7th Maths Vol 3

VII MATHEMATICS VOL-3
INDEX
S.NO. CONCEPT PAGE.NO.

TRIGONOMETRY
1 SYNOPSIS-1 & WORKSHEET-1 1 - 15
2 SYNOPSIS-2 & WORKSHEET-2 16-24
8 KEY AND SOLUTIONS 66 - 76
SETS & RELATIONS
13 SYNOPSIS-5 &WORKSHEET-5 109 - 114
16 FUNCTIONS: SYNOPSIS-1 & WORKSHEET-1 130 -140
KEY AND SOLUTIONS 140 - 147
VII MATHEMATICS VOL-3
INDEX
S.NO. CONCEPT PAGE.NO.

MATRICES
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS 185 - 226
23 WORKSHEET-4 207 - 210
CO-ORDINATE EOMETRY
KEY AND SOLUTIONS 258-265
29 ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS 266-283
TRIGONOMETRY SYNOPSIS - 1
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
Hipparchus, or more correctly Hipparchos (190 BC – 120 BC), was a Greek
astrologer, astronomer, geographer, and mathematician of the Hellenistic period.
He is considered the founder of trigonometry.
Hipparchus was born in Nicaea (now Iznik, Turkey), and probably died on the
island of Rhodes. He is known to have been a working astronomer at least from
162 to 127 BC. Hipparchus is considered the greatest ancient astronomical observer
and, by some, the greatest overall astronomer of antiquity. He was the first whose
quantitative and accurate models for the motion of the Sun and Moon survive. For
this he certainly made use of the observations and perhaps the mathematical
techniques accumulated over centuries by the Chaldeans from Babylonia. He
developed trigonometry and constructed trigonometric tables, and he has solved
several problems of spherical trigonometry. With his solar and lunar theories and
his trigonometry, he may have been the first to develop a reliable method to
predict solar eclipses. His other reputed achievements include the discovery of
Earth's precession, the compilation of the first comprehensive star catalog of the
western world, and possibly the invention of the astrolabe, also of the armillary
sphere, which he used during the creation of much of the star catalogue. It would
be three centuries before Claudius Ptolemaeus' synthesis of astronomy would
supersede the work of Hipparchus; it is heavily dependent on it in many areas.
INTRODUCTION
The word ‘Trigonometry’ is derived from three Greek words ‘tri’ meaning ‘three’,
‘gonia’ meaning ‘an angle’ and ‘metron’ meaning ‘measure’. The basic task of
trigonometry is the solution of triangles, finding unknown quantities of a triangle
from given values of other quantities.
The study of trigonometry is of great importance in several fields, like in Surveying,
Astronomy, Navigation and Engineering. In recent times trigonometry is widely
applied in many branches of Science and Engineering such as seismology, design
of electrical circuits, estimating the heights of tides in the ocean etc.
Angle : The amount of rotation of moving ray with reference to fixed ray is called
an angle. An angle is usually denoted by  ,  ,  ... etc.
Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 1

Note : 1) If the rotation of the terminating ray is anti clockwise direction, then
the angle is regarded as positive.
2) If the rotation of the terminating ray is clockwise direction, then the angle
is regarded as negative.
Units of measurement of angles :

For measurement of angles, there are three systems :
They are :
i) The sexagesimal (English) system.
ii) The centesimal (French) system,
iii) The radian (or) circular measure.
The Sexagesimal system : In this system unit of measurement of an angle is ‘degree’.
Degree: In this system one complete rotation is divided into 360 equal parts.
Each parts is called ‘a degree’, denoted as 10 .
Minute : A degree is further divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one minute, denoted as 1' .
Second: A minute is further divided into 60 equal parts and each part is called
one second, denoted as 1'' .
0 '
 1   1 
NOTE: 1) 1  60 or
0 ' 1'    2) 1  60 or 1  
' ''
''

 60   60 
3) In this system, one right angle = 900 .
The Centesimal system : In this system unit of measurement of angle is ‘grade’.
Grade: In this system one complete rotation is divided into 400 equal parts. Each
part is called ‘a grade’, denoted as 1g .

Minute : A grade is divided into 100 equal parts and each part is called a minute,
denoted as 1' .
Second: A minute is divided into 100 equal parts and each part is called a second,
denoted as 1'' .
 1 
g
 1 
NOTE : 1) 1  100
g or 1    2) 1  100 or 1   
 100   100 
3)
In this system, one right angle = 100 g
4)
Though we have used the same name ‘minute’ (or ‘second’) in both
‘sexagesimal system’ and ‘centesimal system’, it can be easily
observed that are not the same.
Circular system : In this system unit of measurement of an angle is ‘radian’.
Radian : ‘The angle subtended by an arc of length equal to the radius of the circle
at its centre is called one radian, denoted as 1c .
o r
1
r
r
Relation between degrees and radians :
The angle which is subtended by an arc of length 2r at the centre is 2c .
In this way, the circumference of the circle subtends at the centre, an angle
whose measure is 360 , the we get 2 c  360 0 i.e., one complete angle = 2 c
and  c  180 0 i.e., one straight angle =  c
c c
and  900 i.e., one right angle =
2 2
Approximate values of 1c and 10 :
c
we know that  c  180 0 Also 1800   c 10 
180
1800
1c  ( where   3.1415... ) 10  0.01745c

 1c  57o17 ' 45 '' (Approximately)
Note:
1) A radian is a measure of an angle. Hence it is different from the radius of the
circle.
2) Measure of an angle is a real number.
3) When no unit of measurement is specified for an angle, it is assumed as
radian.
4) The formula connecting the three systems can be stated as follows:
D G C
 
90 o
100 g
 2c

Where D denotes degrees, G denotes grades and C denotes radians
5) From sector,
a) Length of the arc l  r l (Where  is in radians)
1
b) Area of the sector (A) = lr
2
1 1 2
A  r  r  l  r  A r  where  is measured in radians
2 2
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANGLES
1. Acute angle :- An angle greater than 0° and less than 90° is called Acute angle.
i.e. 0° <   90o .
2. Right angle :- An angle equal to 90° is called right angle.
3. Obtuse angle :- An angle greater than 90° and less than 180° is called Obtuse
angle. i.e., 90° <   180o .
4. Straight angle :- An angle equal to 180° is called straight angle.
5. Reflex angle :- An angle which is greater than 180° and less than 360° is called
reflex angle. i.e., 180o    360o
6. Complementary angles :- If the sum of two angles is 90° then they are known as
complementary angles. i.e., if  and  are complementary angles then     90o .
Illustration :- 1) 30° and 60° are complementary angles
2) 37° and 53° are complementary angles
7. Supplementary angles :- If the sum of two angles is 180° then they are known as
supplementary angles. i.e., If  and  are supplementary angles then     180o
Illustration:- 1) 50° and 130° are supplementary angles
2) 85 ° and 95° are supplementary angles
8. Coterminal angles :- Two or more angles with same terminal position are called
coterminal angles.
300
3900

Note : These angles differ by 360° or integral multiples of 360°
Illustration :- 30° and 390° are coterminal angles.
Illustration:
1) Express the sexagesimal measure 300 as radian measure and centesimal
measure.
D G 2C
Solution : We know that,   , Given D  300
90 100 
30 G 2C
   .........(1)
90 100 
G 30 2C 30 1 1 
From (1) ,  and   G   100 and C  
100 90  90 3 3 2
100 100 g  c
G   300  C   300 
3 3 6 6
Illustration:
c
2) Express the radian measure as sexagesimal measure and centesimal
3
measure.

Solution : Given that C 
3
D G 2C
We know that,  
90 100 
D G 2  D G 2
      ..............(1)
90 100  3 90 100 3
D 2 G 2
From (1),  and 
90 3 100 3
2 2 200
D   90  D  60 G   100  G 
3 3 3
g
c c
 200 
  60 0
  
3 3  3 
Illustration:
3) The radius of a circle is 21 cm. The angle subtended by an arc of the circle
at the centre is 600 . Find the length of the arc.
Solution : Given that, r = 21 cm. and   60 0
c  o c c 
  600   60  60   
3  180 3 

c 1 22
Length of the arc l  r  21  21   l  22 cm
3 3 7
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS: In the figure given below, ABC is a triangle, right
angled at B. The side opposite to the right angle is AC and it is called
hypotenuse.
A
B C
Consider a system of rectangular coordinate axes OX and OY. Draw a circle with
centre O and radius r. Choose a point P(x,y) on the circle such that the line OP
makes an angle  radians with
OX (positive X-axis) measured in anti-clock
wise direction. Draw a perpendicular PM to OX
In OPM , OP= Hypotenuse=r
PM  side opposite to ‘  ’ = y OM = side adjacent to ‘  ’ = x
The ratios of different pairs of sides of the right angled triangle are called
triginometrical functions or trigonometrical ratios with respect to an angle’  ’,
these ratios having following names and designations.
MP Side opposite to ' ' y
  , This ratio is called sine of an angle ’  ’.
OP Hypotenuse r
side oppositeto ' ' y

It is written as ‘sine  ’ or ‘sin  ’.  sin   
Hypotenuse r
OM side adjacent to ' ' x

  , This ratio is called cosine of an angle ’  ’. It is written
OP Hypotenuse r

side adjacent to ' ' x
as ‘cosine  ’ or ‘cos  ’.  cos   
Hypotenuse r
MP side opposite to ' ' y

 
OM side adjacent to ' ' x , This ratio is called tangent of an angle ‘  ’. It is written
side opposite to ' ' y
as ‘tan  ’.  tan   
OP Hypotenuse r
  . This ratio is called cosecant of an angle  . It is written
MP side oppositeto ' ' y
Hypotenuse r
as cosec  (or) csc  .  csc   
side oppositeto ' ' y
OP Hypotenuse r
  , This is called secant of an angle  . It is written as
Hypotenuse r
‘sec  ’.  sec   

 
MP side oppositeto ' ' y , This ratio is called cotangent of an angle  . It is written
as ‘cot  ’.  cot   
side opposite to ' ' y
MP OP
Relations : 1) sin   cos ec   1  sin  cos ec  1
OP MP
OM OP
2) cos   sec    1  cos  .sec   1
OP OM
MP OM
3) tan   cot    1  tan  .cot   1
OM MP
sin  MP OP MP OP MP sin 
4)      tan   tan  
cos  OM OP OP OM OM cos 
cos  OM OP OM OP OM cos 
5)      cot   cot  
sin  MP OP OP MP MP sin 
NOTE :1. Since the six trigonometrical ratios discussed above represent the ratios of
sides of a right angles triangle, they are all real numbers.
2. The six trigonometrical ratios are defined with respect to a certain angle  .
Hence sine, cosine,tangent, etc., by themselves do not have any meaning. They

are meaningful only when they are associated with an angle like ‘  ’.
3. Sin  is an abbrevation for sine  and it is not the product of sin and ‘  ’. Similar
is the case of cos  and tan  .
4. Cosec  , Sec  and cot  are reciprocals of sin  , cos  and tan  respectively.
5. We use the notation sin2  , cos2  , tan2  , etc., in place of (sin  )2, (cos  )2, (tan  )2
respectively.
6. We write cosec  =(sin  ) -1 not as sin -1  which has a different meaning (sine
inverse  ).
7. All the values of trigonometric ratios depend just on the angles but not on the
sides.
Pythagoras theorem: In a right angled triangle, square of the hypotenuse is
equal to the sum of squares of the remaining two sides.
C
AC 2  AB 2  BC 2
A B
Illustration:
1) In a  ABC, B  900 and AB=8cm, BC=6cm and AC=10cm then find the
following values:
i) SinA ii) cosA iii) sin2A+cos2A iv) tanA v) sec2A-tan2A
Solution :
opp BC 6 3 3
i) sin A      SinA 
hyp AC 10 5 5
Adj AB 8 4
ii) CosA     CosA 
hyp AC 10 5
2 2
 6  8  36 64 36  64 100
iii) sin A+cos A =      =
2 2  = = =1
 10   10  100 100 100 100
opp BC 6 3
iv) tan A     tan A 
adj AB 8 4
2 2
 10   6  100 36 100  36 64
v) sec A-tan A
2 2
=     =  = = =1
 8  8 64 64 64 64
 sec2A-tan2A=1
3
Illustration: 2) In a  ABC, C  900 and tan A  then find
4
1) sinAcosB+cosAsinB 2) sin (A + B). What do you infer?
Solution : Give that

B
3
5
C 4 A
3 BC 3
1) tan A     BC=3, AC=4
4 AC 4
From  ABC, AB2 = AC2+BC2 = 42+32 = 16+9
AB 2 = 25, therefore AB = 5
BC BC AC AC
sinAcosB+cosAsinB =   
AB AB AB AB
2 2 2 2
 BC   AC   3   4  9 16
=            1
 AB   AB   5   5  25 25
 sinA cos B+cos A sinB = 1.
2) C  90o  A  B  90o (sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°)
sin (A + B) = sin 90° = 1
From (1) and (2) we can say that
sin Acos B + cosAsinB = sin(A + B)
1  tan A cot A  1
Illustration: 3) Prove that 
1  tan A cot A  1
1
1
1  tan A cot A (cot A  1) / cot A
Solution : L.H.S. = = 1 = (cot A  1) / cot A
1  tan A 1 
cot A
cot A  1 cot A cot A  1

=  = = R.H.S.
cot A cot A  1 cot A  1
TRIGONOMETRY WORKSHEET -1
1.If the terminal side completes one revolution about its vertex, then
theangle made is
1) 900 2) 3600 3) 180 0 4) 120 0
2. Express the sexagesimal measure 135 0 as radian measure.
 3  
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 4 3 6


3. Express the circular measure in sexagesimal measure.
6
1) 600 2) 900 3) 300 4) 120 0
4. Express the centesimal measure 500g as circle measure.
3 3 5
1) 2) 2 3) 4)
2 4 2
5. The unit of measurement of an angle in circular system is
1) radian 2) grade 3) degree 4) none
6. 1 right angle is __________ radians.
c
1) c 2) 2c 3) 4) 3c
2
7. In gradian system 1 grade = _________ minutes.
1) 60 2) 100 3) 90 4) 120
8. Express the centisimal measure 400g as circle measure
3 3 5
1) 2) 2 3) 4)
2 4 2
5 c
9. The circular measure   in sexagesimal measure is
4
1) 180 2) 135 3) 225 4) 270
10. 50 grades = __________ radians.
  
1) 2) 3)  4)
3 2 4
11. If 5 sin   3 then cos  =
5 4 3 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 5 4 3
12. If 5 sin   3 then tan  =
3 4 3 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 5 5 3
13. In the  ABC , B  90 0 , AB = 4 cm, BC =3 cm, then sin A=
5 3 3 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 5 5
14. In the  ABC , B  90 0 , AB = 4 cm, BC =3 cm, then tan A=
3 5 4 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 3 3 4

4
15. If  is acute and sin   , then tan  
5
3 5 4 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
5 3 3 4
4
16. If A is acute and cos A  , then sinA =
5
3 4 5 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 3 4 5
4
17. If A is acute and cos A  then cotA =
5
3 4 5 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 3 4 5
2M
18. If cos   then sec  
1  M2
M 2M 1  M2 1  M2
1) 2) 3) 4)
1 M2
1  M2 2M M
JEE-MAINS
SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE:
1. In a right angled triangle ABC, B  900 , tan A = 5/12, then
5 5 13
1) CotA  2) sin A  3) Sin A  513 4) cos A 
13 13 5
5
2. If tan   , and ‘  ’ is acute angle. Then the value of sec  cosec 
12
22 221 22
1) 2) 3) 4) None
60 60 7
sin A  cos A
3. Given, 4 cotA = 3, the value of is
sin A  cos A
1) 7 2) 2/11 3) 1/2 4) 1
4. tan 20  tan 40  tan 60  .....  tan180
00=
0
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
5. 330  __________ grades
1100 1100
1) 1100 2) 3) 4) none
3 7
5 c
6. The circular measure,  = in sexagesimal mesure is
3
1) 180 0 2) 3000 3) 2250 4) 270 0
7. 200 g =

c c
1) 180 0 2) 100 0 3) 4)
4 2
8. The sexagesimal measure,   40 in radian measure is
2c 2c 5c
1) 2  2) 3) 4)
3 9 4
9. The sexagesimal measure,   72 in radian measure is
2C 2C 3 C
1) 2) 3) 4) none
3 5 4
10. 3C  ________ degrees.
1) 500° 2) 200° 3) 400° 4) 540°
11. 800 grades = _________ degrees.
1) 720 2) 800 3) 600 4) 900
1
12. The ‘sine’ value of an angle of a triangle is , then the sum of other
2
two angles is
1) 150° 2) 60° 3) 90° 4) 120°
13. If 3sinθ - 4cosθ = 0 , then the value of 3sinθ + 4cosθ is
1) 4.8 2) 0.75 3) 1.33 4) 12
14. If sinA : cosA = 3 : 4, then secA + cosecA is
35 12 3
1) 2) 3) 1 4)
12 35 4
4
15. If tan  =  , then sin  is
3
4 4 4 4 4 4
1)  but not 2)  or 3) but not  4) None
5 5 5 5 5 5
7 cot   24 tan 
16. If sin  = 7/25 then 
7 cot   24 tan 
1) 17/31 2) 16/31 3) 15/31 4) none
17. 13 / 6 radians =
1) 390 0 2)- 490 0 3) 410 0 4) 30 0
sec   tan 
18. If sin   5 /13 and  /2     , then the value of cos ec   cot  is
1) 0.3 2) 0.5 3) – 0.3 4) – 0.4

cos A sin A
19. If  n and  m then (m2 – n2) sin2B =
cos B sin B
1) 1 – n2 2) 1 + n2 3) 1 – n 4) 1 + n
JEE-ADVANCED
MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE
20. In the formula Connecting the three systems,D=
C G 9G 180C
1)  /2 2) 3) 4)
100 10 
21. From the triangle ABC, given
C
4 5
B A
3
4 4 4 3
1) sin A = 2) cos C = 3) tan A = 4) cot C =
5 5 3 4
REASONING TYPE
22. In a right angled triangle ABC, B  900 , AB = 5, BC = 12, CA = 13
13
12
90
5
17
Statement I: sin A + cos A = .
13
Statement II: sinA = 12/13 ; cosA = 5/13.
1) Both statements I and II are true 2) Both statements I and II are false
3) Statement – I is true but statement – II is false.
4) Statement – I is false but statement – II is true.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
Given ‘ r ’ be the radius of a circle. An arc of length ‘l’ makes an angle of   at

the centre of the circle and A be the area of the sector formed by that arc then
 
l  2 r and A    r2
360 360
23. If r  6cm ,  60 , then l 

22 44 11 33
1) cm 2) cm 3) cm 4) cm
7 7 7 7
24. If r  10cm,   300 then A=
55 550 22 110
1) sq.cm 2) sq.cm 3) sq.cm 4) sq.cm
21 21 21 21
110
25. If r = 10 cm, l  cm then  = ___________
7
1) 180° 2) 270° 3) 360° 4) 90°
COMPREHENSION TYPE
In a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B, Given 15 Cos A  8Sin A 0 ,
sin A  cos A
26. 
2 cos A  sin A
1) 0 2) 1 3) 23 4) 10
15cot A  17 sin A
27. 
8 tan A  16sec A
23 23 21 21
1) 2) 3) 4)
49 21 49 23
cos ec A  sec A
28.
cos ec A  sec A
119 118 119 118
1) 2) 3)  4) 
391 390 391 390
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
29. Column - I Column - II
1 12
a) tan   p) cos B 
7 13
5
b) If tan B  , then q) 1
12
17
c) cos  .sec  r) sin B  cos B 
13
Co sec 2   Sec 2 3
d) sin 2 A  cos 2 A  s) 
Co sec   Sec 
2 2
4
t) 2
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

1  cot A
30. If 3tanA = 4, then = _______.
1  cot A
REASONING TYPE
31. Statement - I: In a right angle triangle ABC right angled at B and AC + BC =

12
25cm and AB = 5 cm then the value of Sin A is
13
Statement - II: In a triangle the sum of the squares of two sides of a triangle
is square of the third side
1) Both statements I and II are true
2) Both statements I and II are false
1
32. In a triangle ABC, if sin B   cos A, then 3cos B  4cos3 B 
2
1) tan 0 2) cosC 3) 0 4) cot 90
33. If sin  and sin  are the roots of 25x 2  35x  12  0 then
 
 sin   sin  and 0  ,   
 2
Column-I Column-II
10
a) cos   cos   p)
2
7
b) tan   tan   q)
5
35
c) sec   cos ec  r)
12
25
d) s ec   cos ec  s)
12
5
t)
2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES
πc
Trigonometric Ratios of 450 or :
4
To obtain the values of the six trigonometrical ratios corresponding to θ =450.
Let ABC be a right angled isosceles triangle in which ABC  900 and AB=BC.
From geometry, ACB  BAC  450
A
B a C
If AB = a, then BC = a.
From pythagoras theorem,
AC2 = AB2+BC2 AC2 = a2+a2
2
AC2 = 2a AC  2.a
From ABC , A  45 , we get
0
BC a 1 AB a 1
sin450 = = = cos450 = = =
AC 2a 2 AC 2a 2
BC a 1 1
Tan450 = = =1 cosec450 = 0
= = 2
AB a sin45 1/ 2
1 1 1 1
sec450 = 0
= = 2 Cot450 = = =1
cos45 1/ 2 tan45 0
1
Trigonometric Ratios of 300 and 600:
Let ABC be an equilateral triangle whose each side is 2a. By geometry, each
angle of the triangle = 600. Let AD  BC . From geometry,
AD bisects BAC and it also bisects the side BC
300
2a 2a
600 600
D
CAD  BAD  30 and CD=BD=a

0
In the right angled triangle ADC,

AD2+DC2 = AC2 (or) AD2+a2=(2a)2 (or) AD2+a2=4a2

 AD2=4a2-a2 AD2=3a2 AD= 3a 2
 AD  3.a
a) Values of trigonometric ratios of 300:
From the right angled triangle ADC,
CD a 1 AD 3a 3
sin 300    cos 300   
AC 2a 2 AC 2a 2
CD a 1 1 1
tan 300    cos ec300   2
AD 3a 3 0
sin 30 1/ 2
1 1 2 1 1
sec300  0
  cot 300  0
  3
cos 30 3/2 3 Tan30 1/ 3
b) Values of trigonometric ratios of 600.
From the right angled triangle ADC
AD 3.a 3 1 1 2
Sin600    cos ec600  0
 
AC 2a 2 sin 60 3/2 3
CD a 1 1 1
cos 600    sec 600  0
 2
AC 2a 2 cos 60 1/ 2
AD 3.a 1 1
tan 600    3 cot 600  0

CD a tan 60 3
Trigonometric ratios of 00 and 900
With ‘O’ as centre and radius ‘r’ draw a circle. Let the circle intersects OX at A
and OY at B. Let P(x,y) be a point on the circle. Draw PM perpendicular to OX
then OM=x and PM = y.
x1
y1
NOTE:
If   0 0 , then P coincides with A and y=0, x=r. If   90 0 , then P coincides with B
and y=r, x=0.

Trigonometric ratios of 00.
y 0 x r y 0
sin 0 0    0 ; cos 0 0    1 ; tan 00    0
r r r r x r
r r r r x r
; csc 0    not defined sec 0    1 ; cot 0    not defined
0 0 0
y 0 x r y 0
Trigonometric ratios of 900
y r x 0
sin 90 0   1 cos 90 0   0
r r r r
y r r r
tan 900    not defined csc 900    1
x 0 y r
r r x 0
sec 900    not defined cot 900    0
x 0 y r
y
P,B
x’ x
O A
y’
The behaviour of the six trigonometrical ratios as θ varies from 0 to 900
(i.e.,  00    900 )

TRIGONOMETRY WORKSHEET-2
1. If A  30 then sin 2A is
2 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
3 2 2
2. The value of sin2 30  cos 2 60 is
1 3 1
1)  2) 3) 1 4)
2 2 2
3. The value of cos 0  sin 90  2 sin 45 is

1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
4. The value of tan2 45  2 tan2 60 is
1) 7 2) 5 3) 6 4) 3
5. sin 60  cos 30 =
3 3
1) 2) 3) 3 4) 2 3
4 2
 
6. cos  tan
3 4
1 3 2
1) 2) 3) 2 4)
2 2 3
7. sin 0  cos 0  sin 90  cos 90 
1) 1 2) 0 3) 2 4) -1
8. sin 90  cos 90 
2 2
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1
9. cos 0  sin 90  2 sin 45 
1) 1 2) cos 45 3) sin 45 4) tan 90
10. The value of sin2 60  cos 2 30 is
3 1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 4)
2 2 4
11. The value of 2 tan2 45  tan2 60 is
1) 5 2) 6 3) 7 4) 8
12. cos ec 2 30o  cot 2 30o =
1 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4)
2 4

13. sec 2 45o  tan2 45 =
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
14. sin 45  cos 45 
2 2
1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3
15. sin 45  cos 45 
2 2
1) 3 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
16. sec 2 60  cos ec 2 30 
1) 3 2) 8 3) 2 4) 1
17. sec 60  cos ec 30
2 2
1) 2 2) 3 3) 0 4) 1
18. 3 sin2 45  2 cos 2 60
1 1
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4)
2 4
19. sin 60.cos 30  cos 60 sin 30
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
20. cos 60 cos 30  sin 60 sin 30
1) 2 2) 0 3) 1 4) 3
JEE-MAINS
sin A
1. If A  45,B  30 then 
cos A  sin A.sin B
1 2 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 4 5
2. sin 30  cos 0  tan 45  cot 45  sec 60  cos ec30 
1 3 1
1) 0 2) 3) 4)
2 2 4
3. sin 60  cos 0  tan 45  cot 45  sin 90 
3 1
1) 2 2) 3) 4) 3
2 2
4. sin 0  cos 90  2 cos 45  cot 45  tan 45 
1) sin 45 2) cos ec45 3) tan 45 4) cos 45
5. sin 45 cos 30  cos 45 sin 30
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2 2 2

6. The value of sin 0  cos 30  tan 45  cos ec60  cot 90
7 3 7 3 7 3 7 3
1) 1 2) 1 3) 6 4) 6
6 6 6 6
7. cos ec 2 60  sec 2 30  cos 2 45 
19 19 6 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
6 6 19 19
1  tan2 
8. If   30 then the value of is
1  tan2 
1 1 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 3 4
sin2 30  cos 2 30

9. 
sin2 30  cos 2 30
1 1 1 3
1) 2)  3) 4) 
2 2 3 2
10. 4 cot 2 45  cos 2 30o  2 cot 2 30  sec 2 45 
3 3 9
1) 2) 3) 4) 0
4 4 4
3 1
11. cot 30  2 cos 30  sec 45  cos ec 30
2 2 2 2
4 4
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
1  tan 60 2
12. 
1  tan2 60
1) – cos 60 2) sin 30 3) – cos 30 4) – sin 90
tan 60o  tan 30
13. 
1  tan 60 tan 30
1) tan 45 2) cot 30 3) tan 60 4) tan 30
4 1
14.   2 cos 2 45  sin2 0 
cot 30 sin 30
2 2
13 13 1 12
1) 2) 3) 4)
12 3 4 13

4 4
2
 2 2

15. 4 sin 30  cos 60  3 cos 45  sin 90  5 cos 90 =
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
sin 30 1  cos 30
16.  
1  cos 30 sin 30
1) 2cot 60 2) 2cot 45 3) 2cot 30 4) cot 60

cot 30 tan 30
17.  
1  tan 30 1  cot 30
1) 1  cos ec60.sec 60 2) 1  cos ec30.sec 30
3) 1  cos ec30.sec 30 4) 1  tan 30 cot 30
2 tan 
18. 3 sin   cos   0 then 1  tan2  
1
1) 2) 3 3) 1 4) 0
3
4 3 
 cot 30  3sin 60  2 cos ec 60  tan 30  
2 2 2 2
19.
3 4 
28 8 10 9
1) 2) 3) 4)
9 3 3 4
1  tan2 A
20. If A  30 then 
1  tan2 A
3 1 2
1) 2 2) 3) 4)
2 2 3
tan2 60  4 cos 2 45  3 cos ec 2 60  2 cos 2 90

21. 
7
2 cos ec30  3 sec 60  cot 30 2
3
1) 3 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
JEE - ADVANCED
MULTI CORRECT CHOICE TYPE:
22. If A  45,B  30 then
7
2) tan A  cos B 
2 2
1) sin2 A  cos 2 B  1
4
3) sin2 A  cos 2 A  1 4) sin A cos B  1
23. A  60 then
1 1
1) 2 cos A  1   2) 1  2 sin A  
2 2
2 2
3
3) cos 2 A  sin2 A  1 4) 2sin A cos A 
2
24. If A  60 B  30 then
1) tan2 A  tan2 B  sec 2 A  sec 2 B 2) sec 2 A  tan2 A  1
sin2 A  sin2 B 83 sin2 A  sin2 B 8
3)  4) 
cos 2 A.cos2 B 31 cos 2 A.cos2 B 3

REASONING TYPE
25. Statement I : sec 2 45  tan2 45  1
Statement II : 3 tan2 30  4 cos 2 45  3
1) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true.
2) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are false.
3) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.
26. Statement I : tan2 30  sin2 30  tan2 30.sin2 30
sin 60 1  cos 60
Statement II : 
1  cos 60 sin 60
MATRIX MATCHING TYPE:
27. Column-I Column-II
a) If A  30, B  45 then p) 2
1  sin 60
b)  q) cos ec 2 A  cot 2 B  5
cos 60
3
c) sin2 60  3 cos 2 60  2 tan 45  r) sin A  cot B 
2
1  tan 30
d)  s) 2  3
1  tan 30
3
t) sin A  cot B 
2
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE:
28. 4  sin4 30  cos 4 60   3  cos 2 45  sin2 90  

29. If   30 then
tan   sec   1 1  sin  sin   2sin3 
1)  2) tan  
tan   sec   1 cos  2cos 3   cos 
cos ec
3)  cos  4) tan   cot   sec .cos ec
tan   cot 
REASONING TYPE
1
30. Statement I : If tan   then 7 sin2   3 cos 2   4
3
Statement II : sin2   cos 2   1

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If A  60, b  30
sin B sin B
31.  
1  cos B 1  cos B
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
cos A cos A
32.  
1  sin A 1  sin A
1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3
REASONING TYPE
33. Statement I : For some value of  , sec   cos   1
cos 3  sin3 A cos 3 A  sin3 A

Statement II :  2
cos A  sin A cos A  sin A
4) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.52. Statement I : If
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES
1. Consider a right angled triangle ABC, right angled at B. Let A   then
C  (90   )
From the diagram.
A
BC AB
sin  sin(90   ) 
AC AC
AB BC
cos  cos(90   ) 
AC AC
BC AB
tan   tan(90   ) 
AB BC

AC AC
co sec  cos ec(90   ) 
BC AB
AC AC
sec  sec(90   ) 
AB BC
AB BC
cot   cot(90   ) 
BC AB
From the above results,
sin(90   )  cos  , cos ec(90   )  sec
cos(90   )  sin  , sec(90   )  cos ec
tan(90   )  cot  , cot(90   )  tan 
2. Sign of Trigonometric Ratios
If ‘  ’ lies in Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4 quadrants, then the sign of trigonometric ratios are as
follows:
Y-axis
Q2 Q1
(90 <  < 1800)
0
(0 <  < 90 )
0 0
sin and cosec are positive All ratios are positive

X-axis
Q3 Q4
(180 <  < 270 ) (270 <  < 360 )
0 0 0 0
tan and cot are positive cos and sec are positive
NOTE :
1) 00, 900, 1800, 2700, 3600, ............ are called quadrant angles.
2) With the phrase All Silver Tea Cups we can remember the signs of
trigonometric ratios.
To find the values of trigonometric functions of any angle :
Quadrant Q Q Q Q4
1 2 3
Tr. Ratios 900   900   1800   1800   2700   2700   3600  

Sin  cos  cos  sin  sin  cos  cos  sin
Cos  sin  sin  cos  cos  sin  sin  cos
Tan  cot  cot  tan  tan  cot  cot  tan
Cot  tan  tan  cot  cot  tan  tan  cot
Sec  cos ec  cos ec  sec  sec  cos ec  cos ec  sec
Cosec  sec  sec  cos ec  cos ec  sec  sec  cos ec
NOTE :
1) For 0°   , 180o  ,360o   , there is no change in the trigonometric ratios
2) For 90o  ,270o   , the change in the trigonometric ratios is as follows :
sin  cos,tan  cot,sec  cos ec
3) Whether we get + or - sign in the answer, it should be decided by considering
the quadrant in which the angle (n.3600  θ ) lies .

4. Trigonometric functions of (-θ), for all values of ‘ θ ’.
sin(θ) = -sinθ ; cosec(θ) = -cosecθ
cos(θ) = cosθ ; sec(θ) = secθ
tan(θ) = -tanθ ; cot(θ) = -cotθ

Illustration: 1) Find the value of sin 4200
3
Solution : sin4200 = sin  3600 + 600  = sin 600 =
2
Illustration: 2) Find the values of cos 4200
1
Solution : cos 4200 = cos(3600 + 600)=cos600 = 
2
Illustration: 3) Show that sin 810+tan810=cos90+cot90
Solution : L.H.S. = sin810+tan810 = sin(900-90) + tan(900-90)= cos90 + cot90=R.H.S.
Illustration: 4) Find the values of (i) Tan (10800) ii) cosec (-14700)
Solution : i) tan(10800) = tan(3.3600 + 00) = tan 00= 0
ii) cosec (-14700)= -cosec (14700)= -cosec { (16)900 + 300} = -cosec300= -2
1. sin 180    
1)  sin  2) sin  3) cos  4)  cos 
2. tan  90    
1) cot  2) tan  3)  cot  4)  tan 
3. Cos255  sin165 
3 1 3 1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4)
3 3
4. sin 180    
1)  sin  2) sin  3) cos  4)  cos 
5. tan120 
1 1
1) 3 2) 3)  4)  3
3 3
6. cos ec  90    
1)  sec  2) cos ec 3) sec  4)  co sec 

7. tan 180    
1) tan  2) cot  3)  tan  4)  cot 
8. cos ec  270    
1)  sec  2) cos ec 3) sec  4)  cos ec

9. cos 585 
3 1
1)  sin 60 2) cos 45 3)  4) 
2 2
10. cot1140° =
1
1) 2) 3 3) 1 4) –1
3

11. tan17 
4
3 2
1) 1 2)–1 3) 4)
2 3
 9 
12. cos   
 4 
1 1
1) 0 2) –1 3)  4)
2 2

13. sec15 
4
1 1
1) 2)  3) 2 4)  2
2 2
14. tan 27. tan 63 
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) 2
cot 54 tan 20
15.  
tan 36 cot 70
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
16. If A, B are supplementary angles then cos 2 A  sin2 B 
1
1) 0 2) 3) 2 4) 1
2

17. If A, B are complementary angles, then sin2 A  sin2 B 
1
1) –1 2) 1 3) 4)0
2
18. cos 420 
1 1 3 3
1) 2)  3) 4) 
2 2 2 2
JEE-MAINS
1. cos 2 25. cos ec 2 250  tan2 25  sin2 25  

1) 0 2) 1 3) – 1 4) 2 sin2 25
2. sin2 26  sin2 64 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) –1
3. cos1.cos 2.cos 3......cos179 
1
1) 2) 2 3) 0 4) 1
2
4. sec 2 45  cot 2 135 
1) 0 2) –1 3) 2 4) 1
sin 31
5. 
2cos 59
1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 2 4) 
2 2
sin 72 sec 32

6.  
cos18 cos ec58
1) 1 2) –1 3) 0 4) 2
7. sin 65.cos 38 

1) cos 52 sin 25 2) cos25° sin52° 3) cos18 sin 25 4) cos 52 sin 52
   
sin     . cot    
8. 2  2  
sin 
1
1) –1 2) 1 3) 4) 0
2

cot  cos  90    tan .sec  90   
9.  
tan  90    sin  90    cot  90    cos ec  90   
1) 3 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
10. tan10. tan 20. tan 30. tan 40. tan 500. tan 60. tan 70. tan 80 
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
sin150  5 cos 300  7 tan 225

11. 
tan135  3sin 210
1) 1 2) 2 3) –2 4) 3
 3 5 7 9 15
12. cot .cot .cot .cot .cot .cot 
20 20 20 20 20 20
1
1) 1 2) –1 3)  3 4) 
3
 2  2  5  2  3 
13. sin2    cos    tan  
 3   6   4 
1 1
1) 4 2) 1 3)  4)
2 2
 A  B
14.If ABCD is a quadrilateral then tan  
 4 
C D C  D C  D C D
1) cos   2) cot   3) cos   4) cot  
 4   4   4   4 
cos  90    .sec    .tan 180   

15. 
sec  360    .sin 180    .cot  90   
1) 1 2) –1 3) sin  4)  cos 
16. 1  cos 2 215. cos ec215 

1) –1 2) 2 3) 1 4) 0
p p sin   q cos 
17.If tan   , then 
q p sin   q cos 
2p 2pq p2  q 2 q 2  p2
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2
p  q2 p  q2 p  q2 p  q2

If sin 5  sin 10  sin 15  .....  sin 90 
2 2 2 2
18.
1 1 1
1) 7 2) 8 3) 9 4) 7
2 2 2
 2 3 4 5 6
19. cos  cos  cos  cos  cos  cos 
4 7 7 7 7 7
1) 0 2) 1 3) –1 4) 2
JEE - ADVANCED
20. If A + B = 90°, sinA = a, sinB = b, then a 2  b2 =
A B
1) 1 2) cos 90 3) sin 90 4) tan  
 2 
cos 2 20  cos 2 70

21.  sin 35 sec 55 
sin2 59  sin2 31
1) sec60° 2) cosec30° 3) 2 4) sin90°
REASONING TYPE:
22. Statement-I : cos 2 26  cos 2 64  1
Statement-II : sin2   cos 2   1

13c
a) sec p) 3
3
4 c
b) tan q)  cos ec
3
c) sec  270    r) 2
d) 3 sec  750  s) 1
t) cos ec

c 9 c c
24. 2 tan2  3 cos ec 2  5 sin2 
4 4 2
25. If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral then
cos 180  A   cos 180  B   cos 180  C   sin  90  D  
1) sin90° 2) cos90° 3) 1 4) 0
26. tan A  tan  90  A   tan 180  A   tan  90  A  
1) tan90° 2) cot90° 3) 0 4) 1
REASONING TYPE:
279. Statement-I : cos ec  750   2
Statement-II : cos ec  n.90     cos ec, where n is even.

3 7 12 16
29. cos  cos  cos  cos  ____________.
19 19 19 19
 3A  2B  C  AC
29. A, B, C are the angles of a ABC then cos    cos  
 2   2 
1) 0 2) 1 3) cos90° 4) sin90°
30. cos   cos       cos  2     ....  cos  20    
1
1) 0 2) cos  3) cos 90 4)
sec 
REASONING TYPE:
 sin 23  sin 7
31. Statement-I : If   , then 1
21 sin 2  sin14
Statement-II :In a right angled triangle sin2 A  sin2 B  sin2 C  2 .

3
a) x tan2 120  4 cos 2 150  9, then x = p) 
2
b) 8 sin2 x  3 cos 2 x  5, cot x  q) 1
c) 1  cos 2 100. cos ec100  r) 2
3
d) If ,  are complementary angles and sin   ,
5
7
then sin  cos   cos  sin   s)
25
7
t) 
25
33. cosA, sinA, cotA are in G.P. then tan6 A  tan2 A  ________.
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
Introduction :
The equations which are satisfied by all values of '  ' are called trigonometric
identities.
We shall establish some basic trigonometric identities and use them to draw
some useful results.
Identity 1: sin 2   cos 2   1
Consider a right angled triangle ABC, with B  900 and CAB  
BC AB
From diagram, sin   , cos  
AC AC
C
B A
From pythagoras theorem, AB2+BC2=AC2

Dividing both sides with AC2, we get
2 2
AB 2 BC 2 AC 2  AB   BC 
    AC    AC   1
AC 2 AC 2 AC 2    
(cos  )2  (sin  ) 2  1  sin2θ +cos 2θ =1

Identity II : sec 2   tan 2   1
From the first identity sin 2   cos 2   1
Dividing both sides with 'cos 2  ' , we get
2 2
sin 2  cos 2  1  sin    1 
    cos    1   cos  
cos  cos  cos 2 
2 2
   
(tan  ) 2  1  (sec  ) 2  tan 2   1  sec 2  or sec 2θ - tan2θ =1
Identity III : cos ec 2  cot 2   1

From the first identify sin 2   cos 2   1
sin 2  cos 2  1
Dividing both sides with 'sin  ' , we get
2  
sin 2  sin 2  sin 2 
1  cot 2   cos ec 2 or cos ec 2  cot 2   1

Useful formulae from identities:
1. sin 2   cos 2   1
i) sin 2   1  cos 2  ii) sin    1  cos 2  iii) cos 2   1  sin 2  iv) cos    1  sin 2 

2. sec 2   tan 2   1 where   n  2 , n  z
i) sec 2   1  tan 2  ii) sec    1  tan 2  iii) tan 2   sec 2   1 iv) tan    sec 2   1
1
v) (sec  tan  )(sec  tan  )  1 vi) sec  tan  
sec  tan 
3. cos ec 2  cot 2   1 where   n , n  z
i) cos ec 2  1  cot 2  ii) cos ec   1  cot 2 
iii) cot 2   cos ec 2  1 iv) cot    cos ec 2  1
1
v) (cos ec  cot  )(cos ec  cot  )  1 vi) cos ec  cot  
cos ec  cot 

Trigonometric Ratios inters of other trigonometric Ratios:
3
Examples : 1) If sin   find tan  , ‘  ’ is acute.
5
3
Solution : Given that sin  
5
From identity, cos 2   1  sin 2 
2
3 9 25  9 16 4
cos   1     1 
2
  cos   25  cos   5
2
5 25 25
4 sin  3/ 5 3 3
Since  is acute, cos  =  tan      tan  
5 cos 4 / 5 4 4
Illustration:2) Prove that tan 2   sin 2   tan 2  .sin 2 
sin 2 
Solution : L.H.S. = tan2  -sin2  =  sin 2 
cos 
2
 1  1  cos 2   sin 2 
= sin 2
  1
 cos 2   = sin 2
   = (1  cos 2  )
 cos  
2
  cos 2 
= tan 2  (sin 2  ) = tan 2  .sin 2   R.H .S .

1  cos
Illustration: 3) Prove that  cos ec  cot  (‘  ’ is acute).
1  cos 
1  cos  1  cos  1  cos 

Solution: L.H.S.  
1  cos 1  cos 1  cos 
(1  cos  )2 (1  cos ) 2 1  cos 1 cos 

  =    cos ec  cot   R.H .S .
1  cos 
2
sin 
2 sin  sin  sin 
TRIGONOMETRY WORKSHEET - 4
(TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES)
3
1.If cot   and ‘  ’ is acute, then Cosec  is
4
5 5 4 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 4 5 5
12
2. If sin   and ‘  ’ is acute, then Cos  is
13
5 13 13 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
13 12 5 12
3
3. If cos   and ‘  ’ is cute, then acute 4 sin2   tan2  is
2
3 4 3 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 5 5 3
The value of  sin   cos     sin   cos   is

2 2
4.
1)–2 2)–1 3)2 4)1
3
5. If sin   and ‘  ’ is acute, then tan  is ___.
5
3 4 5 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 3 3 5
3
6. If cos   and ‘  ’ is acute, then sin 2   tan 2  
2
7 1 3
1) 2) 1 3) 4)
12 2 4

12
7. If sin   and ‘  ’ is acute then t a n  
13
1) 13/5 2) 5/13 3) 5/12 4) 12/5
 sinθ + cosθ  + sinθ  cosθ 

2 2
8. =
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
cosθ
9. =
1+sinθ
1  sinθ 1  sinθ 1  cosθ 1+ cos θ
1) 2) 3) 4)
cosθ cosθ sinθ sinθ
10. 1  sin   sec

2 2

1) 1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
11. 1  tan   cos

2 2

1) 1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
12. 1  tan   1  sin  1  sin   =

2
1) 1 2) 1 3) 0 4) 2
13.  cos ec   1 tan

2 2
=
1) -1 2) 0 3) 2 4) 1
14. sec 2
  11  cos ec 2  
1) 1 2) -1 3) 2 4) 0
15. 1  cot  sin   
2 2
1) 1 2) 1 3) -1 4) 2
16.  cos 2
  1 cos ec 2  
1) 0 2) 1 3) -1 4) 2
17. 1  cos A  sec
2 2
A
1) cot 2 A 2) tan2 A 3) cos ec 2 A 4) sec 2 A
18. sec   1 cos ec   1 

2 2
1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 0
19. 1  cos A 1  cos A  1  cot 2 A  

1) 1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2

1
20. cos 2   
1  cot 2 
1) 1 2) 0 3) 2 4) 1
1
21. sin2   
1  tan2 
1) -1 2) 0 3) 2 4) 1
1 1
22.  
1  tan  1  cot 2 
2
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
1. cot   tan  
1 2 2 cos 2   1 1  2sin 2 
1) 2) 3) 4)
sin  cos  sin  cos  sin  cos  sin  cos 
2. If the angle  is in the third quadrant and tan   3 , then the value of sin  is
1 1 3 3
1) 2) 3) 4)
10 10 10 10
sec   1
3. 
sec   1
1  sin  1  cos  1  sin  1  cos 
1) 2) 3) 4)
1  sin  1  sin  1  cos  1  cos 
4. secθ(1  sinθ)(secθ + tanθ) =
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
5.  sec   cos   sec   cos   

1) cot 2   cos 2  2) tan2   sin2  3) sec 2  4) cos ec 2 
1  sin  cos 
6.  
cos  1  sin 
1) 2cos  2) 2sin  3) 2sec  4) 2cot 
 1  1 
7. 1  2  1  
 tan A   cot 2 A 
1) sec 2 A  cos ec 2 A 2) sin A.cos A
3) tan2 A 4) cot 2 A

8. If cosecθ = n +1 , then cosθ =
n+1 n +1 n n
1) 2) 3) 4)
n2 n 1 n 1 n +1
cosθ cosθ
9. If + = 4 , then θ 
1  sinθ 1+sinθ
1) 300 2) 450 3) 600 4) 900
10. 1  cot   cos ec  1  tan   sec   
1) 3 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1
tan  cot 
 
11.
1  tan2   1  cot2  
2 2
1) sin  sec  2) sin  cot  3) sin  cos  4) cos .tan 
5
12. If 180  A  270 sin A  then tan A 
13
5 8 8 5
1) 2) 3) 4)
12 17 17 12
sin  cos 
13. If  1
sec   tan   1 cos ec  cot   1
1) -1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
14. If sec   tan   P  p  0  then sin 
p2  1 2p 2p p2  1
1) 2 2) 2 3) 2 4) 2
p 1 p 1 p 1 p 1
1  sin A
15.  sec A  tan A then the quadrants in which the angle A lies are
1  sin A
1) I, II 2) II, III 3) I, IV 4) III, IV
16. sec A  tan A  3  sec A 
10 5 2 4
1) 2) 3) 4)
3 3 3 3
17. sec   tan   3   lies in the quadrant
1) I 2) III 3) II 4) IV

cot   cos ec  1
18. 
cot   cos ec  1
sin  sin  1  cos  cos 

1) 2) 3) 4)
1  cos  1  cos  sin  1  sin 
JEE-ADVANCED
19. sec  
1 1
1) 1  cot2  2) 1  tan2  3) 4)
cos  1  sin2 
20. sin2 A cos 2 B  cos 2 A.sin2 B 
1) sin A  sin B 2) sin B  sin A 3) cos A  cos B 4) cos B  cos A

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
21.  cos ec  cot  1  cos   

1 1
1) cos ec 2) 3) sin  4)
cos ec sin 
REASONING TYPE:
8
22. Statement I : If 1  4 tan   4sec  then cos  
17
5
Statement II : If 180    270 and sin   then
13
5 cot 2   12 tan   13 cos ec  0
COMPREHENSION
If sin A  cos A  2 and tan A  cot A  2 then

23. The value of sin A.CosA is
1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4)
2

24. The value of sec A.cos ecA 
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
25. The value of sin2 A  cos 2 A 

1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) -1
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) sin4 A  cos 4 A  p) sec 4 A  sec 2 A
cos 2 A
b) 1   q) sin A
1  sin A
c) If cos A  sin A  2 r) 1  2 cos 2 A
cos A  sin A
then 
2
d) tan2 A  tan4 A  s) 2 sin2 A  1
t) cos A
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE :
 sin   cos     sin   cos    ________

2 2
27.
REASONING TYPE
1  tan 2 300 1
28. Statement - I: =
1  tan 2 300 2
1  tan 2 
Statement - II: cos 2 
1  tan 2 
3) Statement – I is true but statement – II is false
4) Statement – I is false but statement – II is true
29. cos2A =
1  tan 2 A
1) cos 2 A  sin 2 A 2) 1  2sin 2 A 3) 2 cos 2 A  1 4)
1  tan 2 A

COMPREHENSION TYPE
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1;sec 2θ - tan2θ = 1;cosec 2θ - cot 2θ = 1 ;
30. 9 sec2 A  9 tan2 A 

1) 1 2) 9 3) 8 4) 0
31. 1  tan   sec   1  cos   cos ec  

1) 20 2) 25 3) 40 4) 45
1  tan2 A
32. =
1  cot2 A
1) sec 2 A 2) – 1 3) cot 2 A 4) tan 2 A

INTEGER ANSWER TYPE :
3  sin x  cos x   6  sin x  cos x   4 sin6 x  cos6 x   _______.

