
' ( ' ( ' (
cos 2θ sin 2θ cos 3θ sin 3θ cos kθ sin kθ
8. (a) . (b) . (c) .
− sin 2θ cos 2θ − sin 3θ cos 3θ − sin kθ cos kθ
(d) The result is true for p = 2 and 3 as shown in parts (a) and (b). Assume that it is true for p = k.
Then
' (' (
cos kθ sin kθ cos θ sin θ
Ak+1 = Ak A =
− sin kθ cos kθ − sin θ cos θ
' (
cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ cos kθ sin θ + sin kθ cos θ
=
− sin kθ cos θ − cos kθ sin θ cos kθ cos θ − sin kθ sin θ
' (
cos(k + 1)θ sin(k + 1)θ
= .
− sin(k + 1)θ cos(k + 1)θ
Hence, it is true for all positive integers k.
8 Chapter 1
( ' ' ( √1 √1
1 0 0 1
10. Possible answers: A = ;A= ;A= 2 2 .
0 1 1 0 √1 1
− 2
√
2
' ( ' ( ' (
1 1 0 0 0 1
12. Possible answers: A = ;A= ;A= .
−1 −1 0 0 0 0
0 1
13. Let A = aij . The (i, j) entry of r(sA) is r(saij ), which equals (rs)aij and s(raij ).
0 1
14. Let A = aij . The (i, j) entry of (r + s)A is (r + s)aij , which equals raij + saij , the (i, j) entry of
rA + sA.
0 1 0 1
16. Let A = aij , and B = bij . Then r(aij + bij ) = raij + rbij .
n
) n
)
0 1 0 1
18. Let A = aij and B = bij . The (i, j) entry of A(rB) is aik (rbkj ), which equals r aik bkj , the
k=1 k=1
(i, j) entry of r(AB).
20. 1
6 A, k = 16 .
22. 3.
26. The (i, j) entry of (AT )T is the (j, i) entry of AT , which is the (i, j) entry of A.
0 1
27. (b) The (i, j) entry of (A + B)T is the (j, i) entry of aij + bij , which is to say, aji + bji .
0 1 0 1
(d) Let A = aij and let bij = aji . Then the (i, j) entry of (cA)T is the (j, i) entry of caij , which
is to say, cbij .
5 0 −4 −8
28. (A + B)T = 5 2 , (rA)T = −12 −4 .
1 2 −8 12
−34 −34
30. (a) 17 . (b) 17 . (c) B T C is a real number (a 1 × 1 matrix).
−51 −51
' ( ' ( ' (
1 −3 1 2 −1 2
32. Possible answers: A = ;B= 2 ;C= .
0 0 3 1 0 1
' ( ' ( ' (
2 0 0 0 0 0
A= ;B= ;C= .
3 0 1 0 0 1
33. The (i, j) entry of cA is caij , which is 0 for all i and j only if c = 0 or aij = 0 for all i and j.
' (
a b
34. Let A = be such that AB = BA for any 2 × 2 matrix B. Then in particular,
c d
' (' ( ' (' (
a b 1 0 1 0 a b
=
c d 0 0 0 0 c d
' ( ' (
a 0 a b
=
c 0 0 0
' (
a 0
so b = c = 0, A = .
0 d
Section 1.5 9
Also
' (' ( ' (' (
a 0 1 1 1 1 a 0
=
0 d 0 0 0 0 0 d
' ( ' (
a a a d
= ,
0 0 0 0
' (
a 0
which implies that a = d. Thus A = for some number a.
0 a
35. We have
(A − B)T = (A + (−1)B)T
= AT + ((−1)B)T
= AT + (−1)B T = AT − B T by Theorem 1.4(d)).
Section 1.5, p. 52
0 1
1. (a) Let Im = dij so dij = 1 if i = j and 0 otherwise. Then the (i, j) entry of Im A is
m
)
dik akj = dii aij (since all other d’s = 0)
k=1
= aij (since dii = 1).
0 1
2. We prove that the product of two upper triangular matrices is upper triangular: Let A = aij with
)n
0 1 0 1
aij = 0 for i > j; let B = bij with bij = 0 for i > j. Then AB = cij where cij = aik bkj . For
k=1
i > j, and each 1 ≤ k ≤ n, either i > k (and so a0ik =1 0) or else k ≥ i > j (so bkj = 0). Thus every
term in the sum for cij is 0 and so cij = 0. Hence cij is upper triangular.
0 1 0 1 0 1
3. Let A = aij and B = bij , where both aij = 0 and bij = 0 if i &= j. Then if AB = C = cij , we
)n
have cij = aik bkj = 0 if i &= j.
k=1
9 −1 1 18 −5 11
4. A + B = 0 −2 7 and AB = 0 −8 −7 .
0 0 3 0 0 0
Thus the result is true for p = k + 1. Hence it is true for all positive integers p. For p = 0, (AB)0 =
In = A0 B 0 .
10. For p = 0, (cA)0 = In = 1 · In = c0 · A0 . For p = 1, cA = cA. Assume the result is true for p = k:
(cA)k = ck Ak , then for k + 1:
(cA)k+1 = (cA)k (cA) = ck Ak · cA = ck (Ak c)A = ck (cAk )A = (ck c)(Ak A) = ck+1 Ak+1 .
11. True for p = 0: (AT )0 = In = InT = (A0 )T . Assume true for p = n. Then
12. True for p = 0: (A0 )−1 = In−1 = In . Assume true for p = n. Then
(An+1 )−1 = (An A)−1 = A−1 (An )−1 = A−1 (A−1 )n = (A−1 )n+1 .
91 : 91 : 9 : 9 :
13. kA
−1
(kA) = k · k A−1 A = In and (kA) k1 A−1 = k · k1 AA−1 = In . Hence, (kA)−1 = k1 A−1 for
k &= 0.
14. (a) Let A = kIn . Then AT = (kIn )T = kInT = kIn = A.
(b) If k = 0, then A = kIn = 0In = O, which is singular. If k &= 0, then A−1 = (kA)−1 = k1 A−1 , so A
is nonsingular.
(c) No, the entries on the main diagonal do not have to be the same.
' (
a b
16. Possible answers: . Infinitely many.
0 a
' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 5 11 10 14
17. The result is false. Let A = . Then AA =
T
and A A =
T
.
3 4 11 25 14 20
18. (a) A is symmetric if and only if AT = A, or if and only if aij = aTij = aji .
(b) A is skew symmetric if and only if AT = −A, or if and only if aTij = aji = −aij .
(c) aii = −aii , so aii = 0.
26. Skew symmetric. To show this, let A be a skew symmetric matrix. Then AT = −A. Therefore
(AT )T = A = −AT . Hence AT is skew symmetric.
AT = (S + K)T = S T + K T = S − K
9 :
A + AT = (S + K) + (S − K) = 2S, S = 12 (A + AT ),
9 :
A − AT = (S + K) − (S − K) = 2K, K = 12 (A − AT )
2 7 3 0 −1 −7
1 1
30. S = 7 12 3 and K = 1 0 1 .
2 2
3 3 6 7 −1 0
' (' ( ' (
2 3 w x 1 0
31. Form = . Since the linear systems
4 6 y z 0 1
2w + 3y = 1 2x + 3z = 0
and
4w + 6y = 0 4x + 6z = 1
2 −1
' (' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 4 16 38
36. (a) = . (b) .
