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    2-Tissue Levels of Organization - Ms. Asma - 17.03.2024-1

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    2-Tissue Levels of Organization - Ms. Asma - 17.03.2024-1

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    2-Tissue Levels of Organization - Ms. Asma- 17.03.2024-1

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    2-Tissue Levels of Organization - Ms. Asma - 17.03.2024-1

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    of 9

    Classification of Exocrine Glands

    A. Form and structure (morphology)


    B. Type of secretion
    C. Method of secretion
    A. Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

    • Exocrine glands are classified as unicellular or multicellular.

    ✓ Unicellular glands are single-celled glands.


    • → Examples include: goblet cells, important unicellular exocrine
    glands that secrete mucus directly onto the apical surface of a lining
    epithelium.

    ✓ Multicellular glands (Most exocrine glands), composed of many


    cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic
    organ.
    • → Examples include sudoriferous (sweat), sebaceous (oil), and
    salivary glands.
    A. Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands
    (continued)

    • Multicellular glands are categorized according to two criteria:

    (1) whether their ducts are branched or unbranched


    (2) The shape of the secretory portions of the gland

    ▪ Simple gland : If the duct of the gland does not branch


    ▪ Compound gland: If the duct branches
    ▪ Tubular glands : Glands with tubular secretory parts
    ▪ Acinar glands (AS-i-nar; acin- berry), also called alveolar glands: those with
    rounded secretory portions.
    ▪ Tubuloacinar glands have both tubular and more rounded secretory parts.
    Figure 4.6 Multicellular exocrine glands. Pink represents the secretory
    portion; lavender represents the duct.
    Structural classification of multicellular exocrine glands is based on the
    branching pattern of the duct and the shape of the secreting portion.
    Structural classification scheme for multicellular exocrine glands:
    I. SIMPLE GLANDS
    A. Simple tubular. Tubular secretory part is straight and attaches to a single
    unbranched duct (Figure 4.6a). Example: glands in the large intestine.
    B. Simple branched tubular. Tubular secretory part is branched and attaches to a
    single unbranched duct (Figure 4.6b). Example: gastric glands.
    C. Simple coiled tubular. Tubular secretory part is coiled and attaches to a single
    unbranched duct (Figure 4.6c). Example: sweat glands.
    D. Simple acinar. Secretory portion is rounded, attaches to single unbranched duct
    (Figure 4.6d). Example: glands of penile urethra.
    E. Simple branched acinar. Rounded secretory part is branched and attaches to a single
    unbranched duct (Figure 4.6e). Example: sebaceous glands.
    II. COMPOUND GLANDS
    A. Compound tubular. Secretory portion is tubular and attaches to a branched duct
    (Figure 4.6f). Example: bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands.
    B. Compound acinar. Secretory portion is rounded and attaches to a branched duct
    (Figure 4.6g). Example: mammary glands.
    C. Compound tubuloacinar. Secretory portion is both tubular and rounded and
    attaches to a branched duct (Figure 4.6h). Example: acinar glands of the pancreas.
    B. Secretion Types

    ◼ Serous glands produce and secrete a nonviscous,


    watery fluid, such as sweat, milk, tears, or
    digestive juices.
    ◼ Mucus glands secrete mucin, which forms
    mucus when mixed with water.
    ◼ Mixed glands, such as the two pairs of salivary
    glands inferior to the oral cavity, contain both
    serous and mucus cells, and produce a mixture of
    the two types of secretions.
    C. Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands

    ✓ The functional classification of exocrine glands is


    based on how their secretions are released.

    ✓ Each of these secretory processes begins with the


    endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex working
    together to form intracellular secretory vesicles that
    contain the secretory product.
    C. Functional Classification of Exocrine Glands (continued)
    ➢ Merocrine glands (ECCRINE) Secretions are synthesized on ribosomes attached to
    rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER); processed, sorted, and packaged by the Golgi
    complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis (Figure 4.7a).
    Most exocrine glands of the body are merocrine glands. Examples include the salivary
    glands and pancreas.

    ➢ Apocrine glands accumulate their secretory product at the apical surface of the
    secreting cell. Then, that portion of the cell pinches off by exocytosis from the rest of
    the cell to release the secretion (Figure 4.7b). The cell repairs itself and repeats the
    process. Electron microscopy has confirmed that this is the mechanism of secretion of
    milk fats in the mammary glands. Recent evidence reveals that the sweat glands of the
    skin, named apocrine sweat glands after this mode of secretion, actually undergo
    merocrine secretion.

    ➢ Holocrine glands (HOˉ -loˉ-krin; holo- entire) The cells accumulate a secretory
    product in their cytosol. As the secretory cell matures, it ruptures and becomes the
    secretory product (Figure 4.7c). Because the cell ruptures in this mode of secretion, the
    secretion contains large amounts of lipids from the plasma membrane and intracellular
    membranes. The sloughed off cell is replaced by a new cell. One example of a
    holocrine gland is a sebaceous gland of the skin.
    Figure 4.7 Functional classification of multicellular exocrine glands.
    The functional classification of exocrine glands is based on whether a secretion is a product of a
    cell or consists of an entire or a partial glandular cell.

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