4 2
33.
TRIGONOMETRY SYNOPSIS-5
ELIMINATION OF ‘ θ ’
The process of transforming trigonometric equation into an algebraic equation
using trigonometric identities is called elimination of '  ' . Here '  ' is an angle
which is defined.
Illustration:
1) Eliminate ‘ θ ’ from the equations x=a sin θ , y=a cos θ .
Solution: Elimination of ‘ θ ’ from these two equations means, finding a relation involving
x,y and a, but not θ
Given that x=a sin θ
x2=a2sin2 θ ..................... (1)
and y=a cos θ
y2=a2cos2 θ .................... [2]
2
(1)+(2)  x2+y2= a sin2 θ +a2cos2 θ = a2(sin2 θ +cos2 θ ) = a2(1)[ sin2 θ +cos2 θ =1]
 x2+y2=a2
Illustration:
2) Given that x=sec θ +tan θ , y=sec θ -tan θ . Establish a relation between x and y
by eliminating ‘ θ ’.
Solution : Given that x=sec θ +tan θ , y=sec θ -tan θ .
xy=(sec θ +tan θ )(sec θ -tan θ ) = sec2 θ -tan 2 θ =1  xy=1

Illustration:
3) If a=xcos θ +ysin θ and b=x sin θ -ycos θ obtain a relation in x and y by eliminating ‘ θ ’.
Solution: Given that a=xcos θ +ysin θ
squaring both sides, we get a2 = (xcos θ +ysin θ )2
= x2cos2 θ +y2sin2 θ +2xcos θ .ysin θ ( ( a  b) 2  a 2  b 2  2ab)

a2 = x2cos2 θ +y2sin2 θ +2xysin θ cos θ ...............(1)
and b=xsin θ -ycos θ
squaring both sides, we get
b2 = (xsin θ -ycos θ )2 = x2sin2 θ +y2cos2 θ -2xsin θ .ycos θ ( (a  b)2  a 2  b 2  2ab)
b2 = x2sin2 θ y2cos2 θ -2xysin θ cos θ ....................... (2)
(1) + (2)  a2=x2cos2 θ +y2sin2 θ +2xysin θ cos θ
b2=x2sin2 θ +y2cos2 θ - 2xy sin θ cos θ
a2+b2 = x2(cos2 θ +sin2 θ ) + y2(sin2 θ + cos2 θ )
= x2(1) + y2(1) = x2+y2  a 2  b2  x 2  y 2

JEE-MAINS
1. If x  a sec , y  b tan  then
x2 y2 x2 y2 x y x y
1) 2
 2
1 2) 2
 2
1 3)  1 4)  1
a b a b a b a b
2. If x  sec   tan , y  sec   tan  then
1)x+y=1 2)x–y=1 3)xy=0 4)xy=1
3. If x  a cosec  , y  b cot  , then
x2 y2 x2 y2
1) x 2  y 2  a 2  b 2 2)  1 3)  1 4) x 2  y 2  a 2  b 2
a2 b2 a2 b2
4. If x  cos   sin  , y  cos  sin then
x
1) x 2  y 2  2 2) x 2  y 2  1 3) xy  1 4) 1
y

5. If x  cos   sin  , y  cos  sin  , then
1) x 2  1  2 y 2) x 2  2 y  1 3) x 2  1  2 y 4) x 2  2 y  0
x  a  sec   tan   , y  b  sec   tan   then x 2y 2 =

2 2
6.
1) ab sec  2) a 2b 2 tan  3) a 2b 4 4) a 2b 2
a2 b2
7. If x  a sin  , y  b tan  , then 2  2 
x y
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
x  a  sec   tan   , y  b  sec   tan   then x 2y 2 =

2 2
8.
1) ab sec  2) a 2b 2 tan  3) a 2b 4 4) a 2b 2
x y
9. If x  a cos 4 , y  b sin4  then  
a b
1) 0 2) 1 3) 1 4) 2
10. If sin   cos   m and sec   cos ec  n then

1) n m  1  2m
2
 
2) n m  1  2m
2
 
3) 2n m  1  m
2
 
4) n m  1  m
2

11. If x  r cos  cos , y  r cos  sin , z  r sin  then x 2  y 2  z 2 =
1) 1 2) r 2 3) r 4 4) r
12. tan   sin   m and tan   sin   n then
3) m2  n2  m2  n2 4) m  n  4 mn
2 2
1) m2  n2  4mn 2) m2  n2  4mn
13. If x  a cos 3 , y  a sin3  then
2 2 2 3 3 3
1) x 3  y 3  a 3 2) x 2  y 2  a 2 3) x 2  y 2  a 2 4) y 2  4ax
b 1  cos  
14. If x  a  cos ec  cot   and y 
sin 
x2 y2 x2 y2
1) 2  2  1 2)  1 3) xy  ab 4) x 2 y 2  ab
a b a b

x y x y
15. If cos   sin   sin   cos   1
a b a b
x2 y 2 x2 y2
1) a  b  x  y
2 2 2 2
2) 2  2  2 3) xy  ab 4) 2  2  2
a b a b
16. If x sec   y tan   a , x tan   y sec   b then a 2  b2 
1) x 2  y 2 2) x 2  y 2 3) x  y 4) x  y
 
2
17. If tan   sin   m, tan   sin   n then m2  n2 
1) 16mn 2) 4mn 3) 32mn 4) 8mn
JEE - ADVANCED
18. If x  2 cos ec, y  2 cot  then
1) x 2  y 2  4 2) x 2  y 2  4 3) x 2  4  y 2 4) x 2  4  y 2
REASONING TYPE:
19. Statement-I : If x  sec , y  tan  then x 2  y 2  1
Statement-II : If x  cos   sin , y  cos   sin  then x 2  y 2  1

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If x cos   y sin   a and x sin   y cos   b then
20. a 2  b2 
1) x 2  y 2 2) x 2  y 2
2

3) 2 x  y
2
 2

4) 2 x  y
2

21. If x  1 and y  1 then a 2  b2 =
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4 4) 2

2 then x  y =
2 2
22. If a  2 , and b 
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8
23. If x  cos  sin , y  cos  cos , z  sin  then x 2  y 2  z 2 
MULTI ANSWER TYPE:
24. If sin A  cos A  p, sin3 A  cos 3 A  q
1) p3  3p  q  0 2) q 3  3q  p2 3) p3  3p  2q  0 4) p4  2pq  3p2
REASONING TYPE:
25. Statement-I : If x  sec   tan , y  sec   tan  then xy  1
Statement-II : sec 2   tan2   1

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
x y x y
If cos   sin   1 and sin   cos   1
a b a b
26. a 2 y 2  b2 x 2 
1) 2x 2 y 2 2) 2ab 3) 2xy 4) 2a 2b2
27. If a  2 and b  2 then x 2  y 2 

1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 2
28. If   45 and a  1, b  2 then x  y 
1) 3 2 2) 4 2 3) 2 4) 5 2
x y z 
29. If  cos  cos  cos ,  cos  cos  sin  ,  sin  cos ,  sin  then
r r r r
2  x 2  y 2  z 2  2 
=__________
r2

MULTI ANSWER TYPE:
30. If p sec   b tan   a and q sec   a tan   b then
1) a 2  b2  p2  q 2 2) a 2  p2  b2  q 2 3) a 2  q 2  p2  b2 4) a 2  b2  q 2  p2
REASONING TYPE:
x y z
31. Statement-I : If cos    2 

 2  then x  y  z  0
cos     cos    
 3   3 
2
Statement-II : cos  1
3
32. If a  b tan   sec , and b  a tan   3sec  then a 2  b2 

Compound angles:
The algebraic sum of two or more angles is called a compound angle.
i.e., A+B, A-B, A+B+C, A+B-C, A-B+C, ........ etc are called compound angles.
If A and B are any two angles, then

If A,B, A+B, A-B are not odd multiple of , then
2
tan A  tan B tan A  tan B
5. tan( A  B )  6. tan  A  B  
1  tan A tan B 1  tan A tan B
If A,B,A+B, A-B are not integral multiple of  ,
cotB cotA-1 cotB cotA+1
7. cot  A  B   8. cot  A  B  
cotB + cotA cotB - cotA

tan 2 A  tan 2 B
15. tan  A  B  . tan  A  B  
1  tan 2 A tan 2 B
cot 2 A cot 2 B  1
16. cot  A  B  .cot  A  B  
cot 2 B  cot 2 A
Illustration: 1) In a  ABC, A  600 , B  300 show that
i) sin (A+B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB
ii) cos(A+B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
Solution : Given that A  600 , B  300
i) L.H.S. = sin(A+B) = sin (600+300)= sin (900)=1
R.H.S. = sinA cosB + cosA sinB = sin600 cos300+cos600sin300
 3 3 1 1 3 1 4
=  2 . 2    2 . 2  =    1  L.H.S. = R.H.S.
    4 4 4
ii) L.H.S. = cos(A+B) = cos(600+300)= cos 900= 0
R.H.S. = cosA cosB - sinA sinB= cos600 cos300 - sin600 sin300
1 3  3 1 3 3
=  2 . 2    2 . 2  =  0
    4 4
Therefore, cos(A+B) = cosA cosB - sinA sinB
tan 600  tan 300

Illustration: 2) Find the value of
1  tan 600 tan 300
tan 600  tan 300  tan A  tan B  1

 tan(600  300 )   tan( A  B)  = tan 300 =
1  tan 60 tan 30
0 0
 1  tan A tan B  3
1. sin 20 .cos 40  cos 20.sin 40 
0 0 0
3 3 3
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
2 2 2

tan 230  tan 220
2. 
1  tan 230. tan 220
1)2 2)–1 3)1 4)0
1 1
3. If tan A  , tan B  , then tan(A+B)=____.
2 3
1)0 2)1 3)–1 4)2
JEE-MAINS

1. A  B  C   tan A tan B  tan B tan C  tan C tan A 
2
1) 1 2) -1 3) 0 4) 2
2. The value of cos 2 450  sin 2 150 =
3 3
1) 2) 0 3) 1 4)
2 4
3. sin 750 =
 3 1 3 1 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
4. The value of Tan 75° - cot75° =
1) 2 3 2) 3 2 3) 3 4) 1
3 5 tanA + tanB
5. If cosA = and sinB = , then the value of is
5 13 1 - tanAtanB
63 36 61
1) 2) 3) 4) None of these
16 16 36
6. sin 200 + sin 400 - sin 800 =
1) -1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 0
7. tan4x + tan 5x - tan9x = k tan4x tan5x tan9x  k=
1) 1 2) -1 3)  1 4) 2
3 12
8. In a triangle ABC, A is an obtuse angle, sinA = , cos B = , then the
5 13
value of sin C is
16 15 30 35
1) 2) 3) 4)
65 65 65 65

9. If A + B = 450, then the value of (1+Tan A) (1+Tan B) is
1) 1 2) 2 3) –2 4) –1
10. tan 350+2 tan 200 = tan x  x =
1) 150 2) 50 3) 550 4) 500
tan 2250  cot 810 cot 690

11. 
cot 2610  tan 210
1 1
1) 1 2) 3) 3 4)
2 3
12. A  B  1350  1  cot A1  cot B  
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
1  tan13 1  tan 32  

0 0
13.
1  tan12 1  tan 33 
0 0
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
1 1
14. If tan x  tan y  a and cot y  cot x  b then  
a b
1) cot(x+y) 2) cot(x-y) 3) tan(x+y) 4)tan(x-y)
 sin  A  B  
15.   cos A cos B  
 
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 1/2
16. tan 750  cot 750 
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
tan1600  tan1100
17. If cot 200  p , then is equal to
1  tan1600 tan1100
p2 1 p2  1 1  p2 2p
1) 2) 3) 4)
2p 2p 2p 1 p2
A B C
18. A  B  C  3600  tan  tan  tan 
2 2 2
A B C A B C A B C A B C
1) sin sin sin 2) cos cos cos 3) tan tan tan 4) cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

A 5 B 20 C
19. If A  B  C  1800 , tan  , and tan  then tan 
2 6 2 37 2
5 307 7 2
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 122 4 5
20. If A+B+C=180 0 , then the value of (cot B  cot C )(cot C  cot A)(cot A  cot B ) 
1) secA secB secC 2)cosec A cosecB cosecC
3) tanA tanB tanC 4)1
JEE-ADVANCED
1 18
21. If tan A  , tan B  , then tan  A  B  
35 17
1) 1 2) 1 3) 2 4) 2
REASONING TYPE
22. Statement - I: sin(A + B) = sin A cos B  cos A sin B
Statement - II: cos(A + B)= cos Acos B  sin A sin B
1 3
23. Statement I :  4
sin10 cos100
0
Statement II : sin  A  B   sin A cos B  cos A sin B

COMPREHENSION TYPE
If A  B  45 then
0
24. 1  tan A1  tan B  

1) 1 2) 1/2 3) 2 4) 3
25.  cot A  1 cot B  1 
1
1)1 2) 2 3) 4) 3
2

tan 23  tan 22
26. 
1  tan 23 tan 22
1) 2 2) -1 3) 1 4) 0
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
1
a) cos  60     cos  60     p) 2  3 1
b) cos150  q) cos 
3

c) sin 90   
0
 r) -
4
3 1
d) cos 2 450  cos 2 150 = s)
2 2
t) 1
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
28. If A,B,C are angles of a triangle and if none of them is equal 900 , then
tan A  tan B  tan C  tan A tan B tan C = ___________

29. If cos(   )  a and sin(   )  b then cos 2 (   )  2ab sin(   ) is equal to
( a  b ) 2  ( a  b) 2
1) ( a  b)  2ab
2
2) a  b
2 2 3) a  b
2 2 4)
2
REASONING TYPE
sin( A  B ) x  1
30. Statement - I: If tanA = x tanB then 
sin( A  B ) x  1
a c ab cd
Statement - II: If  then 
b d ab c d

MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
31. If cos   cos   a, sin   sin   b then
Column – I Column – II
2ab
a) cos     

p) a 2  b2

b
b) sin      q)
a
 a 2  b2 
c) cos      r)
a 2
 b2 
 
d) tan   s)
a 2
 b2  2 
 2  2
a  b a  b
t)
a 2
 b2 
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE
sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )
a) = p) tan A
cos( A  B)  cos( A  B)
sin( A  B ) sin( B  C ) sin(C  A)
b)  
cosA cos B cosB cos C cosC cos A = q) 0
sin( A  B ) sin( B  C ) sin(C  A) tan 2 A  tan 2 B

c)  
sin A sin B sin B sin C sin C sin A = r)
1  tan 2 A tan B
tan( A  B ) sin 2 A  sin 2 B
d) = s)
cot( A  B) cos 2 A  sin 2 B
Trigonometrical Ratios of Multiple and Sub-multiple Angles
Theorem:1) For all A  R ;
i) sin 3 A in terms of sin A : sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
ii) cos 3A in terms of cos A : cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A and
   
2) For all A  R – {(2n + 1)   or (2n + 1)   or (2n + 1)   ; n  Z) : tan
 2 4 6
3 tan A  tan3 A
3A in terms of tan A: tan 3A 
1  3 tan2 A

Proof :1. (i) sin 3A = sin (A + 2 A) = sin A cos 2A + cos A sin 2A
= sin A (1 – 2 sin2 A) + cos A. 2 sin A cos A = sin A – 2 sin3 A + 2 sin
A (1 – sin2 A)
= sin A – 2 sin3 A + 2 sin A – 2 sin3 A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
 sin 3A in terms of sin A is sin 3A = 3 sin A – 4 sin3 A
ii) cos 3A = cos (A + 2A) = cos A cos 2A – sin A sin 2A
= cos A (2 cos2 A – 1) – sin A (2 sin A cos A)
= 2 cos3 A – cos A – 2cos A (1 – cos2 A) = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A
 cos 3A in terms of cos A is cos 3A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A
2 tan A
tan A 
tan A  tan 2A 1  tan2 A

2. tan 3A = tan (A + 2A) = 1  tan A tan 2A 2 tan A
1  tan A.
1  tan2 A
tan A  tan3 A  tan 2A 3 tan A  tan3 A

 
1  tan2 A  2 tan2 A 1  3 tan2 A
3 tan A  tan3 A
 tan 3A in terms of tan A is tan 3A =
1  3 tan2 A
Clearly the above formula holds when cos A  0, cos 2A  0 and cos 3A  0

none of A, 2A , 3A is an odd multiple of  A is not an odd multiple of
2
  
or or .
2 4 6
A A
Note: i) sinA = 3sin – 4sin 3 ii) 3 sin 2A – 4 sin3 2A = sin 6A
3 3
iii) 4 cos3 (A/3) – 3 cos (A/3) = cos A iv) 4cos32A – 3cos2A = cos 6A
3 tan( A / 3)  tan3 ( A /3)
v) tan A =
1  3 tan2 ( A /3)

Theorem : For all A  R – {(2n + 1) : n  Z}
2
2 tan A
i) sin 2A in terms of tan A: sin 2A = and
1  tan2 A
1  tan2 A
ii) cos 2A in terms of tan A: cos 2A =
1  tan2 A
Proof: Given A is not an odd multiple of  2  cos A  0

2 sin A cos 2 A sin A 1
i) sin 2A = 2 sin A cos A = 2
cos A cos A sec 2 A
1 2 tan A
 2 tan A. 
1  tan A 1  tan2 A
2
2 tan A
 sin 2A in terms of tan A is sin 2A =
1  tan2 A
cos 2 A  sin2 A  sin2 A 
ii) cos 2A = cos A – sin A =
2 2
2
.cos A   1 
2
2
2
 .cos A
cos A  cos A 
1  tan2 A 1  tan2 A 1  tan2 A
   cos 2A in terms of tan A is cos 2A = 
sec 2 A 1  tan2 A 1  tan2 A
Corollary. Replace 2A by A i.e., A by (A/2) in the above formulae:
2 tan(A /2)
i) sin A in terms of tan (A/2) is sin A =
1  tan2 (A /2)
1  tan2 ( A /2)
ii) cos A in terms of tan (A/2) is cos A =
1  tan2 ( A / 2)
Theorem :When cos 2A is known, then the value of sin A, cos A, tan A and cot A in
terms of cos 2A are
 1  cos 2A   1  cos 2A 
i) sin A =    ii) cos A    
 2   2 
 1  cos 2A   1  cos 2A 
iii) tan A     iv) cot A    
 1  cos 2A   1  cos 2A 
Proof: i) We have cos 2A = 1 – 2 sin2 A  2 sin2 A = 1 – cos 2A
1  cos 2A  1  cos 2A 
 sin2 A   sin A    
2  2 
1  cos 2A  1  cos 2A 
ii) We have 2 cos2 A = 1 + cos 2A  cos2 A =  cos A    
2  2 
sin2 A (1  cos2A)/2 1  cos2A  1  cos 2A 

iii) We have tan A =2    tan A    
cos2 A (1  cos2A)/2 1  cos2A  1  cos 2A 
cos 2 A (1  cos 2A )/ 2 1  cos 2A  1  cos 2A 

iv) We have cot A =
2    cot A    
sin 2 A (1  cos 2A )/2 1  cos 2A  1  cos 2A 
Note : Similarly we have,

 1  cos A   1  cos A 
i) sin( A / 2)     ii) cos (A /2)    
 2   2 
 1  cos A   1  cos A 
tan ( A / 2)   
iii)  iv) cot (A/2)    ]
 1  cos A   1  cos A 
Theorem: When any trigonometric ratio is given, the values of sin (A/2) and cos (A/2).
 1- co2A   1+ co2A 
sin (A/2) = ±  cos (A/2) = ±  
 and  2 
 2 
2sin (A/2) = ± 1 + sinA ± 1- sinA and 2cos (A/2) = ± 1+ sinA  1- sinA
Proof: If S = sin (A/2) and C = cos (A/2) , we know that
2
 A A
 S + C = sin (A/2) + cos (A/2) =   sin  cos 
  2
  1  2sin(A /2)cos(A /2)   (1  sin A)
Similarly, S – C =   (1  sin A )
 2 sin (A/2) = 2S =  (1  sin A )  (1  sin A ) and
2 cos (A/2) = 2C =  (1  sin A )  (1  sin A )

Discussion to determine the signs of the values of sin (A/2) + cos (A/2).
sin (A/2) – cos (A/2) when the interval in which (A/2) lies is given:
 1 1 
i) sin (A/2) + cos (A/2) = S + C = 2 sin(A /2).  cos(A /2). 
 2 2
 A  A  A 
 2  sin cos  cos sin   2 sin  
 2 4 2 4  2 4
A  A 
Since sin    is ve if 0       , we have
 2 4  2 4
A   A 3
(S + C) > 0 if 0        (S + C) > 0 if –   ......... (1)
 2 4 4 2 4
A   A 
Also since sin   is – ve if       2 , we have
 2 4  2 4
A  3 A 7
(S + C) < 0 if       2  (S + C)< 0 if   ...........(2)
 2 4 4 2 4

 1 1 
ii) sin (A/2) – cos (A/2) = S – C = 2 sin( A /2).  cos(A /2). 
 2 2
 A  A  A 
 2  sin cos  cos sin   2 sin  
 2 4 2 4  2 4
A  A 
Since sin   is +ve if 0       , we have
 2 4   2 4
A   A 5
(S – C) > 0 if 0        (S – C) > 0 if   ............ (3)
 2 4 4 2 4
A  A 
Also since sin   is – ve if       2 , we have
 2 4  2 4
A  5  A 9
(S – C) < 0 if       2  (S  C)  0 if   ............... (4)
 2 4  4 2 4
Note : 1. The results (1) and (2) can best be remembered from fig. 1.
2. The results (3) and (4) can best be remembered from Fig. 2
y
y

3 4 9
4 4
(S + C) > 0 A
A 2
xI 2
x x I
x
A
(S - C) > 0 O A
2 2
(S - C) > 0
(S + C) < 0 
4
7 5
4 4
y I
yI
Fig (1) Fig (2)
3. The results of (1), (2), (3) and (4) can also be remembered from the Fig. (3)
y
3 
4 4
(S + C) > 0
(S - C) > 0
(S + C) < 0 (S + C) > 0
xI x
(S - C) > 0 (S - C) < 0
(S + C) < 0
(S - C) < 0
5 
4 4
yI
Fig (3)
3  A 3
iii) Suppose A lies in the third quadrant.    A    
2 2 2 4

 A A  A A
 (S + C) > 0, (S – C) > 0   sin  cos   0,  sin  cos   0
 2 2  2 2
A A
S + C = sin  cos   (1  sin A )
2 2
A A
S – C = sin  cos   (1  sin A )
2 2
A 1
 S  sin  [ (1  sin A )  (1  sin A )]
2 2
A 1
 C  cos  [ (1  sin A )  (1  sin A )]
2 2
5 1 (10  2 5 ) 5 1
Theorem .i) sin 18° = ii) cos 18° = (iii) cos 36° 
4 4 4
Proof: (i) Let A = 18°  5A = 90°  2A + 3A = 90°  2A = 90° – 3A
sin 2A = sin (90° – 3A) = cos3A 2 sin A cos A = 4 cos3 A – 3 cos A
4 cos3 A – 2 sin A cos A – 3 cos A = 0 cos A ( 4 cos2 A – 2 sin A – 3) = 0
Either cos A = 0 or 4 cos2 A – 2 sin A – 3 = 0.
But cos A 0 since A = 18°
4 cos2 A – 2 sin A – 3 = 0 4 (1 – sin2 A) – 2 sin A – 3 = 0
4 – 4 sin2 A – 2 sin A – 3 = 0 4 sin2 A + 2 sin A – 1 = 0
sin A =
But sin 18° is +ve sin 18° =
ii) cos 18° =
=
iii) cos 36° = cos2 18° – sin 2 18°
Notes : 1. The above result can also be obtained from cos 36° = 1 – 2 sin 2 18°

2.
3. sin 54° = sin (90° – 36°) = cos 36° =
4. cos 72° = cos (90° – 18°) = sin 18° =
Theorem : i) ii) , iii) tan
Proof. (i) We have: sin (A/2) = + . Putting A = 45°, we get
ii) We have : cos (A/2) =
Putting A = 45°, we get
iii) We have: tan (A/2) = . Putting A = 45°, we get
Theorem: i)

ii)
iii)
iv)
Proof. i) We have cos 15° = and
. Putting A = 15°, we get
ii) We have cos (A/2) = , Putting A = 15°, we get
iii)

iv)
1.If then
1) 2) 3) 4)
2.
1) 2) 3) 4)
3. =
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
4.
1) 2) 3) 4)
5.
1) 2) 3) 4)
6.
1) 2) 3) 4)

7.
1) 2) 3) 4)
8.
1) 2) 3) 4)
9.
1) 2) 3) 4)
10.
1) 2) 3) 4)
11.
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
12.
1) 2) 3) 4)
13.
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
14.
1) 2) 3) 4)
15. If then
1) 2) 3) 4)
16. If then
1) 2) 3) 4)

17. If then
1) 2) 3) 4)
18. If then
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
19.
1) 2) 3) 4)
20.
1) 2) 3) 4)
21.
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
JEE-MAINS
1. =
1) 2) 3) 4)
2.
1) 2) 3) 4)
3. If then K =
1) 3 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2
4. If then
1) 2) 3) 4)
5.
1) 2) 3) 4)
6. The value of
1) 2) 3) 0 4)

7. If then
1) 2) 3) 4) 65
8.
1) 2) 3) 4)
9.
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4)
10.
1) 2) 3) 4) 2
11.
1) 2) 3) 4)
12.
1) 2) 3) 4)
13. If then
1) 2) 3) 4)
14.
1) 2) 3) 4) 1
15. =
1) 2) 3) 4)
16. then
1) 2) 3) 1 4)

JEE ADVANCED
17.
1) 2) 3) 4)
18.
1) 2) 3) 4)
19.
1) 2) 3) 4)
REASONING TYPE:
20. Statement-I :
Statement-II :
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If ,then
21. tan2A =
1) 2) 3) 4)
22. tan3A =
1) 2) 3) 4)
23. cos2A =
1) 2) 3) 4)
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) cos2A = sin3A p)
b) cos3A = sin7A q) A = 30°
c) tanA = cot3A r) A = 9°
d) cotA = tan2A s) A = 18°
t) A = 36°

25. cos2A =
1) 2) 3) 4)
26. tanA =
1) 2) 3) 4)
REASONING TYPE:
27. Statment-I : If tanA = x tanB, then
Statement-II : If , then

MULTI CORRECT CHOICE TYPE
28.If A = 35°, B = 15° and C = 40°, then
1) –1 2) 1 3) tan135° 4) tan225°
COMPREHENSION TYPE
and are the solutions of
29. The value of =
1) 2) 3) 4)
30. The value of the =
1) 2) 3) 4)
31. The value of
1) 2) 3) 4)
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE
32. =________.

SOLUTIONS
TRIGONOMETRY WORKSHEET-1 KEY
1. 2 2. 2 3. 3 4. 4 5. 1
6. 3 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 10. 4
11. 2 12. 1 13. 3 14. 4 15. 3
16. 4 17. 2 18. 3
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
5 opp opp 5
1. (2) tan A   ; hyp  13 ; sin A  
12 adj hyp 13
2. 2 3. 1 4. 1 5. 2
6. (2)
7. 1 8. 3 9. 2 10. 4
11. 1 12. 1
4 4 3
13. (1) Tan  ; si n  ; cos  
3 5 5
4 3 24
 3sin   4 cos  = 3  5   4  5  = = 4.8
    5
3 5 5 35
14. (1) Given Tan A  ; SecA  ; CosecA   SecA + CosecA = .
4 4 3 12
4
15. (2) We have, tan      lies in 2nd and 4th quadrant.
3
sin  is +ve or – ve according as  lies in 2nd or 4th quadrant respectively
i.e.sin  may be positive or negative.
tan  4 4 4
Also, sin    Hence sin    or
(1  tan2 ) 5 5 5
 180
16. Given 180° <  < 270°  tan  = 7/24 17. 13    3900
6 

18.      , sec  = – 13/12, cot  = – 12/5
2
 13 /12  5 /12 18 5 3
G.E. =     0.3
13 /5  12 /5 12 25 10
 sin2 A cos2 A 
19. [1] (m – n ) sin B =  sin2 B  cos 2 B  sin B
2
2 2 2
 
cos 2 A 2 (1  cos 2 A)cos 2 B  cos 2 A(1  cos 2 B)

= sin2A – .sin B =
cos 2 B cos 2 B
2
cos2 B  cos 2 A  cos A 
= 1    1  n
2
= 2
cos B  cos B

D G C
20. (3,4) using the formula  
90 100  / 2
BC 4 BC 4 BC 4
21. (1,2,3) sin A   , cos C   , tan A  
AC 5 AC 5 AB 3
22. 1 23. 2 24. 2 25. 4
sin A 15
26. (3) 15cos A  8sin A  0  8sin A  15cos A  cos A  8
15 opp  sin A 
 tan A  
8 adj  tan A  
 cos A 
15 8

sin A  cos A
  17 17  23
Hence hyp = 17 2 cos A  sin A 2. 8  15 .
17 17
8 15 17 17
 17
15 
15cot A  17 sin A 17  23 cos ec A  SecA 15 8 119
 15  
27. (1) 8 tan A  16sec A 15 17 49 28. cos ec A  Sec A 17 17 391
8  16 
8 8 15 8
29. a-s .b-p,r, c-q,d-q

30. 7 31. 3
32. 1,2,3,4 33. a-q .b-s, c-p,d-r

1. 2 2. 4 3. 4 4. 1 5. 3
6. 2 7. 3 8. 2 9. 1 10. 2
11. 1 12. 1 13. 4 14. 2 15. 2
16. 2 17. 3 18. 2 19. 4 20. 2
JEE MAINS& ADVANCED
1. 2 2. 3 3. 2 4. 3 5. 1
6. 2 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 10. 1
11. 2 12. 1 13. 4 14. 2 15. 3
16. 3 17. 3 18. 2 19. 1 20. 3
21. 1 22. 2,3 23. 1,2,4 24. 1,2,4 25. 1
26. 3 27. a-q,b-s,c-p,d-s 28. Ans.2 29. 1,2,4
30. 1 31. 3 32. 2 33. 4

1. 2 2. 3 3. 1 4. 1 5. 4
6. 3 7. 1 8. 1 9. 4 10. 1
11. 1 12. 4 13. 3 14. 2 15. 3
16. 4 17. 2 18. 1
JEE MAINS& ADVANCED
1. 2 2. 1 3. 3 4. 4 5. 2
6. 3 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 10. 2
11. 3 12. 2 13. 4 14. 4 15. 2
16. 3 17. 3 18. 3 19. 1 20. 1,3,4
21. 1,2,3 22. 1 23. a-r,b-p,c-q,d-r 24. 1
25. 2,4 26. 2,3 27. 3 28.0 29. 1,3
30. 2,4 31. 4 32. a-r,b-p,c-q,d-t 33. 1
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
 1  cos 2 25 
1. Cot2 25. cos ec 2 25.  tan2 25  sin2 25   cot 2 cos ec 2 25 sin2 25  2  =1
 cos 25 
3. Cos10.Cos20........... cos 900......... cos1790  0
10. tan100 tan 200 tan 300 tan 400 tan 500 tan 600 tan 700 tan 800
= tan10 ............ tan 40 tan  90  40  tan  90  30  tan  90  20  tan  90  10  =1
0 0
 3 5 7 9 15
cot cot cot cot cot cot
20 20 20 20 20 20
= cot 90 cot 270 cot 450 cot 630 cot 810 cot1350
   
= cot 9 .................. cot 90  27 cot 90  9 cot  90  45 
0 0 0
 A  B C  D C  D
14. A+B+C+D=3600
 tan    tan  90      Cot  
 4   4   4 
 BA  2A  C  A C  180  2A  B  A  C
29. Cos    Cos    Cos    Cos  
 2   2   2   2 
 2A  B  A C  A  180  C  A C

 Sin    Cos    Sin    Cos  
 2   2   2   2 
A C A C
=  Cos    Cos   =0.
 2   2 

30. Cos  Cos       Cos  2     ..................  Cos  20   
= Cos  Cos  Cos  Cos  ..............  Cos  Cos = Cos
33. Cos A, SinA, Cot A are in G.P.  Sin2 A  CosA.CotA  Sin3  Cos 2 A
Sin6 A Sin2 A Cos 2 A 1  Cos 2 A

tan6 A  tan2 A    
Cos 6 A Cos 2 A Cos6 A Cos 2 A
1 1
=   1  1.
Cos A Cos 2 A
2
TRIGONOMETRY WORKSHEET- 4 KEY

1. 2 2. 1 3. 4 4. 3 5. 1
6. 1 7. 2 8. 3 9. 1 10. 3
11. 1 12. 1 13. 4 14. 2
16. 3 17. 2 18. 2 19. 2 20. 4
21. 4 22. 3
JEE MAINS& ADVANCED
1. 1 2. 3 3. 4 4. 2
5. 1 6. 3 7. 1 8. 4 9. 3
10. 3 11. 3 12. 1 13. 3
14. 1 15. 3 16. 2 17. 4 18. 2
19. 2,3,4 20. 1,4 21. 2,3 22. 1 23. 4
24. 1 25. 1
26. a-s,b-q,c-r,s,d-p 27. Ans.2 28. 1 29. 1,2,3,4
30. 2 31. 3 32. 4 33. Ans.13
1  Sin  cos2 
2
1  sin  cos  2  2 sin  2
6.      2 sec 
cos  1  sin  cos  1  sin   cos  1  sin   cos 
 1  1 
7. 1  2  1  
 tan A   Cot 2 A 
 tan2 A  1   cot 2 A  1 
  Sec Co sec A  Sec A  Co sec A
2 2 2 2
 2  2
 tan A   cot A 
1 n 1  1 
8. (4)   cos ec  sin  
sin  1
1
Taking reciprocals on both sides  sin   ---------- (1)
n 1

From first identity we know that
2
 1 
: cos 2   1  sin 2   cos   1  
2
 sin 2   cos 2   1 
 n 1 
1 n n
[ From first equation]  cos   1   cos    cos  
2 2
n 1 n 1 n 1
n
 if cos ec  n  1 then cos  
n 1
cos  cos  cos  (1  sin  )  cos  (1  sin  )

9. (2) Given  4 4
1  sin  1  sin  (1  sin  )(1  sin  )
2 cos  2 1
 4   4  cos    cos 600   600
cos 
2
cos  2
1 1
 2 sec   P   sin   P  1
2
14. sec   tan   P ; sec   tan  

p P P2  1
16. 1
SecA  tan A  3 ; SecA  tan A 
3
10 5
2SecA   SecA 
3 3
Sin2 A  Cos 2 A
23. SinA  CosA  2 ; tan A  CotA  2 ; 2
SinACosA
1
24. SinACosA   SecACo sec A  2
2
25. Sin2 A  Cos 2 A  0.
 Sin  Cos    Sin  Cos 

2 2
27.
Sin2   cos 2   2 sin  cos   sin2   cos 2   2 sin  cos 

JEE MAINS& ADVANCED
1. 2 2. 4 3. 3 4. 1 5. 1
6. 4 7. 1 8. 4 9. 3 10. 1
11. 2 12. 4 13. 1 14. 3 15. 2
16. 2 17. 1 18. 2,3 19. 2 20. 1
21. 4 22. 3 23. Ans.1 24. 3,4 25. 1
26. 4 27. 3 28. 1 29. Ans.2 30. 1,3
31. 1 32. Ans.10
x y
3. From the given sec   , tan  
a b
use the identity sec 2   tan 2   1
4. Given x  cos   sin  , y  cos   sin 
squaring on both sides, we get x 2  y 2  2
5. Given x  cos   sin  , y  cos  sin 
x 2  2 y   cos   sin    2 cos  sin 

2
 x2  2 y  1  x2  1  2 y
 
4
x 2y 2  a 2  sec   tan   b 2  sec   tan    a 2b 2 sec 2   tan2 
4 4
6.  a 2b 2
x y a b
7. x  a sin  , y  b tan  ; sin   , tan   ; cos ec  , cot  
a b x y
use the identify cos ec 2  cot 2   1
 a 2b 2  sec 2   tan2    a 2b 2
4
x 2y 2  a 2  sec   tan   b 2  sec   tan  
4 4
8.
9. x  aCos 4 , y  b sin4 
x y a cos 4  b sin 
   = cos 2   sin   1
a b a b
10. Sin  cos   m  sin2   cos 2   2 sin  cos   m2
Sec  cos ec  n Sec 2   Co sec 2   2 sec  cos ec  n
n  m2  1 =  Sec  cos ec  1  2 sin  cos   1
= Sec  2 sin   cos ec  2 cos   sec   cos ec

= 2  sin   cos   = 2m.
11. x 2  y 2  Z2 = r 2  cos 2  cos 2   r 2  cos 2  sin2   r 2 sin2 
2

= r cos   sin   r
2 2 2

m2  n2   Tan  Sin    Tan  Sin 
2 2
12.
Sin2  Sin4  Sin2 

4TanSin = 4 = mn  ; .
cos  Cos 2  cos 
2 2 2 2
x  y   a cos    a sin  
2
13. x  acos3 ; y  asin3  ; 3 3 3 3 3 3=
a 3
14. xy  a  cos ec   cot   b 1  cos   =ab.

sin 
15. Squaring and adding both equations.
m2  n2   Tan  Sin    Tan  Sin 

2 2
17.
Sin2  Sin4  Sin2 

4TanSin = 4 ; mn  = .
Tan2  Cos 2  cos 
18. Squaring and subtracting one equation from the other equation.
19. Conceptual
21. x 2  y 2  a 2  b2  2 22. Conceptual
23 Squaring and adding three equations. 25. Conceptual

29. Squaring and adding all the equations
p2  q 2   a cos   b sin2     b cos   a sin  

2
30.
a 2 cos 2   b2 sin2   b2 cos 2   a 2 sin2   p q  a  b .

2 2 2 2

1.3 2.3 3.2
JEE-MAINS & ADVANCED

1. 1 2. 4 3. 3 4. 1 5. 1 6. 4
7. 2 8. 1 9. 2 10. 3 11. 3 12. 2
13. 1 14. 1 15. 1 16. 4 17. 1 18. 3
19. 4 20. 2 21. 2 22. 3 23. 1 24. 3

25. 2 26. 3 27. a-q; b-p,s; c-q; d-r 28. 0 29. 1,3
30. 1 31. a-r,t; b-p; c-s; d-q 32. a-p; b-q; c-q; d-s
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
1. conceptual
2. (4) We have cos  A  B  .cos  A  B   cos 2 A  sin 2 B
1 3 3
cos 2 450  sin 2 150  cos  45  15  cos  45  15   cos 600.cos300  . 
2 2 4
1 3 1 1 3 1
3. sin 750  sin  450  300   sin 450 cos300  cos 450.sin 300  .  . 
2 2 2 2 2 2
4. 
2 3 2 3  2 3 
3 5
5. Given CosA = and SinB =
5 13
4 5
4 5 TanA  TanB 
TanA = and TanB = = 3 12  63

3 12 1  TanATanB 4 5 16
1 .
3 12
6. sin 200  sin  600  200   sin  600  20 0  Apply sin  A  B   sin  A  B 
7. tan  9 x   tan  5 x  4 x  Expand
3 12
8. Given ABC is a triangle and A is an obtuse angle. sin A  , cos B 
5 13

 A is in the second quadrant and B,C are in the first quadrant.
4 12
 cos A  , cos B 
5 13
A + B + C = 180°  A + B = 180° – C  sin (A + B) = sin (180° – C) = sin C
16
 sin C = sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B  sin c 
65
tan A  tan B
9. tan  A  B  
1  tan A tanB
as A  B  45 ,tan  A  B   1
0
1  tan A tan B  tan A  tan B ;
tan A  tan B  tan A tanB  1  2  1  tan A  1  tan B   2
10. tan 550  tan  350  200  Expand and tan 550  tan 350  1
tan 2250  cot 810.cot 690 1  tan 90.tan 210

11. 
cot 2610  tan 210 tan 90  tan 210
12. Take cot on bothsides and expand.
13. If A  B  450 then 1  tan A1  tan B   2 130  32 0  450 &120  330  450
14. Put A  2700 , B  300
15. Expand sin  A  B  (or) Put A = B
17.    
tan1600  tan 180 0  200   tan 200 ; tan1100  tan 900  200   cot 200
A B C A A A B C   A B C
18.    1800   tan   tan 23.     tan     cot
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
20. Find tanA and substitute tanA, tanB in tan(A+B) formulae
1. 2 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3
6. 4 7. 4 8. 1 9. 2 10. 3
11. 4 12. 4 13. 1 14. 4 15. 1
16. 3 17. 1 18. 2 19. 3 20. 3
21. 1

JEE MAINS& ADVANCED
1. 1 2. 2 3. 4 4. 2 5. 1 6. 3
7. 1 8. 2 9. 4 10. 4 11. 2 12. 2
13. 2 14. 3 15. 3 16. 1 17. 2,3 18. 2,4
19. 1,3 20. 3 21. 1 22. 4 23. 2
24. a-s;b-r,c-p,d-q 25. 1,2,3,4 26. 1,2 27. 1 28. 2,4
29. 1 30. 1 31. 3 32.3
tan 3x 3 tan x  tan3 x 42 cos 2 x  1 2 cos 2x  1

  
1. tan x 1  3 tan2 x  tan x 4co2 x  3 2 cos 2x  1
tan 3A 3  tan2 A 3  4 sin2 A
2. a  a  a
tan A 1  3 tan2 A 1  4 sin2 A
a 3 sin 3A 2a
 sin2 A    3  4Sin2 A 
4  a  1 sin A a 1
1  tan  1  tan  K 2 K
3.     k2
1  tan  1  tan  cos 2 cos 2 cos 2
4. Cubing on both sides.
5. 1  8 cos 2   8 cos 4   8 cos 2  cos 2   1  1 = cos 4
sin  cos 2  1
6. tan 2  tan  1  sec 2   tan 2  . =0
cos  cos 
     1  cos      1  128  64
7. cos 2   =   .
 2  2 2  65  65
Sin2 3A Cos 2 3A
  3  4Sin2 A    4 cos2 A  3  =8cos 2A
2 2
8. 2
 2
Sin A Cos A
 2 cos   1 2 cos16  1
9.
 2 cos   1  2 cos   1  2 cos 2   2 cos 4  1  2 cos 8  1 
2 cos   1
10. Substitute two values.

sin 2A SinA SinA
11. tan 2A  SecASinA     tan ASec2A
Cos2A CosA Cos2ACosA
sin 
12. Sin2  Cos2 tan   2 sin  cos   cos 2.  tan 
cos 
 
1  sin   2A 
1  SinB 2   CotA

13. 1  SinB  
1  Sin   2A 
2 
3
14. cos 6 A  Sin6 A  1  K sin2 A  K  4
1  cos  2x 1  cos  1  cos 

15. x , Now z  = tan  .
1  cos  1 x 2
1  cos  cos 
1 1  1 
16. cos   a   ,  4 cos 3   3 cos   k  a 3  
2 a  a3 
17. 6 sin 20  8 sin3 20  2 sin 60  3
5 1 1 5 1
18. sin2 400  Sin2120  Sin  42  12 Sin  42  12   
4 2 8
19. 8 cos 3 100  6 cos100  2 cos 300  3
1 3  cos100  3 sin100  sin 20

20.   2    4 4
Sin100 cos10  2 sin10 cos10  sin 20
2 tan A 24
21. tan 2A  
1  tan A
2
7
3 tan A  tan3 A
22. tan 3A 
1  3 tan2 A
27. tan A  x tan B

SETS & RELATIONS SYNOPSIS - 1
INTRODUCTION: In everyday life, we have to deal with the collections of objects of
one kind or the other.
For Example :
i. The collection of even natural numbers less than 12 i.e., the numbers 2, 4, 6, 8
and 10.
ii. The collection of vowels in the English alphabet i.e., the letters a, e, i, o, u.
iii. The collection of all natural numbers that divide 12 i.e., the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 6
and 12.
iv. The collection of all students of class VII in a particular school.
In each of the above collections, it is definitely known whether a given
object is to be included in the collection or not to be included. Each one of
the above collections is an example of a set. However, the collection of all
intelligent students in a class of a given school is not a set. Here it is
difficult to decide who is intelligent and who is not. The same student may
be intelligent in the eyes of one teacher and may not be intelligent in the
eyes of another. We say that such a collection is not well defined. With this
basic notion, we have the following.
Definition: Any well defined collection of objects is called a set.
By ‘well-defined collection’ we mean that given a set and an object, it must be
possible to decide whether or not the object belongs to the set.
The objects are called the members or the elements of the set. Sets are usually
denoted by capital letters and their members are denoted by small letters.
We write the elements of set with in the bracess { }.
If x is a member of the set S, we write x  S (read as x belongs to S) and if x is not
a member of the set S, we write x  S (read as x does not belong to S). If x and y
both belongs to set S, we write x, y  S.
REPRESENTATION OF SETS: There are two ways to represent a given set.
1. Roster or Tabular Form or list form. In this form, list all the members of the
set, separate these by commas and enclose these within braces (curly brackets)
For example :
i. The set S of even natural numbers less than 12 in the tabular form is
written as S = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Note that 8  S while 7  S.
ii. The set S of prime natural numbers less than 20 in the tabular form is
written as S = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
iii. The set N of natural numbers in the tabular form is written as
N = { 1, 2, 3, ... }, the dots indicating infinitely many missing positive
integers.
2. Set Builder or rule form: In this form, write one or more (if necessary) variables
(say x, y etc.) representing an arbitrary member of the set, this is followed by a
statement or a property which must be satisfied by each member of the set.

For example :
i. The set S of even natural numbers less than 12 in the set builder form is
written as S = { x/x is an even natural number less than 12}.
ii. The set of prime natural number less than 20 in the set builder form is
written as {x/x is a prime natural number less than 20}.
The symbol ‘|’ stands for the words ‘such that’ or ‘where’. Sometimes we use
the symbol ‘;’ or ‘:’ in place of the symbol ‘|’.
iii. The set N of natural numbers in the set builder form is written as
N = { x :x is a natural number}.
Some Standard Sets: We enlist below some sets of numbers which are most
commonly used in the study of sets :
i. The set of natural numbers (or positive integers). It is usually denoted by N.
i.e. N = { 1, 2, 3, 4, .... }
ii. The set of whole numbers. It is usually denoted by W. i.e. W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}.
iii. The set of integers. It is usually denoted by Z. i.e.
Z = {..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...}
iv. The set of rational numbers. It is usually denoted by Q i.e. Q = { x : x is a rational
 m 
number } or Q   x : x  , where m and n are int egers and n  0 
 n 
v. The set of real numbers. It is usually denoted by R. i.e. R = { x : x is a real
number } or R = { x : x is either a rational number or an irrational
number }
Note: i 1
TYPES OF SETS:
The Empty set: A set containing no element is called the empty set.
It is also called the null set or void set . There is only one such set. It is denoted by  or by { }.
For example:
i. The collection of all integers whose square is less than 0 is the empty set.
( Square of an integer cannot be negative)
ii. The collection of all girl students in a boys college is the empty set.
iii. The collection of all the real roots of the equation x2 + 5 = 0 is the empty set.
( The equation x2 + 5 = 0 is not satisfied by any real number, for if ‘a’ is a
real root of x2 + 5 = 0, then a2 + 5 = 0  a2 = – 5, which is not possible as
square of a real number cannot be negative ). The order of the empty set is
zero.
Singleton set: A set is said to be a singleton set if it contains only one element.
The set { 7 }, { – 15 } are singleton sets. { x : x + 4 = 0, x  Z } is a singleton set,
because the set contains only one integer namely, –4.

The set { x : x + 4 = 0, x  N } is a null set, because there is no natural number
which may satisfy the equation x + 4 = 0.
A set whose order is 1 is called a singleton set. Thus, a singleton set is a set
which contains only one distinct element.
For example:
i. If A = { x : x is a positive divisor of 20 }, then
n(A) = 6 as A = { 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20 }
ii. If B = { x : x is a positive even prime }, then n(B) = 1 as B = { 2 }.
Note that B is a singleton set.
iii. If C = { x : x is an integer neither positive nor negative }, then n(C) = 1 as C = {0}.
C is a singleton set.
Finite and Infinite sets : A set is called finite if the process of counting of its
different elements comes to an end; otherwise, it is called infinite. The empty
set is taken as finite.
For example:
i. The set S = { 2, 4, 6, 8 } is a finite set.
ii. The set of all students studying in a given school is a finite set.
iii. The set N of all natural numbers is an infinite set.
iv. The set of divisors of a given natural number is a finite set.
v. The set of all prime numbers is an infinite set.
Order of a finite set: The number of different elements in a finite set S is called
order of S, it is denoted by O(S) or n(S).
Note: The order of an infinite set is not defined.

Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are said to be equivalent written A ~
B (or A  B), iff they contain the same number of distinct elements i.e.,
iff n(A) = n(B).
For example:
i. The sets { 1 } and {2, 2, 2} are equivalent.
ii. The sets { 3, 4 } and { x : x2 = 4 } are equivalent sets.
iii. The sets { a, b, c, d, e }, { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } and { a, e, i, o, u } are equivalent sets
as each of these sets contains 5 distinct elements.
Equal sets: Two sets A and B are said to be equal, written as A = B, iff every
member of A is a member of B and every member B is a member of A.Remember
that equal sets are always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal.
For example:
i. The sets { – 1, +1 } and { x : x2 = 1 } are equal.
ii. The sets { 0, 0 } and { 3 } are not equal, but they are equivalent.