1 3 6 22 53
12 Chapter 1
' (
−9
38. .
−6
' (
8
40. .
9
' ( ' ( ' (
1 0 0 0 1 0
42. Possible answer: + = .
0 0 0 1 0 1
' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 −1 −2 0 0
43. Possible answer: + = .
3 4 3 4 6 8
44. The conclusion of the corollary is true for r = 2, by Theorem 1.6. Suppose r ≥ 3 and that the
conclusion is true for a sequence of r − 1 matrices. Then
−1 −1 −1
(A1 A2 · · · Ar )−1 = [(A1 A2 · · · Ar−1 )Ar ]−1 = A−1
r (A1 A2 · · · Ar−1 )
−1
= A−1
r Ar−1 · · · A2 A1 .
45. We have A−1 A = In = AA−1 and since inverses are unique, we conclude that (A−1 )−1 = A.
46. Assume that A is nonsingular, so that there exists an n × n matrix B such that AB = In . Exercise 28
in Section 1.3 implies that AB has a row consisting entirely of zeros. Hence, we cannot have AB = In .
47. Let
a11 0 0 ··· 0
0 a22 0 ··· 0
A= .. ,
.
0 0 · · · · · · ann
aw + by = 1 ax + bz = 0
and
cw + dy = 0 cx + dz = 1.
A solution to these systems exists only if ad − bc &= 0. Conversely, if ad − bc &= 0 then a solution to
these linear systems exists and we find A−1 .
54. We must show that (A−1 )T = A−1 . First, AA−1 = In implies that (AA−1 )T = InT = In . Now
(AA−1 )T = (A−1 )T AT = (A−1 )T A, which means that (A−1 )T = A−1 .
4 5 0
55. A + B = 0 4 1 is one possible answer.
6 −2 6
2×2 2×2 2×1 2×2 2×3
56. A = 2 × 2 2 × 2 2 × 1 and B = 2 × 2 2 × 3 .
2×2 2×2 2×1 1×2 1×3
' ( ' (
3×3 3×2 3×3 3×2
A= and B = .
3×3 3×2 2×3 2×2
21 48 41 48 40
18 26 34 33 5
24 26 42 47 16
AB = .
28 38 54 70 35
33 33 56 74 42
34 37 58 79 54
57. A symmetric matrix. To show this, let A1 , . . . , An be symmetric matrices and let x1 , . . . , xn be scalars.
Then AT1 = A1 , . . . , ATn = An . Therefore
58. A scalar matrix. To show this, let A1 , . . . , An be scalar matrices and let x1 , . . . , xn be scalars. Then
Ai = ci In for scalars c1 , . . . , cn . Therefore
which is the scalar matrix whose diagonal entries are all equal to x1 c1 + · · · + xn cn .
' ( ' ( ' ( ' (
5 19 65 214
59. (a) w1 = , w2 = , w3 = , w4 = ; u2 = 5, u3 = 19, u4 = 65, u5 = 214.
1 5 19 65
(b) wn−1 = An−1 w0 .
' ( ' ( ' (
4 8 16
60. (a) w1 = , w2 = , w3 = .
2 4 8
(b) wn−1 = An−1 w0 .
14 Chapter 1
64. (c) In Matlab, AB − BA is not O. It is a matrix each of whose entries has absolute value less than
1 × 10−14 .
65. (b) Let x be the solution from the linear system solver in Matlab and y = A−1 B. A crude measure
of difference in the two approaches is to look at max{|xi − yi | i = 1, . . . , 10}. This value is
approximately 6 × 10−5 . Hence, computationally the methods are not identical.
66. The student should observe that the “diagonal” of ones marches toward the upper right corner and
eventually “exits” the matrix leaving all of the entries zero.
( '
0 0
67. (a) As k → ∞, the entries in A → 0, so A → k
. k
0 0
(b) As k → ∞, some of the entries in Ak do not approach 0, so Ak does not approach any matrix.
Section 1.6, p. 62
2. y
1
f(u) = (3, 0)
x
−3 −1 O 1 3
u = (1, −2)
4. y
1
O x
−2 −1 1 2
f(u) = (6.19, −0.23)
u = ( − 2, −3)
Section 1.6 15
6. y
( − 6, 6)
f(u) = − 2 u 6
u = ( − 3, 3) 2
x
−6 −4 −2 O 1
8. z
u = (0, −2, 4)
10. No.
12. Yes.
14. No.
f (cu + dv) = A(cu + dv) = A(cu) + A(dv) = c(Au) + d(Av) = cf (u) + df (v) = c0 + d0 = 0 + 0 = 0.
16 Chapter 1
0 ··· 0 u1 0
22. (a) O(u) = .. .. ..
. . = . = 0.
0 ··· 0 un 0
1 0 ··· 0 u1 u1
(b) I(u) = .. .. ..
. . = . = u.
0 0 ··· 1 un un
Section 1.7, p. 70
2. y
4
2
x
O
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
4. (a) y
12
4
(4, 4) (12, 4)
3
1
x
O 1 3 4 8 12
Section 1.7 17
(b) y
1
4
x
1 3
O 4 4 1 2
6. y
1
2
x
O 1
(f1 ◦ f2 )(e1 ) = e2
(f2 ◦ f1 )(e1 ) = −e2 .
Therefore f1 ◦ f2 &= f2 ◦ f1 .
' (
2 0
12. Here f (u) = u. The new vertices are (0, 0), (2, 0), (2, 3), and (0, 3).
0 3
(2, 3)
3
x
O 2
14. (a) Possible answer: First perform f1 (45◦ counterclockwise rotation), then f2 .
(b) Possible answer: First perform f3 , then f2 .
' (
cos θ − sin θ
16. Let A = . Then A represents a rotation through the angle θ. Hence A2 represents a
sin θ cos θ
rotation through the angle 2θ, so
' (
cos 2θ − sin 2θ
A2 = .
sin 2θ cos 2θ
18 Chapter 1
Section 1.8, p. 79
2. Correlation coefficient = 0.9981. Quite highly correlated.
10
0
0 5 10
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100
Supplementary Exercises 19
b(a + d) = 1
c(a + d) = 0.
It follows that a + d &= 0 and c = 0. Thus
' 2 ( ' (
a b(a + d) 0 1
A =
2
= .
b d 2
0 0
Hence, a = d = 0, which is a contradiction; thus, B has no square root.
5. (a) (AT A)ii = (rowi AT ) × (coli A) = (coli A)T × (coli A)
(b) From part (a)
a1i
0 1 n
a2i ) 2
(AT A)ii = a1i a2i · · · ani × . = a ≥ 0.
.. j=1 ji
ani
(c) AT A = On if and only if (AT A)ii = 0 for i = 1, . . . , n. But this is possible if and only if aij = 0
for i = 1, . . . , n and j = 1, . . . , n
6. (Ak )T = (A · A · · · A)T = A A 67· · · AT8 = (AT )k .
T T
5 67 8 5
k times k times
7. Let A be a symmetric upper (lower) triangular matrix. Then aij = aji and aij = 0 for j > i (j < i).
Thus, aij = 0 whenever i &= j, so A is diagonal.
8. If A is skew symmetric then AT = −A. Note that xT Ax is a scalar, thus (xT Ax)T = xT Ax. That is,
xT Ax = (xT Ax)T = xT AT x = −(xT Ax).
The only scalar equal to its negative is zero. Hence xT Ax = 0 for all x.
9. We are asked to prove an “if and only if” statement. Hence two things must be proved.
(a) If A is nonsingular, then aii &= 0 for i = 1, . . . , n.
Proof: If A is nonsingular then A is row equivalent to In . Since A is upper triangular, this can
occur only if we can multiply row i by 1/aii for each i. Hence aii &= 0 for i = 1, . . . , n. (Other
row operations will then be needed to get In .)
20 Chapter 1
18. If Ax = Bx for all n × 1 matrices x, then AEj = BEj , j = 1, 2, . . . , n where Ej = column j of In . But
then
a1j b1j
a2j b2j
AEj = . = BEj = . .
.. ..
anj bnj
Hence column j of A = column j of B for each j and it follows that A = B.
21. (a) We prove this statement using induction. The result is true for n = 1. Assume it is true for n = k
so that Ak = A. Then
Ak+1 = AAk = AA = A2 = A.
Thus the result is true for n = k + 1. It follows by induction that An = A for all integers n ≥ 1.
(b) (In − A)2 = In2 − 2A + A2 = In − 2A + A = In − A.
22. (a) If A were nonsingular then products of A with itself must also be nonsingular, but Ak is singular
since it is the zero matrix. Thus A must be singular.
(b) A3 = O.
(c) k = 1 A = O; In − A = In ; (In − A)−1 A = In
k = 2 A2 = O; (In − A)(In + A) = In − A2 = In ; (In − A)−1 = In + A
k = 3 A3 = O; (In − A)(In + A + A2 ) = In − A3 = In ; (In − A)−1 = In + A + A2
etc.
22 Chapter 1
1
1
v· .
..
1
24.
1 1
1 1
. · .
.. ..
1 1
) )
25. (a) Mcd(cA) = (caij ) = c aij = c Mcd(A)
i+j=n+1 i+j=n+1
) ) )
(b) Mcd(A + B) = (aij + bij ) = aij + bij = Mcd(A) + Mcd(B)
i+j=n+1 i+j=n+1 i+j=n+1
(c) Mcd(AT ) = (AT )1n + (AT )2 n−1 + · · · + (AT )n1 = an1 + an−1 2 + · · · + a1n = Mcd(A)
' ( ' (
7 −3 1 1
(d) Let A = and B = . Then
0 0 −1 1
' (
10 4
AB = with Mcd(AB) = 4
0 0
and ' (
7 −3
BA = with Mcd(BA) = −10.
−7 3
1 2 0 0
3 4 0 0
26. (a)
0
.
0 0 1
0 0 3 2
'( ' ( ' ( ' ( ' ( ' (
1 2 1 1 0 0 −1 0
(b) Solve y= and z= obtaining y = and z = . Then the solution
3 4 1 2 3 3 1 1
−1
' (
1
to the given linear system Ax = B is x = where x = y .
0 z
1
27. Let
' ( ' (
0 a 0 b
A= and B = .
−a 0 −b 0
which is diagonal. The result is not true for n > 2. For example, let
0 1 2
A = −1 0 3 .
−2 −3 0
Supplementary Exercises 23
Then
5 6 −3
A2 = 6 10 2 .
−3 2 13
28. Consider the linear system Ax = 0. If A11 and A22 are nonsingular, then the matrix
' −1 (
A11 O
O A−1
22
We have A22 B22 = Is , so B22 = A−122 . We also have A22 B21 = O, and multiplying both sides of this
equation by A−1
22 , we find that B −1
21 = O. Thus A11 B11 = Ir , so B11 = A11 . Next, since
then
A11 B12 = −A12 B22 = −A12 A−1
22
Hence,
B12 = −A−1 −1
11 A12 A22 .
Since we have solved for B11 , B12 , B21 , and B22 , we conclude that A is nonsingular. Moreover,
−1 −1 −1
A 11 −A A A
11 12 22
A−1 = .
O A−1
22
−1 0 3 5
4 5 6 −2 0 6 10
30. (a) XY T = 8 10 12 . (b) XY T =
−1
.
0 3 5
12 15 18
−2 0 6 10
0 1T 0 1T
31. Let X = 1 5 and Y = 4 −3 . Then
' ( ' ( ' ( ' (
1 0 1 4 −3 4 0 1 4 20
XY T = 4 −3 = and Y X T = 1 5 = .
5 20 −15 −3 −3 −15
It follows that C T C = CC T .
Quiz
' (
2
1. x = .
−4
2. r = 0.
3. a = b = 4.
4. (a) a = 2.
(b) b = 10, c = any real number.
' (
3
5. u = , where r is any real number.
r
Chapter 2
Section 2.1, p. 94
−1r1 → r1
1 −1 1 0 −3
3r1 + r2 → r2 0
2. (a) Possible answer: 1 4 1 1
−4r1 + r3 → r3
2r2 + r3 → r3 0 0 0 0 0
2r1 + r2 → r2
1 1 −4
−4r1 + r3 → r3
(b) Possible answer: 0 1 2
r2 + r3 → r3
0 0 1
6 r3 → r3
1
1 0 0 8
0 1 0 0 −1 4
3r3 + r1 → r1 1 0 −1
0
4. (a) (b) −3r2 + r1 → r1 1 0 1 0
−r3 + r2 → r2 0 0 1 2
0 0 1 −1 0
0 0 0 0
−r1 → r1
−2r1 + r2 → r2
−3r1 + r2 → r2 1 0 −3
−2r1 + r3 → r3
−5r1 + r3 → r3 0
1
r → r2 1 2
6. (a) 2 2 I3 (b) 2r1 + r4 → r4 0
−3r3 → r3 0 0
−r2 + r3 → r3
3 r3 + r2 → r2
4
−r2 + r1 → r1 0 0 0
−5r3 + r1 → r1
2r2 + r1 → r1
8. (a) REF (b) RREF (c) N
9. Consider the columns of A which contain leading entries of nonzero rows of A. If this set of columns is
the entire set of n columns, then A = In . Otherwise there are fewer than n leading entries, and hence
fewer than n nonzero rows of A.
10. (a) A is row equivalent to itself: the sequence of operations is the empty sequence.
(b) Each elementary row operation of types I, II or III has a corresponding inverse operation of the
same type which “undoes” the effect of the original operation. For example, the inverse of the
operation “add d times row r of A to row s of A” is “subtract d times row r of A from row s of
A.” Since B is assumed row equivalent to A, there is a sequence of elementary row operations
which gets from A to B. Take those operations in the reverse order, and for each operation do its
inverse, and that takes B to A. Thus A is row equivalent to B.