SETS & RELATIONS WORKSHEET -1
1. The roster form of G is a set of consonents of word MATHEMATICS is
1){M,T,H,C,S} 2){A,E,I}
3)Both 1) & 2) 4){MATHEMATICS}
2. The set-builder form of seven days of a week is
1){ x:x is the name of seven days of week }
2){ x:x is the name of five days of week }
3){ x:x is the name of three days of week }
4){ x:x is the name of six days of week }
3. Which of the following are empty set?
1) A is set of whole numbers less than 0
2) B is set of all numbers whose square is negative
3) D is the of natural numbers less than1.
4) All of these.
4. Which of the following are singleton sets?
1) set of all even prime numbers
2) the set of all odd composite numbers less than 10
3) set of vowels in the word ‘BOY’
4) All of these
5. which of the following are finite sets ?
1)set of all natural numbers 2) set of all natural numbers less than 50
3) set of all integers 4) set of all whole numbers
6. which of the following are equivalent sets
1)A={a,b,c} and B={1,2,3}
2)A={ banana, orange, apple} and B={ rose, jasmine, lilly}
3)A={ Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry} and B={ Telugu, English, Hindi}
4)All of these
7. which of the following are equal sets ?
1)A={1,2,3} and B={x/x1  x  3, x  N }
2)A={ x; , ,  } and B={ , , x, , }

3) Both 1 & 2
4) None
8. The set S of prime numbers less than 20 in roster form.
1) S  2,3,5,7,11,20 2) S  2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19
3) S  2,3,5,6 4) None

9. If A  1,2,3,4,5,6 , then A is in setbuilder form
1) A  x / x  N, x  7 2) A  x / x  N, x  6
3) A  x / x  N, x  7 4) Both 2 & 3
10 Which of the following is empty set.
1) A  x / x  N, x  1 2) B  x / x  w, x  0
2
3) A  x / x  N, x  0
2
4) None
JEE MAINS
SINGLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE
1. Which of the following not a well defined collection of objects ?
1) The collection of days in week
2) The Colloection of all even integers
3) The Vowels in the English Alphabet
4) The collection of ten most talented in your Class
2
2. Write the set {x : x is a positive integer and x  40 } in the roster form
1) {1,2,3,4,5,6} 2) {1,2,3,4,5,6,7} 3) {2,3,4,5,6,7} 4) {0,1,2,3,5,6}
3. Roster form of set of ‘S’ odd natural numbers less than 15 is
1) {1,3,5,7,9,11} 2){1,3,5,7,9,11,13}
3){x/x is odd natural numbers } 4){1,2,4--------}
4. No.of elements in Null set is _____.
1)2 2)1 3)0 4)5
5. If a set containing only one elements is called
1)Empty set 2)Infinite set 3) Equal set 4)Singleton set
6. Which of the following is the Roster form {x: x is natural number and 3<x<10}
1) {3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} 2) {4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
3) {3,4,5,6,7,8,9} 4) {4,5,6,7,8,9}
7. Write the set {x: x is an integer and -3<x<7} in Roster form
1) {-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3} 2) {-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
3) {-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4,5,6} 4) {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7}
8. Which of the following collections are sets.
i) The collection of all prime numbers between 7 and 19.
ii) The collection of all rich persons in India.
iii) Collection of all factors of 50 which are greater than 6.
1) (i) and (ii) 2) (i), (ii) and (iii) 3) (ii) and (iii) 4) (i) and (iii)

9. Which of the following collections are sets.
i) The collection of all months of a year, beginning with letter J.
ii) The collection of most talented writers of India.
iii) The collection of all natural numbers less than 100.
iv) The collection of most dangerous animals of the world.
1) Only (i) 2) Only (ii) 3) Both (i) and (iii) 4) Both (ii) and (iv)
10. Which of the following sets are singleton sets ?
i) A = { x : 3x – 2 = 0, x  Q } ii) B = { x : x3 = 0, x  R }
iii) C = { x : 30x– 59 = 0, x  N } iv) D = { x : |x| = 1, x  Z }
1) (i) and (iii) 2) Only (iii) 3) (i) and (ii) 4) Only (iv)
11. Which of the following sets are null sets ?
i) A = { x : x < 1 and x > 3 } ii) B = { x : x2 = 9 and 3x = 7 }
iii) C = { x : x2 – 1 = 0, x  R } iv) D = { x : x is an even prime number }
1) (i) and (iii) 2) (i) and (ii) 3) (ii) and (iv) 4) (iii) and (iv)
12. Which of the following collection are sets.
i) The collection of all girls in your class.
ii) The collection of most beautiful girls of India.
iii) The collection of difficult topics in mathematics.
iv) The collection of best actors of Bollywood.
1) Only (i) 2) Only (iii)
3) Both (i) and (iii) 4) Both (ii) and (iv)
13. The solution set of the equation x 2  x  2  0 in roster form is
1) 1, 2 2) 1, 2 3) 1, 2 4)  x : x  R,1  x  2

14. If A   6,12 then set builder form is
1) A   x : x  R and 6  x  12 2) A   x : x  R and 6  x  12
3) A   x : x  R and 6  x  12 4) A={6,7,8,9,10,11,12}

15. Which of the following are sets.
i) The collection of difficult problems in a book.
ii) The collection of intelligent students in a school.
iii) Set of all novels written by English writer R.K. Narayan
iv) The collection of all odd integers.
1) Only (ii) 2) Only (iii)
3) Both (iii) and (iv) 4) Both (ii) and (iv)

16. Which of the following statements are not true ?
i) { x : 3x + 1 < 10, x  N } = {1, 2, 3, 4} ii) {x : 2x < 50, x  N } = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

1) Only (ii) 2) Both (i) & (ii) 3) Only (i) 4) none of these
17. Which of the following is an empty set ?
1) { x : x  R and x2 – 1 = 0 } 2) { x : x  R and x2 + 1 = 0 }
3) { x : x  R and x2 – 9 = 0 } 4) { x : x  R and x2 = x + 2 }
JEE ADVANCED
18. If A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then which of the following is correct
1) 1  A 2) 2  A 3) 3  A 4) {5}  A
REASONING TYPE
19. Statement I : The set of all vowels in the English Alphabet is a finite set
Statement II : A set in which the process of counting of elements surely comes
to an end is called a finite set.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
If A = {0, 2, 6, 12, 20, 30}
20. Set builder form of A is
 n 
1) A = { n2(n – 1)/n  N} 2) A   2 / n  N
 n  n  1 
3) A = { n(n – 1)/ n < 7, n  N } 4) A  n  n  1 /n  N,n  7
21. Which of the following is true
1) 2  A 2) 35  A 3) 30  A 4) 1  A
22. The prime number in A is

1) 0 2) 2 3) 30 4) 20

MATRIX-MATCH TYPE.
a) The collection of intelligent students 1) set
in a school
b) x / x  N, x  5 2) not a set
1 1 1 1 1 
c)  , , , ,  3) Roster form
 4 6 8 10 12 
d) The collection of all odd integers 4) Set builder form
5) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
INTEGER ANSWER TYPE.
24. Number of elements in singleton set is_______.
25. Which of the following is not a singleton set ?
1) { x : |x| = 5, x  N } 2) { x : |x| = 6, x  Z }
3) { x : x2 + 2x + 1 = 0, x  N } 4) { x : x2 = 7, x  N }
REASONING TYPE.
 1 1 1 1 
26. Statement I : The set builder form of A = 1, ,  , ,  , ...... is
 2 3 4 5 
  1n 
A / n  N .
n
 
 1  1 if n is odd;  1  1 if n is even.

n n
Statement II:

COMPREHENSION TYPE
A set is a called finite if the process of counting of its different elements comes to
an end otherwise it is called infinite. The empty set is taken as finite.
27. Which of the following sets are finite.
i) The set of lines which are parallel to the x - axis.
ii) The set of letters in the English alphabet.
iii) The set of animals living on earth.
iv) The set of circles through the origin (0, 0)
1) (ii) and (iv) 2) (i) and (ii) 3) (iii) and (iv) 4) (i) and (iv)
28. Which of the following sets are finite.
i) Prime numbers set ii) Human beings set in the world
iii) A real number set between 1 and 2. iv) The set of multiples of 3.
1) Only (ii) 2) Only (iii) 3) (i) and (ii) 4) (iii) and (iv)
29. Which of the following is an infinite set.
i) Natural nu mber set less than one million.
ii) The set which can be written by using the digit 1, repeated any number of
times.
iii) The set of elephants in the world.
iv) Spheres set passing through a given point.
1) Only (ii) 2) (ii) and (iv) 3) Only (iii) 4) (i) and (iv)
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE.
Match each of the sets in column I with an equal set in the column II.
1 1 3 
a)  , ,  1) { 2 }
3 2 5 
 7 26 
b)  1, 0, ,  2) { – 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 }
 9 28 
 3 9  n 
c)  x : x is an int eger and   x   3)  x : x  ,n  3,n  N
 2 2  n2 
 n3  1 
d) { x : x is a even prime } 4)  x : x  3
, n  W, n  3
 n 1 
5) { 2, 3, 5}

Cardinal number of set : The number of distrinct elements contained in a finite set
is called its cardinal number and is denoted by n(A).
Examples : If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then n(A) = 5, if B = {1, 2, 3} then n(B) = 3.
Subsets: Let A, B be two sets such that every member of A is a member of B,
then A is called a subset of B, it is written as A  B.
Thus, A  B iff (read as ‘if and only if’) x  A  x  B.
If  (read as ‘there exists’) atleast one element in A which is not a member of B,
then A is not a subset of B and we write it as A  B.
For example:
i. Let A = {–1, 2, 5} and B = {3, – 1, 2, 7, 5}, then A  B. Note that B  A
ii. The set of all even natural numbers is a subset of the set of natural numbers.
Some properties of subsets :
i. The null set is subset of every set. Let A be any set.
  A , as there is no element in  which is not in A.
ii. Every set is subset of itself. Let A be any set.
 xA  xA  A  A.
iii. If A  B and B  C , then A  C . Let x  A .
 x B  A  B 
 xC  B  C   A  C.
iv. A = B iff A  B and B  A . Let A = B.
 x  A  x B  A  B
 A  B . Similarly, xB  x A  A  B
 B  A . Conversely, let A  B and B  A .
 x  A  x B  A  B  and x  B  x  A  B  A   A=B
Note: * Two sets A and B are equal iff A  B and B  A.
* Since every element of a set A belongs to A, it follows that every set is a

subset of itself.
Proper subset: Let A be a subset of B. We say that A is a proper subset of B if
A  B i.e., if there exists atleast one element in B which does not belong to A. A
subset, which is not proper, is called an improper subset.
Observe that every set is an improper subset of itself. If a set A is non-empty,
then the null set is a proper subset of A.
Example-1: If A = {1, 2, 3}, then proper subsets of A are  , { 1 }, { 2 } , { 3 },

{ 1, 2 }, { 1, 3 }, { 2, 3}
Example-2: A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }, B = { 2, 3, 4 }
Every element of B i.e., 2, 3 and 4 is also an element of A.  B  A
Further we note that there are two more elements that are in A and not in B.
They are 1 and 5. Then A  B . In such circumstances we say that B is a proper
subset of A.
Ex 2 : N  W  Z  Q  R
Remark 1 : If A  B then every element of A is in B and there is a chance that A may
be equal to B i.e., every element of B is A, but if A  B , then every element of A
is in B and there is no chance that A may be equal to B i.e., there will exist at
least one element in B which is not in A.
 A  B  A  B, A  B i.e., A  B, B  A .
Remark 2 : If A  B , we may have B  A , but if A  B , we cannot have B  A .
Power Set: The set formed by all the subsets of a given set A is called the power set of
A, it is usually denoted by P(A).
For example:
i) Let A = {0}, then P(A) = {  , {0}}. Note that n(P(A)) = 2 = 21.
ii) Let A = {a, b}, then P(A) = {  , {a}, {b}, {a, b}}. Note that n(P(A)) = 4 = 22
iii) Let A = {1, 2, 3}, then P(A) = {  , {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3}, A}.
Note that O(P (A)) = 8 = 23. In all these examples, we have observed that n(P(A)) = 2n(A).
Rule to write down the power set of a finite set A:
First of all write  .
Next, write down singleton subsets each containing only one element of A.
In the next step write all the subsets which contain two elements from
the set A.
Continue this way and in the end write A itself as A is also a subset of A.
Enclose all these subsets in braces to get the power set of A.
Comparable Sets : Two sets A and B are said to be comparable iff either A  B or B  A.
For example :
i) The sets A = {1, 2} and B = {1, 2, 4, 5} are comparable as A  B.
ii) The sets A = {0, 1, 3} and B = {1, 3} are comparable as B  A.
iii) The sets A = {–1, 1} and B = {x : x2 = 1} are comparable as A  B and also B  A.
Clearly, equal sets are always comparable. However, comparable sets may
not be equal
Universal Set:
In any application of the theory of sets, all sets under investigation are regarded
as subsets of fixed set. We call this set the universal set, it is usually denoted by
X or U or  .

SETS & RELATIONS WORKSHEET - 2
1.The cardinal number of the set A ={ 1,2,1,1,2,1,1} is
1)7 2)2 3)3 4)8
2. The subset of a set B = { 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} is
1){1,2,3,9} 2){0,1,2,3,4} 3){3,4,5,6} 4){1,2,3,4,5,9}
3. The proper subset of sets of A={1,2,3,4} is
1){1,2,3,4} 2){1,2,3} 3){ } 4)both 2 & 3
4. If A={a,b}, then the power set of A is
1){ {a},{b},{a,b} } 2){ { },{a} { b},{a,b} } 3){a,b} 4){ }
5. If A={ 1,2,3}, then the cardinality of P(A) is
1)8 2)7 3)6 4)5
6. If A  1, 2,3 , then the number of subsets of A is

1) 2 2) 1 3) 8 4) 3
7. If A  1,2,3, 4 , then the number of elements in power set of A is

1) 6 2) 8 3) 16 4) 3
JEE MAINS
1. If every element of ‘A’ is in ‘B’ then
1) A = B 2) A  B 3) A  B 4) B  A .
2. If ‘A’ contains ‘n’ elements then the number of subsets
1) 2 n 2) 2n 3) 2 n  1 4) 2n  1
3. Which of the following is not a subset of {2,3,5,7} ?
1) {2,3,5} 2) {3,5,7} 3) {3,5} 4) {1,3,5}
4. _______ set is subset of every set
1) U 2)  3) finite 4) infinite set
5. If A ={1,2,3,4}, then the no.of elements of power set of A is ____.
1)8 2)1 3)16 4)10
6. The cardinal number of A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} is
1) 7 2) 8 3) 6 4) 5
7. A  x 2 / x  5, x  N then n(A)
1) 7 2) 6 3) 5 4) 4
8. Which of the following are true ?
1)  ={0} 2)  = { } 3)  , {0} 4) Both (2) & (3)

9. D ={ 1,2,3,4,5}, then the subsets of ‘D’ are
1) D 2) {1,2,3,6} 3) {0,2} 4) {3,6}
10. B = {3,4,5}, then subsets of ‘B’ are
1) Void set 2) Itself 3) {3,4} 4) All the above
11. If ‘A’ is finite set such that n p  A    64 then n(A) =

1) 32 2) 16 3) 8 4) 6
12.If number of proper subsets are 255 then number of elements in the set
1) 7 2) 6 3) 9 4) 8
13. A = {x / x = y + 1, y  N, y < 6}, B = {x / x = y –1, y  N, 2 < y < 5} then
which of the following is correct.
1) n  A   n  B  2) n  A   n  B  3) n  A   n  B  4) n  A   n  B 
14. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then which of the following is true
1) A is subset of B 2) A is super set of B
3) A is impropersubset of B 4) A is equal set to B
15. A = { 1, 2} then which of the following is true
1) 1  P  A  2) 2  P  A  3) 1,2 ,   P  A  4) all of these
16. Let A =  then the power set p  p  p      elements contains.

1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 1
17. If n p  A    n p  B   1025, n  A   n  B  , then n(A) =

1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 4
JEE ADVANCED
18. A={x/x is a prime, 3 < x < 15, x  N }, B={x/x is odd, 3<x<15, x  N } then
1) A={5,7,11,13} 2) B={5,7,9,11,13}
3) ‘A’ is subset of ‘B’ 4) ‘B’ is subset of ‘A’
REASONING TYPE:
19. Statement I: If ‘A’ is the set of all vowels in English alphabet. Then the number of
subsets of A is 32.
Statement II:If a set containing ‘n’ elements then number of subsets are 2 n  1 .

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If every element of ‘A’ is in ‘B’ then A is subset of ‘B’.
Number of subsets of a set is 2n.
20. If A = { x, y, z }, then the number of subsets of A is
1) 8 3) 6 3) 10 4) 16
21. B = {1,2,3} then which of the following are subsets of ‘B’ ?
1) {1,2} 2) {1,2,3} 3) null set 4) All the above
22. If A = {1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} and B = {2,4,5}, then
1) ‘A’ is subset of ‘B’ 2) ‘B’ is subset of ‘A’
3) They are equal sets 4) They are equivalent sets
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) Every set is a subset of 1) 1
b) Null set is a subset of 2) 2
c) n(A)={ } then number of subsets 3) itself
d) n(A)={ 0} then number of subsets 4) Every set
5) 4
24. Number of Proper subsets of {1,2,3,4} are (10 + x), then x = _______.
25. Which of the following are false ?
1) Null set has proper subset 2) A  B, A  B then A  B
3) A={10,20,30} then number of subsets 6 4) If A  B, B  A , then A  B

REASONING TYPE:
26. Statement I: n(A) = 5, then n p  A    32 .
Statement II: If a set has ‘n’ elements then its power set has 2n elements.

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
Two finite sets have ‘m’ and ‘n’ elements. The total number of subsets of the first
set is 56 is more than the total number of total number of subsets second set.
Then
27. The value of ‘m’ is
1) 3 2) 1 3) 6 4) 2
28. The value of ‘n’ is
1) 6 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
29. The value of m+n=
1) 9 2) 10 3) 8 4) 5
REASONING TYPE:
30. Statement I : n(A) = 3, the number of subset of A is 8.
Statement II : n(A) = n then the number of subsets of A is 2n
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
a) The set of even numbers is p) superset of odd prime numbers
b) The set of odd numbers is q) subset of natural numbers
c) The set of natural numbers is r) super set of even prime numbers
d) The set of real numbers is s) subset of whole numbers
t) super set of rational numbers

OPERATIONS ON SETS: The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements,
which are either in A or in B (including those which are in both)
In symbolic form, union of two sets A and B is denoted as, A  B . It is read as “A
union B”.
Clearly, x  A  B  x  A or x  B .
And, x  A  B  x  A and x  B .
It is evident from definition that A  A  B; B  A  B

SOLVED EXAMPLES
(i) A  a,e,i,o,u , B  a,b,c (ii) A  1,3,5 , B  1,2,3
Solution: (i) We have, A  B  a,e,i,o,u  a,b,c  A  B  a,b,c,e,i,o,u
Here, the common element a has been taken only once, while writing A  B .
(ii) We have A  B  1,3,5  1,2,3  A  B  1,2,3,5
Here, the common elements 1 and 3 have been taken only once, while writing A  B .
UNION OF THREE OR MORE SETS
The union of n  n  3  for sets A1, A2........., An is defined as the set of all those
elements which are in Ai 1  i  n  for atleast one value of i. The union of A1, A2,
n n
A3,........An is denoted  A i In symbols, we write  A i  { x : x  A i for at least one
i 1 i 1
value of i, 1  i  n }
SOLVED EXAMPLE
Example: If A = {1, 2, 3, 4} B = {3, 4, 5, 6}, C = {5, 6, 7, 8} and D = {7, 8, 9, 10}, find
(i) A  B (ii) A  B  C (iii) B  C  D
Solution: (i) We have, A  B  1,2,3,4  3,4,5,6  A  B  1,2,3,4,5,6
(ii) We have, A  B  C  1,2,3,4  3, 4,5,6  5,6,7,8
 A  B  C  1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
(iii) We have, B  C  D  3,4,5,6  5,6,7,8  7,8,9,10
 B  C  D  3, 4,5,6,7,8,9,10

INTERSECTION OF SETS
The intersection of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which
belong to both A and B.
Symbolically, we write A  B = {x : x  A and x  B } and read as “A intersection B”.
Let x  A  B  x  A and x  B and x  A  B  x  A or x  B
It is evident from the definition that A  B  A, A  B  B

SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example 1 : (i) If A = {3,5,7,9,11}, B = {7,9,11,13}, find A  B .
(ii) If A = {a, b, c}, B =  , find A  B .

Solution. (i) We have, A  B = {3,5,7,9,11}  {7,9,11,13}
Since, 7,9,11 are the only elements which are common to both the sets A and B.
 A  B  7,9,11
(ii) We have, A  B  a,b,c     . Since, there is no common element.
Example 3. Let A = {x : x is a natural number} and

B = { x : x is an even natural number}. Find A  B
Solutions: We have, A = { x : x is a natural number}. A = {1, 2, 3, 4,......}
B = {x : x is an even natural number}. B = {2, 4, 6,.......}
We observe that 2, 4, 6,..... are the elements which are common to both the sets
A and B. Hence, A  B = {2, 4, 6.......} = B.
INTERSECTION OF MORE SETS
The intersection of n  n  3  sets A 1,A 2,A 3.........A n is defined as the set of all
those elements which are in A i 1  i  n  for each i.
n
The intersection of A1,A2.......,An is denoted by  A i 
i 1
n
In symbols, we write,  A i  { x : x  A i for all i, 1  i  n}
i 1
DISJOINT SETS : Two sets A and B are said to be disjoint, if A  B =  . If A  B   ,

then A and B are said to be intersecting sets or overlapping sets. e.g. Let
A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {a, b, c}  A  B =  , hence A and B are disjoint.
Solved example:
1. Which of the following pairs of sets are disjoint ?
i) A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = { x : x is a natural number and 4  x  6 }.

ii) A = { a, e, i, o, u}, B = { c, d, e, f}
iii) A = {x : x is an even integer}, B = {x : x is an odd integer}
Solution:
i) We have, A = {1, 2, 3, 4}; B = {x : x is a natural number and 4  x  6 }
 B = { 4, 5, 6 }  A  B = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }  { 4, 5, 6 } = { 4 }
Here, A  B  , hence A and B are not disjoint sets, but are intersecting sets.
ii) We have, A  B = { a, e, i, o, u }  { c, d, e, f } ={ e }
Here, A  B  , hence A and B are not disjoint sets but are intersecting sets.
iii) We have, A = { x : x is an even integer} = { ..... – 2, 0, 2, .......}

and B = { x : x is odd integer } = { ...–3, –1, 1, 3, ....}
Hence, A  B  , hence A and B are disjoint sets
Complement of a set :Let U be the universal set and A is a subset of U. Then, the
complement of A with respect to (w.r.t) U is the set of all elements of U which
are not the elements of A. Complement of A with respect to U is denoted by
A ' or A .
c
In symbolic form A’ = {x : x  U and x  A} clearly, A’ = U – A

For example : If U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and A = {2, 4, 6}
then, A’ = U – A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} – {2, 4, 6}  A’ = {1, 3, 5}

Some results on complementation :
* U’ = {x  : x  U} = 
*  ’ = {x  U : x   } = U
* (A’)’ = {x  U : x  A’} = {x  U : x  A } = A
* A  A’ = {x U : x  A}  {x U : x  A } = U
* AB  (A  B)  (B  A)or (A  B)  (A  B)

1.If A={1,2,3,5,6,7} and B={2,4,6,8,10}, then A  B =_______.
1){1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} 2){1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10}
3){1,2,5,6,7,8,10} 4){1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}
2. If A={1,2,3,5,7,9} and B={2,4,7 ,9,10}, then A  B =_______.
1){1,2,3,4,5,7,9,10} 2){2,7,9} 3){1,2,3,5,7,9} 4){2,4,7,9,10}
3. Which of the following are disjoint sets?
1) A={2,4,6,8,10} and B={1,3,5,7,9} 2)A={1,2,3,4,5} and B={2,5,7}
3)A={2,3,5,7} and B={3,5,7} 4)A={9,8,7} and B={6,7,8}
4. If  ={1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10} and A={2,3,5,7}, then A|=______.
1){1,2,4,6,8,9,10} 2){1,4,6,8,9,10} 3){2,3,5,7} 4){8,9,10}

JEE MAIN
1. A  B 
1) {x : x  A or x  B} 2) {x : x  A and x  B}
3) {x : x  A or x  B} 4){x : x  A and x  B}
2. If A ={1,4,6} and B = {1,2,3,4,5,6} then A  B 
1){1,4,5} 2){1,4,6} 3){1,2,3,4,5,6} 4){1,2,3,4,5}
3. If A={1,2,3}, B={2,3,4} and C = {3,4,5,6} then A   B  C  
1){1,2,3,4} 2){2,3,4,5,6} 3){1,2,3,4,6} 4){1,2,3,4,5,6}

4. If A={1,4,6} and B= {1,2,3,4,5,6} then A  B  ____.
1){1,2,3,4} 2){1,4,6} 3){1,2,3,4,5,6} 4){2,4,6}
5. If A={1,2,3,4}, B={5,6,7}, then A  B  ____.
1)A 2)B 3)  4){2,3,5}
6. If A  1,4,6 , B  1,2,3,4,5 ,then the A  B 
1) {1,2,3,4,5,6} 2) {1,2,3,4,5}
3) {1,4} 4) {1,2,3,4}
7. If A = {1,2,3,4,5,6}, B = {3,4,7} the A  B 
1) {3,4,7} 2) {1,2,3,4,5,6} 3) {3,4} 4) {1,2,3,4,5}

8.If A = x / x  N, x is a prime numbers lessthan 10
B  x / x  N, x is an odd numbers lessthen 10 and
C  x / x  N, x is an even numbers lessthen 10 the  A  B   C 
1)  2) {1,2} 3) {5,6,7} 4) {1}
9. If A  B, then A  B =
1) A 2) B 3)  4) A  B
10. Let A={1,2,3},B={3,4},c={4,5,6} then A  (B  C)     

1){3} 2){1,2,3,4} 3){1,2,5,6} 4){1,2,3,4,5,6}
11. If A  2,3, 4,8,10 , B  3,4,5,10,12 , C  4,5, 6,12,14 then  A  B   A  C 
1) 2,3, 4,5,8,10,12 2) 2, 4,8,10,12 3) 3,8,10,12 4) 2,8,10
2. Sets A and B have 3 and 6 elements respectively. What can be the

minimum number of elements in A  B ?
1) 3 2) 6 3) 9 4) 18
13. If A = {x : x = 3n, n  Z } and B = {x : x = 4n, n  Z }, then A  B =
1) 12n 2) 15n 3) 10n 4) n2
14. If A  {2, 4} and B  {3,5} then A  B =

1) {2, 3,4,5} 2) {3, 5} 3) {2,3, 4} 4) {3, 4}
15. If n(u)  60, n(A)  21, n(B)  43 then greatest value of n  A  B  and least
value of n  A  B  are
1) 60, 43 2) 50, 36 3) 70, 44 4) 60, 38
16.Let A and B be two sets such that A  B  A . Then A  B is equal to
1)  2) B 3) A 4) A  B
17. If A, B are two sets having same universal set, then A – B =
1) A|  B 2) A  B 3) A  B| 4) None
18. If A  B then A  B =
1) A 2) B 3)  4) A  B

JEE ADVANCED
19. If A = {x/x is even natural numbers}, B = {x/x is odd natural numbers},
then A  B 
1) N 2) Set of natural numbers
3) W-{0} 4) Z
REASONING TYPE:
20. Statement I: If A = {Set of even natural number}, B={set of odd natural number},
then AB  
Statement II: Let A and B be two sets the symmetric differance of sets A and B
is the set  A  B    B  A  and it is denoted by A  B .
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
The union of two sets A and B is the set of all those elements which are either in
A or in B
21. If A  x : x  2n  1,n  5,n  N and B  x : x  3n  2,n  4,n  N , then A  B is
1) 1,3,4,5,9,11 2) 1,3,5, 7,9,10,11 3) 1,3, 4, 5, 7,9,10,11 4) 1, 3, 4, 5,10,11
22. The smallest set Y such that Y  1, 2  1, 2,3,5,9 then the value of Y is
1) {3, 5, 9} 2) {5, 9} 3) {1, 5, 9} 4) {1, 2, 3, 5, 9}
23. If A  x : x  z, 2  x  2 and B  x : x  z,0  x  3 , then A  B 
1) {0, 1, 2, 3} 2) {0, 1, 2} 3) 2, 1,0,1,2 4) 2, 1,0,1,2,3
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:

If A = {1,2,3,4}, B = {4,5,6}, then
a) A  B = 1) 6
b) A  B = 2) 1,2,3, 4,5,6
c) n  A  B  = 3) { 4}
d) n  A  B  = 4) 1
5) 2

25. Let A  2,3,5,7,9 , B  2,3,4,5,6 , then n  A  B  = ________.
26. AB 
1)  A  B    A  B  2)  A  B    B  A  3)  A  B    B  A  4)  A  B    A  B 
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a)  A  B  = 1)    A  B 
|
b) B – A= 2) 
c)  A  B    B  A  = 3) A|  B|
d) If A  B   then n  A  B  = 4) B   A  B 
5) 0
28. A = { x / x is a prime number less than 10} then n(A)=________.
29. If B  1,4,6,9 C  1,2, 4,7,8,10 , then n(B – C) = ________.
30. If A  4,5,8,12 B  1,4,6,9 and C  1,2,4,7,8,10 the A   B  C  
1) {4, 5, 8, 12} 2) {0} 3) {5, 12} 4) {4, 5}

31. A  x : x  3n ,n  4,n  N , then the n(A) = _____________.
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:

 A  B
|
a)  1) A  B
b)  A  B  
|
2) A  B |
c) A   A  B   3) A|  B|
d) A  B  4) A|  B|
5) B  A|

SETS & RELATIONS SYNOPSIS-4
VENN DIAGRAM: A Venn diagram is merely a closed figure and the points of the
interior of the closed figure represents the elements of the set under consideration.
Generally given below closed figures are used to represent the sets
Note:
* It brings out relationship in sets and their use in simple logical problems.
* Universal set  is represented by a rectangular region.
* Each subset is represented by a closed bounded figure placed within these

rectangular regions.
Venn-diagrams illustrating various relationships in sets
1. To represent A   where  is the universal set :
The universal set  is represented by a rectangle and its subset A is represented

by a circle placed inside this rectangle as shown.
Clearly, the shaded region (which lies within the rectangle but outside the
circle) represents A  or Ac.
2. To represent two subsets A and B of a universal set such that A  B  :

The universal set  is represented by a rectangle, a circle representing the set
B is placed in this rectangle and a smaller circle representing the set A is
placed wholly inside the circle representing the set B.
In this Venn - diagram, we can represent the various operations –(A  B), (A  B),
(A –B) and (B – A). These operations are shown by the shaded portions in the

following figures.
3. To represent two intersecting subsets of a universal set.

The universal set  is represented by a rectangle and its two intersecting subsets
A and B are represented by two intersecting circles labelled as A and B
respectively,
In this Venn diagram, we can represent the various operations (A  B), (A  B),
(A – B), (B – A),  A  B  ,  A  B  etc. These operations are shown by the shaded
portions in the following figures.

4. To represent two disjoint subsets of a universal set :
The universal set  is represented by a rectangle and its two disjoint subsets A
and B are represented by two disjoint circles labelled as A and B respectively.
In this Venn - diagram, we can represent the various operations – (A  B), (A  B),
(A – B) and (B – A). These operations are shown by the shaded portions in the
following figures :
5. To represent three intersecting subsets of a universal set :

The universal set  is represented by a rectangle and its three intersecting
circles labelled as A,B and C respectively.
In this Venn - diagram, we can represent the various operations such as

(A  B  C), (A  B  C) etc., as shown by the shaded portions in the following
figures :

JEE MAINS
1. In the following venn diagram, the number of elements in the set A is
A B
3 1
4 6 8
5 7
9
1) 3 2) 5 3) 2 4) 4
2. In the following diagram ,the shaded portion represents :
A B
1) (A  B)  B 2) (A  B)  (B  A) 3) (B  A)  A 4) (A  B)  (B  A)

3. A = { 1, 3, 5, 7 }, B = { 3, 5, 8, 9, 10 } is represented in the form venn diagram
A B A B A B A B
1 5 1 8 3 8 3 8
3 3 1
1) 9 2) 9 3) 9 4) 1 9
7 8 7 5 5 7 5
10 10 10 10
4. In the given figure, B   A  B  =
11
10 12
7 1 4
8 2 5
3
9 6
A
B
14 13
1) { 2, 4, 6} 2) { 4, 5, 6} 3) { 4, 8, 9} 4) { 1, 2, 3}
5. From the given diagram which one of the following is true?
A
B
C
1) C  B 2) B  A 3) A   4) All the above

6. From the given diagram A – B =
13 14
21 6
5 7 10
3 4 8 9
11 A 12 B
1){1,2,3,4,5} 2) { 6,7,8,9,10} 3){ } 4) {12,13,14}

7.From the given diagram the shaded portion represents :
A B
1) A  B  B 2) A – B = B 3) A  B  B 4) A  B  A

8. From the given diagram the shaded portion represents :
1) A  B   2) B  A   3) A  B  A 4) A  B  A
9. From the given diagram the shaded portion represents :
1) B – A 2) B  A  B 3) B  A  A 4) A  B  A
10. A = { Group who like Hritik Roshan}, B = {Group who like Sharukh Khan}
If it is given A  B   , then the Venn diagram
A B
1) 2) 3) 4)
11. In the following diagram  A  B   A  B is

A B
7 1 5
8 2 6
1)  2)  3) A 4) B
12.From the above diagram  A  B    A  B  is
A B
8 3
1
9 4
2
10 5
7 6
1) { 8, 9 10} 2) { 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 }
3) { 2, 4, 8, 9, 10} 4) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10 }

13. From the given venn diagram  A  B    A  B  is
A B
8 1 5
9 2 6
10 3 7
1) {3, 4, 5, 7, 8} 2) {1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7} 3) {1, 2, 3, 6, 7} 4) {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8}
JEE ADVANCED
B
1
2
14. 6A7 , Based on the above diagram, which of the following is false ?
8 3
5
4
1) A – B = { 1, 2 } 2) B – A ={ 5 , 4} 3) A = B 4) A  B  { 7,8 }
REASONING TYPE:
15. Statement-I: If x  A and x  u then it represents A 
Statement-II: If A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {1, 2, 4, 6 },  = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 }, then
A   B is { 8 }
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
B 9
4
5
1
A 2 6 10
3
8
7
11
16. In the given diagram A  =

1) { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} 2) { 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11}
3) { 8, 9, 10 } 4) { 7, 8, 9 }

17. In the given diagram B =
1) { 1, 7, 8, 9 } 2) { 9, 10, 11 } 3) { 8, 9, 10 } 4) { 7, 8, 9 }
18. In the given diagram A  B =
1) { 1, 7, 8, 9 } 2) { 9, 10, 11 } 3) { 8, 9, 10 } 4) { 7, 8, 9 }
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
19. See Venn diagram and match the following.
9
1 4
3
5 6
A
7
B
Column-I Column-II
a) A  B  1) {7, 9}
b) A  B  2) {4, 6, 7, 9}
c)  A  B  =
c
3) {1, 3, 4, 5, 6}
d)  A  B  =
c
4) {1, 3, 5}
1) A 2) B 3)  4) AC
20. See the given diagram and match the following.
A B
14
4 7
1
13
5 2 8
6 3 9
15 12
10 11
Column - I Column - II
a)  A  B =
c
1) {10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
b)  A  B  =
c
2) {1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
c)  A  B  =
c
3) {4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}
d)  A  B    A  B 
c c
4) {1, 2, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15}

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
See the given diagram and answer the following:
A B
1 6
4
2 7
5
3 8
9 10 11
21. A–B=
1) { 1, 2, 9} 2) { 1, 2, 10} 3) { 1, 2, 3} 4) { 1, 2, 11}
22.  A  B  A c
1) {1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} 2) {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}

3) {1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11} 4) {2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
23.  A  B  A   B c c
1) { 1, 2, 3, 9, 10} 2) {1, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11}

3) { 1, 2, 3, 6, 7} 4) { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE:
24. Let U = R. If A = { x  R : 0 < x < 2 } , B = { x  R : 1 < x  3 }, then which of the
following is true ?
1) A   x  R : x  0 or x  2 2) B  x  R : x  1 or x  3
3) A  B  x  R : 0  x  3 4) A  B  x  R : 1  x  2
REASONING TYPE:
25. Statement I : A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {5, 6, 7, 8} , then A  B  { } 
Statement II : The pictorial representation of sets is known as venn diagram
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
a)  A  B  ' p)    A  B 
b) B  A q) 
c)  A  B    B  A  r) A ' B'
d) If A  B  , then n  A  B  s) B   A  B 
t) 0

27. In the given figure n  A  B   ______.

28. In the figure, the shaded part represents
1) A – B 2) A  B' 3) A   A  B  4) A  B
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16}, A = {x /x is a factor of 12} and
B = { x/ x is a factor of 16}
a)  A  B    B  A  p) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, 8, 16}
b)  A  B  ' q) {3, 6, 12, 8, 16}
c)  A  B  ' r) {3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14,16}
d) A  B s) {5, 7, 10, 14,9}
t) {1, 2, 4}
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
30. In the above figure, A  B is

1) { 11, 9, 7} 2) { 2, 3, 5} 3) {3, 9, 3} 4) {2, 5, 3, 7, 9}
31. In the above figure A – B is
1) { 7, 9, 11} 2) {9, 11} 3) {7, 10, 9, 11} 4) {4, 6, 8, 10}
32. In the above figure  A  B ' is
1) {4, 6, 8, 10, 7, 9, 11} 2) {4, 6, 8}
3) {4, 6, 8, 10, 9, 11, 12} 4) {7, 9, 11}

Cardinal Properties of Sets:
Let A and B be two non empty intersecting sets .In counting the elements of
A  B ,the elements of A  B are counted twice ,once in the counting the ele-
ments of A and second time in counting the elements of B.
A – B (AB) B – A
A B
 n  A  B   n  A   n B  n  A  B
If A  B   , then n  A  B   n  A   n  B  .
It is also clear from the Venn diagram that:
i. n  A  B  n  A   n  A  B ii. n B  A   n B  n  A  B .
Example-1: In a class of 45 students, each one plays either Cricket or Hockey. If 30
of them play Cricket and 27 play Hockey, find:
(i) How many play both Cricket and Hockey ?
(ii) How many play Cricket only ?
(iii) How many play Hockey only?
C – H CH H – C
C H
Sol: Let C = {Students who play Cricket} and H = {Students who play Hockey}.
Then, C – H = {Students who play Cricket only}
H – C = {Students who play Hockey only}
 n  C   30, n  H   27 and n  C  H   45 .
(i) n  C  H   n  C   n  H  n  C  H  [Using n(A – B) = n(A) – n  A  B  ]

= (30 + 27 – 45) = 12.
 Number of students who play both the games = 12.
(ii) n(C – H) = n(C) – n  C  H  [Using n(A – B) = n(A) – n  A  B  ]
= (30 – 12) = 18
 Number of students who play Cricket only = 18.

(iii) n(H – C) = n(H) – n  C  H 
= (27 – 12) = 15.
 Number of students who play Hockey only = 15.
Set theory in practical problems :
In this section, we shall learn the utility of set theory in practical problems.
If A is a finite set, then the number of elements in ‘A’ is denoted by n(A).
Let A and B be two finite sets, then two cases arises.
Case I. A and B are disjoint
In this case, there is no common element in A and B.
 n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B)
Case II. A and B are not disjoint
In this case, we have
i) n(A  B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A  B)
ii) n(A  B) = n(A – B) + n(B – A) + n(A  B)
iii) n(A) = n(A – B) + n(A  B)
iv) n(B) = n(B – A) + n(A  B)
Let A, B, C be any three finite sets, then n(A  B  C) = n((A  B)  C)
= n(A  B) + n(C) – n((A  B)  C)
= n  A   n  B   n  A  B    n  C   n   A  C    B  C  
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – [ n(A  C) + n(B  C) – n((A  C)  (B  C)) ]
= n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(A  C) – n(B  C) + n(A  B  C)
 n(A  B  C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) – n(A  B) – n(B  C) – n(C  A) + n(A  B  C)
Solved Examples :
1. Let A and B be two finite sets such that n(A – B) = 15, n(A  B) = 90, n  A  B  = 30 .
Find n(B).
Sol : We have n(A  B) = n(A – B) + n(A  B) + n(B – A)  90 = 15 + 30 + n(B – A)
 n(B – A) = 90 – 45 = 45.
Now n(B) = n(A  B) + n(B – A)  n(B) = 30 + 45 = 75.
Some other results :
1. n  AB   n  A  B    B  A  
= n  A  B   n  B  A  [  (A – B) and (B – A) are disjoint sets. ]
= n  A   n  A  B   n  B   n  A  B  = n(A) + n(B) – 2n  A  B 

2. n  A   B   n   A  B    n  U   n  A  B 
 
3. n  A   B   n   A  B    n  U   n  A  B 
 
Solved Examples :
1. In a survey of 400 movie viewers, 150 were listed as liking ‘Veer-Zaara’, 100 as
liking ‘Aitraz’ and 75 were listed as both liking ‘Aitraaz’ as well as ‘Veer-Zaara’.
Find how many people were liking neither ‘Aitraaz’ nor ‘Veer-Zaara’.
Sol : Let U denote the set of movie viewers. Let V denote the set of people liking ‘Veer-
Zaara’ and A denote the set of people liking ‘Aitraaz’. Then,
n(U) = 400, n(V) = 150, n(A) = 100, n  V  A  = 75
Now, n  V   A    n  V  A   n  U   n  V  A 
= n(U) – n(V) – n(A) + n  V  A  = 400 – 150 – 100 + 75 = 225

1. If n(A)=3, n(B)=5 and n  A  B   7 , then n  A  B  =____.
1)0 2)1 3)2 4)3
2. If n(A)=5, n(B)=3 and the sets A and B are disjoints n  A  B  =____.
1)6 2)7 3)8 4)9
3. If n  A  B  =10,n(A)=3 and n  A  B  =5 then n(B)= ____.
1)11 2)12 3)13 4)14
4. If n  A  B  =11,n(B)=4 and n  A  B  =6 then n(A)= ____.
1)11 2)12 3)13 4)14
5. If A and B are disjoint and n  A   3 , n  B   7 , then n  A  B   _____.
1)10 2)4 3)5 4)7
6. If n  A   6 , n  B   10 and n  A  B   4 then n  A  B   ____.
1)16 2)12 3)14 4)7
7. If n  A   4, n  B   10 and n  A  B   2 , then n  AB   ____.
1)12 2)10 3)14 4)18
8. n  A  B   n  A  B   ____.
1) n  A  2) n  B  3) n  A  B  4) n  A  B 
9. n  A  B   5 , n  B  A   4 and n  A  B   3 then n  A  B   ____.

1)9 2)6 3)12 4)10

JEE MAINS
1. The number of elements in a set is called _______
1) Even number 2) Odd number
3) Composite number 4) Cardinal number
2. H = {x:x is a factor of 16}, then n(H) = _______
1) 3 2) 5 3) 4 4) 1
3. A = {x/x is a letter in the word ASSASSINATION}, then n(A) = _______
1) 6 2) 3 3) 5 4) 0
4. If A and B are two sets containing 3 and 6 elements respectively what can be the
maximum number of elementy in A  B .
1) 3 2) 9 3) 6 4) 4
5. If A and B are two sets such that n(A – B) = 24, n(B – A) = 19 and n  A  B   11
then n  A  B  =
1) 43 2) 30 3) 54 4) 35
6. T  x : x / x  x , then n(T) =
1) 3 2) 2 3) 0 4) 5
7. A  x : 3x  2  0, x  Q , then n(A) =
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 0
8. Out of 80 students who appeared in a combined test in scinece and
Mathematics, 64 passed in at least one subject. If 45 passed in science
and 52 in maths then number of students failed in maths only is
1) 12 2) 28 3) 33 4) 24
9. In a class 80 students are there, out of them 6 play foot ball and Hockey, 10 play
Hockey and cricket 12 play foot ball and cricket, 4 play all the three games, 24
play Football, 32 play Hockey, 34 play cricket then how many of them play none
of the game.
1) 14 2) 24 3) 34 4) 44
10. F = {x/x is a prime number, 90 < x < 96}, then n(F) =
1) 2 2) 3 3) 1 4) 0
11. In a group of 70 people, 37 like coffee, 52 like tea and each person like atleast
one of the two drinks. The number of persons liking both coffee and tea is
1) 16 2) 13 3) 19 4) 20
12. H = x / x  W, 2x  3  6 , then n(H) =
1) 3 2) 0 3) 1 4) 2
13. In a committee 50 people speak French, 20 speak Spanish and 10 speak
both Spanish and French. The number of persons speaking at least one
of these two languages is
1) 60 2) 40 3) 38 4) 58

14. P = {x/ x  N , x is a multiple of 5, x 2  400 }, then n(P) =
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
15. If the set of factors of a whole number 'n' including 'n' itself but not '1' is
denoted by F(n). If F 16   F  40   F  x  then 'x' is
1) 4 2) 8 3) 6 4) 10
JEE ADVANCED
16. F = {set of vowels in English alphabet}, then n(F) =
1) 5 2) Odd number 3) Prime number 4) Composite number
REASONING TYPE:
17. Statement I: A = {x/x is an even prime > 3}, then n(A) = 0.
Statement II: Cardinal number of a set is represented by n(B).
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If (i) A  B contains elements which are either in A or B or in both.
(ii) A  B contains elements which are common to both A and B.
18. A = {x/x is a natural number, x  2 }, B  x / x  W, x  8 , then n  A  B  =

1) 9 2) 10 3) 11 4) 12
19. P = {a, b, c, d} and Q = {b, c, d}, then n  P  Q  =

1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
20.  2
  
If R  x / x  n , n  N, 2  n  5 ; S  x / x  n, n  N, n  17 , then n  R  S  =
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
21. Column -I Column -II
a) P  { x / x  N and 1  x  7}, n  P   1) 3
b) Q = {x/x is a multiple of 17, x < 52}, n(Q) = 2) 14
c) R = {x/x is an even number, x < 30}, n(R) = 3) 5
d) S = {x/x is a square number, x < 50}, n(S) = 4) 7
22. Cardinal number of an empty set is __________.

23. U   x /x  y  1, y  N, y  6 ; V  x /  y  1, y  N, 2  y  5 , then
1) n  U   n  V  2) n  U   n  V  3) n  U   n  V  4) n  U   n  V 
24.  = {1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 10}, A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {4, 5, 6, 7} =
1) n  A  B   3 2) n  A  A   10 4) n    A   5
c
3) n(B – A) = 2
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
 = {1, 2, 3, ..., } is the universal set; A = {x/x is an even natural number};
B = {x/x is a prime number}; C = {x/x is an odd natural number}
25. n  A  C =
1) n(A) 2) n(C) 3) 0 4) n  A  C 
26. n  A  C  =
1) n  A  C  2) n    3) n(A) 4) n(C)
27. n  A  B  C =
1) n(A) 2) n(B) 3) n    4) n  A  B  C 
28. In a group of 52 persons, 16 drink tea but not coffee and 33 drink tea then
1) 17 drink tea and coffee both
2) 16 drink tea and coffee
3) 19 drink tea but not coffee
4) No of persons who drink coffee but not tea = 19
REASONING TYPE:
29. Statement - I : If A and B are two sets such that n(A) = 37, n(B) = 26 and
n  A  B   51 then n  A  B   12
Statement - II : n  A  B  n  A   n  B  n  A  B
1) Both statements I and II are true 2) Both statements I and II are false
30. Given n(A) = n(B) = 9, n  A  B   0, and n  A  B  is y , then y – 9=_______.
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
a) n  A  B   n  A  B  = p) n(A)
b) A  B  ,n  A  B  = q) A, B are disjoint
c) n  A  B   n  A  B  = r) n(B)
d) n  B  A   n  A  B  = s) n(A) + n(B)
t) n  A  B   n  B  A 

1. I n t r od u ct i on : The role of relations in our daily life is very important where each
relation has its own significance. For example :
i) Relation of mother and son.
ii) Relation of wife and Husband
Similarly, in Mathematics also, there is a variety of relations, whose knowledge
is crucial. Here, also each relation has its own meaning and significance. Let us
understand this with the help of following examples.
i) 4 is the square of 2  Relation between 2 and 4.
1
ii) sin   Relation between sin and cos ec .
cos ec
In all of the above examples, we conclude that every relation involves a pair
of objects in a particular order. In this chapter, we’ll study about these ordered
pairs and mainly about relations and functions in mathematics.
2. Ordered Pairs :
If a pair of elements is listed in a specific order, then such a pair is called an
ordered pair. This ordered pair is written by listing the two objects in the specified
order, separated by comma and enclosing the pair in parenthesis.
e.g. The ordered pair of two elements a and b is denoted by (a, b) : a being first
element and b is second element.
Note: * Two ordered pairs are equal if their corresponding elements are equal.
Example: (a, b) = (c, d)  a = c and b = d
* Remember (a, b)  (b, a)
As we know that graphically the ordered pair (2, 3) means that abscissa, x = 2
and ordinate, y = 3.
Thus, from the graph it is obvious that ordered pairs (2, 3) and (3, 2) represent
two different points and hence, they are not equal.
x 2 5 1
Ex 1 : If  +1, y   =  ,  , find the values of x and y.
3 3 3 3

x 2 5 1 x 5 x 5
Sol : We have,  +1, y   =  ,   1    1  x = 5 – 3 = 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
2 1 1 2
 y   y   y=1  x = 2, y = 1
3 3 3 3
1. Cartesian product (or Cross Product) of two sets :
The Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted by A × B (read ‘A cross B’), is
the set of all possible ordered pairs (a, b), where a  A and b  B .
In set-builder form, A  B   a, b  /a  A, b  B
Similarly, the Cartesian product B × A of the sets B and A is the set
B  A   b, a  /b  B, a  A ; Thus,  a, b   A  B but  b, a   A  B .
 b, a   B  A but  a, b   B  A unless a and b both belong to A and B.
Example :- Find the Cartesian products A × B and B × A of the sets A and B,

where A = { 1, 2, 3}, B = { x/x 2 = 1 }
Sol : Writing the set B in tabular form, B = { –1, 1}.
Thus, we have A = { 1, 2, 3 }, B = { – 1, 1 }
 By definition, A × B = { (1, –1), (1, 1), (2, –1), (2, 1), (3, –1), (3, 1) }
B × A = { (–1, 1), (–1, 2), (–1, 3), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3) }
Method of writing the set A × B in roster form
Step 1 : Write the sets A and B in roster form.
Step 2 : Take an elements of A as the first member and all the elements of B as
second member one by one, and form ordered pairs.
Step 3 : Repeat step 2 for all the elements of A.
Step 4 : Write a set with all the ordered pairs obtained using steps 2 and 3.
This diagram is known as arrow diagram of A × B.

The arrow diagram of A × B in the above example is as given below.

Note: • If A or B is a null set , A  B  
• If A  B, A  B  B  A .
Cartesian product A × A
The cartesian product of a set A with itself, written as A × A, is the set of all
ordered pairs (a, b), where a  A and b  A . For example, let A = { 1, 2 }.
Then A × A = { (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2) }

Cardinal number of Cartesian product :
The cardinal number of the Cartesian product A × B, denoted by n(A × B), is the
product of the Cardinal numbers of the sets A and B, that is , n(A × B) = n(A).
n(B) where n(A) = Cardinal number of A = number of elements of A.
n(B) = Cardinal number of B = number of elements of B.
Clearly, n(A × B) = n(B × A).
Example: Find n(A × B) if A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 } and B = { x/2  x  7, x  N}.
Sol : Here, A = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }. So, n(A) = 5.
B = { x/2  x  7, x  N } = { 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 }. So, n(B) = 6.
 n(A × B) = n(A).n(B) = 5.6 = 30.
Note: If n(A) = k, the number of subsets of A is 2k, i.e., 2n(A).
So, the number of subsets of A × B is 2n(A × B), i.e., 2n(A).n(B)

Graphical representation (lattice diagram) of Cartesian product of two sets :

Let A ={ 1, 2 } and B = { 2, 3}. Then, A × B = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3) }
B × A = { (2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2) }.
Take two mutually perpendicular lines OX and OY. Using a scale represent the
numbers 1 and 2 (members of A) one OX, and the numbers 2 and 3 (members of
B) on OY. Draw lines parallel to OY through the points representing 1 and 2
(members of A). Again, draw lines parallel to OX through the point 2 and 3
(members of B). Write the ordered pairs of numbers at the points of intersection
of the lines drawn. Similarly, we can represent B × A graphically as shown in
the figure given below.
Ordered triplet : If A, B and C are three sets, then (a, b, c), where a  A, b  B and c  C ,
is called ordered triplet.
Cartesian Product of three sets :
If A, B and C are three sets, then A × B × C = { (a, b, c) : a  A, b  B and c  C }.
Ordered triplet is also called 3 - tuple.
In general, if A1, A2,...., An are n sets, then (a1, a2, ...., an) is called an n-tuple,
where a i  A i , i  1, 2, .....,n and the set of all such n-tuples is called the cartesian
product of A1, A2, ...., An and is denoted by A1 × A2 × ..... × An.
In symbolic form.
A1 × A2 × .... × An = { (a1, a2, ...., an) : a i  A i , 1  i  n }
Example 3 : If A = { –1, 1}, find A × A × A.