(c) Follow the operations which take A to B with those which take B to C.
28 Chapter 2
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
12. (a) 2 1 0 0 0 (b) 0 1 0 0 0
3 53 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
19. This had to be shown in the first proof of Exercise 18 above. If the alternate proof of Exercise 18 was
given, then Exercise 19 follows from the former by noting that the homogeneous system Ax = 0 has
only the trivial solution if and only if A is row equivalent to I2 and this occurs if and only if ad−bc &= 0.
3
2 −1
20. −2 + 1 t, where t is any number.
0 0
22. −a + b + c = 0.
24. (a) Change “row” to “column.”
(b) Proceed as in the proof of Theorem 2.1, changing “row” to “column.”
Section 2.2 29
25. Using Exercise 24(b) we can assume that every m × n matrix A is column equivalent to a matrix in
column echelon form. That is, A is column equivalent to a matrix B that satisfies the following:
(a) All columns consisting entirely of zeros, if any, are at the right side of the matrix.
(b) The first nonzero entry in each column that is not all zeros is a 1, called the leading entry of the
column.
(c) If the columns j and j + 1 are two successive columns that are not all zeros, then the leading
entry of column j + 1 is below the leading entry of column j.
We start with matrix B and show that it is possible to find a matrix C that is column equivalent to B
that satisfies
(d) If a row contains a leading entry of some column then all other entries in that row are zero.
If column j of B contains a nonzero element, then its first (counting top to bottom) nonzero element
is a 1. Suppose the 1 appears in row rj . We can perform column operations of the form acj + ck for
each of the nonzero columns ck of B such that the resulting matrix has row rj with a 1 in the (rj , j)
entry and zeros everywhere else. This can be done for each column that contains a nonzero entry hence
we can produce a matrix C satisfying (d). It follows that C is the unique matrix in reduced column
echelon form and column equivalent to the original matrix A.
26. −3a − b + c = 0.
28. Apply Exercise 18 to the linear system given here. The coefficient matrix is
' (
a−r d
.
c b−r
Hence from Exercise 18, we have a nontrivial solution if and only if (a − r)(b − r) − cd = 0.
32. 3 2
2x − x + 12 .
34. (a) x = 0, y = 0 (b) x = 5, y = −7
36. r = 5, r2 = 5.
37. The GPS receiver is located at the tangent point where the two circles intersect.
42. No solution.
30 Chapter 1
−1 0 1
1 −1 0 −1 3 1 3
− 3
− 1
2 2 5 5 5
1 2 4
10. (a) Singular. (b) 1 −2 1 . (c) 1 −2
3 . (d) 3
5 −5
.
2 5
− 32 5
2 −2
1
0 1
2 −2
1
− 15 1
5
2
5
1 −1 0 −1
0 −2 1
0 0
12. (a) A =
−1 . (b) Singular.
3
− 15 1 1
5 5
2 1 2 1
5 −2 −5 −5
Section 2.3 31
30. Suppose that A is nonsingular. Then Ax = b has the solution x = A−1 b for every n × 1 matrix b.
Conversely, suppose that Ax = b is consistent for every n × 1 matrix b. Letting b be the matrices
1 0 0
0 1 0
.
e1 = . , e2 = 0 , . . . , en = .. ,
. . .
.
. 0
0 0 1
Letting
0 C be the matrix
1 whose jth column is xj , we can write the n systems in (∗) as AC = In , since
In = e1 e2 · · · en . Hence, A is nonsingular.
31. We consider the case that A is nonsingular and upper triangular. A similar argument can be given for
A lower triangular.
By Theorem 2.8, A is a product of elementary matrices which are the inverses of the elementary
matrices that “reduce” A to In . That is,
A = E1−1 · · · Ek−1 .
The elementary matrix Ei will be upper triangular since it is used to introduce zeros into the upper
triangular part of A in the reduction process. The inverse of Ei is an elementary matrix of the same
type and also an upper triangular matrix. Since the product of upper triangular matrices is upper
triangular and we have A−1 = Ek · · · E1 we conclude that A−1 is upper triangular.
4. Allowable equivalence operations (“elementary row or elementary column operation”) include in par-
ticular elementary row operations.
9. Replace “row” by “column” and vice versa in the elementary operations which transform A into B.
11. If A and B are equivalent then B = P AQ and A = P −1 BQ−1 . If A is nonsingular then B is nonsingular,
and conversely.
4. c + 2a − 3b = 0.
6. (a) If we transform E1 to reduced row echelon form, we obtain In . Hence E1 is row equivalent to In
and thus is nonsingular.
(b) If we transform E2 to reduced row echelon form, we obtain In . Hence E2 is row equivalent to In
and thus is nonsingular.
34 Chapter 2
(c) If we transform E3 to reduced row echelon form, we obtain In . Hence E3 is row equivalent to In
and thus is nonsingular.
1 −a a2 −a3
0 1 −a a2
8.
0 0
.
1 −a
0 0 0 1
−41 83
10. (a) 47 . (b) −45 .
−35 −62
√
12. s &= 0, ± 2.
13. For any angle θ, cos θ and sin θ are never simultaneously zero. Thus at least one element in column 1
is not zero. Assume cos θ &= 0. (If cos θ = 0, then interchange rows 1 and 2 and proceed in a similar
manner to that described below.) To show that the matrix is nonsingular and determine its inverse,
we put
' (
cos θ sin θ 1 0
− sin θ cos θ 0 1
into reduced row echelon form. Apply row operations cos1 θ times row 1 and sin θ times row 1 added to
row 2 to obtain
sin θ 1
1 0
cos θ cos θ
.
sin θ
2
sin θ
0 + cos θ 1
cos θ cos θ
Since
16. Suppose at some point in the process of reducing the augmented matrix to reduced row echelon form
we encounter a row whose first n entries are zero but whose (n + 1)st entry is some number c &= 0. The
corresponding linear equation is
0 · x1 + · · · + 0 · xn = c or 0 = c.
17. Let u be one solution to Ax = b. Since A is singular, the homogeneous system Ax = 0 has a nontrivial
solution u0 . Then for any real number r, v = ru0 is also a solution to the homogeneous system. Finally,
by Exercise 29, Sec. 2.2, for each of the infinitely many vectors v, the vector w = u + v is a solution
to the nonhomogeneous system Ax = b.
18. s = 1, t = 1.
20. If any of the diagonal entries of L or U is zero, there will not be a unique solution.
row exactly Y T . Since all the other rows are multiples of Y T , row operations of the form −xk Ri + Rp ,
for p &= i, can be performed to zero out everything but the ith row. It follows that either XY T is row
equivalent to O or to a matrix with n − 1 zero rows.
Quiz
1 0 2
1. 0 1 3
0 0 0
2. (a) No.
(b) Infinitely many.
(c) No.
−6 + 2r + 7s
r
(d) x =
, where r and s are any real numbers.
−3s
s
3. k = 6.
36 Chapter 2
0
4. 0 .
0
1 1 1
−2 2 2
5. 1 −1 0 .
− 12 3 1
2 −2
6. P = A−1 , Q = B.
Determinants
8. (a) 7. (b) 2.
10. det(A) = a11 a22 a33 a44 − a11 a22 a34 a43 − a11 a23 a32 a44 + a11 a23 a34 a42 + a11 a24 a32 a43 − a11 a24 a33 a42 + · · ·
(24 summands).
4. −2.
12. This result follows from the observation that each term in det(A) is a product of n entries of A, each
with its appropriate sign, with exactly one entry from each row and exactly one entry from each column.
2 3
1
13. We have det(AB ) = (det A)(det B ) = (det A)
−1 −1
.
det B
14. If AB = In , then det(AB) = det(A) det(B) = det(In ) = 1, so det(A) &= 0 and det(B) &= 0.
15. (a) By Corollary 3.3, det(A−1 ) = 1/ det(A). Since A = A−1 , we have
1
det(A) = =⇒ (det(A))2 = 1.
det(A)
Hence det(A) = ±1.
(b) If AT = A−1 , then det(AT ) = det(A−1 ). But
1
det(A) = det(AT ) and det(A−1 ) =
det(A)
hence we have
1
det(A) = =⇒ (det(A))2 = 1 =⇒ det(A) = ±1.
det(A)
16. From Definition 3.2, the only time we get terms which do not contain a zero factor is when the terms
involved come from A and B alone. Each one of the column permutations of terms from A can be
associated with every one of the column permutations of B. Hence by factoring we have
2' (3 )
A O
det = (terms from A for any column permutation)|B|
O B
)
= |B| (terms from A for any column permutation)
= (det B)(det A) = (det A)(det B).
32. If A2 = A, then det(A2 ) = det(A), so [det(A)]2 = det(A). Thus, det(A)(det(A) − 1) = 0. This implies
that det(A) = 0 or det(A) = 1.
33. If A and B are similar, then there exists a nonsingular matrix P such that B = P −1 AP . Then
1
det(B) = det(P −1 BP ) = det(P −1 ) det(A) det(P ) = det(P ) det(A) = det(A).
det(P )
36. In Matlab the command for the determinant actually invokes an LU-factorization, hence is closely
associated with the material in Section 2.5.
37. For # = 10−5 , Matlab gives the determinant as −3×10−5 which agrees with the theory; for # = 10−14 ,
−3.2026 × 10−14 ; for # = 10−15 , −6.2800 × 10−15 ; for # = 10−16 , zero.
13. (a) From Definition 3.2 each term in the expansion of the determinant of an n × n matrix is a product
of n entries of the matrix. Each of these products contains exactly one entry from each row and
exactly one entry from each column. Thus each such product from det(tIn − A) contains at most
n terms of the form t − aii . Hence each of these products is at most a polynomial of degree n.
Since one of the products has the form (t − a11 )(t − a22 ) · · · (t − ann ) it follows that the sum of
the products is a polynomial of degree n in t.
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indeed, most unexpected. Before this matter had been settled
the German Minister was killed. Suddenly meeting this affair
caused us deep grief. We ought vigorously to seek the murderer
and punish him.' No more. The date July 18; the murder June
20!
"On the 22nd Sir Robert Hart received a despatch from the
Tsung-li-Yamên. They naïvely remarked that it was now one
month since they had heard from him, and his silence gave them
concern for his welfare. Moreover, a report had just reached them
that his house had been burned, but they expressed the hope
that he and al his staff were well. Another despatch requested
his advice upon a Customs question that had arisen in
Shanghai. Sir Robert Hart wrote a dignified reply. For more
than a month, he said, he had been a refugee in the British
Legation with all his staff, having had to flee from his house
without warning; that all Customs records and papers, and
every paper and letter of value that he had accumulated during
a lifetime, had been destroyed; that not only his house, but
some 19 other buildings in the occupation of his staff had
been burned with all their contents; that the acting postal
secretary had been killed by a shell, and two other members of
his staff—Mr. Richardson and Mr. Macoun—had been wounded by
bullets. …
London Times,
October 13 and 15, 1900.
"On the 26th of June Major Gen. Adna R Chaffee, U. S. V., was
appointed to the command of the American forces in China. He
embarked from San Francisco on the 1st of July, reached
Nagasaki on the 24th, and Taku, China, on the 28th. … On
reaching Nagasaki he received the following instructions,
dated, … July 19: 'Secretary War directs that you proceed at
once with transport Grant, Sixth Cavalry, and Marines to Taku,
China, and take command of American land forces, which will be
an independent command known as the China relief expedition.
You will find there the Ninth and Fourteenth Infantry, one
battery of the Fifth Artillery, and one battalion of Marines.
Sumner sailed from San Francisco July 17 with Second Battalion
of Fifteenth Infantry and recruits to capacity of vessel.
{129}
Reinforcements will follow to make your force in the immediate
future up to 5,000, and very soon to 10,000. … Reports now
indicate that American Minister with all the legation have
been destroyed in Pekin. Chinese representative here, however,
insists to the contrary, and there is, therefore, a hope which
you will not lose sight of until certainty is absolute. It is
the desire of this Government to maintain its relations of
friendship with the part of Chinese people and Chinese
officials not concerned in outrages on Americans. Among these
we consider Li Hung Chang, just appointed viceroy of Chili.
You will to the extent of your power aid the Government of
China, or any part thereof, in repressing such outrages and in
rescuing Americans, and in protecting American citizens and
interests, and wherever Chinese Government fails to render
such protection you will do all in your power to supply it.
Confer freely with commanders of other national forces, act
concurrently with them, and seek entire harmony of action
along the lines of similar purpose and interest. There
should be full and free conference as to operations before
they are entered upon. You are at liberty to agree with them
from time to time as to a common official direction of the
various forces in their combined operations, preserving,
however, the integrity of your own American division, ready to
be used as a separate and complete organization. Much must be
left to your wise discretion and that of the admiral. At all
times report fully and freely to this Department your wants
and views. The President has to-day appointed you
major-general of volunteers.' …
"In the meantime the Ninth Infantry, from Manila, reached Taku
on the 6th of July. Two battalions of that regiment, under
Colonel Liscum, pressed forward to Tientsin, reaching that
point on the 11th, and on the 13th took part with the British,
French, and Japanese forces in an attack upon the southwest
part of the walled city of Tientsin, which had been rendered
necessary by the persistent shelling of the foreign quarters,
outside of the walls, on the part of the Chinese troops
occupying the city. Colonel Liscum's command formed part of a
brigade under General Dorward, of the British army, and was
assigned to the duty of protecting the flank of the allied
forces. In the performance of that duty it maintained a
position under heavy fire for fifteen hours, with a loss of 18
killed and 77 wounded. Among the killed was the gallant
Colonel Liscum, who thus ended an honorable service of nearly
forty years, commencing in the ranks of the First Vermont
Infantry at the outbreak of the civil war, and distinguished
by unvarying courage, fidelity, and high character. The
regiment was withdrawn from its position on the night of the
13th, and on the morning of the 14th the native city was
captured, and the southeast quarter was assigned to the
American forces for police and protection. …
"At the time of the capture of Tientsin the most positive and
circumstantial accounts of the massacre of all the ministers
and members of the legations in Pekin, coming apparently from
Chinese sources, had been published, and were almost
universally believed. The general view taken by the civilized
world of the duty to be performed in China was not that the
living representatives of the Western powers in Pekin were to
be rescued, but that their murder was to be avenged and their
murderers punished. In the performance of that duty time and
rapidity of movement were not especially important. The
resolution of the commanders of the allied forces,
communicated by Admiral Kempff on the 8th of July, to the
effect that 80,000 men would be required—20,000 to hold the
position from Taku to Tientsin and 60,000 to march to Pekin,
while not more than 40,800 troops were expected to have
arrived by the middle of August, practically abandoned all
expectation of rescuing the ministers and members of the
legations alive, for it proposed that after the middle of
August any forward movement should be still deferred until
40,000 more troops had arrived. On the 11th of July, however,
the American Secretary of State secured, through the Chinese
minister at Washington, the forwarding of a dispatch in the
State Department cipher to the American minister at Pekin, and
on the 20th of July, pursuant to the same arrangement, an
answer in cipher was received from Minister Conger, as
follows: 'For one month we have been besieged in British
legation under continued shot and shell from Chinese troops.