Sol : A × A = (–1, 1) × (–1, 1) = { (–1, –1), (–1, 1), (1, –1), (1, 1) }
A × A × A = { (–1, –1), (–1, 1), (1, –1), (1, 1) } × (–1, 1)= { (–1, –1, –1), (–1, –1, 1),
(–1, 1, –1), (–1, 1, 1), (1, –1, –1), (1, –1, 1), (1, 1, –1), (1, 1, 1)

1.If (a, b)=(10, 15) then b = ______.
1)10 2)5 3)15 4)Both 2 & 3
2. If (x + 3, y + 3)=(9, 13), then x + y = ____.
1)16 2)22 3)28 4)30
3. If (x + 2, y + 1) = (3, 4), then xy = ____.
1)4 2)3 3)7 4)1
4. If (x – y, xy) = (2, 3), then _________
1) x = 2 y = 1 2) x = 3, y = 1 3) x = 1, y = 2 4) x = 3, y = 3
5. If A={a,b,c} and B={1,2}, then A×B=____.
1){ (a,1)(a,2)(b,1)(b,2)(c,1)(c,2)} 2){ (a,1)(b,1)(c,1)}
3){ (a,2)(b,2)(c,2) 4){ (a,1)(b,2)(c,1)}
6. If A={1,2,3} and B={4,5}, then n(A×B)=____.
1)5 2)6 3)7 4)8
7. If n(A)=2 and n(B)=3, then the number of sub-sets of A×B is ____.
1)8 2)16 3)32 4)64
JEE MAINS
1.If (y, x – 2) = (x, 0), then x and y are
1) 1, 2 2) 2, 2 3) 2, 1 4) 1, 4
2. In the ordered pair (p, q), p is
1) First coordinate 2) Second coordinate 3) Coordinate 4) Both 1 & 2
3. If (x + y, 1) = (3, x – y), then x and y is
1) 2, 1 2) 1, 2 3) 3, 0 4) 2, 3
4. If A  1,2,3 ,B  3, 4 ,C  4,5,6 , then A   B  C  
1) 1, 4 ,  2,4 ,  3, 4 2)  4,1 ,  4,2 ,  4,3

3)  3, 4  ,  3,5  ,  3,6  4)  3,1 ,  3,2 ,  3,3
5. If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then the number of elements in A × B are
1) mn 2) nm 3) 2mn 4) mn
6. A  1,2 ,B  3,4 then A   B    
1) 1,2 2) 
3) 1,3 , 1, 4 ,  2,3 ,  2, 4 4)  3,1 ,  3,2 ,  4,1 ,  4,2

7. A relation is a set of _____.
1) Ordered pairs 2) Elements 3) Numbers 4) Sets
8. The cartesian product A × A has 4 elements among which is found
(1, 2). The remaining elements are
1) (1, 1) 2) (2, 1) 3) (2, 2) 4) All
9. If A  B   then
1) A is a null set 2) B is a null set
3) Either A or B is a null set 4) Both A and B are null sets
x 2  4
10. If   1, y   = 1,  , then x and y are
3 3  3
1) (2, 1) 2) (2, 3) 3) (0, 2) 4) (1, 2)
11. If  
x, x  y   5, 2 , then x and y are
1) (25, 21) 2) (34, 33) 3) (42, 54) 4) (24, 24)

12. A  1,2,3 ,R1  1,2  ,  3,2 , 1,3  ,R 2  1,2 ,  3,6  ,  2,3 is
1) R1 is a relation on A but not R2 2) R 2 and R1 are relations on A
3) R1 and R 2 both are non-relations on A 4) None of these
13. A  B   a,1 ,  a,5  ,  a,2 ,  b,2 ,  b,5  ,  b,1 then which is true
1) A  a, b 2) B  1,5,2 3) n  A  B   6 4) All the above

JEE ADVANCED
14. Which of the following are true ?
1)  a, b   a, b 2)  a, b   a, b 3)  a, b   a, b 4) a   a, b 
REASONING TYPE:
15. Statement I:  a, b    b, a  .
Statement II:  a, b    b, a  iff a  b.
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If (a, b) = (p, q), then a = p, b = q.
16. If (x + 1, 1) = (2, y – 2), then x = ____, y = ____
1) 2, 3 2) 3, 2 3) 1, 1 4) 1, 3

17. If (x, y) = (–y, x – 2), then x = ____, y = ____
1) –1, 1 2) 1, –1 3) 0, 1 4) 1, 0
18. If (2x – 3, y + 2) = (3x, 2y + 5), then x = _______, y = ______
1) –1, 3 2) –3, –3 3) 1, –3 4) –2, –3
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
19. Column -I Column -II
a)  x, y  / x  y  6 1) (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)
b)  x, y  / x  y 2) (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3)
c)  x, y  / x  y 3) (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)
d)  x, y  / x  y 4) (2, 4), (4, 2)

20. In an order pair (2, 3), the sum of the 2 coordinates is ________.
21. If  a  b, ab    4, 3  , then
3
1) a = 3, b = 1 2) a – b = 2 3) a + b = 4 4) ab 
4
REASONING TYPE:
22. Statement I: A ‘Relation’ is a set of ordered pairs.
Statement II: Every set of ordered pairs is a relation.
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) A is greater than B 1) A  B
b) a is perpendicular to b 2) a || b
c) a is parallel to b 3) A > B
d) A is subset of B 4) a  b
24. R = {(x, y)}: (2x + 3y) < 10, x, y  N }, then the set of ordered pairs are
1) (1, 1) 2) (1, 2) 3) (2, 1) 4) (1, 3)

REASONING TYPE:
25. Statement I: If A  1,2 ,B  3, 4,5 then n  A  B   6 .
Statement II: If n  A   m and n  B   n then n  A  B   mn
1) Both Statements are true, Statement II is the correct explanation of
Statement I.
2) Both Statements are true, Statement II is not correct explanation of
Statement I.
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If A, B are two non-empty sets as A  1,2,3 ,B  4,5 and C   , then
26. A  B  C 
1) 1, 4 , 1,5  ,  2, 4 ,  2,5  ,  3,4 ,  3,5  2) 
3) 1, 4  , 1,5  4) 1,2,3, 4,5
27. A  B  C 
1) 1, 4 , 1,5  2) 
3) 1, 4 , 1,5  ,  2, 4  ,  2,5  ,  3, 4  ,  3,5  4)  4,1 , 5,1
28. A  B  C 
1)  2) 1, 4 , 1,5 
3) 1, 4 , 1,5  ,  2, 4  ,  2,5  ,  3, 4  ,  3,5  4) none
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) A   B  C  1)  A  B    A  C 
b) A   B  C  2)  A  C    B  D 
c) A   B  C  3)  A  B    A  C 
d)  A  B    C  D 4)  A  B    A  C 
30. A and B are two sets having 2 elements in common. If n  A   5, n  B   3 ,
then n  A  B    B  A   ________.
31. If A, B are two non-empty sets then
1) A  B   a, b  a  A, b  B 2) A  B  B  A
3) A  B  B  A  A  B 4) n  A  B   n  B  A 
32. Set builder form of the relation R  1,3  ,  2, 4 ,  3,5  is R   x, y  y  x  ______

Describing a relation :
1. List form or Roster form : In this method we list all the ordered pairs that satisfy
the formula given in the relation.
Example :- i) E is the relation having the property ‘is equal to’ for its elements.
Sol: Given that E is the relation consisting all those ordered pairs whose first
coordinates are equal to the second coordinates. Therefore
E = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)}
2. Set builder form of a relation :- In this method we discribe the relation by stating
the property that connects the first and second coordinates of every ordered pair
of the relation.
Example :- Write the relation E, L and G in A = {1, 2, 3} described in the provious
example in the set builder form.
Sol: i) E = 1,1 ,  2,2 ,  3,3 =  x, y  /  x, y   A  A, x  y

Inverse relation :
Example 1 : If R =  2,3 ,  2,4 ,  3,4 ,  4,3 ,  3,2 ,  4,2 is a relation in A = {2, 3, 4].
Find R–1
R–1 =  3,2 ,  4,2 ,  4,3 ,  3,4 ,  2,3 ,  2,4 Observe that R = R–1
Types of Relations :
1. One-One Relation : A relation R : A  B is said to be one-one relation if no two
elements of A have the same image in B.
A A
R
5
1 6
2 7
Example : 3 8
4 9
2. One to many Relation : A relation R : A  B is said to be one-to-many relation

if an element of A is related to two or more elements of B.
A B
R
1 4
5
2
6
Example : 7
3
8
3. Many-one Relation : A relation R : A  B is said to be many one relation if two

or more elements of A are related to an element of B.
A R B
1 a
2
3
Example : 4 b
5
4. Many-many Relation : A relation R : A  B is said to be many-many relation if

two or more elements of A are related to two or more elements of B.
A B
R
1 4
2 5
Example :
3 6
Types of relations on a set :

Suppose R is a relation on a set A. That is R  A  A . We shall now discuss
certain types of relations on a set A.
i) Reflexive relation : R is a relation in A and for every a  A, (a, a)  R, then R is
said to be a reflexive relation.
Examples :
1. Every real number is equal to itself. Therefore “is equal to” is a reflexive
relation in the set of real numbers.
2. If Q is the set of all rational numbers and R is a relation in Q defined by
(x, y)  R if and only if x < y, then R is not reflexive, for x  x for any x  Q .
3. The relation R = { (a, a), (b, b), (c, d), (c, a), (c, c), (d, d) } in A = { a, b, c, d }
is reflexive. For (a, a), (b, b), (c, c), (d, d)  R.
4. l1, l2 are two straight lines in a plane. R is a relation in the set of lines in
the plane defined by l1 is parallel to l2 if (l1 l2)  R. Then R is reflexive as
every line is parallel to itself.
5. In the set of all triangles in a plane the relation defined by ‘is congruent to’
is a reflexive relation.
ii) Symmetric relation : R is a relation in A and (a, b)  R implies (b, a)  R then
R is said to be a symmetric relation.
Examples :
1. In the set of all real numbers ‘is equal to’ relation is symmetric.
2. In set of all natural numbers the relation R defined by ‘x is a factor of y if
(x, y)  R’, then R is not symmetric. For (2, 6)  R (since 2|6)

But 6 is not a factor of 2.  (6, 2)  R
3. In the set of all triangles in a plane the relation R defined by ‘triangle 1 is

similar to the triangle  2 ’ is symmetric. For if 1 is similar to  2 , then  2 is
similar to 1
Anti symmetric relation : R is a relation in A. If (a, b)  R and (b, a)  R implies a = b,
then R is said to be an anti symmetric relation.
Examples :
1. In the set of all natural numbers the relation R defined by ‘x divides y if and only
if (x, y)  R’ is anti symmetric. For if x|y and y|x, then x = y.
2. A is a set of sets. R is a relation in A defined by ‘(X, Y)  R if and only if X  Y ’.
Then R is anti symmetric.
(X, Y), (Y, X)  R implies that X  Y and Y  X , So that X = Y.
 R is anti symmetric.
3. In the set of all real numbers the relation ‘  ’ is an anti symmetric relation. For
x  y and y  x imply x = y for x, y  R.
4. The relation R = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3) } in the set A = { 1, 2, 3 } is an anti
symmetric relation as the condition for anti symmetric relation for the
elements of R is trivially true. But it is not a reflexive relation, because 1, 2,
3  A, but (3, 3)  R though (1, 1), (2, 2)  R.
Transitive relation : R is a relation in A. If (a, b)  R and (b, c)  R implies (a, c)  R, then
R is called a transitive relation,
Examples :
1. In the set of all real numbers the relation ‘is equal to’ is a transitive relation. For
a = b, b = c implies a = c.
2. A is the set of all lines in a plane. R is the relation ‘is perpendicular to’ in A.
Then R is not a transitive relation. For l  m, m  n do not imply l  n. Infact l  n.
Thus R is not transitive.
Equivalence relation : A relation R in a set A is said to be an equivalence relation if
it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
Examples :
1. T is the set of all triangles in a plane. For x, y  T, the relation R is defined by ‘x
is congruent to y’. Then R is an equivalence relation. For x, y  T,
a) x  x for all x  T b) x  y, y  z imply x  z c) x  y, implies y  x
2. In the set of all real numbers the relation ‘is equal to’ is an equivalence relation.
For a  R , a = a, a = b implies b =a and a = b, b = c implies a = c.
3. In the set of positive integers the relation R’ ‘x divides y’ for  x, y   R is not an

equivalence relation for it is not symmetric.
Note : To show that is given relation is not an equivalence relation it is enough to
see that one of the properties reflexive, symmetric, transitive is not true.
Identity Relation : The relation IA on A is called the identity relation, if every
element of A is related to itself only. Hence, mathematically, the relation
IA = { (a, a) : a  A } is called the identity relation on A.
Example : If A = { 1, 2, 3 } be any set, then IA = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3) }. Also, the set of
ordered pairs represented by { (1, 1), (3, 3) } is not an identity relation because of
the absence of (2, 2).
SETS AND RELATIONS WORKSHEET - 7

  1  1   1 
1.If R1  1,1  2,   3,   4,   , then domain of R1 is
  4   9   16  
1){1,2,3} 2){1,2,3,4} 
3) 1,
1 1 1
, ,
4 9 16  
4) 1, 2,
1 1
,
9 16 
2. If R1  1,1 4, 2  9, 3 16, 4  , then Inverse relation is
1) 1,1  4, 2  9, 3  2) 1,1  4, 216, 4 
3) 1,1 2, 4   3, 9   4,16  4) 1,1  2, 4   3, 9 

3. A={1,2} B={x,y,z} then how many distrinct relation canbe formed from A into B?
1)64 2) 26 3)63 4)32
4. A={1,2} B={x,y,z} then how many relation canbe formed from A into B?
1)64 2) 26  1 3)63 4)32
5. If A={1,2,3,4}, then IA =_____.
1) 1,11, 21,3 1, 4  2) 1,1 2, 2  3, 3   4, 4 
3) 1,1  2, 2  3, 3  4) 1,1  2, 2  4, 4 
 1 
6. Given that R= (1,2),(2,3),( ,3) is a relation. Then domain of R is
 2 
 1  1
1) 1, 2,3 2) 2,3 3) 1, 2,  4) 1, 2, 2,3, 
 2  2
7. If A={1,2} and B={3,4},the number of relations from A to B is
1) 2 2 2) 2 4 3) 2 6 4) 23

JEE MAINS
Single Correct Choice Type:
1. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6} then which of the following is a relation from
A to B?
1) 1,6 ,  3,4 , 5,2 2) 1,5  ,  2,6 ,  3,4 ,  3,6

3)  4,2 ,  4,3 4)  4,1 ,  5,2 ,  6,3
2. If A = { a, b} then the number of relations from A to A is________.
1) 15 2) 16 3) 4 4) 2
3. The domain of relation R = {(a, b) / a  N,a  5,b  4 }
1) 1,2,3,4,5 2) 1,2,3 3) 0,1,2,3,4 4) 1,2,3, 4

4. If a set A has n elements then the number of relations defined on A is
2 2
2) 2n  1
n
1) 2( n ) 3) 2 4) 22 n
5. Let A ={1,2,3,4}, R={(2,2),(3,3),(4,4),(1,2)} be a relation on A. Then R is
1) reflexive 2) symmetric 3) Not transitive 4) anti symmetric
6.The relation R = {(x, x3):x is a prime number less than 6} in roster form is
1)  2,8  ,  3,27  ,  5,125  2)  2,4 ,  3,4 , 5,25

3)  2,4 ,  3,9 4) none
7. If A = {3, 5}, B = {7, 11} and R = {(a, b) : a  A,b  B , a – b is odd} is a_______

relation.
1) symmetric 2) empty 3) transitive 4) equivalance
8. Domain of R ={(x,1/x): 0< x<6,x  z}
1) {0,1,2,3,4,5,6} 2) {1,2,3,4,5} 3) {1,1/2,1/3,1/4,1/5} 4) {1,2,3}
9. The relation R={(1,1)(2,2)(3,3)} on the set {1,2,3} is
1) Symmetric only 2) Reflexive only
3) Transitive only 4) An equivalence
10. If R and S are two symmetric relations, then
1) ROS is symmetric 2) SOR is symmetric
3) ROS–1 is symmetric 4) ROS is symmetric if and only if ROS = SOR
11.The relation ‘congruent’ on the set of all triangles is a
1) reflexive only 2) symmetric only
3) anti symmetric relation 4) equivalence relation
13.The relation ‘is subset of’ on the power set P(A) of a set A is
1) symmetric 2) anti symmetric
3) equivalence relation 4) none of these

14. Which one of the following relations on R is an equivalence relation ?
1) a R1 b  a  b 2) a R2 b  a  b
3) a R3 b  a divides b 4) a R4 b  a < b
15. Let S be the set of integers. For a, b  S, a R b if and only if a  b < 1 , then
1) R is not reflexive 2) R is not symmetric
3) R = { (a, a) ; a  I } 4) R is not an equivalence relation
JEE ADVANCED
16. Let R be the relation on the set N of natural numbers defined by
R = { (a, b) : a + 3b = 12, a  N,b  N } then
1) Domain of R = { 9, 6, 3} 2) Range of R = {1, 2, 3}
3) R = { (9, 1), (6, 2), (3, 3)} 4) R = {(2, 3), (3, 1)}
REASONING TYPE:
17. Statement I : R is a relation from {11, 12, 13} to {8, 9, 10} defined by y = x – 3 then
R 1   8,11 , 10,13  ,  9,12
Statement II : The relation R–1 = {(b, a): (a, b)  R }
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If A  1,2,3,4 ,B  1,3,5 and R is the relation from A into B consisting (x, y) with
the property x < y.
18. R = ______.
1) 1,3 , 1,5  ,  2,3 ,  2,5  ,  3,5  ,  4,5  2) 1,3 ,  2,3 ,  3,5 
3)  3,1 ,  3,2 4)  3,1 , 5,1 , 5,3 , 5, 4
19. R–1 = ________.
1)  3,1 ,  3,2 , 5,3 2) 1,3 ,  2,3 
3)  3,1 ,  5,1 ,  3,2 , 5,2 , 5,3 , 5,4 4) 1,3 , 1,5  ,  3,5  ,  4,5 
20. Domain of R =__________.
1) {1, 2, 3, 4} 2) { 1, 3, 5} 3) {2, 3} 4) { 3, 4}
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
a) = is ______ relation p) reflexive
b)  is _____ relation q) symmetric
c)  is _____ relation r) transitive
d) || is _____ relation s) not reflexive
t) equivalance

22. Given n(A) = 3, n(B) = 2 , and the number of relations from A to B is x, then x – 60
is_______.
REASONING TYPE:
23. Statement I : The relation “is parallel” to is equivalence relation
Statement II : The relation is reflexive, symmetric, transtive then it is equivalence
relation
24. Let a relation R1 on the set R of real numbers be defined as (a, b)  R1  1 + ab >
0 for all a, b  R, then R1 is
1) Reflexive 2) symmetric
3) Equvalence relation 4) Transitive relation
MATRIX - MATCH TYPE:
a) A = {set of lines}, then the nature of
Relation on set ‘A’ which is defined as
‘perpendicular to’ is p) identity relation
b) Let ‘P’ be the set of all points in a line.
Let ‘R’ be the relation on ‘P’ defined by
aRb iff ‘b’ is exactly 1cm from ‘a’, a, b  P,
then ‘R’ is q) symmetric relation
c) R and S are equivalence on a set then
R  S is a r) reflexive relation
d) = is a _______ relation s) transitive relation
t) equivalence relation
REASONING TYPE:
26. Statement I : Let R be the relation on the set of all integers defind by (x, y)  R
 x  y is divisible by n R is an equivalence
Statement II : The relation R is reflexive symmetric and transtive then it an
equivalence relations.

FUNCTIONS SYNOPSIS - 1
Relation :
Set of all possible assosiations from A into B is called relation from A into B.
Number of relations from A into B = 2n A.n B 
Function or Mapping:
Let A, B are two non empty sets and ‘f‘ be a relation from A to B, then f is said to
be a function from A to B, if every element of A is associated with unique
element in ‘B’. It is denoted by f : A  B .
Domain, Co-Domain and Range of Function :
f:A  B is read as “f is a function or mapping from A to B” , where “A” is called
domain of “f” , “B” is called co-domain of “f”
Set of elements in the co-domain which are the images of the elements in the
domain is called Range of the function.
In f: A  B, Range of f is denoted by f(A) and f(A) = Rf = { f(x) / x  A }
Number of functions possible from A to B are [n(B)]n(A) .
Illustration:
domain of f = { 1,2,3,4}
codomain of f = { a,b,c,d}
range of f = { a,b,c}
Here f(1) = a, f(2) = b, f(3) =c, f(4) = b.
Image of 1 is ‘a’ and pre-image of a is ‘1’ under the function f.
Illustration:
The above example is not a function because element 4 is not having any image.
Illustration:

In the above example ‘2’ is having two images b, c. So it is not a function.
Number of functions (or mapping) From A to B :
Let A = {x1, x2, x3,....., xm } (i.e., m elements)
and B = { y1, y2, y3, ......,yn } (Ii.e., n elements)
f:A B
x1 y1
x2 y2
...
... ...
...
xm yn
The each element in domain xi s (i = 1, 2, ..., m) corresponds n images.

i.e, x1 can take n images.
x2 can take n images.
................................
................................
xm can take n images.
Thus, total number of functions from A to B  n × n ×...m times = nm
i.e. (Number of elements in co-domain) Number of elements in domain.
Illustration: If ‘f’ and h are relations from A to B where A = {a, b, c, d}, B = {s, t, u}
defined as follows : f(a) = t, f(b) = s, f(c) = s, f(d) = u, h(a) = s, h(b) = t, h(c) = s,
h(a) = u, h(d) = u which one of the following statements is true.
1) f and h are functions 2) f is a function, h is not a function
3) f and h are not functions 4) f is not a function and h is a function
Sol : f associates every element of A to a unique element of B  f is a function
h(a) = s, h(a) = u  h is not a function .
Constant Function:
Function f : A  B is said to be a constant function if all the elements of the
domain are assigned to a single value in its co-domain, i.e., x  A, c  B such
that f ( x )  c
* Graph of constant function is a straight line parallel to x-axis.

Illustration :
f  {(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 2), (4, 2),.......}

* Range of constant function is a singleton set.
* The number of constant functions possible from A to B is n(B).
Identity Function:
A function f : A  A is said to be an Identity function on A if f ( x )  x , x  A .
* In general Identity function on ‘A’ is denoted by IA.
* Every Identity function is a bijection.
* The inverse of identity function is itself.
* If f  f 1 then ‘ f ’ is called an Identity function.
The adjacent graph represents f ( x )  x , x  R .which is the identity function on R.
Real Variable Function :

Function f : A  B is said to be real variable function if A  R .
Real Valued Function:
Function f : A  B is said to be real valued function if B  R .
Real Function:
Function f : A  B is said to be real function if A  R and B  R.
Sum, difference, product and quotient of real functions

Let f and g be two real functions and D  D f  Dg
Let D   then
i) ( f  g )( x )  f ( x )  g ( x ), x  D
ii) ( f  g )( x)  f ( x )  g ( x ), x  D
iii) ( fg )( x )  f ( x).g ( x), x  D
 f  f ( x)
iv)   (x)  ,  x  D   x g ( x )  0
 g  g (x)
Composite Function:
If f : A  B and g : B  C are two functions, then the composite function of f
and g is denoted by gof .
gof : A  C is defined by ( gof )( x)  g[ f ( x)], x  A
gof is possible if range of f  domain of g
Let f : A  B , g : B  C , h : C  D are three functions

f : A  B and hog : B  D then ( hog )of : A  D defined by
(hog )of ( x )  h[ g ( f ( x ))]x  A
gof : A  C , h : C  D then ho ( gof ) : A  D defined by
ho( gof )( x )  h[ g ( f ( x))]x  A
 ( hog )of ( x)  ho ( gof )( x ) (Associative property of composite functions)
Polynomial Functions :
A function y  f ( x )  a0 x n  a1 x n 1  a2 x n  2  .........  an where a0 , a1 , a2 ,.....an are real
numbers, n is a non-negative integer and a0  0 , is called nth degree polynomial

function.
Illustration :
f ( x)  x 2  2 x  3 (polynomial of degree 2)
g ( x ) =7 (polynomial of degree 0)

Rational Function:
A function defined as the ratio of two polynomials is called a Rational Function.
p( x)
f ( x)  is a rational function if p ( x ) , q ( x) are the two polynomials provided
q ( x)
q ( x )  0 for any ‘x’
x 2  3x  5
 x  5 2
1
Illustration : f ( x)  ; f ( x) 
x2  3 2x  5
FUNCTIONS WORKSHEET - 1
1. f : A  B is a function then A, B are respectivley.
1) domain, range 2) domain, co domain
3) co domain, range 4) range, domain
2. f : A  B then f(A) is called
1) domain 2) co domain 3) range 4) function
3. If f : A  B is a function then
1) f(A) = B 2) f(A)  B 3) f(A)  B 4) B  f(A)
4. IfA={a,b,c} and A={e,f,g} then no.of functions possible from AtoB are
1)25 2)27 3)9 4)6
5. If n  A   4, n  B   5 , then no.of one-one function from A to B _____.
1)120 2)24 3)100 4)125
6. If f  x   x 2  2 and g  x   x  4 , then (f+g)(2)=______.

1)10 2)8 3)12 4)16
7. If f  x   x  2 and g  x   x  2 , then (fg)(x)=____.
1)  x  2 2)  x  2
2 2
3) x 2  4 4) x 2  4
f
8. If f  x   x 2  2x and g  x   x then    x   _____.
g
2)  x  2
2
1)x+2 3)x–2 4) x 3  2x 2
9. If f  x   x 2  4 and g  x   x 2  4 ten (f–g)(x)=_____.

1)8 2)–8 3)16 4)–16
10. If f  x   x  1 , then fof (x)=_____.
1)x+2 2)x 3)x+1 4)x+3

11. If f : A  B is a constant function which is onto then B is
1) a singleton set 2) a null set 3) an infinite set 4) a finite set
12. The graph of Identify function is
1) Straight line passing through origin 2) symmetric about y-axis
3) parallel to x-axis 4) parallel to y-axis
JEE MAINS
1. If n(A) = 5, n(B) = 2, then the number of relations from A to B is
1)512 2) 500 3) 1023 4) 1024
2. If A = { 1,2,3,......m}, B= { 1,2,3,.......n}, then number of function from A to B is
1) nm 2) mn 3) mn 4) n+m
3. Set of elements in the co-domain which are the images of the elements in the
domain is called ..........
1) Domain 2) Range 3) Co-domain 4) Subset
4. If f : R  R defined by f(x) = 2x–3,if x>3; = x2, if 1  x  3 ;
= 3x+2, if x  1 , then f(–3) =

1) –8 2) –7 3) 8 4) 7
5. If A= {0,2,4,6,......28}, then number of constant function from A to A is
1) 28 2) 15 3) 14 4) 1
6. If A= {1,3,5,7,9,11}, then number of Identity functions from A to A is
1) 11 2) 6 3) 1 4) 121
7. Graph of constant function is a ___________parallel to x - axis
1) a circle 2) a straight line 3) a parabola 4) Origin
8. The number of constant functions that can be defined from {1,2,.,100} to {a,b,c..z}
is
1) 100 2) 26 3) 10026 4) 26100
9.The total number of functions from A to itself is 256, then n(A) =
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
10. If f   2, 4 0,6 2,8  , then 3f =

1)  2,8  , 11,2 ,  2,15 2)  2,12 ,  0,18 ,  2,24
3)  4,2 ,  6, 4 , 1,3  4)  4,4 ,  0,6 ,  4,8 

11.Number of relations from A into B is
n B 
1) 2n  A  n  B  2) 2n  A n  B  3) 2n  A  n  B  4) n  A 
1
12. If f ( x )  ( x  1) then ( fof )( x ) =
1 x
1 1 1 x2
1) 1  2) 1 3) 1 4)
x x x x
13. If f   a,1 ,  b, 2 ,  c,3  , then f 2  g 2 
g   a, 2 ,  b,0  ,  c,1
1)  a, 1 ,  b, 2  ,  c, 4  2)  a,3 ,  b, 2 ,  c, 2

3)  a, 4  ,  b, 4  ,  c,9  4)  a,5 ,  b, 4  ,  c,10 
14. If a function F is such that F(0) = 2, F(1) = 3, F(n+2) = 2F(n) – F(n+1),
then the value of F(5) is
1) 11 2) 12 3) 13 4) 14
If f and g are real functions difined by f  x   2x  1 and g  x   x
2
15. then
 f  3
1)  3f  2g 1  1 2)  fg  2  10 3) g  2  128
3
4)    2 
 g  2
1 1
16. If f ( x ) is a polynomial function such that f ( x ) f   = f ( x)  f   and
x  x
f (2)  17 , then the value of f (10) is
1) 1005 2) 2005 3) 10001 4) 998
JEE ADVANCED
3 1 1
17. If f: R - {0}  R is defined by f(x) = x  3 , then the value of f (x )  f   is
x x
1
1) x 2) 3) 0 4) f 1
x
f g
18. If f  {(2,4),(0,6),(2,8)} and g  {(2, 1),(0,3),(2,5)} then  
g f
 17   5   89    1   5   89  
1)  2,  ,  ,0  ,  2,  2)  2,  ,  0,  ,  ,1 
 4   2   40    4   2   40  
 17   5   89  
3)  2,  ,  0,  ,  2,  4)  2,3  ,  0,9 ,  2,13 
 4   2   40  

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If f ( x )  4 x  1, if x  4  x 2  2, if  2  x  3  3 x  4, if x  2 then
19. f ( 3) 
1) 5 2) –5 3) –13 4) 7
20. f (0) 
1) –1 2) 4 3)–2 4)–5
21. f  2010  
1) 8037 2) 8038 3) 8039 4) 8040
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
a) p) is not one-one function
b) q) is not a function
c) The function f : R  R defined by r) is one-one function
f ( x )  ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
d) If f: R  R is defined as f ( x )  x 2 , s) is a function
then f is
t)Relation
23. If f:R  R is defined by f(x) = x + 4, for x < – 4
= 3x + 2, for – 4  x < 4
= x – 4, for x  4

Column-I Column-II
a) f  5   f  4  p) 0
b) f  f  8  q) 4
c) f  f  7   f  3  r) 11
d) 
f f  f 0  1  s) 1
t) 5
24. The number of elements in the range of a constant function is _____.
REASONING TYPE:
25. Statement I: If A={1,2,3}, then f  1,1 ,  2, 2  ,  3, 3  is an Identity function.
Statement II: The mapping f : A  A defined by f ( x )  x i.e every element of

A is f image of itself is called identity function, on A.
26. Statement - I: If f : A  B and g : B  C are two functions then the

composite function of f and g is denoted by fog .
Statement - II: If f : A  B and g : B  C are two functions, then
gof : A  C is defined by gof ( x )  g[ f ( x )], x  A

MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
a) p) is not a function
b) q) is a function
c) r) is a relation
d) s) is one-one relation
t) Mapping

ax  b
28. If f ( x )  and ( fof )( x ) = x , then
cx  d
1) b  c  1 2) d  a 3) a  b 4) b  d

29. If f : R  R , g : R  R are defined by f ( x )  2 x 2  3 and g ( x )  3 x  2 , then the value

of go( fof )(3) is ________.
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE:
a) f (x) = x +2, g (x) = x2-3,  x  R p) 6

then (fog) (2) =
b) f(x) = x +2, g (x) = x,  x  R q) x+2

then gof (x) =
c) f (x) = 1+2x, g(x) = 3 – 2x,  x  R r) x2-1

then fog (2) =
d) f(x) = x+2, h(x) = 2x,  x  R foh (2) = s) –1

t) 3
KEY
SETS & RELATIONS WORKSHEET-1
CUQ’S:
1. 1 2. 1 3. 4 4. 4 5. 2 6. 4 7. 3 8. 2
9. 4 10. 3
JEE MAINS & ADVANCED
1. 4 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3 5. 4 6. 4 7. 3 8. 4
9. 3 10.3 11. 2 12.1 13.1 14. 3 15. 3 16. 2
17. 2 18. 1,2,3 19. 1 20. 3 21. 2 22. 2
23. a  2; b  (1,4 5);c  (1,3); d  1 24. 1
25. 2,3,4 26. 1 27. 1 28. 1
29. 2 30. a  3; b  4; c  2; d  1
CUQ’S:
1. 2 2. 3 3. 4 4. 2 5.1 6. 3 7. 3
1. 2 2. 1 3. 4
4. [2] Null set is subset of every set. 5. 3
6. [ 2 ] Number of elements in a set is called cardinal number of the set.
7. [ 3 ] A = {1, 4,9,16,25}

8. 4 9. 1 10. 4 11. 4 12. 4
13. [ 3 ] A = {2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {2, 3} n(A) > n(B)
14. [ 1 ] If all the elements of A contained in B then A  B .
15. [ 4 ] Every subset of power set is its element 1,2 ,   p  A  is true

16. 3 17. 3
18. 1,2,3
19. 3 20. 1 21. 4 22. 2
23. a  3; b  4; c  1; d  2 24. Ans : 5 25. 1,3
26. 1 27. 3 28. 2 29. 1
30. [ 1 ] Th e n u m ber of su bset of A is 2 n
31. (r); (p);(p,q,r,s);(p,r,t)

CUQ’S:
1. 2 2. 2 3. 1 4. 2
1. 1 2. 3 3. 4 4. 2 5. 3 6. 3
7. 3 8.1 9. [ 2 ] If A  B then A  B  B
10. [2] B  C  {4} 11. [1] A   B  C
12. [ 2 ] n(A), = 3, n(B) = 6 minimum of number of element in A  B  6

13. [ 1 ] A = { multiples of 3}
B = { multiply of 4}
L.C.M of 3 and 4 is 12
A  B  12n
14. [1] A  B = union of A and B.
15. [1] n  u   60, n  A   21, n  B   43
Greatest value of n  A  B   n     60
Least value of n  A  B   n  B   43
16. [2] Since, A  B  A  B  A  A  B  B

17. 3 18. 1 19. 1,2,3 20. 4 21. 3
22. 1 23. 2 24. a  2; b  3; c  4; d  1 25. Ans : 3

26. 2,4 27. a  (1,3); b  4; c  2; d  5
28. [ 4 ] A = { 2, 3, 5, 7} n(A) = 4 29. Ans : 2 30. 1
31. Ans : 4 32. a  3; b  4; c  1; d  (2,5)
1. 2 2. 4 3.2 4.4 5.4 6.1 7.3 8.4 9.1
10.3 11.3 12. 2 13.2 14. 1,2,3 15. 4 16. 1 17. 2
18. 2 19. a  4; b  3; c  1; d  2 20. a  2; b  1; c  3; d  1
21. 3 22. 1 23. 2 24. 1,2,4 25. [1 ] A  B  
26. a  (p,r),b  s,c  q,d  t 27.3 28. 1,2,3
29. a  q,b  r, c  s, d  p
  {1, 2,3, 4,5, 6, 7,8,9,10,12,14,16}
A{1,2,3, 4,6,12}
B  {1, 2, 4, 8,16}
( A  B )  ( B A)  {3, 6,12}  {8,16} = {3, 6,8,12,16}
( A  B )1  {3, 5, 6, 7,8,9,10,12,14,16}
( A  B )1  {5, 7, 9,10,14}
30. [ 2 ] A = 2,3,5,7,9,11 , B = {2, 3, 5} 31. 1 32. 1
CUQ’S:
1. 2 2. 3 3. 2 4. 3 5. 1 6. 2
7. 2 8. 1 9. 3
1. 4 2. 2 3. 1
4. [2] n  A  B   n  A   n  B   n  A  B 
n  A  B  will be maximum when n  A  B  = 0  n  A  B  3  6  9
5. [3] n  A   n  A  B   n  A  B   n  A   35
n  B   n  B  A   n  A  B   n  B   30  n  A  B   35  30  11  54
6. 3 7. 3
8. [2] n     80,n  A  B   64
n  A   45,n  B   52

B' is the set of those who failed in mathematics
now n     n  B   n  B' n  B'  n     n  B   80  52  28
9. [1] 80 – 66 = 14
14 80
F 10 2 20 H
4
8 6
16 C
10. 4
11. [3] n  A  B  n  A   n  B  n  A  B  we have, 70  37  52  n  A  B 

12. 4
13. [1] n  S  F   n  S  n  F  n  S  F   n  S  F   20  50  10  60
14. 4
15. [2] F 16   2, 4,8,16 F  40   2, 4,8, 20, 40 F 16   F  40   2, 4,8  F  8 
F  x   F 8   x  8
16. 1,2,3 17. 1 18. 1 19. 4 20. 1
21. a  3; b  1; c  2; d  4 22. Ans : 0 23. 4
24. 1,2,3,4 25. 3 26. 2 27. 3
28. [1,4] Let A = set of person, who drink tea B = set of persons who drink coffee
set of persons who drink tea and coffee both = A  B
 n  A  B   n  A   n  A  B   33  16  17
no of persons who drink coffee but not tea = n(B – A)
n(B – A) = n(B) – n  A  B  = 36 – 17 = 19
29. [1] 30. Ans: 9 31. a–s; b–q,s; c–p,t; d–r
CUQ’S: 1. 3 2. 1 3. 2 4. 2 5. 1
6. 2 7. 4
1. 2 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 4 6. 2
7. 1 8. 4 9. 3 10. 3
11. 4 12. 1 13. 2 14. 1
15. 1 16. 1 17. 2 18. 2

19. a  4; b  3; c  2; d  1 20. Ans : 5
21. 1,2,3 22. 1 23. a  3; b  4; c  2; d  1
24. 1,2,3 25. 1 26. 1 27. 2
28. 3 29. a  3; b  4; c  1; d  2 30. Ans : 4
31. 1,2,3,4 32. Ans : 2
SETS AND RELATIONS WORKSHEET-7
1. 2 2. 3 3. 3 4. 1 5. 2 6. 3
The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs in a relation R from a set A to
a set B is called the domain of the relation R.
7. [2] n(A)  2, n(B)  2 : No.of relations = 2n (A).n (B)  222  24
1. [ 2 ]Domain  A and range  B
2. [ 2 ]No. of relations from A to A = 2mn  222  16
3. [ 4 ] a  N,a  5
a = {1, 2, 3, 4}
4. [1] Definition
5. [3]
Since (1,1)  R. So, R is not reflexive. Now (1,2)  R but (2,1)  R, there fore R
is not symmetric.
Clearly R is transitive.
6. [ 1 ] [ 1,2,3 ] Prime numbers less than 6 = {2, 3, 5}
7. [ 2 ] a – b is even number
  1  1  1   1 
8. [2] R  1,1 ,  2,  ,  3,  ,  4,  ,  5,  
  2  3  4   5 
9. [4]
10. [ 4 ] Since R and S are symmetric relations so R–1 = R and S–1 = S
But (ROS)–1 = S–1OR–1 = SOR
Thus ROS is symmetric if and only if ROS = SOR.
11. [4] It is reflexive,symmetric,transitive
13. [2] The relation is not symmetric, because A  B does not imply that B  A . But
it is antisymmetric because A  B and B  A  A = B
14. [1]
15. [3]For any two integers a, b if |a – b| < 1, then, |a – b| = 0
So, a = b. Hence R = { (a, a) ; a  I }.
Thus R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

16. [ 1,2,3 ] a + 3b = 12
a = 12 – 3b
putting b = 1, 2, 3 we get a = 9, 6, 3
for b = 4, we get a = 0  N
For b > 4, a  N
17. [1] R  11,8  , 12,9  , 13,10 

18. [1] 19. [3]
20. [1] 21. (p,q,r,t),[q,s],(p,r,),(p,q,r,t) 22. 232  26  64 23. [1]
24. [ 1,2 ] We observe the following properties
reflexivity : Let ‘a’ be an arbitrary element of R.
Then a R  1 + a. a = 1 + a2 > 0 [ a2 > 0 for all a R]  (a, a) R1
[By def. of R1]
Thus, (a, a) R1 for all a R. So, R1 is reflexive on R
Symmetry : Let (a, b) R1.
Then, (a, b) R1  1 + ab > 0  1 + ba > 0 [ab = ba for all a, b R]
 (b, a) R1 [By def. of R1]
Thus, (a, b) R1  (b, a) R1 for all a, b R
So, R1 is symmetric on R
Transitivity : We observe that (1, 1/2) R1 and (1/2, –1) R1 but (1, –1)  R1
Because 1 + 1× (– 1) = 0. So R1 is not transitive on R.
25. q,q,(q,r,s,t),(p,q,r,s,t)
26. [ 1 ]R satisfies reflexive, symmetric and transitive.
CUQ:1. 2 2. 3 3. 3 4. 2 5. 1
6. 3 7. 3 8. 1 9. 1 10. 1
11. 1 12. 1
JEE MAINS AND ADANCED
1. [4] Number of relations from A to B is 2mn  252  210  1024
2. [1] Conceptual
n( A)  m, n( B )  n  Number of function from A to B is n( B ) n ( A)  n m

3. [2]
4. [2] f ( 3)  3 x  2 if x  1  3(3)  2  9  2  7
5. [2] The number of constant function from A to A is 15

6. [3] The number of Identity function from A to A is 1
7. [2] 8. [2] n (2) = 26
9. [3] No. of function from A to A = n(A)n(A)= 256
10. [2] f   2,4 0,6 2,8   3f   2,12 ,  0,18  2,24 
11. [2] No. of relations from A to B = 2n  A .n  B 
1 1 x 1  x x 1 1
12. [1] f ( x)       1
1 x 1 x 1 x x x
13. [4] f 2  g 2   a,1  4  ,  b, 4  0  ,  c,9  1
14. [3] F (n  2)  2 F (n)  F ( n  1) For n=0, F (2)  2 F (0)  F (1)  2  2  3  1
For n=1, F (3)  2 F (1)  F (2)  2  3  1  5
For n=2, F (4)  2 F (2)  F (3)  2  1  5  3
For n=3, F (5)  2 F (3)  F (4)  2  5  3  13
15. [1]  3f  2g  x   3f  x   3g  x  = 3  2x  1  2x = 6x  3  2x
2 2
 3f  2g 1  6  3  2  1
16. [3]
1 1
If f ( x ) f    f ( x )  f    f ( x)  x  1
n
x x
Also f (2)  17  2n  1  17  2n  24  n  4
 f ( x)  x 4  1  f (10)  104  1  10001 ]
17. [3]
18. [3]
f g  1  1   8 5   17   5   89  
   2, 4   ,  0, 2   ,  2,      2,   ,  0,  ,  2,  
g f  4  2   5 8   4   2   40  
19. [2] f  3   3x  4  3  3   4 = – 9 + 4 = –5
[3] f  0   x  2  0  2 = –2
2
20.
21. [3] f  2010   4x  1 = 4(2010)-1= 8040-1= 8039.

22. a–r,st; b–p,q,t; c–p,s,t; d–p,s,t
a) Every element of A has a unique image in B also no two elements of A has
same image  f is one - one function (Injection)
b) In A, the element ‘4’ has no image in B
 It is not a function also not one - one function
c) The elements 1,2,3 has same image ‘0’
 f is not one - one function
23. a-r, b-p, c-q, d-t

[a) f  5   x  4  5  4  1  f  4   3x  2  3  4   2  10
 f  5   f  4   1  10  11
b) f  8   x  4  8  4  4  f  8   4  4
f  f  8    f  4  x  4  4  4  0
c) f  7   x  4  7  4  3  f  3   3x  2  3  3   2  11
f  7   f  3    3  11  8
 f  f  7   f  3    f  8   x  4  8  4  4
d) f  0   3x  2  3  0   2  2  f  f  0    f  2  3x  2  3  2   2  8
 
f f  f 0   1  f 8   1= 4 + 1 = 5
24. 1 25. 1 26. 4
27. a–q,r,t; b–p,r; c–p,r; d–p,r
a) Every element of A has unique image in B
 Given relation is a function (mapping)
b) In A ‘3’ has no image in B.
 It is not a function.
But it is a relation .
c) Every element of A has ‘3’images in B.
 Given relation is not a function.
d) In A, 5 and 3 both have ‘2’ images in B  given relationis not a function
28. 2
   
2 2
fof  3   2 2  3   3   3
2
29. fof  x   f 2x 2  3  2 2x 2  3 3   
= 2.  21  3  go  fof  3   g  885   3  885   2 = 2653
2
= 885
30. a-t, b-q, c-s, d-p
a) fog  x   f  g  x    f  x 2  3    x 2  3   2  x 2  1
 fog  2  22  1  4  1  3
b) gof  x   g  f  x    g  x  2  x  2
c) fog  x   f  3  2x   1  2  3  2x  1  6  4x  7  4x
 fog  2  7  4  2  7  8  1
d) foh  x   f  2x   2x  2
 foh  2  2  2  2  6

MATRICES SYNOPSIS - 1
The history of matrices and determinants goes back to the second
century B.C. although traces can be seen as early as the fourth
century B.C. The rectangular arrangements of certain numbers in
some rows and columns was named as “ Matrix” by J.J. Sylvester
in 1850 . Arthur Cayley (1821 - 1895 ), an English mathematician,
is also known for his matrix representation of simultaneous
equations. Since their first appearance in ancient China,
Matrices have remained as important mathematical tools. Matrix
theory is used as an indispensible tool in the
study of Physical Sciences, Engineering,
Statistics, Economics, Sociology etc. Today
they are used, not simply for solving systems
of simultaneous linear equations, but also for
describing Quantum mechanics of atomic
structure, designing computer game graphics,
analyzing relationships and even plotting complicated dance steps!
The elevation of the knowledge of matrix from a mere tool to an
important mathematical theory owes a lot to the work of a lady
mathematician, Olga Taussky Todd ( 1906 - 1995), who began by
using matrices to analyse vibrations on airplanes during World War II
and became the torch for matrix theory.
A matrix is a rectangular array of elements. Generally the elements are number. The
elements, are usually denoted by lower case letters a, b, c ....
Symbol of a matrix : To write a matrix, we arrange the numbers in a rectangular array
and enclose the array in brackets as shown below   or  
Usually capital letters of English language such as A, B, .... etc are used to the represent
matrices.
Order of the matrix : Observe the following arrangements of real numbers.
1 2 a b c
i)   ii)  
3 4 d e f 
In matrix (i) there are two rows and two columns. This is called a 2 by 2 matrix. This
is written as 2 × 2 matrix. There are 2 rows and 3 columns in matrix (ii). It is written
as 2 × 3 matrix.
There may be any number of rows and any number of columns in a matrix. If there
are m rows and n columns in matrix ‘A’ it is called m × n matrix. It is written as
Am × n. This m × n of ‘A’ is called the order of the matrix ‘A’.
If mn numbers or functions are arranged in the form of a rectangular array A, having
m rows and n columns, then A is called a m × n matrix. A m × n matrix is generally
written as

a11 a12 ......a1 j.......a1n 
 
a 21 a 22 ......a 2 j .......a 2n 
................................. 
 
................................. 
A=  
a i1 a i2 ........a ij........a in 
................................. 
 
................................. 
a 
 m1 a m2 ........a mj........a mn 
Compact form of above matrix A is A = [aij]m × n where 1  i  m; 1  j  n .
m-by-nmatrix
ai
j j changes
m n columns
rows
 a 1,1 a 1,2 a 1,3 
I a a 2,2 a 2,3  
 2,1
 a 3,1 a 3,2 a 3,3 
 
    
Trace of a matrix : The sum of the principal diagonal elements of a square matrix A is
called the trace of the matrix . It is denoted by tr A.
i.e., In a square matrix A =[aij] of order n trace of the matrix,
tr A = a11+ a22 + a33+...+ ann
Types of Matrices :
i) Square Matrix : A matrix is called a square matrix if the number of rows and columns
in the matrix are equal.
A square matrix having n rows (or columns) is called a square matrix of order n
or an n-square matrix.
In the square matrix [aij]n × n, the line containing elements a11, a22, ....., ann is called the
principal diagonal of [aij]. The elements a11, a22, ...., ann are called the diagonal
elements of square matrix [aij]n × n.
1 4 3
4 6 7 
  is a square matrix, because number of rows and columns are equal.
2 8 8 
1 4
4 6
  is not a square matrix, because number of rows and columns are not equal.
2 8 

ii) Row Matrix : A matrix is called a row matrix if it contains only one row.
Eg : i) [1 5 4 3] is 1 × 4 row matrix.
ii) [4] is a 1 × 1 row matrix.
iii) Column Matrix : A matrix is called a column matrix if it contains only one column.
1 
4
For example,   is 3 × 1 matrix.
 2 
iv) Zero (or Null) Matrix : A matrix is called a zero matrix if all its elements are zero.
For example, [0 0 0] is a zero matrix of order 1 × 3. A zero matrix is denoted by ‘O’
v) Diagonal Matrix : A square matrix is called a diagonal matrix if all its non-diagonal
elements are zero.
4 0 0 
0 2 0 
For example,   is a 3 × 3 diagonal matrix it is also denoted by, diag[4 –2 6]
0 0 6 
vi) Scalar Matrix : A square matrix is called a Scalar matrix if all its non-diagonal
elements are zero and all diagonal elements equal.
4 0 0 
0 4 0 
For example,   is a scalar matrix.
0 0 4 
viii) Unit Matrix : A square matrix is called a unit matrix if all its non-diagonal elements
are zero and all diagonal elements unity.
1 0 
For example,   is a matrix of order 2. This matrix is denoted by I2.
0 1 
1 0 0 
Similarly, I3  0 1 0 
 
0 0 1 
A unit matrix is also known as an identity matrix.

Remark : Every identity matrix and null square matrix is a scalar matrix and every scalar
matrix is a diagonal matrix.
ix) Triangular Matrix : There are two types of triangular matrices.
a) A square matrix is called an upper triangular matrix if all its elements below
principal diagonal are zero.
Thus, [aij]m × n is an upper triangular matrix if m = n and aij = 0 for i > j.
4 3 7 
0 8 11
For example,   is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 5 

b) A square matrix is called a lower triangular matrix if all its elements above the
principal diagonal are zero.
Thus, [aij]m × n is a lower triangular matrix if m = n and aij = 0 for i < j.
 2 0 0 
 7 3 0
For example,   is a lower triangular matrix.
 9 6 8 
1) Comparable Matrices : Two matrices are called comparable if the matrices are of same
order. Thus, the matrices [aij]m × n and [bij]p × q are comparable if (i) m = p and (ii) n = q.
1 4 5   3 6 8
For example, the matrices   and   are comparable.
6 9 7   2 5 7 
2) Equal Matrices : Two matrices are called equal if the matrices are of same order and
their corresponding elements are equal.
Thus, the matrices [aij]m × n and [bij]p × q are equal if
i) m = p ii) n = q and iii) aij = bij  i, j
a b 4  0 3 y 
For example, the matrices   and   are equal if a = 0, b = 3,
c x 6  6 7 z 
y = 4, c = 6, x = 7, z = 6.
Remark : Equal matrices are always comparable matrices but comparable matrices
may not be equal matrices.
3) Negative of a Matrix : The negative of a matrix A = [aij] is the matrix [–aij] and is
denoted by – A.
4 3 7   4 3 7 
For Example, if A =   , then –A =   .=
 6 8 4   6 8 4 
Addition of matrices : If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then their sum A +
B is defined and is a matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B.
In other words, if A = [aij]m × n, and B = [bij]m × n are matrices of same order, then A + B
is defined and is given by A + B = [cij]m × n, where cij = aij + bij.
2 3 6  0 6 8 
For example, if A    and B =   , then
4 0 9 7 0 8 
 2  0 3  6 6  8   2 9 14 
A+B=   .
4  7 0  0 9  8  11 0 17 
1 4
If C =   , then neither A + C nor B + C is defined.
2 3 
Remark. If two matrices are not of the same order, their sum is not defined.

Evaluate A + B, if defined, for the given matrices A and B :
1 4 3  6 8 3  3 4  3 
i) A=   , B=   ii) A=   , B=  
6 8 9  3 3 16  6 8  4
sin2   cos 2   cos 2   sin2  

iii) A=   , B =  
 1 sec 2    0 tan2  
1 4 3  6 8 3 
Sol : i) A=   ,B=   , A and B are of same order.
6 8 9  3 3 16 
 A + B is defined.
1  6 4  8 3  3  7 12 6 
 A + B = 6  3 8  3 9  16  9 5 25 
   
3 4  3 
ii) A=   , B =   A and B are of different orders.
6 8  4
 A + B is not defined.
sin2   cos 2   cos 2   sin2  
iii) A=   , B =   A and B are of same order.
 1 sec 2    0  tan2  
 A + B is defined.
sin2   cos2   cos 2   sin2   1 1
 A+B=   
 1 0 sec 2   tan2   1 1 
Difference of matrices : If A and B are two matrices of the same order, then their different
A – B is defined and is a matrix obtained by subtracting the elements of B from the
corresponding elements of A.
4 3   3 8
6 8  11 7 
For example, if A =   and B =   , then
9 15   6 8 
43 38   1 5 
6  11 8  7   
A–B=   =  5 1  .
 9  6 15  8   3 7 
Remark : By definition A – B is same as the matrix A + (–B).

Properties of Addition :
i) Commutative law of addition : If A and B are matrices of same order, then A + B = B + A.
Proof : A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]m × n
Now, A + B = [aij] + [bij] = [aij + bij] (By using definition of addition of matrices)
= [bij + aij] = [bij] + [aij] = B + A ;  A+B=B+A

ii) Associative law of addition : If A, B and C are matrices of same order, then
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
Proof : A = [aij]m × n, B = [bij]m × n, C = [cij]m × n
Now (A + B) + C = ([aij] + [bij]) + [cij]
= [aij + bij] + [cij] (By definition of addition of matrices)
= [(aij + bij) + cij] (By definition of addition of matrices)
= [aij + (bij + cij)]= [aij] + [bij + cij]  a ij , bij  R 

= [aij] + ([bij] + [cij]) = A + (B + C)  (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
iii) Existence of additive identity. If A is any matrix then A + O = A = O + A.
Here ‘O’ is the zero matrix of same order as that of A.
Proof : A = [aij]m × n and O = [0]m × n  A + O = [aij] + [0] = [aij + 0] = [aij] = A
Also O + A = [0] + [aij] = [0 + aij] = [aij] = A  A + O = A = O + A.
Remark : The zero matrix is called the additive identity for the matrices.
iv) Existence of additive inverse : If A is any matrix, then A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A.
Proof : A = [aij]m × n  –A = [–aij]m × n
Now, A + (–A) = [aij] + [–aij] = [aij + (–aij)] = [0] = O
Also (–A) + A = [–aij] + [aij] = [–aij + aij] = [0] = O
 A + (–A) = O = (–A) + A.
Remark : The matrix ‘– A’ is called the additive inverse of the matrix A.
Cancellation laws in Addition :
Theorem : If A, B, C are matrices of same order then
i) A + B = A + C  B = C (Left cancellation law)
ii) B + A = C + A  B = C (Right cancellation law)
Proof : i) We have A + B = A + C
 (–A) + (A + B) = (–A) + (A + C)
 (–A + A) + B = (–A + A) + C (By associative law of addition)
 0+B=0+C ( ‘–A’ is the additive inverse of A)
 B=C ( 0 is the additive identity)
Multiplication of a matrix by a Scalar :
If A is a matrix of order m × n and k be a scalar (any complex number), then the
scalar multiple kA of A by k is defined to be a m × n matrix whose elements are
obtained by multiplying the every elements of A by k.
In other words, if A = [aij]m × n, then kA = [cij]m × n, where cij = kaij.
4 7 3 
For example, if A =   and k = 7,
2 6 8 
 4 7 3  7  4  7  7  7  3   28 49 21
then kA = 7  2 6 8    7 2 7 6 7 8   14 42 56  .
          