Quick relief only can prevent general massacre.' This dispatch
from Mr. Conger was the first communication received by any
Western power from any representative in Pekin for about a
month, and although it was at first received in Europe with
some incredulity, it presented a situation which plainly
called for the urgency of a relief expedition rather than for
perfection of preparation. It was made the basis of urgent
pressure for an immediate movement upon Pekin, without waiting
for the accumulation of the large force previously proposed."
{130}
{131}
"The 14th being the day decided upon for the concentration on
the line 7 miles from Tong-Chow, I made no preparations for
carrying on any operations beyond a small reconnaissance by a
troop of cavalry to my front, which duty I assigned to Captain
Cabell. … My cavalry had been absent not more than an hour,
when Mr. Lowry, the interpreter who had accompanied it, raced
back and informed me that Captain Cabell was surrounded by
Chinese cavalry. I immediately ordered a battalion of the
Fourteenth Infantry to fall in, and we went forward about a
mile and a half and found Captain Cabell occupying some
houses, firing from the roofs on a village in his front. I
insisted on the French troops giving me the road, which they
reluctantly did. Having joined Cabell, I continued the
reconnaissance to my front, wishing to get as near the wall of
the city as I could, but not expecting to move my whole force,
which was contrary to the agreement at Tong-Chow on the
evening of August 12. Without serious opposition we arrived at
the northeast corner of the Chinese city, having brushed away
some Chinese troops or 'Boxers' that fired from villages to
our left and front. About 10 o'clock I saw the advantage of
holding the ground that I had obtained, and directed all my
force to move forward, as I had then become aware of Russian
troops being in action on my right, and could also hear the
Japanese artillery farther to the right. My left flank at this
time was uncovered, except by a small force of British
cavalry. The British troops did not advance from Tong-Chow
until the 14th, owing to the agreement previously referred to.
On that day they marched for the line of concentration and
found my force advancing on Pekin. At noon a British battery
was at work a mile to my left and rear.
{132}
"During the 15th and the attack upon the gates referred to our
losses were 2 enlisted men killed and 4 wounded, Ninth
Infantry; 3 enlisted men killed and 14 wounded, Fourteenth
Infantry; 1 enlisted man, Battery F, Fifth Artillery, wounded.
At 8.50 o'clock a. m. of this date Captain Henry J. Reilly,
Fifth Artillery, was struck in the mouth and almost instantly
killed when standing at my left elbow observing the effect of
a shot from one of his guns by his side.
FOOTNOTES:
ON KNOWLEDGE
ON FOREIGNERS
FROM CHAP. 1.
Boyárs and Near People live in their houses, both of stone and
wood, that are not well arranged; their wives and children live all in
separate rooms. Only a few of the greater boyárs have their own
churches in their courts; and those of the high and middle boyárs
who have no churches of their own, but who are permitted to have
priests at their houses, have the matins and vespers and other
prayers said in their own apartments, but they attend mass in any
church they may choose; they never have the mass in their own
houses. The boyárs and Near People pay their priests a yearly
salary, according to agreement; if the priests are married people,
they receive a monthly allowance of food and drink, but the widowed
priests eat at the same table with their boyárs.
On church holidays, and on other celebrations, such as name
days, birthdays and christenings, they frequently celebrate together.
It is their custom to prepare simple dishes, without seasoning,
without berries, or sugar, without pepper, ginger or other spices, and
they are little salted and without vinegar. They place on the table one
dish at a time; the other dishes are brought from the kitchen and are
held in the hands by the servants. The dishes that have little vinegar,
salt and pepper are seasoned at the table; there are in all fifty to one
hundred such dishes.
The table manners are as follows: before dinner the hosts order
their wives to come out and greet their guests. When the women
come, they place themselves in the hall, or room, where the guests
are dining, at the place of honour,[122] and the guests stand at the
door; the women greet the guests with the small salute,[123] but the
guests bow to the ground. Then the host makes a low obeisance to
his guests and bids them kiss his wife. At the request of his guests,
the host kisses his wife first; then the guests make individual bows
and, stepping forward, kiss his wife and, walking back again, bow to
her once more; she makes the small salute each time she kisses a
guest. Then the hostess brings each guest a glass of double-or
treble-spiced brandy, the size of the glass being a fourth, or a little
more, of a quart. The host makes as many low obeisances as there
are guests, asking each one in particular to partake of the brandy
which his wife is offering them. By the request of the guests, the host
bids his wife to drink first, then he drinks himself, and then the guests
are served; the guests make a low obeisance before drinking, and
also after they have drunk and as they return the glass. To those that
do not drink brandy, a cup of Rumney or Rhine wine, or some other
liquor, is offered.
After this drinking the hostess makes a bow to the guests and
retires to her apartments to meet her guests, the wives of the boyárs.
The hostess and the wives of the guests never dine with the men,
except at weddings; an exception is also made when the guests are
near relatives and there are no outsiders present at the dinner.
During the dinner, the host and guests drink after every course a cup
of brandy, or Rumney or Rhine wine, and spiced and pure beer, and
various kinds of meads. When they bring the round cakes to the
table, the host’s daughters-in-law, or married daughters, or the wives
of near relatives come into the room, and the guests rise and,
leaving the table, go to the door and salute the women; then the
husbands of the women salute them, and beg the guests to kiss their
wives and drink the wine they offer. The guests comply with their
request and return to the table, while the women go back to their
apartments. After dinner the host and guests drink more freely each
other’s healths, and drive home again. The boyárs’ wives dine and
drink in the same manner in their own apartments, where there are
no men present.
When a boyár or Near Man is about to marry off his son, or
himself, or a brother, or nephew, or daughter, or sister, or niece, he,
having found out where there is a marriageable girl, sends his
friends, men or women, to the father of that girl, to say that such and
such a one had sent them to inquire whether he would be willing to
give his daughter or relative to him or his relative, and what the girl’s
dowry would be in the trousseau, money, patrimony and serfs. If the
person addressed is willing to give him his daughter, or relative, he
replies to the inquiry that he intends to marry off the girl, only he has
to consider the matter with his wife and family, and that he will give a
definite answer on a certain day; but if he does not wish to give him
the girl, knowing that he is a drunkard, or fast, or has some other bad
habit, he will say at once that he will not give him the girl, or he will
find some excuse for refusing the request.
Having taken counsel with his wife and family, and having decided
to give him the girl, he makes a detailed list of her dowry, in money,
silver and other ware, dresses, patrimony and serfs, and sends it to
the people who had come to him from the prospective bridegroom,
and they, in their turn, take it to the bridegroom. Nothing is told of the
matter to the prospective bride, who remains in ignorance thereof.
The dowry of the bride appearing satisfactory, the groom sends his
people to the bride’s parents, to ask them to present the girl. The
bride’s parents reply that they are willing to show their daughter, only
not to the prospective groom, but to his father, mother, sister or near
female relative, in whom the groom may have special confidence.
On the appointed day the groom sends his mother or sister to
inspect the bride; the bride’s parents make preparations for that day,
attire their daughter in a fine garment, invite their relatives to dinner,
and seat their daughter at the table.
When the inspectress arrives, she is met with the honour due her,
and is placed at the table near the bride. Sitting at the table, the
inspectress converses with the girl on all kinds of subjects, in order
to try her mind and manner of speech, and closely watches her face,
eyes and special marks, in order to bring a correct report to the
bridegroom; having stayed a short time, she returns to the
bridegroom. If the inspectress takes no liking to the bride, having
discovered that she is silly, or homely, or has imperfect eyes, or is
lame, or a poor talker, and so reports to the groom, he gives her up,
and that is the last of it. But if the bride has found favour in the
inspectress’s eyes, and she tells the groom that the girl is good and
clever, and perfect in speech and all things, the groom sends his
former friends again to the girl’s parents, telling them that he likes
their daughter, and that he wishes to come to a parley to write the
marriage contract, in order to marry her on a certain date. The
bride’s parents send word to the groom through his trusted people
that he should come to the parley with a few of his friends in whom
he has most confidence on a certain day, in the forenoon or
afternoon.
On the appointed day the groom puts on his best clothes, and
drives with his father, or near relatives, or friends whom he loves
best to the bride’s parents. Upon arrival, the bride’s parents and her
near relatives meet them with due honour, after which they go into
the house and seat themselves according to rank. Having sat a
while, the groom’s father or other relative remarks that they have
come for the good work, as he has bid them; the host answers that
he is glad to see them, and that he is ready to take up the matter.
Then both sides begin to discuss all kinds of marriage articles and to
set the day for the wedding according to how soon they can get
ready for it, in a week, a month, half a year, a year, or even more.
Then they enter their names and the bride’s name and the names of
witnesses in the marriage contract, and it is agreed that he is to take
the girl on a certain date, without fail, and that the girl is to be turned
over to him on that date, without fail; and it is provided in that
contract that if the groom does not take the girl on the appointed day,
or the father will not give him his daughter on that day, the offending
party has to pay 1000, or 5000, or 10,000 roubles, as the agreement
may be. Having stayed a while, and having eaten and drunk, they
return home, without having seen the bride, and without the bride
having seen the groom; but the mother, or married sister, or wife of
some relative comes out to present the groom with some embroidery
from the bride.
If after that parley the groom finds out something prejudicial to the
bride, or someone interested in the groom tells him that she is deaf,
or mute, or maimed, or has some other bad characteristic, and the
groom does not want to take her,—and the parents of the bride
complain about it to the Patriarch that he has not taken the girl
according to the marriage articles, and does not want to take her,
and thus has dishonoured her; or the bride’s parents, having found
out about the groom that he is a drunkard, or diceplayer, or maimed,
or has done something bad, will not give him their daughter, and the
groom complains to the Patriarch,—the Patriarch institutes an
inquiry, and the fine is collected from the guilty party according to the
contract, and is given to the groom or bride, as the case may be; and
then both may marry whom they please.
But if both parties carry out their agreement, and get ready for the
wedding on the appointed day, then the groom invites to the wedding
his relatives and such other people as he likes, to be his ceremonial
guests, in the same manner as I described before about the Tsar’s
wedding[124]; on the part of the bride the guests are invited in the
same way. On the day of the wedding tables are set at the houses of
the groom and bride, and the word being given the groom that it is
time to fetch the bride, they all set out according to the ceremonial
rank: First the bread-men carry bread on a tray, then, if it be summer,
the priest with the cross rides on horseback, but in winter in a sleigh;
then follow the boyárs, the thousand-man, and the groom.
Having reached the court of the bride’s house, they enter the hall
in ceremonial order, and the bride’s father and his guests meet them
with due honour, and the order of the wedding is the same as
described in the Tsar’s wedding. When the time arrives to drive to
church to perform the marriage, the bride’smaids ask her parents to
give the groom and bride their blessing for the marriage. They bless
them with words, but before leaving bless them with a holy image,
and, taking their daughter’s hand, give her to the groom.
Then the ceremonial guests, the priest, and the groom with his
bride, whose hand he is holding, go out of the hall, and her parents
and their guests accompany them to the court; the groom places the
bride in a kolymága or kaptána, mounts a horse, or seats himself in
a sleigh; the ceremonial guests do likewise, and all drive to the
church where they are to be married. The bride’s parents and their
guests return to the hall, where they eat and drink until news is
brought from the groom; the bride is accompanied only by her own
and the bridegroom’s go-betweens. The two having been united, the
whole troop drives to the groom’s house, and news is sent to the
bride’s father that they have been propitiously married. When they
arrive at the groom’s court, the groom’s parents and their guests
meet them, and the parents, or those who are in their stead, bless
them with the images, and offer them bread and salt, and then all
seat themselves at the table and begin to eat, according to the
ceremony; and then the bride is unveiled.
The next morning the groom drives out with the bride’s-maid to call
the guests, those of his and the bride’s, to dinner. When he comes to
the bride’s parents, he thanks them for their having well brought up
their daughter, and for having given her to him in perfect health; after
having made the round to all the guests, he returns home. When all
the guests have arrived, the bride offers gifts to all the ceremonial
guests. Before dinner the groom goes with all the company to the
palace to make his obeisance to the Tsar. Having arrived in the
presence of the Tsar, all make a low obeisance, and the Tsar, without
taking off his cap, asks the married couple’s health. The groom bows
to the ground, and then the Tsar congratulates those who are united
in legitimate wedlock, and blesses the married pair with images, and
he presents them with forty sables, and for their garments a bolt of
velvet, and atlas, and gold-coloured silk, and calamanco, and simple
taffeta, and a silver vessel, a pound and a half to two pounds in
weight, to each of them; but the bride is not present at the audience.
Then the Tsar offers the thousand-man, and bridegroom, and the
ceremonial guests a cup of Rumney wine, and then a pitcher of
cherry wine, and after they have emptied their wine the Tsar
dismisses them.