If A1, A2, ....., Ak be all m × n matrices, then for numbers 1,  2 , .....,  k , the matrix
1 A1   2 A 2  ....   k A k
is called a linear combination of the matrices A1, A2, ....., Ak.
3 8 11 1 6 15 
If A =   and B =   , find 7A + 5B.
 6 3 8  3 8 17 
3 8 11 1 6 15 
Sol : 7A + 5B = 7    5 
 6 3 8  3 8 17 
7  3  7  8  7 11   5 1 5  6  5 15    21 56 77   5 30 75 

= 7 6 7 3 7 8   5 3 5 8 5 17  =  
               42 21 56  15 40 85 
 21  5 56  30 77  75  26 26 152
=    
42  15 21  40 56  85  57 61 141
1 3  1 8 4
Express 4     as a single matrix.
1 4 2  4 8 
1
 4  4 12  4 2 
1
1 3  1 8 4  4 1 4  3    2
8
2 
Sol : 4    =      = 

1 4 2  4 8  4 1 4  4    1  4  1   4 16  2 4 
8
 2 2 
4  4 12  2  0 10 
=   =  
 4  2 16  4   2 20 
Properties of Scalar Multiplication :
If A and B are matrices of the same order and k, l are numbers, then
i) k(A + B) = kA + kB ii) (k + l)A = kA + lA
iii) k(lA) = (kl)A iv) 1A = A.
Proof : A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]m × n
i) k(A + B) = k( [aij] + [bij])
= k[aij + bij] (By addition of matrices)
= [k(aij + bij)] (By definition of scalar multiplication)
= [kaij + kbij] = [kaij] + [kbij]= k[aij] + k[bij] = kA + kB  k(A + B) = kA + kB.
ii) (k + l)A = (k + l)[aij] = [(k + l)(aij)] (By definition of scalar multiplication)
= [kaij+ laij] = [kaij] + [laij] = k[aij] + l[aij] = kA + lA  (k + l)A = kA + lA
iii) k(lA) = k(l[aij]) = k[laij] (By definition of scalar multiplication)
= [k(laij)] = [(kl)aij] (By definition of scalar multiplication)
= (kl)[aij] = (kl)A  k(lA) = (kl)A
iv) 1A = 1[aij] = [1.aij] = [aij] = A

MATRICES WORKSHEET - 1
1.A Matrix in which number of rows equal to number of coloumns is called
1) Suqare Matrix 2) Rectangular Matrix
3) Row Matrix 4) Column Matrix
2. If A has “m” rows and “n” columns then the matrix is said to be of order
m
1) 2) m × n 3) m + n 4) none of these
n
3. The elements of principle diagonal, aij, where
1) i > j 2) i < j 3) i = j 4) i  j
4. In a scalar matrix all its non diagonal elements are
1) 1 2) 0 3) either zero or 1 4) neither zero or 1
5. A unit matrix has all its diagonal elements as
6. Upper triangular matrix has all it’s elements below principle diagnonal as
7. Which of the following is square matrix?
1 
2  1 2 3 1 2
1) 1,2 2)   3)   4)  
3   4 5 6 3 4 
3 0
8. A  is to be a scalar matrix, then  
0  
1
1) 0 2) 1 3) 4) 3
3
9. Which of the following is 1 × 3 matrix.
1
  1
2
1)   2) 1 2 3  3) 1 2 4)  
3  2
 
1 2 3 
10. The order of the matrix   is
 4 5 6
1) 2 × 3 2) 3 × 2 3) 3 × 3 4) 2 × 2
11. Order of the singleton matrix is
1) 1 × 2 2) 2 × 1 3) 1 × 1 4) 2 × 2
JEE MAINS
 2 4  2 x 
1. If    , then x is
 3 6   3 6 
1) 2 2)4 3) –3 4)6

 4 3   4 3 
2. If   a 
then a =
 2 16   2 2 
1) 4 2)8 3)12 4)16
2 0 0 
0 3 0 
3. Trace of a matrix   is
0 0 4 
1) 2 2)3 3)4 4)9
 2 18  1 9
Trace of matrix  is ____, where A 
4  4 2 
4.
8  
1) Tr A 2) 2 Tr A 3) 3 Tr A 4) 6 Tr A
 3 1 5 
5. In a matrix   , the element in the first row, 3rd column is ____.
 6 2 7 
1) 3 2) 6 3) 5 4) –7
 a11 a12 
6. In a matrix a   aij2  2 the element belongs to second row and first column
 21 a 22 
is denoted as
1) a11 2)a 12 3)a 21 4)a 22
 1 3 8 
 
7. If A   2 8 6  the a12  a 23  a 31  ?
 9 5 7 
1) 0 2)1 3)2 4)16
 x  3 2y  x  0 7 
8. If    , then x + y + z + a =
 z  1 4a  z  3 2a 
1)–1 2) 0 3) 1 4) 8
1 3 5 
9. If A  2 1 5  , then the trace of A is

1 0 1 
1)2 2)3 3)4 4) 1

5 1 1 0 
10. A  2 4 
;B  0 1  , then A + B =
  
6 1  6 1 6 1 5 0 
1) 2 5  2) 0 5 
3) 2 5 
4) 0 4 
     
4 9  x y 2 
11. If 3 0     , then (x,y) =
  3 0 
1)(4, 2) 2)  4, 3  2) (–2,–3) 3) (2,1)

 1 2 0   2 1 0 
 0 1 1  0 0 1  
12.    
 3 1 2  1 2 1 
 1 3 0 1 3 0   1 3 0   1 3 0
 0 1 0    0 1 0  0 1 0 
1)   2) 0 1 0  3)   4)  
 4 1 3   4 1 3   4 1 3   4 1 3 
 1 2 3  1 2 5   2 1 2
  0 2 2  and C   1 1 2
13. If A   1 2 4 ,B      then A+B+C =
 2 1 3  1 2 3   2 0 1 
 2 3 10   2 3 10  2 3 10   2 3 10 
 2 1 8  2 1 8 2 1 8   
1)   2)   3)   4)  2 1 8 
 5 1 1   5 1 1  5 1 1   5 1 1 
2 8  2 1 
14. A  ,B  then A – B =
4 5  2 5 
0 7  7 0  0 0  2 7 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
2 0  0 2  0 0  7 2 
 x - 2y 5y   20 10 
If  =
a - 2b   b 30 
15. , then a + x=
 6
1)66 2)65 3)67 4)64
 x - 2y 5y   20 10 
16. If  =
a - 2b   b 30 
, then b+ y is
 6
1) 4 2) 6 3) 8 4) 10
3 2   1 0
17. If Y    and 2X  Y    then X =
1 4   3 2 
 2 2 1 1  1 1  1 1
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 4 2 2 1  2 1 2 1
2 5 2 3 
3 1 1
3 5 5
   
1 2 4 1 2 4
18. If A   and B  simplify 3A – 5B =
3 3 3 5 5 5
   
7 2
2 7 6 2
 3 3   5 5 5 
0 0 0  0 0 0  0 2 0  1 0 0 
1 1 0  0 0 0  0 0 0  0 1 0 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
0 0 1  0 0 0  0 1 3  0 0 1 

 cos  sin    sin   cos  
19.Simplify cos     sin   
  sin  cos   cos  sin  
1 1 0 1  1 0  1 0 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
1 1  1 0  0 1  0 0 
x z  1 1 3 5 
20. If 2    3   3  then x  y  z  t 
y t  0 2  4 6
1)12 2)22 3) 18 4)24
JEE ADVANCED
a 2  b2 b2  c2   2ab 2bc 
21.  2  
a  c
2
a 2  b2   2ac 2ab 
a 2  b2  2ab b2  c 2  2bc  a 2  b2  2ab b2  c 2  2bc 

1)  2  2)  2 
 a  c  2ac a  b  2ab   a  c  2ac a  b  2ab
2 2 2 2 2 2
 a  b  2 b  c 
2
 a  b  2 b  c 
2
3)   4)  
  a  c   b  a     a  c   a  b  
2 2 2 2
 1 2  b 3   2 3
22. If A    , B  and C    and 3A + B = C then
 3 a  5 2   4 0 
2 5 1
1) a   2) b  1 3) a  b   4) a  b  
3 3 3
REASONING TYPE:
23. Statement I : If A, B and C are three matrices of same type then
 A  B  C  A  B  C 
Statement II : Matrix addition is associative
1) Both Statements are true 2) Both Statements are false.
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
2 1   7 4  7 6 
If A    , B  and C  5 4  then
5 0   2 6  
24. The value of 2B  3C  4A is
27 6   27 6 6 27  1 0 
1)   2) 
0 
3)   4)  
 9 0  9 0 9  0 1 
25. If A  3X  B then X =
3 1 3 1  1 2 0 1 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
1  2  1 2 3 4  1 0 

26. If A  B  X, A  C  Y then 2X  3Y 
25 5   5 14  5 14   25 5 
1)   2)   3)   4) 
14 0  25 0  25 0   14 0 
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
 x  2y  z 2 x  1  1 2 3 
 0 z 1 7   0 4 7
27. If  ,then match the following
 1 0 a  y  1 0 2
a)  x  y  x  y   p) 9
b)  z  x  z  x  = q) 11
c)  y  z  y  z  = r) 0
d) x  y  z  a  s) 8
t) – 9
 x  y 0  1 0 
28. If   and x 2  y 2  a 2  5, a  0 then a = __________.
 0 1   0 x  y 

5 0 0 
0 5 0 
29.   is an example of _____ matrix.
0 0 5 
1)Unit matrix 2) Scalar matrix 3) Null matrix 4) Diagonal matrix
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
 a  b 2a  c   1 5 
If    , then
2a  b 3c  d   0 13 
30. 2a + b =
1) -1 2) 1 3) 3 4) 4
31. c + 3d =
1) 12 2) 15 3) 13 4)11
32. a+b+c+d=
1) 6 2) 8 3) 10 4) 15
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) Identify matrix p) 1 5 2
1 0 0 
0 1 0 
b) Zero matrix q)  
0 0 1 
0 0 
c) Row matrix r)  
0 0 
2
8
d) Column matrix s)  
 3 

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX
Let A be a matrix of order m × n. The n × m matrix obtained from A by interchanging
its rows and columns is called the transpose of A and is denoted by AT or by AT.
Thus, if A = [a ij ] m × n , then transpose of A, A T = [b ji ] n × m , where b ji = a ij ,
1  i  m and1  j  n .
 The (j, i)th elements of AT is equal to (i, j)th element of A.
2 3 6 8
5 3 7 4
For example, let A =  .
9 8 2 1 
2 5 9
 3 3 8 

The transpose of A is the 4 × 3 matrix 6 7 2 .
 
8 4 1 
The rows (respectively columns) of AT are the columns (respectively rows) of the matrix A.
Find the transpose of the following matrices :
5 
9  5 8 7 6 2 3 
i) [1 2 6] ii)   iii)   iv)  
 0  2 3 1 0  0 8 
1 
  
Sol : i) Let A = [1 2 6]  A   1 2 6   2
6
5 
9   5 
ii) Let A =    A  9   5 9 0 
0   
0 
5 2
 
5 8  7 6  5 8 7 6   8 3 
iii) Let A =   
 A     7 1
2 3 1 0   2 3 1 0 
 
 6 0 
2 3   2 3  2 0 
iv) Let A =    A     
0 8   0 8  3 8 

Properties of Transpose :
i)  A   A , where A is any matrix.

Pr oof : Let A be m × n matrix.  AT is a n × m matrix.

  A   is a m × n matrix.  A and  A   are of same order.
For 1  i  m, 1  j  n, (i, j)th element of  A   = (j, i)th element of AT = (i, j)th element of A.
  A    A.
ii) (A + B)’ = A’ + B’, where A and B are matrices of the same order.
Sol : Let A = [aij]m × n, B = [bij]m × n
 A + B is a matrix of order m × n.
 (A + B)T is a matrix of order n × m.
AT and BT is a matrix of order n × m each.
 AT+ BT is a matrix of order n × m.
 (A + B)T and AT + BT are of same order.
For 1  i  m, 1  j  n,
(j, i)th element of (A + B)T = (i, j)th element of A + B
= (i, j)th element of A + (i, j)th element of B
= (j, i)th element of AT + (j, i)th element of BT
= (j, i)th element of AT + BT
 (A + B) = AT + BT
T
iii) (kA)’ = kA’, where A is any matrix and k is any number.

Proof : A = [aij]m × n  kA = k[aij] = [kaij].
For 1  i  m, 1  j  n,
(j, i)th element of (kA)’ = (i, j)th element of kA = k × (i, j)th element of A
= k × (j, i)th element of AT = (j, i)th element of kAT ;  (kA)T = kAT.
iv) (AB)T = BTAT, where A and B are matrices for which AB is defined.
Proof : Let A = [aij]m × n, B = [bji]n × p.
 Order of AB = m × p and order of (AB)T = p × m.
Order of AT = n × m and order of BT= p × n
 Order of BTAT = p × m
 (AB)T and BTAT are of same order.
Let AT = [cji]n × m and BT = [dkj]p × n ;  cji = aij and dkj = bjk
For 1  i  m, 1  k  p, (k, i)th element of (AB)T = (i, k)th element of AB
n n n
=  a ij b jk 
j1
 c ji dkj 
j1
d
j1
kj c ji = (k, i)th element of BTAT.  (AB)T = BTAT.
Remark :Property (iv) is known as the reversal law for the transpose of the product.
Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be a symmetric matrix if its
(i, j)th element is the same as its (j, i)th element i.e., aij = aji  i, j .

3 5 9 
5 6 7 
For example, A =   is a symmetric matrix, because a12=a21=5, a13=a31=9,
9 7 11
a23=a32= 7. In a symmetric matrix, there is no restriction of elements on the principal
diagonal. The following matrices are symmetric matrices.
4 3 6 9
 5 6 9 3 5 2 5 
4 1   6 0 5  
1 5  ,  , 6 2 10 7  .
   9 5 3  
9 5 7 0 
A necessary and sufficient condition for the matrix A to be symmetric is that AT = A.

Proof : A is a symmetric matrix.
 A is a square matrix and (i, j)th element of A = (j, i)th element of A for all i, j.
 A is a square matrix and (i, j)th element of A = (i, j)th element of A’ for all i, j.
 A = AT i.e., AT= A.
Skew - Symmetric Matrix : A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be a skew symmetric
matrix if its (i, j)th element is the negative of its (j, i)th element i.e., aij = –aji  i, j.
 0 9 6
 9 0 8 
For example, A =   is a skew-symmetric matrix, because
 6 8 0 
a12 = –a21 = 9, a13 = –a31 = –6, a23 = –a23 = 8, a11 = –a11 = 0, a22 = –a22 = 0, a33 = –a33 = 0.
In a skew -symmetric matrix, we have aij = –aji  i, j.
In particular aii = –aii  i.  2aii = 0  i. i.e., aii = 0  i.
 All the elements on the principal diagonal must be zero.
The following matrices are skew-symmetric matrices.
 0 2 3 7 
5  
0 2 0 9 8 
6
 0 5   6 
0 17   
 5 0  ,  , 3 9 0 5 
   5 17 0   
 7 8 5 0 
I. A necessary and sufficient condition for a matrix A to be skew-

symmetric is that AT = –A.
Proof : A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
 A is a square matrix and (i, j)th elements of A = –(j, i)th elements of A for all i,
j.
 A is a square matrix and (i, j)th elements of A = –(i, j)th element of AT for all i, j.
 A = – AT i.e., AT = – A.

2 4 
If A =   , show that : i) A + AT is symmetric
5 6 
ii) A – AT is skew-symmetric
2 4  2 4  2 5 
Proof : We have A =  .  A   5 6   4 6
5 6     
2 4   2 5  4 9   4 9   4 9 
i) A+A = 
T 
   = 9 12 . Now,    9 12
5 6   4 6    9 12  
 A + A’ is symmetric.
2 4   2 5  0 1 0 1  0 1  0 1

ii) A–A =      . Now,    
T
  
5 6   4 6   1 0  1 0   1 0  1 0 
 A – AT is skew-symmetric.
II. Prove that every square matrix is uniquely expressible as the sum of
a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.
Sol : Let A be a square matrix.
A  A A  A   A  A A  A A  A
 A=   
2 2 2 2
 A  A   A  A  A   A  A  A A  A

Now,      

 2  2 2 2 2
 A   A  
 A  A    A  A   A  A A  A
and       
 2  2 2 2 2
A  A A  A
 is symmetric and is skew-symmetric.
2 2
 A is expressible as the sum of symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
Uniqueness : Let A = P + Q, where P is symmetric and Q is skew-symmetric, P’ = P, QT= –Q
 AT = (P + Q)T = PT + QT = P + (–Q) = P – Q.
A  A A  A
Solving, we get P  and Q =
2 2
A  A A  A
 Representation of A as the sum of and is unique.
2 2
Remark : The result of this theorem enable us to express a square matrix as the
sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-symmetric matrix.

A  A A  A  A  A
If A is any square matrix, then A =  . Here is a symmetric
2 2 2
A  A
matrix and is a skew-symmetric matrix.
2
SOME MORE TYPES OF MATRICES:
IDEMPOTENT MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be an idempotent matrix if A2 = A.
Illustration :
 2  2  4  2 2 4  2 2 4  2 2 4
      
If A  1 3 4  , then A  AA  1 3 4  1 3 4   1 3 4A
2
    
 1 2 3  1 2 3  1 2 3  1 2 3
       
Hence A is idempotent.
INVOLUTORY MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be an involutory matrix if A2 = I.
Illustration :
5 8 0  5 8 0  5 8 0  1 0 0
      
If A   3 0  , then A   3 0  3 0   0 1 0  1
2
5 5 5
     
1   1 2  1 1 2  1 0 0 1
 2 1    
Hence A is involutory.
ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be an orthogonal matrix if AAT = I = ATA .
Illustration :
1  2 2 1  2 2
A   A   
2 2 2 2  , then 2 2 2 2 
1  2 2  2 2 1 8 0 1 0
Also, A A        1
8 2 2  2 2 8 0 8 0 1 
Similarly, A A  I . Hence A is orthogonal.

NILPOTENT MATRIX
A square matrix A is said to be an nilpotent matrix if An = O, for n  N.
If n is the least positive integer for which An = O, then n is called the index of
the nilpotent matrix A.
Illustration :
 ab b2   ab b2   ab b2  0 0
A   A 2
 AA    0
If a 2 ab , then a 2 ab a 2 ab 0 0
      
Hence the matrix A is nilpotent of the index.

1. The transpose of a given matrix is obtained by interchanging
1) Rows 2)1 Columns
3) rows and columns 4) None of these
2. The matrix obtained by interchanging the rows or columns of the given matrix is
called
1) Transpose Matrix 2) Scalar Matrix
3) Unit Matrix 4) Null Matrix
3. If a Matrix is euqal to its transpose it is called
1) Transpose Matrix 2) Symmetric
3) Skew Symmetric 4) Null Matrix
4. If A is a symmetric Matrix then
1) A  A T 2) A  A T 3) Both (1) &(2) 4) None
5. Two martices are said to be equal if and only if
1) Corresponding elements are equal 2) Orders are same
3) both(1)&(2) 4) None of these
a b  1 2
6. If    then
 c d  3 4
1) a=1,b=2 2) c=3, d=4, 3) Both (1)&(2) 4) None
7. If A is order of 3 × 2, then A order of
T
1) 3× 2 2) 2 × 3 3) 2 × 2 4) 3 × 3
8. If A is of order 2×3 ; then AT is of order
1) 2×3 2) 4 ×9 3) 3×2 4) 9×4
1 2
9. A  , then A T 
3 4 
1 2 1 3 1 3
1)   2)   3)   4) None
3 4   4 2 2 4 
1 2 3 
10. A  then AT =
4 5 6
1 4 1 2
2 5  3 4  1 2 3  4 5 6
1)   2)   3)   4)  
3 6  5 6   4 5 6 1 2 3

1 2 3 
A T  4 5 6
11. then A =
7 8 9
1 4 7  1 2 3 1 2 3  1 7 4
2 5 8   4 5 6 4 5 6 1 8 5 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
3 6 9  7 8 9 7 9 8  3 9 6 
12. If AT = A then A is called

1) Skew - symmetric 2) symmetric
3) Nilpaint matrix 4) Orthogonal matrix
 2 2 4

13. If A  1 3 4  is a idempotent matrix, then A2 = ____

 1 2 3
1) AT 2) A 3) –A 4) None
14. If A = I, then A is called _____
2
1) Idempotent 2) Symmetric
3) Involutory matrix 4) None
 5 8 0 
 5 0  is a Involutory matrix then A2 = _______.
15. If A   3
 1 2 1
1 0 0 
0 1 0 
1)   2) I3 × 3 3) both (1) & (2) 4) none
0 0 1 
16. If AA T  I  A T A , then A is called

1) Orthogonal 2) Involutory 3) Idompotent 4) None
JEE-MAINS
1 0 
1. K  then K T =
0 1 
0 1  0 0  1 0  1 0 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
1 0  1 1  1 0  0 1 

1 2 
 
2. If G  3 4  then GT is
5 6 
2 1
1 2 3 1 3 5  4 3   4 5 6
1)   2)   3)  4)  
 4 5 6 2 4 6  6 5  1 2 3
3. The traspose of 2×3 martix contains
1) 2 rows, 3 columns 2) 6 rows, 6 columns
3) 3 rows, 2 columns 4) None of these
4. If A T   A then A is ___ matrix
1) symmetric 2) Identity 3) Skew symmetric 4) None of these
1 4
5.   is a ______matrix
4 3
1) symmetric 2) skew symmetric
3) scalar 4) None of these
 2 4   21 4 
6.   k  then K=
 8 16   8 2 
1) 2 2) 4 3) 8 4) 16
a  5 5 0 5
7.    then a=
 7 9 7 9
1) 0 2) 7 3) 9 4) 5
1 5  1 5 
8. If    then P=
7 2P  7 9
5 7 9 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 2 2
9. Transpose of matrix (1 2 3) is
1 3
   
2 2
1) (3 2 1) 2) (1 2 3) 3)   4)  
3 1
   
 1 2
then  A T  
T
10. If A   
 3 4 
1 2  1 2  3 1  3 4 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
3 4   3 4   4 2   1 2

 cos  sin  
11. If A =   then A . AT
  sin  cos  
1) Null matrix 2) A 3) I2 4) AT
12. Transpose of a column matrix is
1) Column Matrix 2) Row Matrix 3) Both(1)&(2) 4) None of these
 1 3 7 
13. If V    , then V =
T
 9 4 5 
 1 9  7 5
 3 4 3 1 7   3 4 7 3 1
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 7 5   4 9 5   1 9  5 4 9 
a  b 0  7 0
14. If    then a,b are
 0 a  b 0 1
1) a = 4, b = 3 2) a = 3, b = 4 3) both (1) &(2) 4) None
P 5 5 5
15.    then P=
 8 9  8 9
1) 8 2) 15 3) 3 4) 5
16. If a matrix is symmetric, then it is
1) Row Matrix 2) Column Matrix
3) Suqare Matrix 4) Rectangular Matrix
 1 18 
 7 -10 17   
 4 6 
17 If 3A + 4B = 
T
 and 2B – 3A =
T
then B =
 0 6 31   5 7 
 
1 3 1 3  1 3  1 3 
       
1 0  1 0 1 0  1 0
1)  2)  3)  4) 
 2 4  2 4  2 4 2 4 
       
18. Which of the following is not true, if A and B are two matrices each of order n x
n, then
1) ( A  B )'  B ' A' 2) ( A  B )'  A' B ' 3) ( AB )'  A' B ' 4) ( ABC )'  C ' B ' A'
 3 4 
19. If 5A =   and A AT = AT A=I then x=
4 x 
1)3 2)-3 3)2 4)-2

 2  2  4
 1 3 4 
20. If A =  then A is
 1  2  3
1) an idempotent marix 2) nilpotent matrix
3) involuntary 4) orthogonal matrix
2 x  3 x  2
 3 2 1 
21. If A=  is a symmetric matrix then x=
 4 1 5 
1) 0 2)3 3)6 4)8
JEE-ADVANCED
MULTI CORRECT ANSWER:
 p q  5 6 
22. If    , then
 r s  7 8 
1) p = 5 2) r = 7 3) q = 6 4) s = 8
COMPREHENSION TYPE
x  y 2  12 2 
If    , then
 4 x  y   4 8
23. Value of x
1) 8 2) 10 3) 12 4) 2
24. Value of y
1) 8 2) 10 3) 12 4) 2
25. 2x–y
1) 18 2) 14 3) 12 4) 16
MATRIXMATCH TYPE:
1 0
a) If A=   then 2AT = p) 2
0 1
 4 K  2  K  2 4 
b) If    , then K= q) 2A
 K  1 2   3 K 
3 0   1 -2 
c) If A=   is a scalar matris then   r)  
0   5 6 
 1 5
d) If A=   , then AT= s) 3
 2 6 
 -1 2 
t)  
 -5 -6 

STATEMENT TYPE
7 9 
27. Statement I : The matrix V    is a symmetric matrix
9 2
Statement II : If A  A T then ‘A’ is called symmetricmatrix
1) Both Statements are true 2) Both Statements are false.

MULTI CORRECT ANSWER:
2a  b 4  9 4 
If  
8  1 a  2b 

28. then
 1
1) a = 2 2) b = – 5 3) a = – 2 4) b = 5
 x  2y 7  11 7 
If  
9   0 x 2 
29. , then
 0
1) x = 3 2) y = 7 3) y = 4 4) y = 9
COMPREHENSION TYPE
1 2  2 1 1 4
If A    B C  then the value of
3 4 4 3   2 1
30. 3B – 2C =
 4 11  4 11   4 16   4 11
1)   2)   3)   4)  
16 11  16 11  11 11  11 16 
31. ABC=
1 2  2 1   2 1   1 2 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 1 2  1 2  1 2   1 2 
32. 2A – B – 3C =
 3 17   3 17   3 17   3 7 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 4 2 4 2   4 2  8 8 

Multiplication of two Matrices :
The product of matrices is possible if and only if the number of columns of first
matrix is equal to the number of rows of the second matrix.
The order of the resultant matrix is no of rows of the first matrix by no of columns
of the second matrix.
Let A an d B m at r ices of or der s m × n an d n × p r espect ively. Th e product AB of
matrices A and B is defined only if the number of columns of A is equal to the
number of rows of B. The product AB will be a m × p matrix.
A = [aik]m × n B = [bkj]n × p
Columns in A = Rows in B
Order of AB is m × p
The ijth element of AB matrix is obtained by adding the products of the elements of
ith row of A by the corresponding elements of the jth column of B.
In ot h er wor ds, if A = [a ik]m × n and B = [bkj]n × p, then the matrix.
AB = [cij]m × p, where cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + ... + ain bnj, 1  i  m, 1  j  p .
1) In the product AB, A is called the pre-factor of AB and B, the post-factor of AB.
2) In practical problems, the product AB is found by following the steps given below :
i) Underline the first row of A and the first column of B. Multiply the elements
of first row of A by the corresponding elements of first column of B and add
the products. This gives (1, 1)th elements of AB.
ii) The (1, 2)th element of AB is obtained by adding the products of the elements
of first row of A and the elements of second column of B.
Similarly, (1, 3)th, ....., (1, p)th elements of AB are found out.
iii) Now we begin with the second row of A. The (2, 1)th element of AB is obtained
by adding the products of the elements of second row of A and the
corresponding elements of first column of B.
Similarly, we find the (2, 2)th, ....., (2, p)th element of AB.
iv) The same procedure is adopted for other rows of A.
 a11 a12   b11 b12 b13 

For example, let A = a  and B = b b23  .
 21 a 22   21 b22
Here the product AB is defined, because the number of columns (= 2) of A equals
the number of rows (=2) of B. In this case,
a a12   b11 b12 b13 *  a11b11  a12b21 a11b12  a12b22 a11b13  a12 b23 
AB   11
a 21 a 22  b
 21 b22 b23  = a 21b11  a 22b21 a 21b12  a 22 b22 a 21b13  a 22b23 

6 9  2 6 0 
To take another example, let A =   and B =  .
2 3  7 9 8 
The product AB is defined, because no. of columns (= 2) of A is equal to no. of rows
(= 2) of B. The order of product AB is 2 × 3.
6 9   2 6 0  6  2   9  7  6  6   9  9  6  0   9  8  
Here, AB = 2 3 7 9 8  = 2 2  3 7 2 6  3 9 2 0  3 8 
               
12  63 36  81 0  72  75 117 72
=   =  
 4  21 12  27 0  24  25 39 24 
For the above matrices, the products BA is not defined, because no. of columns
(=3) of B is not equal to no. of rows (= 2) of A.
Positive Integral Powers of Matrices :
Let A be a m × n matrix. By definition of matrix multiplication, the product AA is
defined only when m = n.
 AA is defined, if A is a square matrix.
The product AA is denoted by A2.
If A is a n-square matrix, than A2 is also a n-square matrix.
 AA2 and A2 are both defined and we also have
AA2 = A(AA) = (AA)A = A2A
 AA2 = A2 A = AAA
We write AAA as A3.
Similarly, we have An = AAA .... n times, n  N .
Matrix Polynomical :
Let A be a square matrix of order n. An expression of the form a0Am + a1Am – 1 + .... +
am In, where a0, a1, ...., am are scalars, is called a matrix polynomical.
If f(x) = 0 x m  1x m1  2 x m2  ....   m , then for a square matrix A of order n, we
define f(A) = 0 A m  1A m1  ...   mIn .
12 22 
If A =  2  , find A2.
3 42 
12 22  1 4 
Sol : A =  2 2 =  
3 4  9 16 
1 4  1 4   11  4  9  1 4   4 16    37 68 
 A2 = AA = 9 16 9 16 = 9 1  16  9  9  4   16 16   = 153 292 .
      

 2 -1  0 4
If A =   ,B=   , find 3A2 – 2B.
3 2   -1 7 
2 1 2 1 4  3 2  2   1 4

Sol : A2 = 3 2  3 2 = 6  6 3  4 = 12 1 
      
 1 4   0 4  3 12  0 8   3 20 
 2 =  
 3A2 – 2B = 3  3   2 14 38 11
  =
12 1   1 7  36  
Properties of Multiplication :
i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general. For matrices A and B we
need not have AB = BA.
For example, if :
a) A and B are 2 × 3 and 3 × 4 matrices, then AB is a 2 × 4 matrix where as BA is not
defined.
b) A and B are 2 × 3 and 3 × 2 matrices, then AB is a 2 × 2 matrix and BA is a 3 × 3
matrix.
c) A and B are 2 × 2 matrices, then both AB and BA are 2 × 2 matrices. Even in this
case, we may not have AB = BA.
ii) Associative law of multiplicaiton. If A, B and C be matrices of the type m × n,
n × p and p × q respectively, then (AB)C = A(BC).
Proof : A = [aij]m × n, B = [bjk]n × p and C = [ckl]p × q.
 The matrices (AB)C and A(BC) are both defined and are of order m × q each.
Let AB = [uik]m × p and BC = [vjl]n × q.
n
 uik  a
j 1
ij b jk , 1  i  m, 1  k  p ------------- (1)
p
and v jl  b
k1
jk c kl , 1  j  n, 1  l  q ------------- (2)
p p
 n 
For 1  i  m, 1  l  q , (i, l)th element of (AB)C =  uik c kl   a ij b jk  c kl [By (1)]
k1 k1  j 1 
n  p  n
=  ij  jk kl
a  b c    a ij v jl [By (2)]
j 1 k1  j 1
= (i, l)th element of A(BC).  (AB)C = A(BC).
iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive with respect to addtion
a) If A, B and C are matrices of the type m × n, n × p and n × p respectively,
then A(B + C) = AB + AC.
b) If A, B and C are matrices of the type m × n, m × n and n × p respectively,
then (A + B ) C = AC + BC

Proof : a) Let A = [aij]m × n, B = [bjk]n × p and C = [cjk]n × p.
 The matrices A(B + C) and AB + AC are both defined and are of order m × p each.
We have B + C = [bjk]n × p + [cjk]n × p = [bjk + cjk]n × p
n
For 1  i  m, 1  k  p, (i, k)th element of A(B + C) =  a b

j1
ij jk  c jk 
n n n
=  a b
j1
ij jk  a ijc jk    a ijb jk   a ij c jk = (i, k)th element of AB + (i, k)th element of
j1 j1
AC
= (i, k)th element of AB + AC (By definition of matrices)
 A(B + C) = AB + AC.
b) Similarly we can prove (A + B)C = AC + BC.
iv) The product of non-zero matrices may be a zero matrix. For matrices A and B,
it may be possible that AB = O and neither A nor B a zero matrix.
2 1  1 2
For example, let A =   and B =  .
0 0   2 4
2 1   1 2  2 1  1 2 2  2  1 4   0 0 
Here A  0, B  0 and AB      = 0 1  0 2 0 2  0 4  = 
 0 0   2  4            0 0  = O
MATRICES WORKSHEET-3
1 2
1. A    , then KA 
3 4 
 K 2K  1  K 2  K  1  K 2  K  1/K 2 /K 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
3K 4K  3  K 4  K  3  K 4  K  3 / K 4 / K 
0 2 
2. A  , then 2A =
 4 6
 0 4 0 4  0 4  0 1 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
12 8  6 8  8 12 2 3
0 2  1 3 
3. A  ,B  , then 2A – B =
1 3  2 4 
0 2  1 1  1 3  1 3 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
1 3   0 2 2 4  2 4 

2 4  3 6 
4. A , B  9 12 , then 5A – 4B =
6 8   
 2 4  2 4   3 6  3 6 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 6 8  6 8   9 12 9 12
1 2  5 6 
5. A , B  7 8  , 2A – 3B =
3 4   
1 2 5 6   13 14  13 14

1)   2)   3)   4)  
3 4  7 8   15 16  15 16
6. The order A matrix is 2×3 ; The order of B matrix is 3×1 ; so the order of the
matrix AB =
1) 3 ×3 2) 2×3 3) 2×1 4)2×2
 0 i 
7. If A   2
 , then , A =
 i 0 
 1 0  14 10   14 10  5 1

1)   2)   3) 
1 
4)  
 0 1  5 1  5 14 10 
1 0  0 0 
8. A  ;B  0 1  ; AB 
0 0   
1 0  0 1 0 0 1 1 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
0 1  0 1 0 0 0 0 
1 2  1 0 
9. A  ;B  0 1  , then AB =
3 4   
1 3  1 3 1 0  1 2
1)   2)   3)   4)  
3 7  2 4 0 1  3 4 
 1 2
10. If M    2 3  , then the order of M is
0 5
1) 1 ×2 2) 2 ×2 3) 2×2 4) undetermined
11. If A and B are two matrices such that A has identical rows and AB is defined.
Then AB has
1) no identical rows 2) identical rows
3) all of its zeros 4)cannot be determined

12. If AB = O, then
1) A = O 2) B = O
3) A and B need not be zero matrices
4) A and B are zero matrices
13. If A and B are two square matrices of order n and A and B commute then for
any real number K. Then
1) A - KI, B - KI Commute 2) A - KI, B - KI are equal
3) A - KI, B - KI do not commute 4) A + KI, B - KI do not commute
14. A nxn and Bnxn are diagonal matrices then AB =.................. matrix
1) square 2) diagonal 3) scalar 4) rectangular
15. If D1 and D2 are two 3 x 3 diagonal matrices then
1) D1 D2 is a diagonal matrix 2) D1 + D2 is a diagonal matrix
3) D1 +D2 is a diagonal matrix
2 2
4) 1, 2, 3 are correct
JEE-MAINS
1. If 1 2 3  B  3 4 , then the order of the matrix B is
1) 3  1 2) 1  3 3) 2  3 4) 3  2
 ab b2 
2. If A   2  then A =
2
 a ab 
14 10   1 0  0 0  1 0 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 5 1  0 1 0 0  0 1 
x 1
3. If A  1 0  and A 2  I , then x = _______.
 
1)1 2)2 3)0 4)4
4 2 2
4. If A    , then , A =
  1 1 
14 10  14 10   14 10  5 1

1)  5 1 
2)  5 1 3)  5 1 
4) 14 10 
     
 1 0 
5. If A    , then A  A =
3 2
 0 2 
1) 2A 2) 22A 3) A 4) I

 1 2 3 
1 0 2 
B   2 3 1
6. If A  0 1 2 , then
 3 1 2 
1 2 0 
1) AB = BA 2) AB  BA 3) AB  2BA 4) Not determined
7. If A and B are two matrices such that AB and A + B are both defined then A and B
are
1) square matrices of same order 2) square matrices of different order
3) rectangular matrices of same order 4) rectangular matrices of different order
1 3  2   P 
8.        , then P =
 0 1   1  1
1) –1 2) 1 3) 2 4) –2
4 3  x 3 
9. A , B    and BA = I, then x =
9 7  9 y 
1) 4 2) 7 3) 3 4) 11
a h x 
10. x y   
h b y
1) ax2 + 2hxy + by2 2) ay2 + 2hy + bx2
3) (ax + by) 4) (ax 2hxy by2)
 2 3
1 2 3   4 5  then
11. If A    and B 
 4 2 5   
2 1 
1) AB, BA exist and equal 2) AB, BA exist and are not equal
3) AB exists and BA does not exist 4) AB does not exist and BA exists
1 
 
12. If P = 3 , Q =
 4 
2  1 5 , then PQ =
2 1 5  2
6 3 15   3 
1)   2) 2 3 20 3)   4) 19
8 4 20  20 
a 0  0 0 
13. If A =  , B=   , then AB =
a 0  b b 
1) 0 2) bA 3) aB 4) I

14. If AB = A and BA = B then
1) A = 2B 2) A2 = A and B2 = B
3) 2A = B 4)can not be determined
0 1
15. If A =   then A5 =
1 0
1) I 2) O 3) A 4) A2
 x 1  1 4 4 14
16. If    =   , then (x,y) =
1 y   2 6 7 22
1) ( 1,-2) 2) ( 2,1) 3) (3,2) 4) (2,3)
m
17. If  m n    2 5  and m<n, then (m n) =
n
1) (2, 3) 2) (3, 4) 3)(4, 3) 4)(3, 2)
 i o o
o i o  then A 4 n 1
 ............, n  N
18.  
o o i 
1 0 0 1 0 0  i 0 0  i 0 0 
   0 1 0     
1) 0 1 0 2)   3) 0 i 0 4)  0  i 0 
0 0 1  0 0 1 0 0 i   0 0  i
0 0
19. If A=   then the value of A  A2  A3  ...... An 
1 1
1)A 2)nA 3)  n  1 A 4) 0
 1 2
20. If A    and if A6  KA  205 I then
 1 3 
1) K  11 2) K  22 3) K  33 4) K  44
JEE - ADVANCED
1 1 x 1 
If A   , B   y 1 and  A  B   A 2  B2 then
2
21.
2 1  
1) x = 1 2) y = 1 3) x = 4 4) y = 4

REASONING TYPE:
22. Statement I: If the order of a matrix A is 3×5 and that of B is 2×3 then the order
of BA is 2 × 5.
Statement II : If A is an m×n matrix, B is an n×p matrix then AB is an m×p matrix.
1) Statements I and Statement II are true
2) Statements I and Statement II are false
3) Statement I is true and statement II is false
4) Statement I is false and statement II is true.
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
 4 2 0 0  and 1 0 
If A   , O   I 0 1  , then
 1 1 
  0 0   
23. The value of  A  3I  A  2I  is
1) I 2) A 3) 0 4) 2I
24. The value of  A  2I  A  3I  is

1) 0 2) 2A 3) I 4) A
25. The value of  A  2I  A  A  3I  is
1) 0 2) 2I 3) 2A 4) I
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
3 2  4 1 1 0 
a)   = p)  
1 6   2 5  0 1 
 1 1 1 1  8 13 
b)   = q)  
 1 1  1 1 16 29 
 i 0  0 i  0 0 
c)   = r)  
0  i   i 0  0 0 
1 4  9 4  0 1
d)   = s)  
2 9   2 1  1 0 
0 i2 
t)  2 
 i 0

 3 2  x  11
27. If        , then 3x  7y  ________.
 1 2   y   5 
 1 1 a 1
If A    ,B  
1
28. and (A+B)2 = A2+B2+2AB, then
2 1  b
1) a = - 1 2) a = 1 3) b= 2 4) b = -2
REASONING TYPE:
a b 
29. Statement- 1: If a,b,c,d are real numbers and A    and A 3  0 , then
 c d 
A2  0 .
a b 
Statement- 2: For matrix A    , we have A  a  d  A  ad  bc  I  0
2
 c d 
1) Statements I and Statement II are true
2) Statements I and Statement II are false
3) Statement I is true and statement II is false
4) Statement I is false and statement II is true
1 0 a b 
30. If A   and A  
2012
  then which of the following are correct
2 1 c d 
1) a=d 2) a+b+c+d = 4026 3) a 2  b 2  d 2  2 4) b = 2012
REASONING TYPE :
31. Statement-I: If A and B are any two square matrices of order n with A3  B 3 and
A  AB   B  BA  , then A2  B 2  0
Statement-II: A and B are null matrices.
1) Both Statements are true
2) Both Statements are false.
1 0 
32. If A    and A8  KA  I then K    _________.
1 2 

KEY AND SOLUTIONS
MATRICES WORKSHEET -1
CUQ’S: 1. 1 2.2 3.3 4.2 5.1 6.2 7. 4
8.4 9.2 10.1 11.3
JEE MAINS AND ADVANCED

1. 2 2. 1 3. 4 4. 2 5. 3 6. 3
7. 1 8. 3 9. 4 10. 3 11. 2 12. 2
13. 4 14. 1 15. 1 16. 3 17. 3 18. 2
19. 3 20. 4 21. 2,3,4 22. 1,2,3 23. 1 24. 2
25. 1 26. 4 27. a - r; b - p; c - t; d - q 28. 2 29. 2,4
30. 4 31. 2 32. 3 33. a - q; b - r; c - p; d - s
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
 x  2y 5y  20 10 
We have  =
a  2b   b 30 
15.
 6
 x – 2y = 20, 5y = 10, b = 6, a – 2b = 30
 y = 2, x – 2y = 20  x = 24, a – 12 = 30  a = 42
 a + x = 24 + 42 = 66.
3 6  b 3  2 3 
22. 3A + B = C     
 9 3a  5 2   4 0 
3  b  2, 3a  2  0
2 5 1
b  1, a   ; a b   , a b 
3 3 3
 7 4  7 6 2 1   14 8  21 18   8 4   27 6

2   3   4        
0 
25.
 2 6 5 4  5 0   4 12 15 12 20 0   9
2 1   7 4 9 3 3 1
26. 5 0   3X   2 6 ‘ 3X  3 6  X  1 2
       
 5 5   5 5  10  15 10  15  25 5

27. X  , Y  ; 2X  3Y    
 7 6  0 4  14  0 12  12  14 0 

CUQ’S: 1. 3 2.1 3.2 4.1 5.3 6.3
7.2 8. 3 9. 3 10.1 11.1 12.2
13.2 14.3 15.3 16. 1
1. 4 2. 1 3. 1 4. 3 5. 1 6. 2
7. 4 8. 3 9. 3 10. 2 11. 3 12. 3 A. AT  I 2
 
T
13. 1 14.1 15.4 16.3 17. 3 find 3 A  4 BT
18. 3 19. 1 find AAT 20. 1 A2  A 21. 3 AT  A
22.1,2,3,4 23.2 24.4 25.1 26.a - q; b - P; c - s; d - r

27. 1 28. 1,4 29.1,3 30.1 31.2 32.4
CUQS: 1. 1 2. 3 3. 2 4. 1 5. 3
6. 3 7. 1 8. 3 9. 4 10. 1
11. 2 12. 3 13. 1 14. 2 15. 4
1. 4 2. 3 3. 3 4. 2 5. 1
6. 2 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 10. 1
11. 2 12. [1] PQ  3  3 matrix 13. [1] AB = null matrix
14. [2] AB  A   AB  A  A2  A  BA   A2  AB  A2  A  A2 similarly
B  B2
15. [3] A2  I  A5  A 16. [4] find product
17 [2] Here m2  n2  25 and m<n Hence  m, n    3, 4 

18. [3] put n = 1 19. [2] A2  A3  A4  ........  A
20. [4] A2  4 A  5 I ; A3  11 A  20 I ; A6  A3 . A3  44 A  205 I
;  A  B   A 2  B2  AB  BA  0
2
21. 1,4

1 1  x 1   x  y 2  x 1  1 1  x  2  x  1
 AB        ; BA     
2 1  y 1 2x  y 3  y 1 2 1  y  2  y  1
 AB  BA  0   x  1  2  0  x  1   y  1  3  0  y  4
22. 1
 1 2   2 2   2  2 2  2  0 0 
23. 3 ;  A  3I  A  2I       
 1 2  1 1  2  2 2  2 0 0 
 2 2   1 2   2  2 4  4  0 0 
24. 1 ;  A  2I  A  3I       0
 1 1  1 2  1  1 2  2 0 0 
 2 2   4 2  1 2 
25. 1;  A  2I  A  A  3I      
 1 1  1 1   1 2
6 6  1 2   6  6 12  12 0 0 
      
 3 3   1 2   3  3 6  6  0 0 
26. q,r,(s,t),p
27. 2 ; 3x  2y  11,  x  2y  5  x  3, y  1  3x  7y  9  7  2
A  B   A 2  B 2  2AB   A  B  A  B   A  B  2AB
2 2 2
28. 1,4 ; Given ,
 A 2  AB  BA  B 2  A 2  B 2  2AB  BA  AB
a 1  1 1 1 1 a 1 a  2 a  1  a  b 1  1 
   
b 1 2 1  2 1  b 
1 b  2 b  1 2a  b 2  1

The corresponding elements of equal matrices are equal.
a  2  a  b,  a  1  2  a  1
b  2  2a  b, b  1  1  b  2  a  1, b  2
a b  a b  a b  a 2  bc ab  bd 
A   A  c d  c d   ac  cd bc  d 2 
2
29. (1) ; Given,
c d      

Hence, A 2  a  d  A  ad  bc  I
a 2  bc ab  bd  a b  1 0 
=  2
  a  d  c d    ad  bc  0 1 
ac  cd bc  d     
a 2  bc  a 2  ad   ad  bc  ab  bd  ab  bd   0 0 
 
=
 ac  cd  ac  cd  bc  d 2  ad  d 2   ad  bc   = 0 0  = 0
Given A3 = 0  A  0 or ad  bc  0
 A 2  a  d  A  O or A 2  a  d  A ........(1)
Case (i) a + d = 0
From Eq. (1), A2 = 0
Case (ii) a  d  0
Given, A3 = 0  A 2 A  0  a  d  A.A  0  A 2  0
1 0  1 0   1 0  1 0   1 0 1 0 
A, B, C ; A     A3   
2
30.      
2 1 2 1 4 1 4 1 2 1 6 1 
 1 0
A2012     a  d , a  b  c  d  4026
 4024 1 
31. 1
1  0
32. =0  1    2     0  2  3   2  0  A2  3 A  2 I
1 2
A4   3 A  2 I  3 A  2 I   9 A2  12 A  4 I  15 A  14 I
A8  15 A  14 I 15 A  14 I   225  3 A  2 I   420 A  196 I = 255 A  254 I  K l 1

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS SYNOPSIS - 1
Solving Quadratic Equations : The Factoring and Square Root Methods :
A second-degree equation is a polynomial equation in which the highest degree
of the variable is 2. In particular, a second-degree equation in one unknown is
called a quadratic equation. We define the standard form of a quadratic equation
as
ax2 + bx + c = 0 a  0 
Where a is the coefficient of the second-degree term, x2 ; b is the coefficient of
the first -degree term, x and c is a numerical constant.
As with all other equations, the solutions of quadratic equations are values that,
when substituted for the variable, will make the equation a true statement. The
solutions to the equation. ax2 + bx + c = 0 are also called the roots of the equation ax2
+ bx + c = 0.
The factoring method :
The zero-product rule : If a . b = 0, then a = 0 or b = 0
The square root method :
The solutions to the equation x2 = d are numbers that, when squared, yield d.
However, since we have no information as to whether x is positive or negative, we
must take into account the negative square root as well. For example, in solving
x2 = 4, since (2)2 = 4 and (–2)2 = (–2) (–2) = 4, both +2 and –2 are solutions.
Hence , if x2 = d, then x = d or x =  d .
Thus, the answers to x2 = 4 can be written as x =  2 rather than x = +2 & x = –
2.
Statement : If x2 = d, then x =  d
The square root method of solving quadratic equations is used mainly when there
is no ‘x’ term in the standard form of the quadratic equation – that is, when b = 0
in ax2 + bx + c = 0.
The square root method requires us to isolate x2 on one side of the equation and
then apply the theorem. When we use this theorem we will say that we are
taking square roots.
For example : Solve for x if x2 + 5 = 8.
We proceed as follows : x2 + 5 = 8 Isolate x2.
x2 = 3 Take square roots.
x=  3 This means that x =  3 or x =  3 .
Note : n  i n (where i2 = – 1)
Solving Quadratic Equations : Completing the square :
Thus far we have discussed the factoring and square root methods for solving
quadratic equations algebraically. However, those methods cannot be applied to
an equation such as x2 + 3x – 5 = 0 because the expression x2 + 3x – 5 is not
factorable using integer coefficients and is not in the form appropriate to the

square root method (there is a first degree term).
Our interest in this section is to find a method for solving quadratic equations
that can be applied to all cases.
If we can take any equation and put it in the form (x + p)2 = d, where p and d are
constants, then all that remains is to apply the square root method - that is, take
square roots, solve for x, and simplify the answer. But can all quadratic equations
be put in the form (x + p)2 = d, where p and d are constants ?
To answer this, we first examine the squares of binomials of the form (x + p), Where
p is a constant. When the squares are multiplied out, we call them perfect squares.
First we will square binomials of the form x + p and look at the relationship between
the x coefficient and the numerical term. observe the following :
Coefficient of The numerical
the x term term
(x – 3) = x – 6x + 9
2 2
–6 +9
(x + 5)2 = x2 + 10x + 25 + 10 + 25
(x + 4) = x + 8x + 16
2 2
+8 + 16
Let’s examine what happens when we square (x + p) :
Square of second term in the binomial.

2 2 2
(x + p) = x + 2px + p
Twice the product of the terms in the binomial.
Square of first term in the binomial.
Given that p is a constant and x is a variable, the middle (first-degree) term coefficient
will be 2p and the numerical term will be p2. What is the relationship between the
middle term coefficient, 2p, and the numerical term, p2 ?
If you take half of 2p and square it, you will get p2 :
2 2
1   2p 
 2 2 p      p2
   2 
The square of
half of 2p is p2
Thus, if you square the binomial (x + p), the square of one-half the middle-term
coefficient will yield the numerical term. We know return to our examples.
(x – 3)2 = x2 – 6x + 9.
1. Take half of – 6 to get – 3.
2. Square – 3 to get the numerical term 9.(x + 5)2 = x2 + 10x + 25
1. Take half of 10 to get 5. 2. Square 5 to get the numerical term, 25.
Now we will demonstrate how we can take any second-degree equation and put it in
the form (x + p)2 = d, where p and d are constants. Suppose we have an equation
such as x2 + 6x – 8 = 0
To make it clearer how to make the left side into a perfect square, we first add 8 to
both sides of the equation.

x2 + 6x – 8 = 0 Add 8 to both sides of the equation.
x + 6x = 8
2
Now what is missing to make the left side a perfect square ? Take half the
1 2
middle term coefficient, 6, and square it :  2  6  = (3)2 = 9
 
Thus, 9 must be added to make the left side a perfect square. But since we are
dealing with equations, we must add 9 to both sides of the equation.
x2 + 6x + 9 = 8 + 9  x2 + 6x + 9 = 17  (x + 3)2 = 17
The only difference between the equation x2 + 6x = 8 and the perfect square
version x2 + 6x + 9 = 17 is that 9 was added to both sides. Why 9 ? To make the left
side a perfect square so that it could be written in factored form. This process of
adding a number to make a perfect square is called completing the square.
Now, we can solve this equation by the square root method.
(x + 3)2 = 17 Take square root.
x + 3 =  17 Then isolate x by adding – 3 to both sides of the equation.
x = – 3  17
Similarly, any quadratic equation can be put in the form (x + p) 2 = d, where p and d
are constants.
Solving Quadratic Equations : The Quadratic formula :
What we would like is a method that works for all quadratic equations without the
effort required in completing the square. Algebraically, we can derive a formula that
will allow us to produce the solutions to the “general” quadratic equation.
To derive the formula, we start with the general equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0. (a > 0)
1. Divide both sides of the equation by a.
ax 2 bx c 0 2 bx c
    x   0
a a a a a a
c 2 bx c
2. Subtract from both sides of the equation. x  
a a a
2 2
1 b   b  b2
3. Take half the middle-term coefficient, square it,       
2 a   2a  4a 2
2 b b2 b2 c
and add the result to both sides of the equation. x  x 2
 2

a 4a 4a a
4. Factor the left side as a perfect square and simplify the right side.
2 2
 b  b2 4ac  b  b 2  4ac
x    2
 2  x   
 2a  4a 4a  2a  4a 2
b b 2  4ac
5. Take square roots. x    S
2a 4a 2

b b 2  4ac
6. Isolate x . x   
2a 4a 2
b b 2  4ac
7. Simplify the solution. x   
2a 4a 2
Note : Since A > 0, 4a 2  2a
b b 2  4ac b  b 2  4ac
x     x 
2a 2a 2a
This solution is known as the quadratic formula.
A similar proof applies where a< 0.
The Quadratic Formula :
b  b 2  4ac
The solutions to the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0, are given by x 
2a
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WORKSHEET-1
1.If x  1  3, then x =
1) 8 2) 6 3) 10 4) 9
2. The roots of the equation 2x2+x–3 =0 is
1) 1, – 3/2 2) 3, 1/2 3) –2, – 1/2 4) 3, – 1/2
3. The roots of the equation 3x2+7x+2 =0 is
1) –3, – 1/2 2) 2, 1/2 3) –2, – 1/3 4) 3, – 1/3
4. The roots of the equation x2-5x-14 =0 is
1) –7,2 2) 2, 7 3) –7, – 2 4) 7, –2
5. The roots of the equation x2-x-20 =0 is
1) – 4, 5 2) – 4, – 5 3) 4, 5 4) 4, – 5
6. If x2+x–6 =0 , then x is
1) –3,2 2) 1,3 3)3,–2 4) -2,3
7. If 2x2+7x+3 =0 , then x is
1) 3,–1/2 2) –3,–1/2 3)–3,1/2 4) 1/2,3
8. If 9x2–2x–7=0, then x is
1) 1, –7/9 2) 4,–7/9 3) 2,7/9 4) –7/9,–2
9. If x2–2x–15 =0 , then x is
1)5 ,–2 2) 5,–3 3) 3,5 4) –5,–3

10. If 21x2+17x-2 =0, then x is
17  457 17  457 17  457

1) 2) 3) 17  2 457 4)
42 42 42 42
JEE-MAINS
1.The values of ‘x’ in the equation (3x + 1) (x – 1) = (5x – 3) (2x – 3) are
5 5 1 5 3 7 7
1) or 2 2) or 3) or 4) or
7 4 2 6 4 6 5
x 3 30
2. The values of x in the equation - = 2 is
x - 5 x +1 x - 4x - 5
1) –3 2) 5 3) –5 4) 3
3. If 5r – 8a = 2a – 3r , then the value of r is
2 2
a 3a 5a
1)  2)  3)  4) None
2 2 2
4. If 9x2 + a = b, then the value of x is
a b a b b a
1)  2)  3)  4) None
9 3 3
    2
x 2 -2x+1 x 2 -2x-1
5. If 2+ 3 + 2- 3 = , then x is
2- 3
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) Both (1) and (3)
2 3x 2  5x + 9 
6. If + = , then the value of x is
x -1 x + 2 x2 + x - 2
14 14 14 14
1) –1 or 2) 1 or 3) 1 or 4) –1 or
3 3 3 3
7. By completing the square, the value of x in x2 + 8x – 4 = 0 is
1) 4  2 5 2) 4  5 2 3) 4  2 5 4) 4  5 2
8. If 3x + 12x – 5 = 0, then the value of x is
2
17 6  17 6  51 17
1) 6  2) 3) 4) 6 
3 3 3 3
3 2
9. If - = 5 , then the value of x is
x + 2 x -1
19 2 19 2 19 19
1) 2  2)  3)  4) 2 
5 5 5 5 5 5

5 + 2 6   
x 2 -3 x 2 -3
10. + 5-2 6 = 10 , then the value/s of x is/are
1) 2,  2 2) 2 3)  2 4) 3
If x  3 log 2 x-1 =

2
11. 2 , then the value of x is
1 1 1 1
1) 2 or 2)  2 or 3) 2 2 or 4) 2 or
2 2 2 2 2
12. If 8x – 2x2 = 5, then the value of x by using formula is
82 6 8  2 6 82 6 8  2 6
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 4 2 2
13. If 2x + 9 + x = 13, then the value of x is

1) 8, 22 2) 8, 20 3) 9, 22 4) 9, 20
14. If 2x + 9 - x - 4 = 3 , then the value of x is

1) 20, 8 2) 22, 8 3) 22, 9 4) 20, 9
 1   1
15. If 6  x 2 + 2  - 25  x -  +12 = 0 , then x is
 x   x
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1) , , 2, 3 2) ,  ,  2, 3 3)  , , 2,  3 4)  ,  , 2, 3
3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2
16. If x + 5 + x + 21 = 6x + 40 , then x is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 6
x 1- x 13
17. If + = , then x is
1- x x 6
13 4 9 4
1) ,5 2) , 3) ,6 4) None
4 13 13 13
18. If 2x 2 - 2x +1 - 2x + 3 = 0 , then x is
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
19. If x 2 - 9x + 20 - x 2 -12x + 32 = 2x 2 - 25x + 68 , then x is

1) 4, 9 2) 3, 9 3) 2, 4 4) 2, 6

2
 1  1
20. If  x -  + 8  x +  = 29, x  0 , then x is
 x  x
3  5 11  3 13
1) –5, 4 2) 3, 2 3) 1, 3 4) ,
2 2
21. The equation x +1 - x -1 = 4x -1 has

1) no solution 2) Only one solution
3) two solutions 4) more than two solutions
1 10
22. If 2x - 3 + = , then x is
2x - 3 3
14 1 1 9
1) 6 , 2) 3, 3) 6, 4) 6,
9 3 3 14
1 17
23. If 5x + 6 + = , then x is
5x + 6 4
15 19 1 9
1) 4,  2)  ,2 3) 4, 4) 2, 
6 16 4 6
24. If x +1 + 2x + 3 = 5 , then the value of x is

1) 3 2) 3, 143 3) 143 4) None of these
25.
3 2 3
The values of x of the quadratic equation 3 abx + 4 ab -  3

a 2 +123 b2 x = 0 are
27a b a 64b 64b a a a

1) 3 , 3 2) 3 , 3 3) 3 , 3 4) 3 , 3
b 64a 27b a a 27b 27b 64b
7x 5x + 2 -13 3
26. The value of x satisfying the equation - = , If x  0 and x  are
4x - 6 x 6 2
13 1 12 1 13 12
1) 3, 2) , 3) , 4) 3,
12 3 13 3 12 13
JEE - ADVANCED
3 2 4a + 5
27. If + = , then the value of x is/are
a +4 a -2 a+4
1) –1 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5

REASONING TYPE
28. Statement I : The length of a hypotenuse of a right triangle exceeds the length of
its base by 2 cm and exceeds twice the length of the altitude by 1 cm, then the
length of each side of the triangle (in cm) is 15,8,17
Statement II : In a triangle sum of the squares of two sides of a triangle is equal
to the third side
COMPREHENSION TYPE :
The solutio ns to the e qu ation Ax 2 + Bx + C = 0, A  0, are given by
b  b 2  4ac
x 
2a
29. If (2x + 5) (x – 3) = (x + 4) (x – 1), then the value of x is
1) 2  15 2) 2  15 3) 2  2 15 4) – 2  2 15
30. By using formula, the value of x in x(x2 – 1) (x + 2) + 1 = 0 is
1 5 2 5 1  5
1) 2) 3) 4) 1  5
2 2 2
x2
31. If x 2 + = 3 , then the value/s of x is/are
 x +1
2
1  5 3  i 3 1  5 3  i 3 1 5 3  i 3
1) , 2) , 3) , 4) None
2 2 2 2 2 2
MATRIX-MATCH TYPE
a) x 2  9x  20  0 p) x = 4

b) x  x 4  2  4 2  0
2
 q) x = 5
c) x 2  16   x  4   x 2  5x  4 r) x = 2
d) x 2  11x  30  0 s) x = 6
t) x = 3

The Discriminant : Let us further examine the quadratic formula: in particular, let’s
look at the radical portion of the quadratic formula b2  4ac . If we solve a
quadratic equation and the quantity b2 – 4ac is negative [that is, if b2 – 4ac < 0),
then we have the square root of a negative number. We know that the square
root of a negative number is not a real number. Thus, if b2 – 4ac < 0, then the two
solutions or roots are
b  b2  4ac b  b2  4ac
x= and x = are not real.
2a 2a
On the other hand, if b2 – 4ac = 0, then b2  4ac  0 . Thus, the two roots
b  0 b b  0 b
x =  and x =  are equal. They are also real, since the
2a 2a 2a 2a
quotient of two real numbers yields a real number.
Finally, if b2 – 4ac is positive (that is b2 – 4ac > 0), then the two roots are real
and distinct (unequal) :
b  b2  4ac b  b2  4ac
x= and x =
2a 2a
we call b – 4ac the discriminant of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. The above
2
discussion is summarized in the box.

For the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0  a  0  :
If b2 – 4ac < 0, the roots are not real.
If b2 – 4ac = 0, the roots are real and equal.
If b2 – 4ac > 0, the roots are real and distinct.
Equations Reducible to Quadratic form (and more radical equations) :
We solved radical equations by first isolating the radical and then squaring both
sides of the equation to eliminate the radical where possible.
In this synopsis we employ the same techniques to solve radical equations.
The radical equations we will solve in this section may give rise to quadratic
equations.
Example : Solve for x. x – 2 x = 0
Solution : Keep in mind that simply squaring both sides of an equation containing a
radical does not necessarily eliminate the radical. We should isolate the radical
first.
x– 2x = 0 Isolate the radical.
x= 2x Square both sides of the equation.
 
2
(x)2 = 2x  x2 = 2x
Now we have a quadratic equation that we can solve by factoring.
 x2 – 2x = 0  x(x – 2) = 0  x = 0 or x – 2 = 0  x=2

As usual we check the solutions to all radical equations to ensure that tall our
solutions are valid.
x=0  x– 2x = 0  0– 2 0 = 0
x=2  x– 2x = 0  2– 2  2 = 0  2– 4 =0
 Solution are x = 0 and x = 2.

When we are confronted with two radicals in an equation, it is more complicated
to solve that equation. It is usually less trouble to first isolate the more complicated
radical and then square both sides of the equation, as demonstrated in the next
example.
Example : Solve for a : 5a  2a  1  2 .
Solutions : 5a  2a  1  2 Isolate 2a  1 .
5a  2  2a  1 Square both sides of the equation.
   
2 2
5a  2  2a  1  5a – 4 5a + 4 = 2a – 1
Note how each side is squared differently. Isolate 4 5a .
3a + 5 = 4 5a Square both sides of the equation again.
 
2
 (3a + 5)2 = 4 5a  9a2 + 30a + 25 = 16(5a) simplify.
 9a2 + 30a + 25 = 80a  9a2 – 50a + 25 = 0
5
Solve for a by factoring  (9a – 5) (a – 5) = 0  a= or a = 5
9
check for extraneous solutions.
5
Check :a =
9
5 5 25 10
 5a  2a  1  2  5    2  1  2   1  2
9 9 9 9
25 1 5 1
  2    2
9 9 3 3
Check : a=5
 5a  2a  1  2  5  5  2  5 1  2  25  9  2  5–3=2
5
Thus, is extraneous. The solution is a = 5.
9

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WORKSHEET - 2
1.The nature of the roots 2x2–2x+3 =0 is
1) real and distinct 2) real and equal
3) imaginary 4) irrational
2. The nature of the roots 3x –7x+2 =0 is
2
1) real and distinct2) real and equal 3) imaginary 4) irrational

3. The nature of the roots x –3x+2 =0 is
2

4. The nature of the roots 9x –6x+1 =0 is
2

5. The nature of the roots x –6x+13 =0 is
2

6. The nature of the roots of 3a – 2a + 5 = 0 is
2
1) real and equal 2) real and distinct3) not real 4) None of these
7. The discriminant of the quardratic equation 6x2  8x  2  0 is
1) 20 2) 24 3) 16 4) 26
8. The discriminant of a quadratic equation is negative, then the roots are
1) Imaginary 2) Real 3) Equal 4) None
9. The discriminant of the quadratic equation 6 x 2  3  11x  0 is
1) 121 2) 72 3) 49 4) 0
10. The roots of the equation 2 x 2  7 x  3  0 are__________
1) real and unequal 2) real and equal
3) not real 4) equal but not real
11. The roots of 2 x 2  3 x  2  0 are
1) real & unequal 2) Imaginary or complex
3) real & equal 4) zero
12. The discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x3 – 7x + 3 = 0 is
1) 20 2) 24 3) 25 4) 26
JEE-MAINS
1. The nature of the roots of the equation x 2  4x  4  0 are
1) Real and rational 2) Real and irrational
3) Real and equal 4) all of these
2. The discriminant of 2x 2  3x  4  0 is
1) –72 2) –41 3) 32 4) 41
3. The roots of the equation x  x  4  0 are
2
1) Real and distinct 2) Real and equal

3) Imaginary numbers 4) Unequal and real

4. The roots of the equation x 2  kx  16  0 are equal, then the value of k is
1) 8 2) –8 3) 4 4) both (1) and (2)
5. The roots of the equation x 2  x  4  0 are
1) Real and distinct 2) Real and equal
3) Imaginary numbers 4) Both (1) and (3)
6. The nature of the roots of 2.4x2 – 12.72x + 3.6 = 0 is
7. The nature of the roots of (3y + 5) (2y – 8) = (y – 4) (y + 1) is
8. The nature of the roots of (5s + 3) (2s + 1) = s2 – s – 1 is
9. The nature of the roots of 4a2 + a + 5 = 0 is
10.The value of k, when the roots of (x + a) (x + b) – 8k = (k – 2)2 are
real and equal (a, b  R) is
1) k = 2 2) k = 4 3) k = –2 4) k = 0
11. If (3x) + (27.3 – 15)x + 4 = 0 has real and equal roots, then the value of p is
2 1/p
1
1) 2 2) – 2 3) 4) 3
2
12. If the roots of (x – a) (x – b) = (p – 2) are real and equal (a,
2
b  R), then p is
1) p = 0 2) p = 1 3) p = 2 4) p = 4
13. The value of k such that x2 + 7(3 + 2k) – 2x(1 + 3k) = 0 has equal roots is
10
1) 2, 7 2) 7, 5 3) 2, 4) –2, –7
9
14.Discriminant of the equation –3x + 2x – 8 = 0 is
2
1) –92 2) –29 3) 39 4) 49
15. The equation x2 – px + q = 0, p, q  R has no real roots if
1) p2 > 4q 2) p2 < 4q 3) p2 = 4q 4) None of these
16. If the equation (3x)2 + (27 × 31/k – 15)x + 4 = 0 has equal roots, then
1 1
k is 1) –2 2)  3) 4) 0
2 2
17. The value of m for which the equation 1  m  x 2  2 1  3m  x  1  8m   0
has equal roots, is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 5
18. The roots of 5 x 2  3 x  2  0 are
1) Rational and equal 2) Rational and not equal
3) Irrational 4) Imaginary
19.If a + b + c = 0 and a, b, c are rational, then the roots of the equation
b  c  a  x 2  c  a  b  x  a  b  c   0 are
1) rational 2) Irrational 3) Imaginary 4) Equal

JEE-ADVANCED
The roots of  x  a  x  b   8k   k  2 are real and equal where a,b,c  R then

2
20.
1) a + b = 0 2) a = b 3) k = – 2 4) k = 0
REASONING TYPE:
13 7
21. Statement I: If 7x 2  6x  13 7  0 , then x  , 7
7
b  b2  4ac
Statement II : If ax 2  bx  c  0; a,b,c  R, a  0, then x 
2a
2) Both Statements are false
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
While solving an equation of the form x  a  a  a  ....... .
We can replace x  a  a  a  ....... with x.
 The given equation can be modified as x  a  x

Using the above idea answer the followng questions.
22. If x  2  2  2  2  ........... , then x =

1) 1 2) 4 3) 1 or 4 4) 5
23. If x  6  6  6  ........... then x =

1) –3 2) –2 3) 3 4) 1
24. If x  3  3  3  ........... , then the value of x is
1  13 1  13
1) 2) –1 3) 0 4)
2 2
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) Roots of 4x 2  12x  9  0 p) imaginary
b) Roots of x 2  4x q) rational
c) Roots of 4x 2  9  0 r) real and equal
d) Roots of 2x 2  5x  12  0 s) real and distinct

26. If x  1  2x  3  5, then the value of x is_________.
27. The equation x 2  px  q  0 and p, q  R has no real roots if

1) p  2. q  p  2. q   0 2) p  2 q  p  2 q   0
3)  p  2 q  p  2 q   0 4) 4q  p2
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
In ax 2  bx  c  0 , if   0 then roots are real and distinct,
if   0 , roots are real and equal
if   0 roots are not real For a, b, c  R .
Number of real solutions of x 3   x  1   x  3    x  2 is _____.

3 3 3
28.
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 3
29. The sum of the reciprocals of two real numbers is  1 and the sum of their cubes
is 4, then the numbers are __________.
1 5 1 5
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) ,
2 2
x 
x  7x  11
2
11x  30
30. Number of real solutions of 2
 1 is ______
1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) No solution
31. If 2y 2  x 2  3  y  x  3  then all integers y such that all corresponding solutions
for x will not be real is
 1  2  2  2
1)  2,  2)  2,  3) 2,   2 4)  2  
 3  3  3  3
32. Match the following Columns
Column-I Column-II
a) Roots of  6  x    8  x   16
4 4
p) 8
b) Roots of  x  2    x  4   64
6 6
q)6
c) Positive integral roots of x  x  1 x  1 x  2   24 r)2

d) Sum of all positive integral
   
2
 7  x  1  13 x3  1
2
roots of 2 x 2  x  1 s)4

Relation between roots and coefficients of a quadratic equation Symmetric function
invloving the roots - Quadratic equaions whose roots are   .
Relation between roots and coefficients of a quadratic equation:
Let the quadratic equation be ax 2  bx  c  0; a,b,c  R, a  0
b  b2  4ac b  b2  4ac
Its roots are   say where   ,
2a 2a
b  b2  4ac b  b2  4ac 2b b

Sum of the roots =       
2a 2a 2a a
Product of the roots = 
 
2
 b  b2  4ac   b  b2  4ac   b   b2  4ac
2
    4ac c
 2a   2a   
 2a 
2
    4a 2 a
b c
Thus, the equations      and   show the relation between sum or
a a
product of roots and coefficients.
Framing the Quadratic equation using its roots :
b c b c
   ,and  , the equation x  x   0 may be written
2
Since
a a a a
x 2  (  ) x    0 . . . (1)
Hence any quadratic equation can be expressed as
x2 – (sum of Roots)x  (Product of Roots) = 0
We may now easily form an equation with given roots.
For instance, The equation whose roots are 3 and -2 is
x 2   3   2   x   3  2  = x2 - x - 6 = 0.
When the roots are irrational it is easier to use the following method.
For instance the equation whose roots are 2  3 and 2  3 will be
We have sum of roots = 4, and Product of roots = 1;
 The equation is x2 – 4x  1 =0.
Find the quadratic equation whose roots are 3,3
Sol: Here   3,         3  3 and    3
 Required equation is x       x    0
2
Symmetric Functions :
The function in  and  is said to be the symmetric function of  and  if it
remains unaltered/unchanged when  and  are interchanged.

In order to find the value of the symmetric function of  and  express the given
function in terms sum      or product    or both.
2  2        2
2
1.
3  3        3     
3
2.
3.   
 4  4        3  3  3   3 
4. 
5  5   2  2        
3 3 2 2
  
5.       2  4
6.  2  2          
7. 
 3  3       2    2  or 
 3  3             
2

8. 
 4  4   2   2     
2 2
9.  4  4   2
 2          
10.     2  2  2  2          
11.     2   2  2  2          
12.       2  2  2  2  2                     
13.     3  3  3  3       3  32  32  3
14.     3  3  3  3       3  32  32  3
15.       3  3  3  3  3             16.     2      2  4

17.     2      2  4 18. 
 3  3        2  2   
19. 
 3  3  3  3          2  2  2       
If , β are roots of the equation λ (x2 – x) + x + 5 = 0. If λ1 and λ 2 are the
 β
two values of λ for which the roots , β are connected by the relation + = 4.
β 
λ1 λ 2
Find the value of + .
λ 2 λ1
 1 5  
Sol :     ,   . Given,  4  2  2  4      2  2  4
   

2
 1 
  5
  6   0     12  30  0   2  32  1  0
   
Given that the roots of λ 2  32λ + 1 = 0 are λ1 , λ 2 .
 1  2 
2
1  2   2
2 2
 21 2
 1   2  32, 1 2 = 1    1  = 1024 – 2 = 1022.
 2 1 1 2 1 2
If p and q are roots of the quadratic equation x2 + mx + m2 + a = 0. Find the

value of p2 + q2 + pq.
Sol : We have, p + q = –m, pq = m2 + a
 p2 + pq + q2 = (p + q)2 – pq = m2 – (m2 + a) = –a.
If α, β are the roots of the quadratic equation 3x2 – 6x + 4 = 0. Find the

α β 1 1
value of  +  + 2  +  + 3αβ .
β α α β
6 4    1 1  2  2 
Sol :      2 and   ;     2     3 =  2   3
3 3        
48   4
    2  2  2       3 3  2 2   3  4 3
=   = 4 4  3 = 4 34  8
    3  3 3
If , β are the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0 and  > 0, β > 0 , then

k
1 1  1

the value of  4 +β 4 is  p + 6 q + 4q 4 p + 2 q  . Find k.
 
Sol : Since ,  are the roots of the equation x2 – px + q = 0
     p and   q
1 1
Now,   14  14     14   14   =  2   2  2    4 

2 2 1 1 1 2
   
    
1 1 1
=      2   2    4  =  p  2 q  2  q  4  = p  6 q  4q 4 p  2 q 
1 2 1 2 1 4
     
1 k
 p  6 q  4q 4 p  2 q    p  6 q  4q 4 p  2 q 
1 1 1 4 1
  4  4
;  k = 4.
   

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WORKSHEET- 3
1.Sum of roots of the equation 2x 2  4x  3  0 is
1) 3 2 2) –2 3)  3 2 4) 2
2. The product of the roots of the equation x 2  15x  9  0 is
1) 15 2) –15 3) –9 4) 9
The sum of the roots of the equation mx   m  n  x  1  0 is

2
3.
mn   m  n 1 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
m m mn m
4. The quadratic equation whose roots are –2,1 is
1) x 2  2x  1  0 2) x 2  2x  1  0 3) x 2  2x  1  0 4) x 2  x  2  0
5. If     2 ,   4 , then the equation whose roots are ,  is
1) x 2  2x  4  0 2) x 2  2x  4  0 3) x 2  2x  4  0 4) x 2  2x  4  0
6. 2x 2  4x  5  0 , its sum of roots

1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
7. If 2x 2  3x  6  0 , then its product of roots is
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
8. Quadratic equation whose roots are 2,  3 2 is
 
1) x  2  3 2 x  6 2  0
2
 
2) x  2  3 2 x  6 2  0
2
 
3) x  2  3 2 x  6 2  0
2
 
4) x  2  3 2 x  6 2  0
2
9. If ,  are the roots of x 2  x  2  0 , then      
1) 3 2) 1 3) –1 4) –3
10. If ,  are roots of x 2  3x  5  0 , then  2 2 =
1)5 2) 9 3) 25 4) 15
11. ,  are the roots of x 2  x  1  0 , then  2  2 =

1) 1 2) –1 3) 2 4) –2

JEE-MAINS
1 1
1. If ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then 2  2 =
 
b 2  2ac b b 2  2ac b 2  2ac

1) 2) 3) 4)
a2 c c2 ac
If ,  are roots of x  k  x  1  c  0 then 1    1    

2
2.
1) c 2) 1 3) 1 + c 4) 1 - c
3. If     4 ,   2 then    
1) 8 2) 2 3) 12 4) 1
If     2 ,   1 then      
2
4.
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 4
5. If ,  are the roots of x 2  5x  6  0 then      is
1) –1 2)0 3) 1 4) 2
2
 b  4c
6. If ,  are the roots of the equation ax  bx  c  0 then
2
   is
 a  a
1)    2)    3)    4)   
7. ,  are the roots of x 2  2x  1  0 , then
1)    2)    3)     0 4)   
8. If (3 + i ) is a root of the equation x 2  ax  b  0 then a is (i2 = –1)

1) 3 2) -3 3) 6 4) -6
9. If 2+i 3 is a root of x2+px+q=0, p,q are real then p = .., q =..

1) p = 4; q = 7 2) p = 4;q = –3 3) p = – 4;q = – 7 4) p = – 4, q = 7
10. If 4  i 3 is a root of quadratic equation, then the equation is (i2 = –1)

1) x2-8x+13=0 2) x2-8x+19=0 3) x2-8x-13=0 4) x2-8x-19=0
11.If     2 ,   3 then  3  3  _______

1) 2 2) –10 3) 10 4) 4

12. If ,  are the roots of 3x 2  5x  7  0 then  3  3 =_______
1) 90/7 2) –120/17 3) 170/23 4)–190/27
1 1
13. If ,  are the roots of x 2  x  1  0 then 3  3 
 
1) 2 2) –2 3) 1 4)0
14. If the roots of the equation 12x + mx +5=0 are in the ratio 5 : 4, then m =
2
1) 9 3 2)  9 3 3) 6 3 4)  6 3
The value of k so that sum, product of roots of 2 x   k  3 x   3k  5   0

2
15.
are equal is
1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) 9
16. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 + 7x + 12 = 0, then equation
whose roots are  α + β  and  α - β  is

2 2
1) x2 + 50x + 49 = 0 2) x2 – 50x + 49 = 0 3) x2 – 50x – 49 = 0 4) x2+12x +7=0

1 1
17. If  ,  are roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 , then  
 3
3
3abc  b 3 3ab  b 3 3abc  b 3 b 2  2ac
1) 2) 3) 4)
a3 a 2c c3 ac
 
If  ,  are roots of the equation 2 x  6 x  b  0  b  0  then 
2
18. is less than
 
1) 2 2) 2 3) 18 4) 0
19. If one root of the quadratic equation ax 2  bx  c  0 is 3  4i , a, b, c  R then 31a  b  c 
1) 0 2) 2a 3) 2b 4) 2c
JEE-ADVANCED
20. If   are the roots of x 2  x  1  0, then
  1 1   1 1
1)  1 2)  2 1 3)   1 4)  2  1
   2
    2

REASONING TYPE:
21. Statement I: Quadratic equation whose roots are –3, 3 is x2 = –9
Statement II: Quadratic equation whose roots are  is x 2       x    

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If ,  are the roots of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 then     b a ;   c a
22.  2  2 =
2 2 2
 b   b  2c  b  c b2  ac
1)   2)    3)    4)
 a   a  a  a  a a2
23. If x 2  4 , then the sum of the roots is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
24. If x 2  1  3x  1 then the roots are
1) 1, 2 2) 1,2 3) –1,2 4) 1, –2
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
25. If ,  are the roots of 9x 2  10 x  11  0 then
98
a)    = p)
81
b)  = q) 10 9
c)  2  2 = r) 1
81
8
d) 2  2   = s)
81
t) 11
9
26.
2 2
 
If the product of the roots of 5 x  4x  38  k 4x  2x  1  0 is -5 then the
value of k is ______.
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:

27. If  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then the match the following.
b2  2ac
a) 2  2    p)
c2
1 1 3abc  b3
b) 2  2  q)
  a 2c
 2 2 c3
c)  = r)
  a3
 3  3 ac  bc
d) 3  s)
  3 a2
28. If   are roots of  x  a  x  b   c , c  0 . Then the roots of  x    x     c  0
shall be
1) a 2) a + c 3) b 4) b + c
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
a) If     3 ,     7 then  , 
3 3
p) x2 – x + 1 = 0
are roots of the equation
b) If p  1   and q  1  2 ,then equation whose
roots are p,q is q) x 2  x  1  0
c) If  ,  ,  are roots of x 3  27  0 then r) 14 x 2  27 x  14  0
2 2
   
the quadratic equation whose roots are   ,   is
   
d) If  ,  are roots of 2 x 2  x  7  0 then the equation s) 9 x 2  27 x  20  0
 
whoe roots are ,
 
REASONING TYPE:
30. Statement - 1: If x 2  3 x  2 is a factor of x 4  px  q  0 then p, q are 5,4.
Statement - 2: If  ,  are the roots of the equation x 2  x  1  0 . Then equation
whose roots are  19 ,  7 is x 2  x  1  0 .
1) Both Statements are true 2) Both Statements are false
31. If  ,  are roots of x 2  x  2  0  ,  are roots of x 2  3x  4  0 then
                
   ___________.
 11 

QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS & EQUATIONS WORKSHEET- 4
1.If     2 ,   3 then  3  3  ______.
1) 2 2) –10 3) 10 4) 4
2. If ,  are the roots of 3x 2  5x  7  0 then    =_______.
3 3
1) 90/7 2) –120/17 3) 170/23 4)–190/27

1 1
3. If ,  are the roots of x 2  x  1  0 then 3  3  ______.
 
1) 2 2) –2 3) 1 4)0
4. If     4 ,   2 then     _______.
1) 8 2) 2 3) 12 4) 1
  
2
5. If     2 ,   1 then  _______
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 4
JEE-MAINS
1. If ,  are the roots of x 2  5x  6  0 then      is
1) –1 2)0 3) 1 4) 2
2
 b  4c
2. If ,  are the roots of the equation ax  bx  c  0 then
2
   is
 a  a
1)    2)    3)    4)   
3. ,  are the roots of x 2  2x  1  0 , then
1)    2)    3)     0 4)   
4. If 2+i 3 is a root of x2+px+q=0, p,q are real then p = .., q =..
1) p = 4; q = 7 2) p = 4;q = –3 3) p = – 4;q = – 7 4) p = – 4, q = 7
5. If the roots of the equation 12x2 + mx +5=0 are in the ratio 5 : 4, then m =
1) 9 3 2)  9 3 3) 6 3 4)  6 3
The value of k so that sum, product of roots of 2 x   k  3 x   3k  5   0 are

2
6.
equal is
1) 2 2) 1 3) 0 4) 9
7.If  and  are the roots of the equation x + 7x + 12 = 0, then
2
equation whose roots are  α + β  and  α - β  is

2 2
1) x2 + 50x + 49 = 0 2) x2 – 50x + 49 = 0
3) x2 – 50x – 49 = 0 4) x2+12x +7=0

8. If (3 + i ) is a root of the equation x 2  ax  b  0 then a is
1) 3 2) -3 3) 6 4) -6
9. If  ,  are the roots of x2 -x+2=0 then      .........
3 3
1) 6 2) 6 3) 10 4) 3
10. If  ,  are the roots of ax2+bx+c=0 then  2 +  2  +  =
c(a  b) bc bc
1) 2) 0 3)  4) 
a2 a2 a
11. If the sum of the roots of the equation ax2+bx+c=0 is equal to sum of their squares,
then
1) ab+b2+2ac=0 2)ab+a2+2ac=0 3) ab+b2-2ac = 0 4) ab + a2 -2ac=0
12. If  ,  are the roots of the equation x 2  15 x  1  0 , then the value of
2 2
1  1 
  15     15  is
   
1) 225 2) 900 3) 223 4) 0
13.If , ,  are such that α + β + γ = 2 , α + β + γ = 6 , α 3 + β3 + γ 3 = 8 , then
2 2 2
 4   4   4 is
1) 5 2) 18 3) 12 4) 36
α β
14. If ,  are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and also of x2n + pnxn + qn = 0 and if , are
β α
the roots of xn + 1 + (x + 1)n = 0, then n must be
1) an even integer 2) an odd integer 3) any integer 4) None
1 1
15. If  ,  are the roots of 6x2  6x 1  0 then (a b c2  d3)  (a  b  c 2  d  3 ) 
2 2
1) a+b+c+d 2) a+2b+3c+4d 3) a+(b/2)+(c/3)+(d/4) 4) 0
16. If one root of x  px  12  0 is 4 while the equation x 2  px  q  0 has equal roots
2
then q 
49
1) 7 2) 4 3) 42 4)
4
17. If k>0 and the product of the roots of the equation x2-3kx+2e2logk-1=0 is 7 then the
sum of the roots is
1) 2 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8
2  3i 2  3i
18. The quadratic equation whose roots are and is
2  3i 2  3i
1) 5x2-2x+5=0 2) 5x2+2x+5=0 3) 5x2+2x-5=0 4) 5x2-2x-5=0
19. If ,  are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x + 3 = 0, then the equation whose roots
are P = α 3  3α 2 + 5α  2 and Q = β3  β2 + β + 5 is
1) x2 – 3x – 2 = 0 2) x2 + 3x + 2 = 0 3) x2 + 3x – 2 = 0 4) x2 – 3x + 2 = 0

JEE-ADVANCED
20. If ,  are the roots of x 2  x  2  0 then
1) 3  3  5 2)  5  5  11 3) 3  3  5 4)  3 3   2 3   32 =3
REASONING TYPE:
Statement I: ,  are the roots of the equation x       x    0

2
21.
Statement II:If  and  are the roots of the equation ax 2  c  0 then     0 .

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If ,  are the roots of the equation ax 2  bx  c  0 then     b a ;   c a
22.  2  2 is
2 2 2
 b   b  2c  b  c b2  ac
1)   2)    3)    4)
 a   a  a  a  a a2
23. If x 2  4 , then the sum of the roots is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4
24. If x 2  1  3x  1 then the roots are
1) 1, 2 2) 1,2 3) –1,2 4) 1,2

MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
25. If  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then observe the following columns
Coloumn I Coloumn II
  c2
a)   p)
  a2
 2  2 c5 3abc  b3 
b) 2  q)
  2 a8
b2  2ac
c) 3  3 r)
ac
3abc  b3
d)      
5 8 8 5
s)
a3
t) b/a

26. If  and  are the roots of the equation x2 – 2x +1 = 0, the value of  2  2
is________.
27. If  ,  are the roots of the quadratic equation x 2  5x + k = 0, then the value of k
such that     1 is________.
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 then    

b c
,  
a a
1 1
28. If  and  are the roots of 4x 2  3x  7  0 , then the value of 3  3 is
 
27 63 225
1) 2) 3) 4) none
64 16 343
29. If  and  are the roots of ax 2  2bx  c  0 , then 33  23  32 is
c 2  c  2b  bc 3 c2
1) 2) 3) 4) none
a3 a3 a3
30. If  and  are the roots of the equation 8x 2  3x  27  0 , then the value of
1/3 1/3
 2   2 
    is
   
1) 1/4 2) 1/3 3) 7/2 4) 4
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:

A) Sum of real roots of x  x  12  0

2
p) -2
x  2  8x2  6x  x2  2
2 2
B) Sum of real roots of q) 2
C) If x 2  x  1  0 then x 2007  x 2007  r) 4
   4  
x x
D) If 4  15 15  62  x  s) 0

2
32. The sum of roots of x  x  6  x  2 is ______.

HINTS & SOLUTIONS
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WORKSHEET-1 KEY
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (4) 5. (1)
6. [1] 7. [2] 8. [1] 9. [2] 10. [4]
1. (1) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (3) 5. (4) 6. [1]
7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2)
10. [1] 11. [3] 12. [1] 13. [2] 14. [1] 15. [4]
16. [3] 17. [2] 18. [3] 19. [1]
20. [4] 21. [1] 22. [1] 23. [2] 24. [1] 25. [2]
26. [4] 27. [1,2] 28. [3] 29. [2] 30. [3]
31. [1] 32. a-p,q; b-r; c-p,q; d-q,s
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
1. 3x – 2x – 1 = 10x – 21x + 9
2 2
 7x2 – 19x + 10 = 0  (7x – 5) (x – 2) = 0

5
7x – 5 = 0 or x – 2 = 0  x = or x = 2
7
x  x  1  3  x  5  30
2. 
 x  1 x  5   x  5  x  1
 x2 – 2x – 15 = 0  (x – 5) (x + 3) = 0  x= 5 or x = –3
But x = 5 is not valid. Hence, the solution is x = –3.
5a 5a 5a
3. 8r2 = 10a  r2 =  r=   
4 4 2
b a b a
4. 9x2 = b – a  x2 =  x= 
9 3
2  3   1
5.
2  3   The given equation can be expressed as
  1
 
x 2 -2x+1
2+ 3 + = 2 2+ 3 ---- (1)
 
x 2 -2x-1
2+ 3
 
x 2 2 x 1
Let us put y = 2  3 , then the equation (1) can be expressed as

2  3 
2
y
y
 2 2 3  
     
2 2
 y2 – 2 2  3 y + 2  3 =0  y  2  3   0  y = 2 3
   
x 2  2 x 1
 2 3  2 3  x2 – 2x + 1 = 1  x(x – 2) = 0  x = 0 or x = 2
6. 2x + 4 + 3x2 – 3x = 10x + 18  3x2 – 11x – 14 = 0  (3x – 14) (x + 1) = 0

14
 x= or x = – 1.
3
7. x2 + 8x – 4 = 0  x2 + 8x = 4 (adding 4 both sides)
 x2 + 8x + 16 = 20  (x + 4)2 = 20  x+4= 20  x = 4  2 5
5 5
8. 3x2 + 12x – 5 = 0  3x2 + 12x = 5  x2 + 4x =  x2 + 4x + 4 = +4
3 3
17 17 6  51
 (x + 2)2 =  x = 2   x=
3 3 3
9. If 3x – 3 – 2x – 4 = 5(x2 + x – 2)  x – 7 = 5x2 + 5x – 10  5x2 + 4x – 3 = 0
2
4 3  2 19 2 19 2  19
 x2 + x =  x     x=   =
5 5  5 25 5 5 5
5  2 6  5  2 6  = 25 – 24 = 1 
1
10. 52 6 = 52 6
  1
x 2 3
 52 6   10 1
 
x 2 3
5  2 6 
x 2 3
 y + y = 10, where y  5  2 6
10  100  4
 y2 – 10y + 1 = 0  y=  y = 52 6
2
5  2 6  5  2 6 
x 2 3 x 2 3
  52 6   52 6 or
5  2 6   
x 2 3 1
 52 6
x2 – 3 = 1 or x2 – 3 = – 1 ; x = 2 or x =  2  x = 2,  2
 2 2
11.    log 2 x-1
x3 = 2   3 
 log 2 x  1 = log x 2  a x  N
  log a N  x 

2 1 2 1
  log 2 x  1  log x 2   log 2 x  1 
3 2 3 2 log 2 x
2 1 3 1
  y  1  , where log x = y  4y 2
– 4y – 3 = 0  y = or y = 
3 2y 2
2 2
3 3 3
Now log2x =  x= 2 2 x= 2 2
2 2
2
1 1 1
And log2x =   x = 22  x=
2 2
12. Given, 2x2 – 8x + 5 = 0 Here a = 2, b = – 8, c = 5
b  b 2  4ac 8  64  40 82 6
 x= = =
2a 4 4
13. 2x  9  x  13  2x  9  13  x ; Squaring both sides 2x + 9 = (13 – x)2

 x2 – 28x + 160 = 0  (x – 8) (x – 20) = 0  x = 8, x = 20
14. 2x  9  x  4  3  2x  9  3  x  4
Squaring both sides and simplifying, we get x + 4 = 6 x 4

Again squaring both sides, (x + 4)2 = 36(x – 4)
 x2 – 28x + 160 = 0  (x – 8) (x – 20) = 0  x = 8, x = 20
2  1
2
  1
21  1 6  x   2   25  x    12  0
15. Put x  2   x    2   
x  x  x   x
1 3 8
Let x  y  6(y2 + 2) – 25y + 12 = 0  y= , y=
x 2 3
1 1 3 1 8
Since y = x  , we have x   and x  
x x 2 x 3
1 3 1 1 8 1
 x   x=– and x = 2  x    x= or x = 3.
x 2 2 x 3 3
1 1
 x= ,  , 2, 3
3 2
16. 2x + 26 + 2  x 5  
x  21 = 6x + 40  x2 + 26x + 105 = 4x2 + 28x + 49
14
 3x2 + 2x – 56 = 0  x = 4 or
3

x 1 x 1
17. Assume t  
1 x x t
1 13 3 2 9 4
 t   t= or  x= or
t 6 2 3 13 13
18. 2x 2  2x  1  2x  3  2x2 – 10x + 8 = 0  x = 1 or x = 4.
19. x2 – 9x + 20 + x2 – 12x + 32 – 2  x 2  9x  20  
x 2  12x  32 = 2x2 – 25x + 68
 4x – 16 = 2   x  4  x  5     x  4  x  8    2(x – 4) = (x – 4)   x  5  x  8  
 x2 – 13x + 40 = 4  x2 – 13x + 36 = 0  x = 4 or x = 9.
1
20. Let x   t , then given equation becomes
x
t2 – 4 + 8t = 29  t2 + 8t – 33 = 0  t = – 11 or t = 3
11  3 13 3 5
 x2 + 11x + 1 = 0 or x2 – 3x + 1 = 0  x= , x= .
2 2
21. x 1  x 1  4x  1  x + 1  0, x – 1  0, 4x – 1  0
All these inequalities are satisfied when x  1. Squaring both the sides of the
equation we get (x + 1) + (x – 1)– 2 x 2  1 = 4x – 1  2 x 2  1 = 1 – 2x
5
Squaring again, we get 4(x2 – 1) = 1 – 4x + 4x2  x=
4
5 5 5
For x = , LHS = 1  1  1 and
4 4 4
5
RHS = 4   1  4  2 but LHS  RHS
4
5
 x = is not a root of the equation.  The given equation has no solution.
4
22. Squaring on both sides, we have (x + 1) + (2x + 3) + 2  x  1 2x  3  = 25
 3x – 21 = 2  x  1 2x  3 
Once again squaring, 9x2 + 441 – 126x = 8x2 + 20x + 12

 x2 – 146x + 429 = 0  (x – 3) (x – 143) = 0  x = 3 or x = 143.
Clearly, x = 143 does not satisfy the given equation.  x = 3 is the only
solution.
25. 33 abx 2   3

a 2  123 b 2 x  43 ab  0
Here a = 33 ab , b =   3

a 2  123 b 2 , c = 43 ab
   a   12 
2 2
3
a 2  123 b 2  3 2 3
b2  24 3 a 2b 2  48 3 a 2b 2
x=
63 ab
=
 3
a 2  123 b 2    3
a 2  123 b 2 
3
6 ab
1 a b a 64b
x= 3 , 43  x = 3 , 3
3 b a 27b a
26. 6(7x2 – 20x2 + 22x + 12) = – 52x2 + 78x
26x2 – 54x – 72 = 0  13x2 – 27x – 36 = 0
Here a = 13, b= – 27, c = – 36
27  729  1872 27  51 78 24 12

x= =  x= ,  x = 3,
26 26 26 26 13
27. 3a – 6 + 2a + 8 = 4a2 – 3a – 10  4a2 – 8a – 12 = 0  a2 – 2a – 3 = 0
 (a + 1) (a – 3) = 0  a = –1 or a = 3
28. Let the base of the triangle be x cm, then BC = x cm and hypotenuse AC = (x + 2)
cm and the perpendicular
A
 x  2  1  x  1
AB = 
2 2
C
B
AC  1
[ Let the length of AB be k, then AC = 2k + 1  k =
2
 By pythagorus theorem AB2 + BC2 = AC2

2
 x 1 x 2  1  2x
  x   x  2
2 2
  + x2 = x2 + 4 + 4x
 2  4
 x2 + 1 + 2x + 4x2 = 4x2 + 16 + 16x

 x2 – 14x – 15 = 0  (x – 15) (x + 1) = 0
 x = 15cm ( x = –1 cm is inadmissible)
 Base = 15cm, perpendicular = 8 cm and hypotenuse = 17 cm
29. 2x2 – x – 15 = x2 + 3x – 4  x2 – 4x – 11 = 0  x2 – 4x – 11 = 0  x2 – 4x + 4 = 15
 (x – 2)2 = 15  x – 2 =  15  x = 2  15
30. x(x – 1) (x + 1) (x + 2) + 1 = 0  (x2 + x ) (x2 + x – 2) + 1 = 0
 y(y – 2) + 1 = 0, where y = x2 + x
1  5
 y2 – 2y + 1 = 0  (y – 1)2 = 0  y = 1  x2 + x – 1 = 0  x =
2
2
 x   x 
31. x    2x  3 ( using a2 + b2 = (a – b)2 + 2ab )
 x 1  x 1
2
 x2   x2  x2
    2   3  0  y2 + 2y – 3 = 0, where y =
 x 1  x 1 x 1
 y = 1 or y = – 3
x2 1 1 4 1 5
Now, y = 1  =1  x2 – x – 1 = 0  x = 
x 1 2 2
x2 3  i 3
y=–3  = – 3  x2 + 3x + 3 = 0  x =
x 1 2
32. a) x 2  9x  20  0   x  4  x  5   0  x  4, x  5
 
b) x  x 4  2  4 2  0 ;  x  4  x  2  0
2
   x  4 and x  2
c) x 2  16   x  4   x 2  5x  4   x  4  x  1
 x  4  x  4  x  4   x  4  
x  1 which gives x = 4 & x = 5
d) x 2  11x  30  0  x 2  6x  5x  30  0   x  6  x  5   0  x  6 and x  5

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WORKSHEET-2 KEY
1. [3] 2. [1] 3. [1] 4. [2] 5. [3] 6. [3]
7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (3) 10. (1) 11. (2) 12. (3)
1. [1] 2. [3] 3. [1] 4. [3] 5. [1] 6. [2]
7. [2] 8. [1] 9. [1] 10. [3] 11. [3]
12. [3] 13. [3] 14. [1] 15. [2]
16. [2] 17. [1] 18. [4] 19. [1]
20. (2,3)
21. [1] 22. [2] 23. [3] 24. [4]
25. a-q,r; b-q,s; c-p; d-q,s 26. 3 27. [2,4] 28. [2]
29. [4] 30. [2] 31. [2,3] 32. a-p,q; b-r,s; c-r; d-q
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
   a  b   4b2  0
2
1. (1)
2. (3)  ( x  1) 2  0, ( x  2) 2  0, ( x  3) 2  0  x  1  0, x  2  0, x  3  0
These equations cannot be simultaneously hold for any real number.
The given equation has no real root.
3. (1) Put 3x  t
4. (3) Since x+1 is a factor of f(x), -1 must be a root of f(x)=0
 f (1)  0  6 p  24  0  p  4
5. [1] ; We have 1  m  x 2  2 1  3m  x  1  8m   0
Let D be the discriminant of equation (1) Roots of equation (1)will be equal if D =
0
  2 1  3m    4 l  m l  8m   0  1  9m 2
 6m  1  9m  8m 2  0
0
 m 2  3m   0  m m  3   0  m = 0, 3.
4
6. 2.4x2 – 12.72x + 3.6 = 0 ; Here A = 2.4, B = –12.72, C = 3.6
Discriminant is B2 – 4AC = 161.7984 – 34.56 = 127.2384 > 0
 roots are real and distinct.
7. 6y2 – 14y – 40 = y2 – 3y – 4  5y2 – 11y – 36 = 0
Discriminant = 121 + 720 = 841 > 0  roots are real and distinct.
8. 10s2 + 11s + 3 = s2 – s – 1  9s2 + 12s + 4 = 0
Discriminant = 144 – 144 = 0  roots are real and equal.
9. Here A = 3, B = – 2, C = 5

Discriminant = 4 – 60 = – 56 < 0.  roots are not real.
10. Given x + (a + b)x + ab – 8k = k – 4k + 4
2 2
x2 + (a + b)x + ab – k2 – 4k – 4 = 0 and given roots are real and equal.

 (a + b)2 – 4ab + 4k2 + 16k + 16 = 0  (a – b)2 + 4(k + 2)2 = 0  a = b and k = – 2.
2
 3 1   3 1 
3 x   3 p  15 
2
11.  3 p  15  x  4  0 Given,   0   449
   
 
2 1 2 1
6 3
 3 p
 225  30.3 p
 4 49  81.3  90  3  9  0
p p
 9 × 32/p – 10 × 31/p + 1 = 0  (9 × 31/p – 1) (31/p – 1)
1
 31/p = 1/9 or 31/p = 1  p=  or  p  
2
12. x2 – x(a + b) + ab = (p – 2)2  x2 – x(a + b) + ab – (p – 2)2 = 0
Since the roots are real and equal, the discriminant = 0
(a + b)2 – 4× [ab – (p – 2)2 ] = 0  (a + b)2 – 4ab + 4(p – 2)2 = 0
 (a – b)2 + 4(p – 2)2 = 0  a = b, p = 2
13. For equal roots D = 0. i.e., b – 4ac = 0  [–2(1 + 3k)]2 – 4 × 1 × 7 × (3 + 2k) = 0
2
10
 9k2 – 8k – 20 = 0  (9k + 10) (k – 2) = 0  k = 2 or
9
14. D = b2 – 4ac = 4 – 4 × (–3) × (–8) = –92.
15. For non-real roots D < 0  b2 – 4ac < 0
 (–p)2 – 4 × 1 × q < 0  p2 – 4q < 0  p2 < 4q
16. The given equation will have equal roots if D = 0
 (27 × 31/k – 15)2 – 144 = 0  27 × 31/k – 15 = 12
1 1
 27 × 31/k = 27 or 3  31/k = 1 or 31/k =  = 0 or – 2.
9 k
1 1
But cannot be zero. So k =  .
k 2
17. [1] ; We have 1  m  x 2  2 1  3m  x  1  8m   0
Let D be the discriminant of equation (1) Roots of equation (1)will be equal if D =
0
  2 1  3m    4 l  m l  8m   0  1  9m 2
 6m  1  9m  8m 2  0
0
 m 2  3m   0  m m  3   0  m = 0, 3.
4
18. (4) 0

(1), We have, D  c  a  b   4 b  c  a a  b  c 
2
19.
= a  b  c  2b   4 a  b  c  2a a  b  c  2c 
2
=  2b   4  2a  2c   4 b  4ac  = 4  a  c   4ac   4 a  c 

2 2 2 2
= 2 a  c  = perfect square.  Roots are rational.

2
Given equation is x   a  b  x  ab  8k   k  2   0

2 2
20.
Roots are real and equal only if   0 Now,   0
  a  b   4  ab  8k  k 2  4k  4   0   a  b 2  4  k  22  0
2
 a  b  0, k  2  0  a  b and k  2
21. By concept we know that S-II is true
By using the formula given in S-II we can solve the equation in S-I
13
By solving 7x 2  6x  13 7  0 we get x  7
, 7
Hence both the statements are true and S-II explains for the truthness of S-I.
22. x  2  x  x 2  5x  4  0  x  1 or 4
But x > 2  x  4 is the only acceptable value.
23. x  6  x  x 2  x  6  0  x  2 or 3
But x > 0  x  3 is only possible value.
1  13
24. x  3  x  x2  x  3  0  x 
2
1  13
But x   0 which is not possible here as the given expression is posi-
2
tive.
1  13
x 
2
25. Hint:Find the value of b 2

 4ac    and compare with zero.
26. The given equation reduces to x 2  146x  429  0  x  3 or 143

But x = 143 does not satisfy the given equation. Thus x = 3 is the solution.
27. (2,4) Hint: Since x 2  px  q  0 has no real roots

 0  p2  4q  0   p  2 q  p  2 q   0  p2  4q
28. [2] ; 2x 3  12x  18  0  x  3   x 2  3x  3  0

For x 2  3x  3  0 ,   0 ;  ‘3’ only real root.
1 1
29. [4] ;Let x  y  1 , x 3  y 3  4
 x  y   xy ,  x  y   3xy  x  y   4   x 3 y 3  3  xy   4
3 2
  xy   3  xy   4  0  xy  1,2 , 2   xy  1 xy  2   0
3 2 2
xy  1 then x  y  1 (or) xy  2 then x  y  2
1 5 1 5
Case 1. xy  1 , x  y  1  x  , x
2 2
Case 2. xy  2 , x  y  2 have no real solution
30. [2] ; The LHS can only be 1 if base is 1 or  1 or exponent is 0
Case 1. x 2  11x  30  0 x  5,6
Case 2. x 2  7x  11  1 x  5,2
Case 3. x 2  7x  11  1 x  3,4
For x  3 , 32  11.3  30  6 which is even
x  4 , 42  11.4  30  2 which is even the possible solutions are 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

31. (2,3)Hint: x is not real so   0
 y2  4  2y2  3  3y   0  y2  8y2  12y 12  0

 3y2  4y  4  0   3y  2 y  2  0  y  2,23 
32. a  p, q b  r , s c  r d  q
6 x8 x
(A) Put y  7x
2
Given equation to reduce y 4  6 y 2  7  0  y  1 or  1  x  8 , 6
x2 x4
(B) y   x3  x  y 3
2

 y  1
6
 
  y  1  64  2 y 6  15 y 4  15 y 2  1  64  y 6  15 y 4  15 y 2  1  32  y 2  1
6
 y  1 or  1 ; x  4 or 2
(C) x 2

 x x 2  x  2  24 
2
Put x  x  t
 t  t  2   24  t 2  2t  24  0   t  6  t  4   0  t  6, t  4
x2  x  6  0 x2  x  4  0
x 2  3x  2 x  6  0   x  3 x  2   0  x  2
 x2  x  1   x  1 
2
(D) rewrite the given equation as    7 2   13
 x  1   x  x  1 
x2  x  1
Put  t then proceed We get x  6
x 1
QUADRATIC EQUATIONS WORKSHEET- 3 KEY
1) 2 2) 4 3)1 4) 4 5) 3
6) 2 7) 3 8) 4 9) 1 10) 3 11) 2
b 2 2c

2  2       2 a 2 a
2
b b 2  2ac
;   c   
1. (3),      a   
2
  
2
c2 c2
a
a2
2. (4), x 2  kx  k  c  0 ;     k,  c  k
 1   1     1       = 1  k  c  k = 1  c
3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (1) 6. (4) 7. (4)
8. (4) roots are   3  i ,   3  i a    
9. (4) roots are   2  i 3,   2  i 3 p       , q  
10. (2) 4  i 3 , 4  i 3 are the roots     8 and   19 ;

11. (2) 12. (4) 13. (2)
m 5 b c
14. (2)  :   5 : 4 and     ,   15. (1)  
12 12 a a

16. [2] ; Here,     7 and   12
Now, S              2       4  2  7   4 12  98  48  50

2 2 2 2
And P              4    7    7   4 12   49  49  48   49 .

2 2 2 2
 
 The required equation is x 2  50x  49  0
     3    
3
1 1
17. (3)  
   
3 3 3
18. (2)     3,   b 2 D  36  4b  0  b  0 
   2   2      2
2
   
2
18
   2  2  2
     b
b c
19. (4)   6  b  6 a  25  c  25a 31a  b  c  50a  2c
a a
20 (3,4) Verify the options making use of     ,   1

21. (4) S-II is true.Using this we can verify that S-I is false.
22 (2) 23. (1) 24. (2)
25. a  q, b  t, c  p, d  r 9x 2  10x  11
 10  10 c 11
a)     b /a     b)   
 9  9 a 9
2
 10   11  100  198 98
c)           2  =    2    
2 2 2
 9   9 81 81
98 11 98  99 1
d) 2  2   =   
81 9 81 81
a)  5  4k  x   4  2k  x  38  k  0
2
26. Ans: 3 product of roots = –5
38  k
 5  38  k  25  20k  63 = 21k  k = 3
5  4k

27. a-s, b-p, c-q, d-r
28. (1,3), Since   are the roots of  x  a  x  b   c
     a  b ------ (1)   ab  c ------ (2)
given that another equation is  x    x     c  0  x 2       x    c  0
 x 2   a  b  x   ab  c  c   0  x 2   a  b  x  ab  0
 The roots of  x    x     c  0 are a and b.
29. a  s, b  p, c  q, d  r
a)  3   3  7       3      7
3
20
27  3  3  7  20  9   
9
20
Required equation is x  3 x   0 ; 9 x 2  27 x  20  0
2
9
b) p  q  1    1  2  1  0  1
pq  1  2    3  1 , the equation is x2 – x + 1 = 0
c) x3  27  x   3,  3 ,  3
2
  
  
2 2
    3 
2 2
    3 
2
       
2
  
    3      3 
Equation whose roots are  and  2 x 2  x  1  0
1 7
d)     ,  
2 2
1 
 4 7
x 2     x  1  0  x 2        2
    2

 x 1  0  x  
2
x 1  0
      7 
   
 2 
27
x  x  1  0  14 x 2  27 x  14  0
2
14
Statement 1: x  3 x  2   x  1 x  2 
2
30. (1)
 1,2 are the roots of the equation x 4  px 2  q  0

1 p  q  0  1 and 16  4 p  q  0   2 1   2  15  3 p  0  p  5
 1 becomes 1  5  q  0  q  4
Statement - 1 is true
Statement-2: Given equation is x 2  x  1  0  0
 7   2   14   2
7
 ,  2 are its roots  19   19  

 19 ,  7 are roots of x 2  x  1  0  Statement - 2 is true
31. Ans: 4 x2  x  2  0 ,  2   2  0, 2    2  0

x 2  3x  4  0   ,      3,   4
              

 2
         2
        
11 11

 2

 3  4  2  3  4    2  3 2  3   4  6      9   4 11  4
11 11 11 11

1) 2 2) 4 3) 2 4) 1 5) 3
1. (1) 2. (4) 3. (4)
4. (4) roots are   2  i 3,   2  i 3 p       , q  
m 5
5. (2)  :   5 : 4 and     ,  
n 12
b c
6 (1)  
a a
7. [2] ; Here,     7 and   12
Now, S              2       4  2  7   4 12  98  48  50
2 2 2 2
And P              4    7    7   4 12   49  49  48   49 .

2 2 2 2
 The required equation is x 2  50x  49  0

8. (4) roots are   3  i ,   3  i a    
 3    3    2   2         2 
2
9. (1)
10. (1)  2   2          1
 b b 2  2ac
11. (3)      ; a 
2 2
 b 2  ab  2ac
a2
12. (3)     15,   1
2 2
1  1  1 1 1 1
  15     15  ,   ,     2   2       2  225  2  223 .
2
     
We have,  α + β + γ  = α2 + β2 + γ2 + 2  βγ + γα + αβ
2
13. (2)
 4 = 6 + 2  βγ + γα + αβ   βγ + γα + αβ = 1

Also,  3  3   3  3                      
2 2 2
 8  3   2  6  1  3  8  14  6    2
  = α + 2 β2 γ 2 =  α4 + 2   βγ   2αβγ   γ  
2 2
Now, α2 + β2 + γ2 4
 
  α 4 = 36  2   1  2  2  2  = 18
2
 
14. Key - (1),We have α + β = -p and αβ = q ––––––– (1)

Also since α, β are the roots of x 2n + pn x n + q n = 0
We have, 2n  pn n  q n  0 –––––––– (2)
And  2n  pn  n  q n  0 –––––––– (3)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get α  β  + p α  β  = 0  αn + βn = pn –––– (4)
2n 2n n n n
α β  
n
   
n
If β or α is a root of x n  1   x  1  0, then    1     1  0
n
     
 α n + βn  + α + β = 0  pn + pn = 0
n
( From (1) and (4))
Therefore, n must be an even integer
b c d
15. (3) given expression  a  (   )  ( 2   2 )  ( 3   3 )
2 2 2
b c d
 a  (   )  [(   ) 2  2  (   )3  3 (   )]
2 2 2
b c d b c d
 a  (1)  [(1) 2  2(1 / 6)]  [(1)3  3(1 / 6)(1)]  a   
2 2 2 2 3 4
2
p
16. (4) sub x = 4 in first then p = -7 and q 
4
17) (3) Product = 2e 2log k
1  7 2k  1  7
2
2 2  3
18) (2)     ;    1 The equation is
23
5 x 2  2 x  35  0
19]. (4), 2
  2  3  0 –––––––– (1) 2
   2  3,   2 2  3
 
 P  2 2  3  3 2  5  2   2  2  2  3  2  1 ( From (1))
Similarly Q = 2  P + Q = 3, PQ = 2.  Required equation is x 2  3x  2  0

20. (1, 2) hint: 
 3  3        2  2   

5  5   2  2   3

 3   22        33   23   32   33   22     
21. (1) 22 (2) 23. (1) 24. (2)
25. (r,p,s,q)
[2];  + β = 2 and β = 1  α β + αβ = αβ  α + β  = 2  1 = 2
2 2
26.

c k
27. Ans 6 ; α + β = 5 ,     1    3 and   2      3 2  k  k = 6
a 1
 3  3       3     
3
28. Ans: (3)  etc.

 33  33
29. (1)  33   22      etc.
3 27  3 
3
   23 1
30. (1) ,  
    E     
  
1/3
8 8 2 3/2 3  8  4
31. A  s, B  r, C  p, D  p,q
2
A) x  x  12  0 x  4  x  3   0
x  3  x  3, 3 Sum of real roots is 0.
x2  2 x x2  2
B)  8. 2 6 Put t
x x 2 x
8
t   6  t 2  6t  8  0   t  4  t  2   0  t  4  x 2  2  4 x
t
 x2  4x  2  0   x  2  2  x  2  2
2
Sum of roots = 4 t2
x 2  2  2 x  x 2  2 x  2  0   x  1  1  0
2
No real roots
C) x 2  x  1  0  x   ,  2 are roots.
x 2007    
2007
  2007     3 669 
 = –1
1 1
2007
 1  x 2007  2007
 2
x x
x
 
 1 
  1
x x
D) 4  15 t    4  15 
 4  15  t
 62 
2
1 62  4
 
2
t   62  t 2  62t  1  0  t  4  15
t 2
   4    
x 2 2
 4  15 15  x  2  4  15  x  2
32. (4) Case i. x 2  x  6  0   x  2  x  3  0 x  2 & x  3
x2  x  6  x  2  x2  2 x  8  0   x  4  x  2   0 x  4, 2
Case ii: x2  x  6  0   x  2  x  3  0  2  x  3
x 2  x  6   x  2  x 2  4  x  2, 2  x  2
 x  2, 2, 4 Sum of the roots =  2+2+4 = 4

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY SYNOPSIS - 1
Ordered Pair: A pair of numbers a and b listed in a specific order with a at the
first place and b at the second place is called an ordered pair (a, b).
Note that  a, b    b, a  .
Thus, (2, 5) is one ordered pair and (5, 2) is another ordered pair.
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
We represent each point in a plane by means of an ordered pair of real
numbers, called the coordinates of that point.
The position of a point in a plane is determined with reference to two fixed
mutually perpendicular lines, called the coordinate axes.
On a graph paper, let us draw two mutually perpendicular straight lines
X 'OX and YOY ' , intersecting each other at the point O. These lines are known
as the coordinate axes or axes of reference.
The horizontal line X 'OX is called the x-axis. The vertical line YOY ' is called
the y-axis.
Y
5
4
3
2
1
O
X ' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 X
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Y'
The point 0 is called the origin.

The configuration so formed is called the coordinate system or coordinate
plane.
Coordinates of a point in a plane: Let P be a point in a plane. Let the distance of P
from the y-axis = a units and, the distance of P from the x-axis = b units. Then,
we say that the coordinates of P are (a, b).
a is called the x-coordinates or abscissa of P.
b is called the y-coordinates or ordinate of P.
Y
P(a, b)
b
X' O a X
Y'
Consider the point P shown on the adjoining graph paper. Draw PM  OX .

Clearly, OM = 3 units, PM = 2 units.
So, abscissa of P is 3 and ordinate of P is 2.
Thus, the coordinates of P are (3, 2).
Clearly, the coordinates of the origin O are (0, 0).
Y
5
4
3
2 P
1
O M
X ' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 X
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
Y'
Convention of Signs: The distances measured along OX and OY are taken as

positive and those along OX ' and OY ' are taken as negative. Thus,
(i) The x-coordinate of a point is positive if it is measured to the right of
origin and negative if it is measured to the left to origin.
(ii) The y-coordinate of a point is positive if it is measured above the origin
and negative if it is measured below the origin.
Y
5
4
3
II I
2
1
O
X' -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 X
-1
-2
-3
III -4 IV
-5
Y'
Quadrants: Let X 'OX and YOY ' be the coordinates axes. These axes divide the plane
of the graph paper into four regions, called quadrants.
The region XOY is called the First Quadrant.
The region YOX ' is called the Second Quadrant.

The region X 'OY ' is called the Third Quadrant.
The region Y 'OX is called the Fourth Quadrant.
Using the convention of signs, we have the signs of the coordinates in various
quadrants as given below:
Region Quadrant Nature of x and y Signs of coordinates
XOY I x > 0, y > 0 (+, +)
YOX' II x < 0, y > 0 (–, +)
X'OY ' III x < 0, y < 0 (–, –)
Y 'OX IV x > 0, y < 0 (+, –)
Any point on x-axis: If we consider any point on x-axis, then its distance from
x-axis is 0. So, its ordinate is zero. Thus, the coordinates of any point on x-axis is
(x, 0).
Any point on y-axis: If we consider any point on y-axis, then its distance from
y-axis is 0. So, its abscissa is zero. Thus, the coordinates of any point on y-axis is
(0, y).
Slope of x-axis is 0; slope of y-axis not defined.
a
If ax + by + c = 0 is a line then the slope of the line is  .
b
CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY WORKSHEET - 1
1. If the x co-ordinate of a point is 2 and its y co-ordinate is 3, then it is
represented as
1) 2, 3 2) 3, 2 3) (2, 3) 4) (3, 2)
2. If the abscissa & ordinate of a point are 3 and 2 respectively then the point is
represented as
1) 2, 3 2) 3, 2 3) (2, 3) 4) (3, 2)
3. If a point is at a distance of 2 units from Y – axis and 3 units from X – axis then
the point is represented as
1) 2, 3 2) 3, 2 3) (2, 3) 4) (3, 2)
4. A Point (4, 0) lies on
1) X – axis 2) Y – axis 3) Origin 4) X and Y axes
5. A Point (0, 5) lies on
1) X – axis 2) Y – axis 3) Origin 4) X and Y axes
6. The x co-ordinates on OX are
1) from 0 to  2) from 0 to - 3) from 1to  4) from 1to  
7. A point (2, 3) lies in
1) Q1 2) Q2 3) Q3 4) Q4
8. A point (– 2, – 3) lies in
1) Q1 2) Q2 3) Q3 4) Q4

9. Distance between (2 , 0) and ( 2, – 4 ) is ____________ units
1) 0 2) 2 3) 4 4) – 2
10. Distance between (– 1, – 2) and (3, – 5) is __________ units
1) 2 2) 5 3) 3 4) 1
JEE MAINS
1. In which of the following quadrant does the given point (3, –8) lie?
1) I quadrant 2) II quadrant 3) III quadrant 4) IV quadrant
2. In which of the following quadrant does the given point (–5, 1) lie?
3. In which of the following quadrant does the given point (–6, –8) lie?
4. The Horizantal axis is called.
1) X  axis 2) Y  axix 3) Origin 4) I Quardrant
5. The nearest point from the origin is
1) (2, –3) 2) (5, 0) 3) (0, –5) 4) (1, 3)
6. If Q(x,y) lies in the Fourth Quadrant then x  is
1) Positive 2) Negetive 3) Both 1 & 2 4) None
7. The triangle formed by (0, 1), (1, 0) and (1, 1) is(through graph)
1) Right angle isoceles triangle 2) Scalene triangle
3) Equilateral triangle 4) Cannot form a triangle
8. The X  co  ordinate on Y  axis is
1) 0 2) 1 3) Undifine 4) None
9. What is the slope of the line 3x  2y = 4
3 3 2 4
1) 2)  3)  4)
2 2 3 3
10. What is the slope of the line 4x + 5y = 10
4 4 5 10
1) 2)  3)  4)
5 5 4 4
11. What is the slope of the line – 6p – 3q = 4?
1 2
1) –2 2)  3)  4) 4
2 3
JEE ADVANCED
12. Which of the following statement is true?
1) (0, –8) lie on x – axis 2) (0, 9) lies on y – axis
3) (10, 0) lies on y – axis 4) (–5, 0) lies on x – axis

REASONING TYPE:
13. Statement I: (0, 15) lies on x – axis.
Statement II: The co–ordinates of any point on y – axis is (0, y).
14. Statement I: The vertices (3, 2), (0, 5), (–3, 2), (0, –1) represents the vertices of
a square.
Statement II: The sides of a square are equal and diagonals of it bisect each
other and are equal.
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
Given points A(2, 3), B(–4, 3), C(–4, –2) and D(2, –2)
Based on the above data answer the following questions through graph
15. Name of the figure ABCD is
1) Rectangle 2) Square
3) Can’t be determined 4) None of these
16. Perimeter of the figure is
1) 18 units 2) 16 units 3) 20 units 4) 22 units
17. Area of the figure is
1) 20 sq.units 2) 16 sq.units 3) 30 sq.units 4) 28 sq.units
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
(Point) (Quadrant)
a) (4, –8) 1) I
b) (3, –9) 2) II
c) (1, 10) 3) III
d) (–6, 4) 4) IV
5) Origin
19. Given A(0, 0), B(2, 0) and C(0, 4) then area of ABC is ________units2.(through
thengraph)

COORDINATE PLANE
Let A,B be two points in a plane. Generally the distance between A and B
denoted by AB. The line segment joining A and B is denoted by AB . The ray

from A and passing through B denoted by AB . The ray from A and passing

through B is denoted by AB . The line passing through A and B is denoted by
  
AB . Let x x and y y be two mutually perpendicualr coordinate lines in a

plane intersecting at O. The point O is called origin. The line xox is called x
- axis as horizontal line and y- axis as vertical line. Let p be a point in the
plane. Let L,M be the projections (feet of the perpendiculars ) of P on x - axis
and y-axis respectively. Let x,y be the real numbers assigned to L,M on the
 
lines x ox , y oy respectively.
Then x is called x - coordinate of P and y is called y - coordinate of P. The

point P is denoted by (x,y).
Every point in the plane can be represented by two numbers x,y (coordinates)
and every pair of real numbers determine a point in the plane.
x- axis and y-axis are called coordinate axes and the plane is called
coordinate plane. The coordinate axes divide the plane into four equal parts.
Each part is called a quadrant. The regions xoy, yo x  , x oy  , y ox are called
I,II,III,IV quadrants respectively.
Let P(x,y) be a point in the coordinate plane. Then
1) P lies in I quadrant iff x > 0, y > 0
2) P lies in II quadrant iff x < 0, y >0
3) P lies in III quadrant iff x <0, y <0
4) P lies in IV quadrant iff x > 0, y < 0
5) P lies in the x - axis iff y = 0.
6) P lies in the y - axis iff x = 0.
7) If P = O, then x = 0, y = 0 i.e., the coordinates of the origin O are (0,0) .
Note : Let A  x1, y1  ,B  x 2 , y 2  be two points in the coordinate plane. Then (i)
 
AB is a horizontal line iff y1  y 2 and (ii) AB is a vertical line iff x1  x 2 .
We state some results without proofs in this chapter which were learnt in
previous classes.

Distance between two points
Let A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  be any two points on a line not parallel to the axes. From
the adjacent figure we have the right angle triangle ABC.
AB2  AC2  BC2 But AC  x2  x1,BC  y2  y1
 AB2   x2  x1    y2  y1   x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2 2 2
AB 
NOTE : The distance to the point A  x1 , y1  from origin is x12  y12

Illustration : 1. Find the distance between the points (1, 2) and (3, 2)
Solution : Let A   x1, y1   1,2 B =  x 2 , y 2  =  3,2
 x2  x1    y2  y1   3  1   2  2 =
2 2
 2  0
2 2
 Distance of AB 
2 2
= = 2 units
Illustration : 2. Find the distance to the point (2,1) from origin
Solution : Let A= (x1, y1 )  (2,1)  Distance of OA  x12  y12 = 22  12  5 units

Collinear points : The points which lie on the same line are called collinear points,
If three points A, B, C are collinear then AB + BC = AC (or) AC + CB = AB
(or) BA + AC = BC
Note 1) : If A,B,C are collinear then A,B,C lie on the same line
Note 2) : A,B,C are collinear , then the area of  ABC is zero

Illustration : Show that the points (-1, 7), (3, -5), (4, -8) are collinear
Solution : Let A = (-1, 7), B = (3, -5), C = (4, -8) are given points
the distance between two points  x1 , y1  ,  x2 , y2  is  x2  x1    y2  y1 

2 2
 3  1   5  7   42   12 
2 2 2
 AB 
 4  3   8  5
2 2
 16  144  160  4 10 units = BC   12  32  10 units
 1  4    7  8 
2 2
CA   25  225  250  5 10 units
Now, AB+BC  4 10  10  5 10  AC  A, B, C are collinear.

1.The distance between two points (0,0) and ( 2,5) is

2. The distance between two points (2,2) and ( 5,4) is
3. The distance between two points (–2,3) and ( 4,0) is
1) 15 units 2) 2 5 units 3) 3 5 units 4) 35 units
4. For what value of K , the points (K,–2), (1,4),(–3,16) in order are collinear.
1)13 2)4 3) 3 4) 12
5. The distance between the points (1,2), (2,1) is
1) 0 2) 1 3) 2 4) 2
6. The vertices of a triangle are A(0,–4),B(4,0) and C(0,0), so  ABC is
1) Right angled triangle 2) Isosceles triangle
3) Right angled , Isoceles triangle 4) Equilateral triangle
7. The mid point of (1,2) and (3,4) is
1) (2,3) 2) (3,2) 3) (2,4) 4) (1,3)
JEE MAINS
SINGLE CORRET CHOICE TYPE:
1. The distance between (4,–3) (–4,3) is
1) 10units 2)12units 3)14units 4)11units
2. If the distance between the points (5,–2) (1,a) is 5, then the value of a is
1) 5units 2) 2units 3)4units 4) 1unit
3. The point on x-axis which is equidistant from the points (5, 4), (–2, 3) is
1) (2,0) 2) (4,0) 3) (12,0) 4) (5,0)

4. The distance of the point (a, b) from (–3, 0) and (3, 0) are 4 units each , the the
value od a,b are
1) a=2, b=4 2) a=0, b= 7 3) a=3, b= 7 4) a=1, b= 7

5. The distance between A(7,3) and B on the x-axis whose abscissa is 11 is
1) 12units 2) 10 units 3) 5units 4) 15units
6. If the vertices of an equilateral triangle are (0,3) and (4,3) , then the
thrid vertex of the triangle is
 
1) 2,3  2 3 , 2,3  2 3   
2) 2,2  3 , 2,2  3 
 
3) 3,3  2 3 , 3,3  2 3   
4) 2,3  3 , 2,3  3 
7. If the distance of the point (4,1) from the point (3,a) is 10 units, then the value
of a is
1)4 units 2) 5 units 3) 10 units 4) 14 units
8. Let ABC be a triangle whose vertices are (0,0)(a,5) (–5,5) respectively. If the
triangle is a right triangled at A, then the value of a is
1) 4 2) 5 3) 8 4) 9
9.Let A  a cos ,0  ,B  0,a sin   be any two points then the distance
between two points is
1) a units 2) a 2 units 3) a units 4) 2a units
10. If the points  3, 8  ,  4, 11 and  5, k  are collinear then, the value of k is
1) 14 2) -8 3) 4 4) 5
11. The triangle formed by (0,1), (1,0) and (1,1) is
1) Right angle isosceles triangle 2) Scalene triangle
3) Equilateral triangle 4) Cannot form a triangle
12. The two vertices of an isosceles triangle are (2,0) (2,5). If the length of
two equal sides is 3units, then then the third vertex of the triangle is
 10 7   10 7   5 7  5 7
1)  4  2 , 2  ,  4  , 
2 2  2)  4  2 , 2  ,  4  , 
2 2 
     
 11 5   11 5   3 7  3 7
3)  2  2 , 2  ,  2  2 , 2  4)  2  2 , 2  ,  2  , 
2 2 
      

13. The centre of a circle of radius 13 units is (3,6). If P(7,9) is a point inside of the
circle. APB is a chord of the circle such that AP=PB, then the length of AB is
1) 4 units 2) 5 units 3)10 units 4) 24units
14. The points (a+1,1), (2a+1,3) and (2a+2, 2a) are collinear if
1 1
1) a  1,2 2) a  ,2 3) a  2,1 4) a   ,2
2 2
 a 2a 
15. If P  at2 ,2at  ,Q  2 ,  and S (a,0) be any three points, then the value
t t 
1 1
of + is
SP SQ
1
1) a 2) 3) t 4) a 2
a
16. The distance between the points  at ,2at 

2
1 1 and  at ,2at  , where
2
2 2
t1 and t 2 are the roots of the equation x  2 3x + 2 = 0 and a > 0 is

2
8 a
1) 8a 2) 3) 4) None
a 8
17. If a and b are real numbers between 0 and 1 such that the points (a,1), (1,b) and
(0,0) form an equilateral triangle, then the values of a and b are
1) 2  3 , 2  3 2) 2  3 , 2  3
3) 2  3 , 2  3 4) 2  3 , 2  3
18. ABC is an isosceles triangle whose base is BC. If B and C are (a + b, b - a)
and (a - b, a + b) then coordination of A may be
a b
1) (a, b) 2) (b, a) 3)  ,  4) (–a, b)
b a
19.The circumcenter of triangle whose vertices are
(-2,3) (2,-1) (4,0) is
1 5 2 1 7 5 3 5
1)  ,  2)  ,  3)  ,  4)  , 
4 4 5 5 2 2 2 2
 8
20. The points  0,  1,3 82,30  are vertices of
 3
1) An Obtuse angled triangle 2) An acute angled triangle

3) Right angled 4) Lies on a same line

21. The points (1, 7), (4, 2), (–1, –1) and (–4, 4) are the vertices of
1) rectangle 2) square 3) rhombus 4) parallelogram
22. If  2, 4  ,  2, 6  are two vertices of an equilateral triangle then the third vertex is

1) 2  3, 5  2)  3  2,5  
3) 5, 2  3  
4) 5, 2  3 
23. If  2, 4  ,  4, 2  are the extremities of the hypotenuse of a right angled isosceles
triangle, then the third vertex is
1)  2, 2  or  4, 4  2)  3,3 or  4, 4  3)  2, 2  or  3,3 4)  2,3 or  3, 2 
JEE ADVANCED
MULTI CORRECT CHOICE TYPE
24. Let A  x1 , y1  B  x 2 , y 2  be any two points distance between two points
 x 2  x1    y 2  y1   x 2  x1    y 2  y1 
2 2 2 2
1) 2)
 x1  x 2    y1  y 2   x 2  x1    y 2  y1 
2 2 2 2
3) 4)
REASONING TYPE
25. Statement I : The points A  5,2 , B  7,9  ,C  9,16  are collinear.

Statement II : If three points A, B, C are collinear then AB + AC = BC or AC + CB
= AB or AB + BC = AC.
COMPREHENSION TYPE
The points A, B and C are called collinear points if they lie on the same line. If
three points are collinear then AB + BC = AC (or) AC + CB = AB (or) AC + AB = BC.
Based on the above passage answer the following questions.
26. If A(2, 7), B(8, 3) and C(14, -1) are collinear then which of the following is true.
1) AB + BC = AC 2) AC + CB = AB 3) AB + AC = BC 4) All the above
27. If A, B and C are collinear then the area of  ABC is
1) Positive real 2) Negative real 3) 0 4)Complex number
28. If A(-1, 3), B(2, p) and C(5, -1) are collinear then the value of p is
1) 0 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1

MATRIX MATCH TYPE
a) Distance between (5, 3), (8, 7) 1) -3
b) Distance between (0, 0), (-4, 3) 2) 5
 1 3   3 1 
c) Distance between  ,  ,  ,  3) 3
2 2  2 2 
4) If (1, x) is at 10 units from(0, 0) then x = 4) 5

5) 4
INTEGER ANSWER TYRE
30. A ( 0, 2 ), B ( 0, 5 ) be any two points, then the distance between them is______
31. ABC is an isosceles triangle whose base is BC. If B and C are (a + b, b - a)
and (a - b, a + b) then coordinates of A may be
a b  b
1) (a.b) 2) (b,a) 3)  ,  4) 1, 
b a  a
REASONING TYPE:
32. Statement I : The vertices (3, 2), (0, 5), (–3, 2), (0, –1) represents the vertices of
a square.
Statement II : The sides of a square are equal and the diagonals of it bisect
each other and are equal.
1) Both Statements are True
2) Both Statements are False
MATRIX MATCH TYPE:
33. If (p + 1, 1), (2p + 1, 3) and (2p + 2, 2p) are the vertices of a triangle then match
the following.
Column-I Column-II
Value of p Area of the triangle
a) p = 0 p) 7/2
b) p  1 q) 25/2
c) p = 3 r) 3/2
d) p = –3 s) 1

Dividing a line segment in a given ratio (section formulae) :
(P divides AB in the ratio m : n internally.)
(P divides AB in the ratio m : n externally.)

Section formulae :
The point ‘P’ which divides the line segment joining the points A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  in
the ratio m:n
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 
i) internally is  , ;m  n  0
 mn mn 
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 
ii) externally is  , ;m  n
 mn mn 
Illustration : Find the points which divide the line segment joining the points (1, –
3), (–3, 9) in the ratio 1:2 internally and externally.
Solution : Let A  ( x1 , y1 )  1, 3 , B   x2 , y2    3,9  and ratio =m :n = 1 : 2
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 

The point which divides AB in the ratio 1:2 internally is   , 
 mn mn 
 1  3  2  1 1  9  2  3   1 
 ,    ,1
 1 2 1 2   3 
 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1 

The point which divides AB in the ratio 1:2 externally is   , 
 mn mn 
 1  3  2  1 1  9  2  3   3  2  1 9  6   5 15 
 ,   ,  , 
 1 3 1 3   2 2   2 2 
Mid point of a line segment :
Let A   x1 , y1  , B   x2 , y2 
If P is the mid point of the line segment AB then P divides AB in the ratio 1:1
internally. Let m:n=1:1

 mx2  nx1 my2  ny1   1 x2  1 x1 1 y2  1 y1   x1  x2 y1  y2 
Now P   ,   ,   , 
 mn mn   11 11   2 2 
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
i.e., the mid point of line segment joining of  x1 , y1  and  x2 , y2  is  , 
 2 2 
Illustration : Find the mid point of the line segment joining (1, 2) and (1, 4).
Solution : Let A  (x1, y1 )  (1,2) , B  (x 2 , y 2 )  (1,4)
 x1  x2 y1  y2  1 1 2  4 
Now, mid point of AB   , =  ,   1,3 
 2 2   2 2 
The points of trisection of a line segment :
P divides AB in the ratio 1:2 Q divides AB in the ratio 2:1
Here P, Q are called the points of trisection of the line segment AB

Note : The points which divide a line segment in the ratio 1:2 and 2:1 are called
the points of trisection of the line segment.
Illustration : Find the points of trisection of the segment joining (3, 2) and (6, 5)
Solution : Let A  (x1, y1 )  (3,2) , B  (x 2 , y 2 )  (6,5)
Let the point P divides AB in the ratio 1:2 and the point Q divides AB in the ratio
2:1, internally.
When m : n= 1 : 2
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1   1(6)  2(3) 1(5)  2(2) 

P   ,   ,   (4,3)
 mn m  n   1 2 1 2 
When m : n = 2 :1
 mx 2  nx1 my 2  ny1   2(6)  1(3) 2(5)  1(2) 
Q   ,  ,   (5, 4)
 mn m  n   2 1 2 1 
 The points of trisection are (4,3), (5,4).
NOTE :
1. The point P(x,y) divides the line segment joining A  x1 , y1  and B  x2 , y2  in
x1  x : x  x 2 (or) y1  y : y  y 2

i.e AP = PB = x1  x  x  x 2
2. x-axis divides the line segment joining  x1, y1  and  x2 , y2  in the ratio  y1 : y2
3. y-axis divides the line segment joining  x1, y1  and  x2 , y2  in the ratio  x1 : x2
Illustration :
1. Find the ratio in which (2, 1) divides the line segment joining (1, 4) & (4, 5).
Solution : Let P(x, y) = (2,1) , given A(x1, y1 )  (1,4) and B(x 2 , y 2 )  (4,5)
 The required ratio  x1  x : x  x2  1  2 : 2  4  1 : 2 = 1 : 2
 The points divides the line segment in the ratio of 1:2 internally
Illustration :
2. Find the ratio in which x-axis and y-axis divide the line segment joining the
points (–3, 5) and (3, –7).
Solution : Let A(x1 , y1 )  (3,5) and B(x 2 , y 2 )  (3, 7)
The ratio in which  x-axis divides AB   y1 : y 2   5 :  7  5 : 7
The ratio in which  y-axis divides AB   x1 : x 2    3  : 3  1 :1
Second - order determinant :
a b
The expression is called the second-order determinant.
c d
a b 4 3
It is defined as = ad-bc Example :   4 1  3  2   4  6  2.
c d 2 1
Area of a triangle :
1. The area of the triangle formed by the points A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  and C  x3 , y3 
1 1 x1  x2 x1  x3 1 x1  x2 x3  x1
=
2
 x1  y2  y3  (or) 2 y1  y2 y1  y3 (or)
2 y1  y2 y3  y1
sq.units
2. The area of the triangle formed by the points O  0, 0  , A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2 
1
= x1 y2  x2 y1 sq.units.
2
Illustration : 1. Find the area of the triangle formed by the points (5,1), (9,3) and (3,5)
Solution : Let A   x1 , y1    5, 2  , B   x2 , y2    9,3 , C   x3 , y3    3,5 
1 x1 x2 x3 x1 15 9 3 5
 Area of ABC  2 y 
1 y2 y3 y1 22 3 5 2
1 1 1
 15  18  45  9  6  25  3  36  19  14 = 7 sq. units.
2 2 2

Illustration : Find the area of the triangle formed by the points (0,0), (1,0) and (0,1).
Solution: Let O=(0,0), A   x1 , y1   1, 0  , B   x2 , y2    0,1
1 1 1 1
 Area of ABC  x1 y2  x2 y1  11   0  0   1  0 = sq unit.
2 2 2 2
Area of a Triangle- ‘Heron’s Formula’
1
We know the formula for area of the triangle is  base  height .
2
Any given triangle is may be a right angle triangle, equillateral triangle and
isosceles triangle. Can we calculate the area of the triangle ?
If we know the base and height directly we apply the above formula to find the
area of a triangle.
The height (h) is not known, how can we find its area?
For this Heron, a Ancient Greek mathematician, derived a formula for a triangle
whose lengths of sides are a, b and c.
abc
A  S(S  a)(S  b)(S  c) , where S
2
NOTE :
1. Three points A,B,C are collinear if the area of ABC is zero.
2. If D,E,F are the mid points of the sides of the ABC then the area of
ABC = 4 (area of DEF ).

Centroid:
In any triangle medians are concurrent and the point of concurrence is called
centroid of the triangle.
Centroid divides each median from vertex in the ratio 2:1 internally.
A
F E
2
G
:
1
B C
D
1 : 1
Centroid of the triangle formed by

 x1  x 2  x 3 y1  y 2  y3 
A (x1, y1), B (x2, y2) and C (x3, y3) is  , 
 3 3 
If D, E, F are midpoints of sides AB, BC, CA of  ABC then centroid of  ABC =
centroid of  DEF.
If G is centroid and D,E,F are midpoints of sides BC , CA, AB of  ABC then

(i) AB2+BC2 +CA2 = 3(GA2+GB2+GC2).
 2 2 2

(ii) 3 AB  BC  CA = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)
If G is centroid of  ABC and P is any point in the triangle then

PA2+PB2 +PC2 = GA2+GB2+GC2+3PG2
1.The midpoint of a line segment is (–4,–2).If (–6,4) is one end then the
other end is _____.
1)(2,8) 2)(–2,8) 3)(2,–8) 4)(–2,–8)
2. X-axis divides the line segment joining (2,–3)(5,7) in the ratio ____.
1)1:2 2)3:7 3)4:5 4)3:4
3. The point of bisection of the line segment joining the points (–6,11), (10,–3) is
1)(2,4) 2)(–2,4) 3)(4,–8) 4)(–2,–8)
4. The area of the triangle whose vertices are (1,2), (–2,3), (–3,–4)
1)14 sq. units 2) 11 sq. units 3)16 sq. units 4)24 sq. units
5. In what ratio does the x-axis divide the joining of A(2, –3) and B(5, 6)?
1) 2 : 3 2) 3 : 5 3) 1 : 2 4) 2 : 1
6. If the centroid of the triangle formed by the points (a, b), (b, c) and (c, a) is at the
origin, then a3 + b3 + c3
1) abc 2)0 3) a + b + c 4) 3abc
7. If (2, 2p + 2) is the mid-point of (3p, 4) and (–2, 2q), the value of p and q are
1) 2, 4 2) 3, 6 3) 7, 9 4) 8, 10
8. If the coordinates of one end-point of a diameter of a circle is (4, –1) and the
coordinates of the centre of the circle is (1, –3), then the coordinates of the end-
point of same diameter are
1) (–2, –5) 2) (–2, –6) 3) (–6, –5) 4) None of these
9. The join of (-3, 2) and (4, 6) is cut by x-axis in the ratio
1) 2 : 3 internally (2) 1 : 2 externally (3) 1 : 3 externally (4) 3 : 2 internally
JEE MAINS
SINGL CORRET CHOICE TYPE:
1. Two vertices of DABC are A(-1, 4) and B(5, 2) and its centroid is G(0, -3). Then the
coordinates of C are

1) (4, 3) 2) (4, 15) 3) (-4, -15) 4) (-15, -4)
a 
2. If P  , 4  is the mid-point of the line segme nt joining A (-6, 5) and
3 
B(-2, 3), then a =
1) -4 2) -12 3) 12 4) -6
3. The ratio in which the line segment joining A(3, 4) and B(-2, 1) is divided by the
y-axis is
1) 1 : 2 2) 2 : 3 3) 3 : 2 4) 2: 5
4. If A(2, 2), B(-4, 4) and C(5, -8) are the vertices of a triangle, then the length of the
median through vertex C is
1) 3 5 2) 3 17 3) 157 4) 213
5. The point which divides the line segment joining the points (7, -6) and (3, 4) in
ratio 1 : 2 internally lies in the
6. IF p divides the line segment joining A(– 2, 1) and B(1, 4) in the ratio 2 : 1, then
the coordinates of p are
1) (3, 0) 2) (0, 3) 3) (0, – 3) 4) (– 3, 0)
7. Let p(6, – 3) be the middle point of the line segment AB, where A has the
coordinates (– 2, 0), then the coordinates of B are
1) (14, – 6) 2) (– 14, 6) 3) (14, 6) 4) (– 14, – 6)
8. ABC is a triangle whose vertices are (1, – 4), (– 2, 2) and (4, 5) respectively, then
the length of the median through A is
15 17 13 11
1) units 2) units 3) units 4) units
2 2 2 2
9. ABCD is a parallelogram whose vertices are (– 3, 2), (1, 5) and (2, – 4) respectively,
then the coordinates of fourth vertex is
1) (2, 7) 2) (– 2, 7) 3) (2, – 7) 4) (– 2, – 7)
10.If a vertex of a triangle be (1, 1) and the middle points of two sides
through it be (–2, 3) and (5, 2), then the centroid of the triangle is
3 5 5   3
1) (5, 3) 2)  ,  3)  , 3  4)  5, 
5 3 3   5
11. If A(6, 3), B(3, 5), C(4, 2), P (, ) , then the ratio of the areas of  PBC and  ABC
is
1) |   |: 7 2) |    |: 7 3) |   3   14|: 7 4) | 3    14|: 7

12. P = (– 5,4) and Q = (–2,–3). If PQ is produced to R such that P divides QR
externally in the ratio 1 : 2, then R is
1) 1,10  2) 1, 10  3) 10,1 4)  2, 10 
13. In the below figure, the points A (2, 2), B (2 2, 0) , C (2, –2), D( –2, – 2),
E (2 2, 0) and F (–2, 2) are points on a circle, then the area of the
shaded path is
F A
E B
D C
1) 8(  2  1) 2) 8(  2  1) 3) 8(  2  1) 4) 8(  2  1)
14. P = (– 5,4) and Q = (–2,–3). If PQ is produced to R such that P divides QR

externally in the ratio 1 : 2, then R is
1) 1,10  2) 1, 10  3) 10,1 4)  2, 10 

15. The sides of a triangle are 3 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm. Its area is
1) 12 cm2 2) 15 cm2 3) 6 cm2 4) 9 cm2
16. The area of ABC is
A
3c
m
m
3c
B 4cm C
1) 20 cm 2
2) 4 5 cm 2
3) 2 5 cm2 4) 10 cm2
17. The area of a triangular sign board of sides 5 cm, 12 cm and 13 cm is
65
1) cm2 2) 30 cm2 3) 60 cm2 4) 12 cm2
2
18.The side of a triangle are in the ratio of 25 : 14 : 12 and its perimeter is
510 m. The greatest side of the triangle is
1) 120 m 2) 170 m 3) 250 m 4) 270 m
19. The periemeter of a right triangle is 60 cm and its hypotenuse is 26 cm. The
other two sides of the triangle are
1) 24 cm, 10 cm 2) 25 cm, 9 cm 3) 20 cm, 14 cm 4) 26 cm, 8 cm

20. The area of quadrilateral ABCD in the adjoining figure is
A 3cm
B
5cm
5c
4cm
m
D 4 cm C
1) 15.16 cm2 2) 14.8 cm2 3) 15 cm2 4) 16.4 cm2
21. The area of trapezium in the adjoining figure is
28m C
D
15
m
9m
A B
40m
1) 286 m 2
2) 306 m2 3) 316 m2 4) 296 m2
22.The area of quadrialteral ABCD in the adjoiing figure is
A
9cm
D
cm
15cm
15
cm
12
B C
1) 57 cm2 2) 95 cm2 3) 102 cm2 4) 114 cm2
23. The mid point of (-5, 12) and (9, -2) divides the join of the points (-8, -5), (7,10) in
the ratio
1) 2:1 2) 3:2 3) 1:3 4) 4:3
24. The point R (22,23) divides the join of P(7,5) and Q externally in the ratio 3:5
then Q is
1) (-3,7) 2) (3,-7) 3) (-3,-7) 4) (4,1)
25. If the points A(a,b), B(-a,-b) and P(a2, ab) are collinear then the ratio in which p
divides AB is
1) 1+a : 1-a 2) 1:a 3) a:1 4) 1-a : 1+a

26. If (1,a), (2,b), (c2,-3) are vertices of a triangle then the condition for its centroid
to lie on x-axis is
1) 3a + 3b = 1 2) a+b=3 3) ab=3 4) 2a+3b=7
27. If the centroid of the triangle formed by (p,q) (q,r) (r,s) is (0,0) then p 3  q 3  r 3 
1) 0 2) 3pqr 3) pq+qr+rs 4) pqr

28. In  ABC, A (5,6) and its centroid is (2,3) then mid point of the side BC is
1) (1/2, 3/2) 2) (3/2, 3/4) 3) (3/2, 1/2) 4) (3/4, 3/2)
JEE ADVANCED
REASONING TYPE
33. Statement I : The vertices (3, 2), (0, 5), (–3, 2), (0, –1) represents the vertices of
a square.
Statement II : The sides of a square are equal and the diagonals of it bisect
each other and are equal.
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
a)The coordinates of the centroid of a triangle
with the given vertices (2,4),(4,8)&(3,6) 1) 1,  10 
b) P = (– 5,4) and Q = (–2,–3). If PQ is
produced to R such that P divides QR
1 
externally in the ratio 1 : 2, then R is 2)  ,3 
2 
c) Let P and Q be the points on the
line segment joining A(–2, 5) and B(3, 1)
such that AP = PQ = QB.
Then the midpoint of PQ is 3) (3, 6)
d)In a parallelogram ABCD whose vertices are
A(-3,2),B(1,5), C(2,–4) respectively,
then the fourth vertex is 4) (–2, –7)
INTEGER TYPE:
35. If the points A(–1,3) B(2,p) C(5,–1) are collinear , then the value of p is–––––
36. The line segment joinning the points (3,–4) (1,2) is trisected at the points P(p,–2),
Q(5/3,q), then the value of p is
1) 7/3 2) 56/24 3) 8/3 4) 11/2

COORDINATE GEOMETRY SYNOPSIS - 4
Inclination of a line : The angle made by a line with x-axis in the anticlock wise
direction is called its steepness or inclination.
If  is the inclination of the line, then 00    1800
The following lines l , m are making angles  ,  respectively with x-axis
Slope of a line :
If ' ' is the inclination of the line, then tan  is called the slope of theline. It is
denoted by ‘m’ i.e., m = tan  or
The ratio between the difference of y co-ordinates and x co-ordinates of any two
points on the line is a constant, this constant ratio is called the slope of the given
line.
Illustration :
Let us find the slope of the line y = x.
Let O, A, B, C, ....... be the points on the line with O = (0, 0), A = (1, 1), B = (2, 2)
and C(3, 3). Now, for any two points of O, A, B and C
Difference of y  co  ordinates 1 0 2 1 3  2
    1 a constant.
Difference of x  co  ordinates 1 0 2 1 3  2
This constant is called the slope of the given line  m  1
Formula :If ' ' is the inclination of a line and  x1 , y1  ,  x2 , y2  are any two points on it
y2  y1 Difference of y co  ordinates
then its slope  m   tan   
x2  x1 Difference of x co  ordinates
Result : 1
Slope of a line parallel to x-axis is ‘zero’.
We know the equation of the line parallel to x-axis is y  k , k  R
Let A  x1 , k  and B  x2 , k  be two distinct points on it.

Difference of y  co  ordinates  k  k  0
; x1  x 2 = 0
Now slope (m) =
Difference of x  co  ordinates x 2  x1 x 2  x1
 Slope of any line parallel to x-axis is zero.
In particular the slope of x-axis is zero
Result : 2
Slope of a line parallel to y-axis is ‘not defined’.
Let the equation of a line parallel to y-axis be x=k, k  R
Let A  k , y1  and B  k , y2  be two distinct points on it, clearly y1  y2
Difference of y  co  ordinates y2  y1 y  y1
Now slope (m) = Difference of x  co  ordinates   2 where y1  y2
k k 0
= undefined ( divison with zero)

 Slope of any line parallel to y-axis is ‘undefined’
In particular the slope of y-axis is ‘undefined’.
NOTE : 1. If slope of AB = slope of BC then A,B,C are collinear.
2. Slope of a line y = mx or y = mx + c  m, c  R  is ‘m’.

Illustration : Find the slope of a line 5x + 2y = 0
Solution : Given line is 5x + 2y = 0  2y = –5x
5 5
 y= x which is of the form y = mx  slope (m) =
2 2
Illustration : Find the slope of a line 2x + y + 7 = 0
Solution : Given line is 2x + y + 7 = 0
 y  2x  7  y  2x  (7) , which is of the form of y = mx + c
 slope (m) = - 2.
Illustration : Find the slope of a non-vertical line ax + by + c = 0
Solution : Given line is ax + by + c = 0  by   ax  c
 a   c 
 y   x    which is in the form of y = mx + c
 b   b 
a
 slope (m) 
b
NOTE : 1) The general form of a straight line is ax + by +c = 0, where a  b  0
a coefficient of x
2) Slope of a non-vertical line ax + by + c = 0 is m = =
b coefficient of y

By observing the following diagram
We can conclude that

1. Any two lines are parallel if their slopes are equal.
2. Any two lines are perpendicular if the product of their slopes is equal to ‘-1’.
NOTE : 1. Parallel lines differ only by their constants.
2. In the above two lines, no line is parallel to either of the axes.
Illustration : Show that the lines 4x + 8y = 0, 2x + 4y = 9 are parallel
Solution : For the given line 4x + 8y = 0
 coefficient of x 4 1
Slope (m1 )  coefficient of y     . For the given line is 2x + 4y = 9
8 2
 coefficient of x 2 1 1
Slope (m2 )  coefficient of y  
4
 
2
m1  m2  
 Given lines are parallel
2
Illustration : Show that the lines 4x + 5y + 1 = 0 and 5x - 4y + 7 = 0 are perpendicular.
Solution : For the given line 4x + 5y + 1 = 0
coefficient of x 4
Slope  m1    . For the given line 5x - 4y + 7 = 0
coefficient of y 5
coefficient of x 5 5
 . Now, m1  m2         1
4 5
Slope  m2   
coefficient of y 4 4  5 4
 Given lines are perpendicular
Various forms of a Straight Line
1. Slope form (Gradient form) :
Equation of a line passing through the origin and having slope m :
Let ‘ l ’ be the line passing through (0, 0) with slope ‘m’.Let P(x, y) be any point on l
y0 y
Slope of OP   m   m  y  mx
x0 x
Illustration : Find the equation of the line passing through (0, 0) whose slope is 5.
Solution : Slope of given line (m) = 5. Required line is y = mx  y  5x

Intercepts of a line :
If a line ' l ' cuts x-axis at A(a, 0), y-axis at B(0, b) then
its x-intercept = a, y-intercept = b.
2. Slope Intercept form of a line :
Equation of a line with slope ‘m’ and the y-intercept ‘c’.
If ‘ l ’ is a line with y-intercept ‘c’ and slope ‘m’.
Let l meets y-axis at A(0, c).Let P(x, y) be a point on l . Then slope of AP = m
y c
  m  y  c  mx  y  mx  c
x0
Illustration : Find the equation of the line with slope 4, y -intercept 5.
Solution : Given y-intercept(c) = 5 and slope of the line (m) = 4
 The required equation is y = mx + c  y = 4x + 5
3. Point slope form :
The equation of a line passing through P  x1 , y1  and having slope ‘m’.
If ‘ l ’ is a line passing through P  x1 , y1  and having slope m.

Let Q(x, y) be a point on l .
y y
Then slope of PQ = m 
1
 m  y  y  m x  x 
x  x1 1 1
Illustration : Find the equation of a line passing through (1, 2) having a slope 3.
Solution : Given slope of the line (m) = 3 and a point  x1 , y1   1, 2 
Equation of the line is y  y1  m  x  x1 
 y  2  3  x  1  y  2  3 x  3  y  3 x  1

4. Intercept form of a line :
Let ‘ l ’ be a line with the x-intercept ‘a’ and y-intercept ‘b’.
Then l meet the x-axis at A(a, 0) and y-axis at B(0, b). Thus A,B are two points on l .
b  0 b
The slope of line l  m  slope of AB  
0a a
y-intercept of l is (c) = b
 Equation of line in slope intercept form is y  mx  c
b x y
 y x  b  bx + ay = ab, dividing the equation with ab    1
a a b
Illustration : Find the line whose x intercept is -2 and y intercept is 3.
Solution : Given x-intercept(a) = - 2 and y-intercept(b) = 3
x y x y
Equation of the line in Intercept form is  1    1  3x  2 y  6  0
a b 2 3
Illustration : Find the intercepts made by 5x - 4y + 20 = 0 on the co-ordinate axes.
Solution : Given 5x - 4y + 20 = 0
 5 x  4 y  20  x intercept = -4 and y-intercept = 5
NOTE : 1) To get x intercept substitute y = 0 and to get y intercept substitute x =
0 in the given equation i.e., 4x - 5y + 20 = 0
if x  0  5 y  20  0
if y = 0  4 x  20  0  5 y  20  4 x  20  y  4  x  5
 y- intercept = 4  x-intercept = -5
2) If ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of a line, then
c c
We have x intercept = - and y intercept = -
a b
5. Two point form of a line :
Suppose’ l ’ is the line passing through the points A  x1 , y1  , B  x2 , y2  .
y y
Then the slope of ' l ' is (m) = slope of AB 
2 1
x2  x1
By point slope form of a line the equation of line l is

y2  y1
y  y1   x  x1    x  x1  y2  y1  =  y  y1  x2  x1 
x2  x1
Illustration :Find the equation of the line passing through (3,4) and (-5,1)
Solution : Given points  x1 , y1    3, 4  and  x2 , y2    5,1
x  x1 y  y1 x3 y 4
Equation of a line is     3 x  8 y  23  0
x1  x2 y1  y2 3  5 4 1
NOTE :
1) For ax + by + c = 0 to represent a straight line the condition is a  b  0 i.e., a &

b are not simultaneously zero.
2) The equation of the line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 and passing through  x1 , y1  is
a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0.
3) The equation of the line perpendicular to ax + by + c = 0 and passing through
 x1, y1  is b  x  x1   a  y  y1   0.
4) The equation of a line parallel to x-axis at a distance k units from it is y = k.
5) The equation of a line parallel to y-axis at a distance k units from it is x = k.
COORDINATE GEOMETRY WORKSHEET - 4

1.If '  ' is the inclination, then
1)   [o,  ) 2)   [o, ] 3)   [o,2) 4)   [o,2]
2. Slope of the line with inclination '  ' is
1) m  cot  2) m  tan  3) m  cos  4) m  sec 
3. Slope of the line passing thought  x1, y1  and  x2, y2  is
y 2  y1 x 2  x1 y1  y 2 x1  x 2
1) m  2) m  3) m  4) m 
x 2  x1 y 2  y1 x 2  x1 y 2  y1
4. Slope of the line ax + by + c = 0 is
a b a b
1) m  2) m  3) m  4) m 
b a b a
5. If ax + by + c = 0 is the general form of the line, then
1) a  b  0 2) a  b  0 3) a + b = 0 4) a  b  0
6. If a1x  b1y  c1  0 and a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 are two parallel lines, then which of

the following is correct?
1) a1  a 2 , b1  b2 ,c1  c 2 2) a1  a 2 , b1  b2 ,c1  c 2
3) a1  a 2 , b1  b2 ,c1  c 2 4) a1  a 2 , b1  b2 ,c1  c 2

7. Slope - intercept form of the line is
1) y = mx 2) y = mx + c 3) y = mx – c 4) y – y1 = m(x – x1)
8. Equation of the line with slope ‘m’ and x - intercept ‘a’ is
1) y = mx + a 2) y = my + a 3) y = m(x – a) 4) y = m(x + a)
9. Intercept form of the line is
x y
1)  1 2) y = mx + c 3) y = m(x – a) 4) all of these
a b
10. If ax + by + c = 0 is the equation of the line, then x and y intercept respectively
are
c c c c c c c c
1)  , 2)  , 3) and 4) and
b a a b a b b a
11. Equation of the line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 and is passing through (x 1, y1) is
1) a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0 2) a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0
3) a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0 4) a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0
12. Equation of the line perpendicular to ax+by+c=0 and is passing through (x 1, y1) is
1) b  x  x1   a  y  y1   0 2) b  x  x1   a  y  y1   0
3) a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0 4) a  x  x1   b  y  y1   0
JEE-MAINS
1. The equation of the line which makes 45° with x-axis and passes through (1, 0) is
1) x + y – 1 = 0 2) x – y – 1 = 0 3) x + y + 1 = 0 4) x – y + 1 = 0
2. The equation of the line having and intercepts 1 and 2 respectively is
1) x + 2y –2 = 0 2) x + y = 2 3) 2x + y –2 = 0 4) x – y = 2
3. The slope of the line joining the points (–3, 2) and (5, –4) is
1) –3/4 2) 3/4 3) 4/3 4) –4/3
x y
4. The slope of the line + = 1 is
a b
1) –a/b 2) –b/a 3) a/b 4) b/a
5. The equation of the straight line through the points (3, 3) and (7, 6) is
1) 3x – 4y + 3 = 0 2) 3x + 4y – 3 = 0 3) 3x – 3y – 1 = 0 4) none
Equation of the straight line joining the points  am1 , 2am 1  and  am 2 , 2am 2 
2 2
6.
1) 2x + (m1 + m2)y – 2am1m2 = 0 2) 2x – (m1 + m2)y + 2am1m2 = 0
3) 2x – (m1 + m2)y – 2am1m2 = 0 4) none
7. The e qu ati o n o f t h e s tra i gh t l i n e w hi c h c ut s of f an i n t e rc e p t 3 fro m
positive direction of the y-axis and is inclined at an angle 60° with the
positive direction of x-axis is
1) 3x  y  3  0 2) 3x  y  3  0 3) x  3y  3  0 4) x  y 3  3

8. Let P and Q be the points on the line segment joining A(–2, 5) and B(3, 1) such
that AP = PQ = QB. Then the midpoint of PQ is
1   1 
1)  ,3  2)   ,4  3)  2,3  4)  1, 4 
2   2 
9.The vertices of a triangle are (2,0) (0,2) (4,6) then the equation of the
median through the vertex (2,0) is
1) x+y-2=0 2)x=2 3) x+2y-2=0 4) 2x+y-4=0
10. Equation of a line which passes through the point (-3,8) and cut off positive
intercepts on the axes whose sum is 7 is
1) 3x-4y=12 2) 4x+3y=12 3) 3x+4y=12 4) 4x-3y=12
11. If the line jo ining the poin ts  at 2

1 ,2at1  and  at 22 , 2at 2  is paralle l
to y = x, th e n t1 + t 2 =
1 1
1) 2) 4 3) 4) 2
2 4
12. The equation of the line intersecting the y - axis at a distance of 2 units above the
origin and making an angle of 300 with the positive direction of the x - axis is
1) x  3y  2  0 2) x  3y  2 3  0 3) 3x  y  2 3  0 4) None of these
 c  c
13.The equation of the line passing through the points  ct1 , t  ,  ct2 , t  is
 1   2 
1) x  t1t 2 y  c  t1  t 2  2) y  t1t 2 x  c  t1  t 2 
3) x  t1t 2 y  c  t1  t 2  4) y  t1t 2 x  c  t1  t 2 
14. The slope of the line passing through the points  2,sin   , 1,cos  is 0 then general
solution of 
  
1) n  , n  Z 2) n  , n  Z 3) n  , n  Z 4) n , n  Z
4 4 4
15. The perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining P 1, 4  and Q  K , 3 has Y
intercept -4. then a possible value of K is
1) -4 2) 1 3) 2 4)-2

1 k 1 k
16. If the slope of the line  +  x +  +  y  1 + k  = 0 is –1 then
a b b a
the value of k is
1) 2 2) –1 3) 1 4) – 2
17. P  ,   lies on the line y = 6x – 1 and Q ,   lies on the line 2x – 5y = 5. Then the
equation of the line PQ is
1) 2x + y = 3 2) 3x + 2y = 5 3) x + y = 6 4) 3x + y = 7
18. The line 2x+3y=6, 2x+3y=8 cut the X-axis at a A,B respectively. A line
L = 0 drawn through the point (2,2) meets the X-axis at C in such a way that
abscissa of A,B,C are in arithmetic Progression. then the equation of the line L is
1) 2x+3y=10 2) 3x+2y=10 3) 2x-3y=10 4) 3x-2y=10
19. The equation of the straight line whose intercepts on x-axis and y-axis are
respectively twice and thrice of those by the line 3x + 4y = 12, is
1) 9x + 8y = 72 2) 9x - 8y = 72 3) 8x + 9y = 72 4) 8x+9y+72=0
20. The sum of the intercepts cut off by the axes on lines
1
x  y  a , x  y  ar , x  y  ar 2 ,............ where a  0 and r 
2
1)2 a 2) a 2 3) 2 2a 4) a
21. If 4a 2 + 9b2  c 2 +12ab = 0 , then the set of lines ax + by + c = 0 passes through the
point
1) (1, 2) (–1, –2) 2) (2, 3) (–2, –3) 3) (2, –3), (–2, 3) 4) (1, –2), (–1, 2)
JEE-ADVANCED
Multi Correct Choice Type:
22. If a line passes through (2,3) and (2,-6) then
1) The line is parallel to x - axis 2) The line is parallel to y - axis
3) Slope of the line is undefined 4) Slope of the line is zero
Reasoning Type:
23. Statement I: Equation of a line parallel to 2x + 3y + 6 = 0 and passing through
(3, -2) is 2x + 3y = 0.
Statement II : The equation of line parallel to ax + by + c = 0 and passing through
x 1, y1  is a(x + x1 ) + b(y + y1 ) = 0.
1) Both Statements are True
2) Both Statements are False

Comprehension Type:
x y
  1 is known as intercept form, it meet the x-axis at (a,0) and y-axis at
a b
(0,b)
24. The line 2x  4y  8 meets the x-axis at
1) (4, 0) 2) (0, 2) 3) (2, 4) 4) (0, 0)
25. If a line passes through (3, 0) and (0, 4) , then the equation of the line is
x y x y x y x y
1)  1 2)  1 3)  1 4)  1
2 3 3 4 2 1 2 4
26. The sum of Intercepts of a line x  y 10  0 is
1) 30 2) 40 3) 20 4)-20
Matrix Match Type:

a) The slope of the line joining the the points (3, 4) and (4, 1) is p) 0
b) The slope of the line parallel to 2x + 3y + 4 = 0 is q) –2/3
c) The slope of the line perpendicular to x - 2y + 5 = 0 r) –3
d) If the line 2x - 3y = k passes through the origin then k is s) –1
t) –1/2
Integer Answer Tyre:
28. The slope of the equations of the line 8x - 4y + 6 = 0 is _______.
Multi Correct Choice Type:
29. If a1 x  b1 y  c1  0,a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0 are two perpendicular lines having slopes

m1 & m 2 then
1) m1m 2  1 2) a1a 2  b1b2  0 3) a1b2  a2b1  0 4) a1a 2  b1b2  0
30. Equation of a line passing through the point (2,3) and inclined at an angle of
tan1 1  2 with the line y +2x = 5 is

1) y = 3 2) x = 2 3) 3x+ 4y - 18 = 0 4) 4x + 3y -17=0

Reasoning Type:
31. I : Every first degree equation in x and y is ax+by+c=0, a  b  0 represent a

straight line
II : Every first degree equation in x and y can be convert into slope intecept form
Then which of the following is true
1) Only I 2) only II 3) both I & II 4) neither I nor II
Matrix Match Type:

a) Line passing through (-4,3) and having p) 2x - 5y + 4 = 0
interceptsin the ratio 5 : 3
b) Line passing through P(2,-5) such that q) 5x – 2y – 20 = 0
p bisects the part intercepted between
the axes
c) Line parallel to 2x -3y +5 = 0 with r) 3x + 5y =3
x - intercept 2/5 is
d) Line perpendicular to 5x + 2y +7=0 s) 10x -15y =4
HINTS & SOLUTIONS

CO-ORDINATE GEOMETRY WORKSHEET-1 KEY
CUQ’S: 1) 3 2) 4 3) 3 4) 1 5) 2 6) 1
7)1 8) 3 9) 3 10) 2
1) 4 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1 5) 4 6) 1 7) 1 8) 1
9) 1 10) 2 11) 1 12) 2,4 13) 4 14) 1 15) 1 16) 4
17) 3 18) a  4; b  4; c  1; d  2 19) Ans:4
CUQ’S: 1) 2 2) 1 3) 3 4) 3 5) 3 6) 3 7) 1
1) 1 2) 4 3) 1 4) 2 5) 3 6) 1 7) 1 8) 2
9) 1 10) 1 Hint: AB + BC = AC (or) ABC 11)1
12) 3 13) 4 14) 4 15) 2 16) 1 17) 4 18) 1 19) 4
20) 4 21) 2 22) 1 23) 1 24) 1, 3 25) 1 26) 1 27) 3

28) 4 29) a  4; b  4; c  2; d  1,3 30) 3 31) 4 32) 1
33) s, r, p,q
HINTS & SOLUTIONS
14. Let A = (a + 1, 1), B = (2a + 1, 3) and C = (2a + 2, 2a)
Given A,B and C are collinear
 AB  BC  AC AB2  BC2  2AB.BC  AC2
 a 2  4  4a 2  12a  10  2  a2  4  
4a 2  12a  10  5a 2  2a  2
 5a 2  12a  14  2 a 2  4 4a 2  12a  10  5a 2  2a  2
 (a 2  4)  4a 2  12a  10    5a  6   4a 4  12a 3  26a 2  48a  40  25a 2  60a  36

2
1
 4a 4  12a 3  a 2  12a  4  0   2a  3a  2   0  2a 2  3a  2  0  a   2 , 2
2 2
 a 2a 
Given P  at ,2at  ,Q  2 ,
2
15.  and S(a,0)
t t 
 at  a   4a 2t 2  at 2  a  a  t2  1 ,
2 2
Now SP =
2
a  4a 2  a   1  t2 
SQ =  2  a     2  a   a  2 
t  t2 t   t 
1 1 1 1 1 1  t2  1
Now      
SP SQ a  t2  1  1  t2  a 1  t2  a
a 2 
 t 
16. Given t1 and t 2 are the roots of x 2  2 3x  2  0
 t1  3  1 and t 2  3  1
Now t 22  t12  4  2 3  4  2 3  4 3
Now distance between given points
a 2   t22  t12   4  t2  t1    a  
2 2
= 48  16  8a
 
17. Let A   a,1 ,B  1,b  and C   0,0  are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
1  a    b  1  1  a 2  2a  b2  2b  1  a 2  b2  2  a  b   2 ....(1)
2 2
Now AB 

BC  1  b2 ..........  2 CA  1  a 2 ..........  2
We know AB  BC  CA  a 2  b2  2  a  b   2  1  b2  1  a 2
Take 1  b2  1  a 2  a  b
Take a 2  b2  2  a  b   2  1  b2  a 2  4a  1  0  a  2  3
but given ‘a’ is a real number between 0 and 1 a  b  2 3 .

18. 1) Is correct since distance of (a,b) from B and C are equal
2) Is false since AB2  AC 2
3) Is incorrect since AB2  AC 2 4) Is correct since
2 2
b  b 
AB  1  a  b     b  a  and AC2  1  a  b     a  b 
2 2 2
a  a 
Note that AB2  AC2 .
20. Slopes are equal. 21. Verification
 2  2  3  4  6 4  6  3  2  2 
22. Third vertex  
 2
,
2 


  2  3,5 
 2  4   4  2  4  2   2  4 
23. Third Vertex  ,    3  1,3  1   4, 4  or  2, 2 
 2 2 
31. Key: 4
1) Is incorrect since A,B,C are collinear 2) Is false since AB2  AC 2
3) Is incorrect since AB2  AC 2 4) Is correct since
2 2
b  b 
AB  1  a  b     b  a  and AC2  1  a  b     a  b 
2 2 2
a  a 
Note that AB  AC .
2 2
32. Key: 1
1 p  1 2p  1 2p  3 p  1 1
33. Key: s, r, p, q Hint: area of ABC   2p2  3p  2
2 1 3 2p 1 2
CUQ’S: 1.(4) 2.(2) 3.( 1) 4.(2) 5. (3) 6. (4) 7. (1)
8. (1) 9. (3)
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (3) 4. (3) 5. (4) 6. (2) 7. (1) 8. (1)
9. (4)

10. (3) Let co-ordinates of A be (1, 1) and midpoints of AB and AC are F and E are F (–
2, 3) and E (5, 2)
Hence the coordinates of B and C are (2 × (–2) – 1, 2 × 3 – 1) and
(2 × 2 – (– 5),
2 × 4 – 5) i.e., B (– 5, 5) and C (9, 3) respectively.
1  5  9 1  5  3  5 
Then centroid is 
3
,
3   Centroid is  3 ,3 
   
1 1
11. (4) Area of the triangle PBC  (5  2)  3(2  )  4(  5)  3    14
2 2
1 1
Area of the triangle ABC =  6(5  2)  3(2  3)  4(3  5)  7
2 2
3    14
 The required ratio =
7
12. (2) If P divides QR externally in the ratio 1 : 2, then Q is midpoint of PR.
 5  x 4  y 
Let R(x, y), then  2, 3    ,  x = 1 and y = – 10  R(x,y) = 1, 10  .
 2 2  
13. (4) The points ABCDEF form a hexagon,
1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
The area of the hexagon is  2 88 2
2 0 2 2 0 2
By observation we can say  ACD is right angled at C
 D, C, A are of the form (a, b), (c, b) and (c, d )

We know, if three points on a circle form a right angle triangle, then the
hypotenuse of the triangle is diameter of the circle
2  2 2 2
 centre of the circle =  2 , 2   (0,0)
 
Hence radius of the circle = (2  0)2  (2  0)2  8
 Area of the shaded path = Area of the circle – Area of the Hexagon
 8  (8  8 2 )  8(  2  1)
14. (2) If P divides QR externally in the ratio 1 : 2, then Q is midpoint of PR.

5  x 4  y 
Let R(x, y), then  2, 3    , 
 2 2 
 x = 1 and y = – 10  R(x,y) = 1, 10  .

15. (3) 16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (1) 20. (1) 21. (2) 22. (4)
23. (1) Midpoint is (2, 5) m:n = -8-2 : 2-7 = 2 : 1
24. (3) Use section formula 25. (4) m : n  x1  x2 : x2  x3
26. (2) G y  0 27. (2) Given form an equilateral triangle
28 (1) G divides AD in ratio 2:1

29. (1)
30. a-3,b-1,c-2,d-4
b) If P divides QR externally in the ratio 1 : 2, then Q is midpoint of PR.
 5  x 4  y 
Let R(x, y), then  2, 3    ,  x = 1 and y = – 10  R(x, y) = 1,  10  .
 2 2  
c) Given AP = PQ = QB .........(1)
Let R be the midpoint of PQ such that PR = RQ .........(2)

Now AR = AP + PR AR = QB + QR = BR [ from (1) and (2)]
 2  3 5  1   1 
 R is the midpoint of AB  R =  2 , 2    2 ,3 
   
31. Ans: 1 32. [1,2]
COORDINATE GEOMETRY WORKSHEET-4 KEY
1. 1 2. 2 3. 1 4. 3 5. 2
6. 1 7. 2 8. 3 9. 1 10. 2
11. 1 12. 2
1. 2 2. 3 3. 1 4. 2 5. 1 6. 3
7. 2 8. 1 9. 2 10. 2 11. 4 12. 2
13. 1 14. 1 15. 1 16. 3 17. 3 18. 2
19. 1 20. 3 21. 2 22. 2,3

23. 3 24. 1 25. 2 26. 3 27. a-r; b-q; c-t; d-p
28. Ans : 3 29. 1,2 30. 2,3 31. 3 32. a-r; b-q; c-s; d-p
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS:

1. Slope of the line is tan 45° = 1.
Equation of the line passing through (1, 0) and having slope 1, is
(y – 0) = 1(x – 1)  x – y – 1 = 0
x y
2.   1; 2x  y  2
1 2
y 2  y1 2  4 3
3. Slope (m) = x  x = 
2 1 3  5 4
x y b
4. Given equation   1  bx  ay  ab  ay  bx  ab y xb
a b a
b
It is in the form of y = mx + c  Slope =
a
y  y1 y1  y 2 y 3 36
5. Equation to the line is x  x  x  x    3x – 4y + 3 =0
1 1 2 x 3 37
6.
2
 2
 
Given points are A am1 , 2am1 , B am2 , 2am2 
y 2  y1 2am2  2am1 2  m2  m1  2
Slope of AB  m   m  
x 2  x1 am2  am1
2 2
m2  m1
2 2
m1  m2
2
 The required equation is y  y1  m  x  x1   y  2am1 
m1  m2

x  am12 
 y  m1  m2   2am1  m1  m2   2x  2am12
 2x  y  m1  m2   2am12  2am1m2  2am12  0
 2x  y  m1  m2   2am1m2  0, is the required equation.
7. m = tan60° = 3 and the y - intercept is 3
 The required equation is y  3x  3 a1x  b1 y  c1  0,a 2 x  b2 y  c 2  0

8. Given AP = PQ = QB .........(1)
Let R be the midpoint of PQ such that PR = RQ .........(2)

Now AR = AP + PR
AR = QB + QR = BR [ from (1) and (2)]
 2  3 5  1   1 
 R is the midpoint of AB  R =  2 , 2    2 ,3 
   
9. A  2, 0  B  0,2  C  4,6  ;mid point of BC is D  2,4  ;Equation of AD is x  2

10. Verification
11.
2
 
2
Given points are A at1 , 2at1 and B at 2 , 2at 2  
2at 2  2at1 2a  t 2  t1  2
Slope of AB =  
at 2  at1
2 2
a  t 2  t1  t 2  t1  t2  t1
2
But the given line is parallel to y = x   1  t1  t2  2
t 2  t1
1
12. Given y - intercept (c) = 2 and   300  m  tan   tan 30 
3
1
 Required equation is y = mx + c  y  x2
3
 3y  x  2 3  x  3y  2 3  0
t1y  c
c t1
y  y1 x  x1 y
t x  ct1 c  t1  t 2  x  ct1
13. The equation is y  y  x  x  1
  
2 1 2 1 c c
 ct 2  ct1 t1t 2 c  t 2  t1 
t2 t1
  t1y  c  t 2    x  ct1   t1t 2 y  ct 2   x  ct1
x  t1t 2 y  ct1  ct 2 x  t1t 2 y  c  t1  t2 

14. sin   cos tan   1
15.  0, 4  lies on perpendicular bisector PQ
1 k 1 k
16. Given line is    x     y  1  k   0
a b b a 
1 k
a  b
  . But given that the slope is –1
 Slope = –
1 k

b a
1 k
a  b 1 k 1 k 1 1 k k 1 1 1 1
 
 1 k 1           a  b  k a  b  k 1
  a b b a a b a b    
b  a
 
 2 
18. A   3, 0  B  4,0  ; c   2  , 0  19. a  8, b  6
 m 
20. Intercepts between the axes made by the given lines are a 2, ar 2, ar 2 2
 cos   0    sin   0   cos 2   sin2   1. Similarly OB = 1

2 2
22. OA 
AB  (cos   cos  )2  (sin   sin  )2
 cos 2   cos 2   2 cos  cos   sin2   sin2   2 sin  sin 
 2  2 cos  cos   2 sin  sin   2  2 (cos  cos   sin  sin  )
 
= 2  2cos(  )  2 1  cos(  )  2.2sin2  
 2 
Since  AOB is a right triangle, Therefore,
  1
AB = OA 2  OB 2  2 sin  2  sin 
2 2 2
1 m   2 
30. Let the slope of the line is m, then  m  3 or 
2 1   2  m = 4
3
Hence equation of line is y  3   x  2 and x  2
4

COMPREHENSION TYPE
AB 13
In a triangle ABC if C   / 2 and 
AC 5
1. sinB + cosA =
1) 5/13 2) 12/13 3) 17/13 4) 221/60
2. tan B =
1) 5/12 2) 12/5 3) 13/12 4) 12/13
3. sin2A + cos2A
1) 1 2) 5 3) 0 4) 13
KEY
1. 3 2. 1 3. 1
1. 2sin 30 cos 30 
1) sin 60 2) cos 60 3) tan 60 4) cot 60
2. 2sin 45.cos 45 
1) sin 0 2) cos 90 3) sin 90 4) cos 45
1  sin2 60
3. 
cos 60
1) cos 60 2) sin 60 3) cos 30 4) tan 45
KEY
1. 1 2. 3 3. 1
 cos15  cos 75 
1. 
sin 75  sin15
1) 1 2) –1 3) 0 4) 2
2. cot 9.cot 27.cot 45.cot 63.cot 81 
1) 1 2) 3 3) –1 4) 2
3. If 1  sin2 1000 .sec1000  – x then x = __________.

KEY
1. 1 2. 1 3. 1
1. sec 2 A.cos ec 2 A   tan2 A  cot 2 A  
1) 2 2) -2 3) 1 4) 0

tan2  cot 2 
2.  
1  tan2  1  co t 2 
1) -1 2) 0 3) 2 4) 1
1
3. If cos ecA  4x  then cos ecA  cot A 
16x
 1   1   1   1 
1) 8x or    2) 8x or   3) 8x or   4) 8x or  
 8x   8x   8x   8x 
sec   1 sec   1
4.  
sec   1 sec   1
1) 2sec  2) 2cot  3) 2cos ec 4) 2 tan 
KEY
1. 2
tan2  1  cot 2    cot 2  1  tan2  

tan2  1  cot 2   1
1
2. [4]
1  tan  1  cot 
2 2 
tan2   1  cot 2   1
3. 1
Sec  1 Sec  1 Sec  1 Sec  1 Sec 1

4. [3]    2 2  2Co sec 
Sec  1 Sec  1 Sec  1 Sec  1 tan  Sin
1. If x  a  cos ec  cot   , y  cos ec  cot   then
1) x  y  ab 2) x  y  ab 3) xy  ab 4) xy  0
2. If x cos   y sin   0, x sin   y cos   b then
x2 y 2
1) a 2  b2  x 2  y 2 2)  2 3) xy  ab 4) x 2  y 2  a 2  b2
a 2 b2
  

, If x   cos , yx   sin24  and z   cos  sin24  then
24 24
3. For 0   
2 n 0 n0 n 0
1) xy  z  xyz 2) xyz  xz  y 3) xyz  yz  1 4) x  y  z  xyz

KEY
1. [3] x  a  Co sec   cot   y  b  cos ec  cot  
xy  ab  cos ec  cot    cos ec  cot    xy  ab  cos ec 2   cot 2   1

2. [1 ] x cos   y sin   a, x sin   yCos  b
a 2  b2  x 2 cos 2   y 2 sin2   2xy cos  sin   x 2 cos 2   y 2 sin2   2xy cos  sin 
a 2  b2  x 2  y 2  cos 2   sin2   1
3  sin x  cos x   6  sin x  cos x   4  sin6 x cos6 x 

4 2
3. [1, 4]

4  sin2 x    cos2 x 
3 3
  3 sin x  cos x   2 2
 13
1. A+B = 3000  1  3 cotA 1  3 cotB =
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If , , ,  are in arithmetic progression
2. 1) tan       tan      2) tan       tan     
3) tan       tan      4) none of these
3. sin          is equal to
1) sin  3    2) cos    3  3) sin    3  4) cos  3   

4. cos  is equal to
 
1) cos        2) cos        3) sin  2    4) sin  
 2 
KEY
1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 2
1. sin 3 cos 3   cos 3 sin3  
3 3 3 3
1) sin 4 2) cos 4 3) tan 4 4) cot 4
4 4 4 4
cos 3A  sin 3A
2. If  1  K sin 2A then the value of K is
cos A  sin A
1) -2 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
   sin2 A  3  4sin2 A  is
2 2
3. The value of cos 2 A 3  4 cos 2 A
1) 2 2) 4 3) 1 4) 3
4. cos 2 25  cos 2 95  cos 2 145 
1 3 3 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 2 4 2

5. sin2 46  sin2 14  sin 46 sin14 
1 3 5 1
1) 2) 3) 4)
4 4 4 2
6. 8sin  cos  cos 2 cos 4  sin x  x 
1) 16 2) 8 3) 4 4) 32
7. tan B  cot B  2sec 2A  A  B 
   
1) 2) 3) 4)
2 3 6 4
KEY
3
1. [1]. sin 3 cos 3   cos  sin3   3 sin  cos 3   3 cos  sin3   4 sin 4
cos 3A  Sin3A
2. [1].  1  2 sin 2A  K  2
cos A  sin A
Cos 2 A  3  4 cos 2 A   Sin2 A  3  4 sin2 A   cos 2 3A  Sin2 3A  1

2 2
3. [3].
4. [2] cos 2 250  cos 2 950  cos2 1450  cos 2  cos 2 120  0   cos 2 120  0 
3
where   25 
2
3 3 3
5. [2] Sin2  60  140   sin2 140   sin  60  14  . sin140  cos 2   sin2  
4 4 4
6. [2] 8 sin cso cos 2 cos 4  sin x  sin 8  sin x  x  8
7. [4] tan B  cot B  2 sec 2A
2 
  2 sec 2A  cos ec2B  Sec2A  A  B 
2SinBCosB 4
1. If A={1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} then number of proper subsets of A is
1) 27 2) 26 3) 27  1 4) 28  1
2. Howmany elements has P(A),if A  
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 0
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
A = {1, 2, 3}
3. The number of proper subsets of A
1) 23 –1 2) 23 –1 3) 23 – 2 4) 23 – 2

4. The number of subsets of A
1) 23 2) 22 3) 4 4) 7
5. The number of improper subsets of A
1) 1 2) 2 3) 4 4) 3
KEY
1. [3] n(A) = 7. Number of proper subsets of A = 27  1

2. [1] n(A)=0, n  p(A)   2 n  2 0  1
3. [ 2 ] Number of proper subset 2n –1 number of subsets = 2n
4. [1] 5. [1]
1. If A  a,b,c,d,e B  a,c,e,g and C  a,b,g , then
1) A   B  C    A  B    A  C  2) A   B  C    A  B    A  C 
3) A   B  C    A  B    A  C  4) Both 2 & 3
2. B  x / x  z,0  x  3 C  x / x  N,1  x  2 , then n  B  C  

1) 3 2) 4 3) 6 4) 8
3. Let A  1,2,3,4,5 and B  4,5,6,7,8 , then
1) A  B  1,2,3 2) B  A  6,7,8 3) A  B  4,5 4) AB   
4. If U  1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 A  1,2,3,4 the n  A|   __________ .
KEY
1. 4 2. 2 3. 1,2,3 4. Ans : 6
1. From the Venn diagram BC is
A B 
4 6
7 1
3
2
9
1) {1, 3, 5} 2) {4, 6} 3) {9, 7} 4) {1, 3, 7]

2. If A = { 4, 5, 8, 12 }, B = { 1, 4, 6, 9 } and C = { 1, 2, 4, 7, 8, 10 }, then A – (B – A)=
1) {4, 5, 8, 12} 2) { 0 } 3) {5, 12} 4) {4, 5}
3. If A, B are any two sets, then A – (A – B) =
1) A 2) B 3) A – B 4) A  B

4. From the figure  A  B ' =
1) {1, 2, 4, 5} 2){1, 2, 4, 5, 6} 3){1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} 4){1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7}

KEY
1.3 2. [ 1 ] B – A = {1, 6, 9} A – (B – A) = { 4, 5, 8, 12} – {1, 6, 9} = {4, 5, 8, 12}
3. 4 4. 3

1. G = {x:x3 = 8, x  R }, then n(G) =
1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 3
2. A survey shows that 73% of the indians like apples where as 65% like o r a n g e s .
What percentage of indians like both apples and oranges?
1) 35 2) 56 3) 37 4) 38
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 10}; B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}; C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
3. n  A   B  C   =
1) 10 2) 13 3) 11 4) 12
4. n  A   B  C   =
1) 0 2) 3 3) 1 4) 2
5. n  A  B    A  C   =
1) n(A) 2) n(B) 3) n(C) 4) n  A  B 
KEY
1. 2 2. [4] n  A  B   n  A   n  B   n  A  B  = 73 + 65 – 100 = 38
3. 1 4. 1 5. 1

1. A  2,1 ,B  0 then A  B 
1)  2)  0,2 ,  0,1 3)  2,0  ,  2,1 4)  2,0  , 1,0 

2. State which of 1,0  ,  2, 1 ,  7, 6 ,  3, 4  ,  0,2 are not elements of the relation
R   x, y  / y  1  x ; x, y  Q
1)  3, 4 ,  0,2 2)  4, 3 ,  2,0

3) 1,0  ,  2, 1 ,  7, 6  4) Both (1) & (2)
3. The ordered pairs (a, 7) and (–4, b) belong to the relation

{(x, y): 2y – 3x = 8}, then the (a, b) is
1) (3, 4) 2) (2, –2) 3) (1, 2) 4) (5, –4)
4. The number of elements in set A is P, the number of elements in set B
is Q and the number of elements A × B is 7, then P 2  Q2 
1) 42 2) 49 3) 50 4) 51
5. If R   x, y  / x  3y , then
1) (3, 1) 2) (6, 2) 3) (9, 3) 4) (2, 6)
6. {(x, y): 3x + y = 10, x, y  W }, then the set of ordered pairs are
1) (0, 10) 2) (1, 9) 3) (2, 4) 4) (3, 1)
7. A  1,2 ,B  3,4 , then number of subsets of A × B are
1) 16 2) 24 3) 42 4) 4
8. If A  1,2,3, 4,5 ,B  x /2  x  7, x  N then
1) n  A  B   30 2) B  2,3, 4,5,6,7 3) n  B  A   30 4) n(B) = 6
KEY
1. 2 2. 1 3. 2 4. 3
5. 1,2,3 6. 1,3,4 7. 1,2,3 8. 1,2, 3, 4

COMPREHENSION TYPE:
If f   2, 4  ,  0, 6  ,  2,8 and g   2, 1 ,  0,3 ,  2, 5 then

1. 2f =
1)  2,8  ,  0,12 ,  2,16 2)  2, 8  ,  0,12  ,  2,16 
3) 5,2 ,  0,2 , 1,5  4)  5,2 ,  0,2 , 1, 5 
2. 3g =
1)  2, 3 ,  0,9 ,  2,15  2)  2,3 ,  0,9 ,  2,15
3)  2,8  ,  0,12 ,  2,16 4)  2, 3 ,  0,9 ,  2, 15
3. f+g=
1)  2,3 ,  0,9 ,  2,13 2)  2,3 ,  0,9 ,  2,15
3)  2,8  ,  0,12 ,  2,16 4)  2, 3 ,  0,9 ,  2, 15
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
x
Given a function f(x) = then
x 1
2
4. The value of f(–2) is

5 2 5 2
1) 2)  3)  4)
2 5 2 5
 1
5. The value of f    is
 2
2 2 5 5
1)  2) 3) 4) 
5 5 2 2
6. The value of f  0  is
1) 1 2) 0 3) –1 4) 2
KEY
1. [1] Given f  {( 2, 4), (0, 6), (2,8)} and g  {( 2, 1), (0, 3), (2, 5)}
2 f  {( 2, 2  4), (0, 2  6), (2, 2  8)}  {(2,8), (0,12), (2,16)}
2. [1] 3g   2,3  1  ,  0,3  3 , 2,3 5     2, 3 ,  0,9 ,  2,15 
3. [1] f  g   2, 4 ,  0,6 ,  2,8    2, 1 ,  0,3 ,  2,5 
=  2,  4  1  ,  0,  6  3  ,  2,  8  5     2,3 ,  0,9 ,  2,13
4. 2 5. 1 6. 2

1 2 3  0 1 2 
1. A , B    then B – A =
4 5 6 2 0 3 
 1 1 1  1 1 1  2 5 3   2 5 3 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
 2 5 3  2 5 3  1 1 1   1 1 1
r  2 5  4 y  3
2. If   3 
, then
 2 r  1  z
1) r = y = z 2) r = -y = z 3) -r = y = z 4) r = y = -z
x y   x 6   4 x  y
Given 3     3 
3. then x + y – w – z =
 z w   1 2w   z  w
1) –1 2)2 3)4 4)8
3 1
4. If X  2I    then x 
1 2 
1 1  1 1  1 1  1 1
1)   2)   3)   4)  
1 0   1 0 0 1   0 1
5. If Tr  A   6  Tr  4A   ______ .
1) 12 2) 2 Tr (A) 3) 24 4) 4 Tr (A)
6. Which of the following is unit matrix (or) Identify matrix
1 0 0  0 0 1 
1 0  0 1  0 1 0  0 1 0 
1)   2)   3)   4)  
0 1  1 0  0 0 1  1 0 0 
KEY
1. 1 2. 4 3. 2 4. 1 5. 3,4 6. 1,3

 0 1  2
 3  then A  A T 
1. If A   1 0
 2 3 0 
0 0 0  3 1 5  2 3 5
4 0  0 0 0  1 2 3 4 2 1
1)   2)   3)   4)  
0 2 0 0 0  2 4 2 2 1 3
1 1 3
2. The matrix A   5 2 6  is
 2 1 3
1) idempotent matrix 2) involutory matrix
3) nilpotent matrix 4) orthogonal matrix
T
r  4 6   5 r  2
 3  =
4 
3. then r =
 r  3 r  5
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) -1
1 6 
4. 7 2  = P + Q, where P is a symmetric & Q is a skew-symmetric then P =
 
 13   13   1
1 2  1   1    0 13 
2 2  2
1) 13  2)  13  3)  1  4) 13
 2  2   2   2 0 
2   2  2   
 x  7
5. A   is a skew-symmetric matrix, then (x,y) =
7 y 
1) (1,-1) 2) (7,-7) 3) (0,0) 4)(14,-14)
  2 
6. If A =  2  then A is
    
1) an idempotent matrix 2) nilpotent matrix
3) an orthogonal matrix 4) symmetric
KEY
1. 2 2. 3 3. 1 r  4  5  r 1
 A  AT 
4. 1   5. 3 AT   A 6. 2 A2  0
 2 

 ab b2 
1. If A   2  and A  0, then the minimum value of ‘n’ is
n
a ab 
1) 2 2) 3 3) 4 4) 5
2. If A and B are two matrices such that A + B and AB are both defined then
1) A and B are two matrices not necessarily of same order
2) A and B are square matrices of same order
3) A and B are matrices of same type
4) A and B are rectangular matrices of same order
a h g   x 
h b f   y 
3. The order of [x y z]     is
 g f c   z 
1) 3 × 1 2) 1 × 1 3) 1 × 3 4) 3 × 3
1 2  a 0
4. Let A    and B    a, b  N then
3 4 0 b
a) There exists exactly one B such that AB=BA
b) There exists infinitely many B’s such that AB=BA
c) There cannot exist any B such that AB=BA
d) There exists more than one but finite number of B’s such that AB=BA
5. The sequence of matrices is defined as given below m(1)=[1];
6 7 8
2 3
m  2    , m  3   9 10 11
and so on then the trace of m (17) is
4 5 12 13 14
1) 27,895 2) 23,679 3) 27,761 4) 27,987
COMPREHENSION TYPE :
0 c  b  a 2 ab ac 
  
6. If A   c 0
 a  and B  ab b 2 bc  , then ( A  B) 2 
 b  a 0   ac bc c 2 
 
1) A 2) B 3) I 4) A2  B 2

 1 0 1 0 
7. If A    ,I    and A2  8 A   I , then, the value of  is
 1 7  0 1 
1) 7 2) 8 3) -7 4) -8
 0 1 0 
8. If A   1 1  and B  5 1  , then the value of  for which A2 = B is
   
1) 1 2) -1 3) 4 4) no real values.
KEY
 a 2b 2  a 2 b 2 ab3  ab3 
1 [1] A2   3   0  A3  A. A2  0 and An  0 , for all n  2
 a b  a b  a 2b 2  a 2b 2 
3
2. [2] Conceptual 3. [2] 1 3  3  3  3 1  11

 1 2   a 0   a 2b 
4. [2] AB     
 3 4   0 b   3a 4b 
 a 0   1 2   a 2b 
BA       AB  BA  a  b
 0 b   3 4   3a 4b 
5. [3] The first element in m(17) is 1497 and difference of diagnol elements is
17
17 Trace of m 17    2 1497  16 17   27, 761
2
0 0 0 
AB  0 0 0  0
6. [4]
0 0 0 33
 1 0  1 0  1 0 
7. [3] A2     ;
 1 7   1 7   8 49 
 8 0   0  8   0 
8A  I     
 8 56   0    8 56   
8    1    7
8. :4

x +1 3x + 2
1. If = , then the value of x is
2x + 3 x +2
1 5 5  5 5 5 1 5
1) 2) 3) 4) 
5 5 5 5
2y +1 2
2. If y +1  y + 4 = 7 , then the value of y by perfect square method is
14  66 14  66 66 14  66
1) 2) 3) 14  4) –
5 5 5 3
3. If x2 + x - 6 - x + 2 = x 2 - 7x +10 , x  R , then x is
10 10 10
1) 6, 2) 6, 3) 2, 6 4) 6,
3 7 7
 1   1
4. If 2  x 2 + 2  - 9  x +  +14 = 0 , then x is
 x   x
1 1 1 1
1) 1, , 2) 1, 2, 3) , 1, 2 4) None
2 3 3 2
KEY
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. [3] 4. [3]
1. x2 + 3x + 2 = 6x2 + 13x + 6  5x2 + 10x + 4 = 0
4 4 1 1
 x2 + 2x =  x2 + 2x + 1 = + 1  (x + 1)2 =  x = 1 
5 5 5 5
5  5
 x=
5
2. 2y2 + 9y + 4 – 2y – 2 = 7y2 + 35y + 28
28y 26 28y 196 26 196

 5y2 + 28y + 26 = 0  y2    y2    
5 5 5 25 5 25
2
 14  66 14 66 14  66
 y     y    y 
 5  25 5 5 5

3. x2  x  6  x  2  x 2  7x  10   x  3 x  2   x  2   x  5  x  2
  x  2   x  3    x  2   x  5    0
Either  x  2 0  x=2 or  x  3   x  2   x  5  0
  x  3   x  2   x  5
10
Squaring both sides, x2 + 12x + 36 = 4(x2 + x – 6)  x = 6, x = 
3
10
Since the equation involves radical therefore substituting x = 2, 6 and  in the
3
10
original equation, we find that x =  does not satisfy the equation. x = 2, 6
3
2
2 1  1
4. put x  2
 x    2
x  x
 1   1  1
2
  1
2  x 2  2   9  x    14  0  2  x    2  9  x    14  0
 x   x  x   x
1
Substitute x  = y
x
 2(y2 – 2) – 9y + 14 = 0  2y2 – 4 – 9y + 14 = 0
5
 (y – 2) (2y – 5) = 0  y = 2 or y=
2
1
Since, x  2  x2 – 2x + 1 = 0  (x – 1)2 = 0  x=1
x
5 1 5 1 1
Also, y =  x   2x2 – 5x + 2 = 0  x = 2 or x =  x = , 1, 2
2 x 2 2 2

1. The nature of the roots of the equation x2 – 5x + 7 = 0 is
1) not real 2) one real root and one imaginary
3) can’t be determined 4) None of these
2. The roots of a2x2 + abx = b2, a  0 are
1) equal 2) non-real 3) unequal 4) None of these
If the roots of  p  q  x  2q  p  r  x  q  r  0 be real and equal,

2 2 2 2 2
3.
then p, q, r will be in
1) A.P 2) G.P 3) H.P 4) None
1 1 1
4. For all real values of p, the roots of the equation    0 are
x x 1 x  p
1) real and distinct 2) real and equal 3) real 4) imaginary

KEY
1. [1] 2. [3] 3. [2] 4. [1]
1. D = b2 – 4ac = 25 – 4 × 1 × 7 = – 3
Since D < 0, therefore roots are not real, i.e., roots will be imaginary.
2. a2x2 + abx – b2 = 0
D = b2 – 4ac = (ab)2 – 4 × a2 × (–b)2 = (ab)2 + 4a2b2 = (ab)2 (1 + 4) = (ab)2 (5)
 The roots are real and unequal.

3. Key - (2), Hint: Since the roots are real and equal then   0
 2q  p  r    4  p2  q 2  q 2  r2   0  4q 2  p  r   4  p2  q 2  q 2  r 2   0
2 2
 q 2  p 2  r 2  2pr    p 2 q 2  p 2 r 2  q 4  q 2 r 2   0
 p2q 2  q 2r 2  2pr.q 2  p2q 2  p2r2  q 4  q 2 r2  0  2pr.q 2  p2r 2  q 4
 2pr.q 2  q 4  p2r 2  q  2pr  q    pr  pr 

2 2
 q 2  pr or 2pr  q 2  pr  q 2  pr Hence p, q, r are in G.P
4. (1) 
3x 2  2  p  1x  p  0   4  p  12  3 p  = 4  p  p  1  0
2

1. If  ,  are the roots of x2 -x+2=0 then  3    3  .........
1) 6 2) 6 3) 10 4) 3
2. If  ,  are the roots of ax2+bx+c=0 then  2 +  2  +  =
c(a  b) bc bc
1) 2) 0 3)  4) 
a2 a2 a
3. If  ,  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 and   k ,   k are the roots of
px 2  qx  r  0 , then k =
1 a p  a p  1b q 
1)     2)    3)    4) (ab  pq)
2b q  b q  2a p 
COMPREHENSION TYPE:
b c
If  ,  are the roots of ax  bx  c  0 then     ,  
2
a a
 1 1 
4. If  and  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 , then the value of    is
 a  b a  b 
a b c
1) 2) 3) 4) none
bc ca ab
5. If  and  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 , then the value of
 a  b    a  b 
2 2
is equal to
b2  2ac c2  2ab a 2  2bc

1) 2) 3) 4) none
a 2c 2 a 2 b2 b2 c 2
6. If  and  are the roots of the equation x 2  px  p2  q  0 , then the value of

2    2  q 
1) 0 2) 1 3) q 4) 2q
KEY
 3    3    2   2         2 
2
1. (1)
2. (1)  2   2          1

b c q r
3. [3] ;We have      ,   and  k   k   and   k    k  
a a p p
q b q  b 1b q 
     2k      2k         k    
p a p  a 2a p 
c c
4. (2) Since  and  are the roots of ax 2  bx  c  0 by a  b   or a  b  
 
1 1   b
Then    
a  b   b c c ac
1 2 b 2  2ac
we have to find the value of 2      = a 2c 2
2
5. Ans: (1)
c
E          q  p2   p2  q   q  0
2
6. Ans: (1)

 
1.If    and α 2 = 5α - 3, β 2 = 5β - 3, then the equation having and as its
 
roots is
1) 3x2 + 19x + 3 = 0 2) 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0
3) 3x2 – 19x – 3 = 0 4) x2 – 16x + 1 = 0
2 2
 1   1 
2. If  ,  are the roots of 3x + 5x - 7 = 0, then the value of 
2     is
 3  5   3   5 
67 67 109 109
1) 2) 3) 4)
63 441 441 63
3. The quadratic equation whose roots  and β are connected by the relation
1 α 1β  4λ 2 +15 
+
α + β = 2 , α β = p and 1+β 1+ α = 2   is
 4λ  1 
2
2 2

1) 4x  8x  4  11  0  
2) x  8x  4  11  0
2 2

2 2

3) 4x  x  4  11  0  4) none of these
4. If a and b are the roots of the equation 6x 2 – 6x + 1 = 0, then the value of
1 1
2
 p + qa + ra 2 + sa 3  +  p + qb + rb2 + sb3  is
2
p q r s p q r s p q r s p q r s
1)    2)    3)    4)   
1 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 3 1 2 4 1 4 3 2
5. If the ratio of the roots of the equation lx2 + nx + n = 0 is p : q, then the value of

p q n
+ + is
q p l
1) 1 2) 2 3) 0 4) 4
KEY
1. (2) Since  2  5  3 and 2  5  3 .
 α, β are the roots of x 2  5x  3 . i.e., x 2  5x  3  0  α + β=5 and αβ = 3
     
Now the equation having and as its roots is x     x  .  0
2
     
  2  2       2  2 
 x  2
 x 1  0  x 2
 x 1  0
     
 
  5 2  2  3  
 x  2
 x  1  0  3x 2  19x  3  0
 3 
 
1 1 b 2  2ac 25  42 67
2. (2)   
a  b a   b 9  49 = 441
2 2 2 2
a c
3. (1),     2 and let   p
 Required equation is x  2x  p  0
2
......(1)
We have to find the value of p.
       2       
2
1  1  1   2  1  2 2   2  2  2
Now,   
1  1  1         1 2  p 3p
2  4  2p 2  p  1 2  p  1  42  15 
= 3p    2  
3p 3p  4  1 
2
p  1 4 2  15

p3

42  1    
 p  42  1  42  15   3 4 2  15  4 2  1
     
  16p  16  44  4 4  11
2
 2
  p
 4 2

 11
4
Putting the value of p in (1), we get the required equation
 4 2
 11  0
as x 2
 2x 
4

 4x 2  8x  4 2  11  0 
1
4. [1] ; a + b = 1, ab = 5. [3]
6

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VII MATHEMATICS VOL-3

S.NO. CONCEPT PAGE.NO.

S.NO. CONCEPT PAGE.NO.

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 1

Units of measurement of angles :

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 2

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 3

a) Length of the arc l  r l (Where  is in radians)

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 4

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 5

side oppositeto ' ' y

OM side adjacent to ' ' x

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 6

MP side opposite to ' ' y

OM side adjacent to ' ' x

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 7

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 8

cot A  1 cot A cot A  1

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 9

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 10

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 11

1) 0.3 2) 0.5 3) – 0.3 4) – 0.4

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 12

Given ‘ r ’ be the radius of a circle. An arc of length ‘l’ makes an angle of   at

23. If r  6cm ,  60 , then l 

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 13

24. If r  10cm,   300 then A=

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 14

31. Statement - I: In a right angle triangle ABC right angled at B and AC + BC =

MULTIPLE CORRECT CHOICE TYPE

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 15

AD bisects BAC and it also bisects the side BC

CAD  BAD  30 and CD=BD=a

In the right angled triangle ADC,

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 16

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 17

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 18

3. The value of cos 0  sin 90  2 sin 45 is

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 19

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 20

sin2 30  cos 2 30

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 21

tan2 60  4 cos 2 45  3 cos ec 2 60  2 cos 2 90

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 22

28. 4  sin4 30  cos 4 60   3  cos 2 45  sin2 90  

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 23

cos 3  sin3 A cos 3 A  sin3 A

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 24

sin and cosec are positive All ratios are positive

Tr. Ratios 900   900   1800   1800   2700   2700   3600  

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 25

sin(θ) = -sinθ ; cosec(θ) = -cosecθ

cos(θ) = cosθ ; sec(θ) = secθ

tan(θ) = -tanθ ; cot(θ) = -cotθ

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 26

1)  sec  2) cos ec 3) sec  4)  cos ec

Rajesh Sir's Roots Academy, Sainagar, Nagpur. Mob.: 7989158886 27

1. cos 2 25. cos ec 2 250  tan2 25  sin2 25  

sin 72 sec 32