After arriving home, they begin to eat and drink, and after the
dinner the parents and guests bless the married couple with images
and make them all kinds of presents, and after dinner the guests
drive home. On the third day, the bride and groom and the guests go
to dinner to the bride’s parents, with all their guests, and after the
dinner the bride’s parents and their guests make presents to the
married couple, and they drive home; and that is the end of the
festivity.
During the time that the groom is in the presence of the Tsar, the
bride sends in her name presents to the Tsarítsa and Tsarévnas,
tidies of taffeta, worked with gold and silver and pearls; the Tsarítsa
and Tsarévnas accept these gifts, and send to inquire about the
bride’s health.
During all the wedding festivities, no women are present, and
there is no music, except blowing of horns and beating of drums.
The proceeding is the same when a widowed daughter, or sister,
or niece is married off: the ceremonial and the festivity are the same.
In the beginning of the festivity, the priest who is to marry the pair
receives from the Patriarch and the authorities a permit, with the seal
attached to it, to marry them, having first ascertained that the bride
and groom are not related by sponsorship, nor by the ties of
consanguinity in the sixth and seventh generation, nor that he is the
husband of a fourth wife, nor she the wife of a fourth husband; but if
he discover that they are related by sponsorship, and so forth, he is
not allowed to marry them. Should the priest permit such an unlawful
marriage to take place, with his knowledge or without his knowledge,
he would be discharged from his priesthood and, if he was knowingly
guilty, he has to pay a big fine, and the authorities lock him up for a
year; but the married pair is divorced, without being fined, except the
sin which they have incurred, and if they have not been previously
married three times, they may marry again.
If a widower wants to marry a maiden, the ceremonial at the
wedding is the same, but during the wreathing in church the wreath
is placed on the groom’s right shoulder, whereas the bride wears her
wreath upon her head; if a widower for the third time marries a
maiden, the ceremonial is the same, but the wreath is placed on the
groom’s left shoulder, and the bride wears hers upon her head. The
same is done when a widow marries for the second or third time. But
when a widower marries for the second or third time a widow, then
there is no wreathing, and only a prayer is said instead of the
wreathing, and the wedding ceremonial is different from the one
mentioned above.
The manner of the parley, marriage and ceremonial wedding is the
same with the lower orders of the nobility as described above, and
the wedding is as sumptuous as they can afford to make it, but they
do not call upon the Tsar, except those of his retinue.
Among the merchants and peasants the parley and the ceremonial
are exactly the same, but they differ in their acts and dresses from
the nobility, each according to his means.
It sometimes happens that a father or mother has two or three
daughters, where the eldest daughter is maimed, being blind, or
lame, or deaf, or mute, while the other sisters are perfect in shape
and beauty and speech. When a man begins to sue for their
daughter, and he sends his mother, or sister, or someone else in
whom he has confidence to inspect her, the parents sometimes
substitute the second or third daughter for their maimed sister, giving
her the name of the latter, so that the inspectress, not knowing the
deceit, takes a liking to the girl and reports to the groom that she is a
proper person to marry. Then the groom, depending upon her words,
has a parley with the girl’s parents, that he is to marry her upon an
appointed day, and that the parents are to give her to him upon the
appointed day, and the fine is set so high that the guilty party is not
able to pay it. When the wedding takes place, the parents turn over
to him the maimed daughter, whose name is given in the articles of
marriage, but who is not the one the inspectresses had seen. But the
groom cannot discover on the wedding day that she is blind, or
disfigured, or has some other defect, or that she is deaf or mute, for
at the wedding she is veiled and does not say a word, nor can he
know whether she is lame, because her bride’smaids lead her under
her arms.
But in that case the man who has been deceived complains to the
Patriarch and authorities, and these take the articles of marriage and
institute an inquiry among the neighbours and housefolk, each one
individually, whether the person he had married is the one indicated
by name in the marriage articles. If so, the articles are valid, and no
faith is to be put in his contention, on the ground that it was his
business to be sure whom he was going to marry. But if the
neighbours and housefolk depose that the bride is not the same as
mentioned by name in the articles, the married pair is divorced, and
the parents have to pay a large fine and damages to the groom, and
besides the father is beaten with the knout, or his punishment is
even more severe, according to the Tsar’s will.
The same punishment is meted out to the man who presents his
serving maid or a widow in place of his unmarried daughter, by
giving her another name and dressing her up so as to look like his
daughter, or when his daughter is of short stature and they place her
on a high chair in such a way that her defect is not noticeable.
When parents have maimed or old daughters, and no one wants
to marry them, they are sent to a monastery to be shorn nuns.
When a man wants to inspect the bride himself, and the parents
grant the request, knowing that she is fair and that they need not be
ashamed of her, but the groom, having taken no liking to her, decries
her with damaging and injurious words, and thus keeps other suitors
away from her,—and the bride’s parents complain to the Patriarch or
authorities: these institute an inquiry, and having found the man
guilty, marry him to the girl by force; but if he has married another girl
before the complaint has been entered, the girl’s disgrace is taken
from her by an ukase.
When a man marries off his daughter or sister, and gives her a
large dowry in serfs and patrimony, and that daughter or sister,
having borne no children, or having borne some who have all died,
dies herself,—the dowry is all taken from her husband and is turned
over to those who had married her off. But if she leaves a son or
daughter, the dowry is, for the sake of her child, not taken from her
husband.
Gentle reader! Wonder not, it is nothing but the truth when I say
that nowhere in the whole world is there such deception practised
with marriageable girls as in the kingdom of Muscovy; there does not
exist there the custom, as in other countries, for the suitor to see and
sue for the bride himself.
The boyárs and Near People have in their houses 100, or 200, or
300, or 500, or 1000 servants, male and female, according to their
dignity and possessions. These servants receive a yearly salary, if
they are married, 2, 3, 5 or 10 roubles, according to their services,
and their wearing apparel, and a monthly allowance of bread and
victuals; they live in their own rooms in the court of the boyár’s
house. The best of these married servants are sent out by the
boyárs every year, by rotation, to their estates and villages, with the
order to collect from their peasants the taxes and rents. The
unmarried older servants receive some small wages, but the
younger ones receive nothing; all the unmarried servants get their
wearing apparel, hats, shirts and boots; the older of these servants
live in the farther lower apartments, and receive their food and drink
from the kitchen; on holidays they receive two cups of brandy each.
The female servants who are widows remain living in the houses of
their husbands, and they receive a yearly wage and a monthly
allowance of food; other widows and girls stay in the rooms of the
boyárs’ wives and daughters, and they receive their wearing apparel,
and their food from the boyár’s kitchen.
When these girls are grown up, the boyárs marry them, and also
the widows, to some one of their servants to whom they have taken
a liking, but sometimes by force. The wedding takes place in the
boyár’s hall, according to the rank of the marrying parties; the food
and festive dresses are furnished by the boyár. The girls are never
married to any person outside the boyár’s court, because both male
and female servants are his perpetual serfs. In the boyár’s house
there is an office for all domestic affairs, where an account is kept of
income and expenses, and all the affairs of the servants and
peasants are investigated and settled.
FOOTNOTES: