KALINGA STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Law
Second Semester 2023-2024

TORTS AND DAMAGES

Course Outline

Course Description

This two unit course is designed to provide law students an insight into the core
concepts of civil liability for damages caused by a breach of an imposed duty. Topics
pursued include negligence, delict, absolute liability, intentional torts, special torts,
and kinds of damages.

Teaching Approaches/Methods:
1. Discussion with Oral Recitation
2. Lecture

Course Requirements
MIDTERM:
1. Active Participation in Class Discussions (10%)
2. Quiz/Seatwork (35%)
3. Case digest/Attendance(5%)
4. Midterm Exams (50%)

FINALS:
1. Active Participation in Class Discussions (10%)
2. Quiz/Seatwork (35%)
3. Case Digest (5%)
3. Final Exams (50%)

Reference:
New Civil Code

I. INTRODUCTION
(i) Sources of obligations under Philippine law

SOURCES OF CIVIL LIABILITY

∙ Articles 29 to 31; Articles 1159 to 1162 of the Civil Code
∙ Article 100 of the Revised Penal Code
∙ Sections 1 and 2, Rule 111 of the Revised Rules of Criminal Procedure

Kinds of Negligence
Arising from Crime
1. People of the Philippines vs. Bayotas (G.R. No. 102007, 2 September
1994, 236 SCRA 239)
2. Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc. vs. People of the Philippines (G.R. No.
147703, April 14, 2004
 Arising from Contract
1. Air France vs. Carascoso, et al (G.R. No. L-21438, September 28, 1966)

Arising from Tort

1. Andamo, et al vs. Intermediate Appellate Court, et al (G.R. No.
74761 November 6, 1990 2. Castro vs. People of the Philippines (G.R.
No. 180832, July 23, 2008)

(ii) Quasi-delict distinguished from other sources of obligations

Quasi-delict v. Breach of contract

1. Cangco v. Manila Railroad Co., 38 Phil. 768 (1918)

2. Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155 (1966)
3. Singson v. Bank of the Philippine Islands, G.R. No. L-24837;
23 SCRA 1117 (1968) 4. Philippine School of Business
Administration v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 84698, February 4,
1992
5. Fabre v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 111127, July 26, 1996
6. Light Rail Transit Authority v. Navidad, 397 SCRA 75 (2003)

Quasi-delict v. Delicts

Revised Penal Code

▪ Articles 100 and 365

1. Barredo v. Garcia, 73 Phil. 607 (1942)

2. Elcano v. Hill, G.R. No. L-24803, May 26, 1977

II. QUASI-DELICT

(i) Elements

1. Andamo v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R. No.

74761, November 6, 1990 2. Huang v. Philippine Hoteliers
Inc., G.R. No. 180440, December 5, 2012
3. Lucas v. Tuaño, G.R. No. 178763, April 21, 2009

(ii) No Double Recovery Rule

Civil Code
Articles 1161, 2176 and 2177
Memorize Article 2177

1. Joseph v. Bautista, 170 SCRA 540 (1989)

2. Padua v. Robles, G.R. No. L-40486, August 29, 1975
 3. Atlantic Gulf and Pacific Company of Manila, Inc., v. Court of
Appeals,
4. G.R. No. 114841-42, October 20, 1995
5. Lim v. Ping, G.R. No. 175256, August 23, 2012

(iii) Person/s liable; nature of liability

Civil Code
Article 2194 (Memorize)

1. Worcester v. Ocampo, G.R. No. 5932, February 27, 1912

2. Philippine National Construction Corporation v. Court of Appeals,
G.R. No. 159270, August 22, 2005
3. Chan, Jr., v. Iglesia Ni Cristo, Inc., G.R. No. 160283, October 14,
2005
4. Cerezo v. Tuazon, G.R. No. 141538, March 23, 2004
5. Spouses Pereña v. Spouses Zarate, G.R. No. 157917, August 29,
2012

III. NEGLIGENCE

Civil Code
Articles 2178, 1172, 1173, and 1733
Memorize: Articles 1172 to 1174

1. Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil. 809 (1918)

2. Corliss v. Manila Railroad Co., G.R. No. L-21291, March 28, 1969
3. United States v. Bonifacio, G.R. No. 10563, March 2, 1916
4. Cusi v. Philippine National Railways, G.R. No. L-29889, May 31, 1979
5. Wright v. Manila Electric R.R. & Light Co., G.R. No.
7760, October 1, 1914 6. People v. De Los Santos, G.R.
No. 131588, March 27, 2001
7. Jarco Marketing Corporation v. Court of Appeals, 321 SCRA 375 (1999)
8. Hidalgo Enterprises, Inc. v. Balandan, G.R. No. L-3422, June 13, 1952
9. Sarmiento v. Cabrido, 401 SCRA 122 (2003)
10.Francisco v. Chemical Bulk Carriers, Incorporated, G.R. No.
193577, September 7, 2011 11.Pacis v. Morales, G.R. No. 169467,
February 25, 2010
12.Makati Shangri-La Hotel and Resort, Inc. v. Harper, G.R. No.
189998, August 29, 2012 13.The Consolidated Bank and Trust
Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 138569, September 11,
2003
14.Garcia-Rueda v. Pascasio, G.R. No. 118141, September 5, 1997
15.Li v. Soliman, G.R. No. 165279, June 7, 2011
16.Adarne v. Aldaba, A.C. No. 801, June 27, 1978
17.Isaac v. A.L. Ammen Transportation Co., Inc., G.R. No. L-9671, August 23,
1957
 18.Ridjo Tape & Chemical Corp., v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126074,
February 24, 1998 19.Calvo v. UCPB General Insurance Co., Inc., G.R.
No. 148496, March 19, 2002

(i) Negligence as proximate cause

1. Bataclan v. Medina, 102 Phil. 181 (1957)
2. Urbano v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 157 SCRA 1 (1988)
3. Gabeto v. Araneta, 42 Phil. 252 (1921)
4. Phoenix Construction, Inc., v. Intermediate Appellate Court, G.R.
No. 65295, March 10, 1987
5. Austria v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 133323, March 9, 2000
6. Umali v. Bacani, G.R. No. L-40570, January 30, 1976
7. Calalas v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 122039, May 31, 2000

(ii) Proof of Negligence

Rules of Court
Rule 131, Sections 1, 2 and 3(d)

Ong v. Metropolitan Water District, 104 Phil. 397 (1958)

(iii) Presumption of Negligence

(i) Res ipsa loquitur

1. Africa v. Caltex, 16 SCRA 448 (1966)

2. DM Consunji v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 137873, April 20, 2001
3. National Power Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124378,
March 8, 2005 4. Cebu Shipyard and Engineering Works, Inc., v.
William Lines, Inc., 306 SCRA 762 (1999)
5. Perla Compania de Seguros, Inc., v. Spouses Sarangaya, G.R. No. 147746,
October 25, 2005
6. Huang v. Philippine Hoteliers Inc., G.R. No. 180440,
December 5, 2012 7. Batiquin v. Court of Appeals, 258
SCRA 334 (1996)
8. Cantre v. Go, G.R. No. 160889, April 27, 2007
9. Professional Services, Inc., v. Agana, 513 SCRA 478 (2007)
10. Ramos v. Court of Appeals, 321 SCRA 584 (1999) and Ramos v. Court of
Appeals, 380 SCRA 467 (2002)
11. Reyes v. Sisters of Mercy Hospital, 341 SCRA 760 (2000)

(ii) Violation of rules and statutes

∙ Traffic rules (Memorize Articles 2184 and 2185)

∙ Republic Act No. 10586, Section 13, and implementing rules and
regulations

1. United States v. Juanillo, 23 Phil. 212 (1912)

2. Chapman v. Underwood, G.R. No. 9010, March 28, 1914
3. Caedo v. Yu Khe Thai, 26 SCRA 410 (1968)
 4. Serra v. Mumar, G.R. No. 193861, March 14, 2012
5. Mallari v. Court of Appeals, 324 SCRA 147 (2000)
6. FGU Insurance Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
118889, March 23, 1998 7. PCI Leasing and Finance, Inc., v.
UCPB General Insurance Co., Inc., 557 SCRA 141 (2008)
8. Añonuevo v. Court of Appeals, 441 SCRA 24 (2004)

(iv) Statutes and ordinances/administrative rules

1. Marinduque Iron Mines Agents, Inc., v. Workmen’s Compensation

Commission, 99 Phil. 480 (1956)
2. FF Cruz and Co., Inc., v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
52732, August 29, 1988 3. Cipriano v. Court of Appeals,
263 SCRA 711
4. Sanitary Steam Laundry v. Court of Appeals, 300 SCRA 20 (1998)

(v) Dangerous weapons and substances

∙ Civil Code
Article 2188 (Memorize)

Araneta v. Arreglado, 104 Phil. 529 (1958)

IV. DEFENSES

(i) Plaintiff’s negligence is the proximate cause of injury

Civil Code
Article 2179 (Memorize)

1. Taylor v. Manila Electric Railroad and Light Co., 16 Phil. 8 (1910)

2. Fernando v. Court of Appeals, 208 SCRA 714 (1992)
3. PLDT v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 57079, September 12, 1989
4. Kim v. Philippine Aerial Taxi Co., Inc., G.R. No. 39309,
November 24, 1933 5. American Express International, Inc., v.
Cordero, G.R. No. 138550, October 14, 2005 6. Cayao-Lasam v.
Spouses Ramolete, G.R. No. 159132, December 18, 2008
7. Pantaleon v. American Express International, Inc., G.R. No.

174269, August 25, 2010 (ii) Contributory negligence

Civil Code
Article 2179 (Memorize)

1. Rakes v. The Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific Company, 7 Phil. 359 (1907)
2. Bernal v. House and Tacloban Electric & Ice Plant, Ltd.,
54 Phil. 327 (1930) 3. National Power Corporation v.
Casionan, G.R. No. 165969, November 27, 2008 4. Lambert
v. Heirs of Rey Castillon, 452 SCRA 285 (2005)
5. Estacion v. Bernardo, G.R. No. 144723, February 27, 2006
 6. Philippine National Railways v. Brunty, G.R. No.

169891, November 2, 2006 (iii) Assumption of Risk

1. Afialda v. Hisole, 85 Phil. 67 (1949)

2. Ilocos Norte Electric Company v. Court of Appeals, 179 SCRA 5, (1989)
3. Transporto v. Mijares, 1 CAR 2s 860 (1961)

(iv) Last Clear Chance

1. Picart v. Smith, 37 Phil. 809 (1918)

2. Philippine National Railways Corporation v. Vizcara, G.R. No.
190022, February 15, 2012 3. Achevara v. Ramos, G.R. No. 175172,
September 29, 2009
4. Bank of America NT & SA v. Philippine Racing Club, G.R. No. 150228,
July 30, 2009 5. Lapanday Agricultural and Development Corporation v.
Angala, G.R. No. 153076, June 21, 2007
6. Tiu v. Arriesgado, 437 SCRA 426 (2004)

(v) Prescription

Civil Code
Article 1146

1. Ferrer v. Ericta, G.R. No. L-41767, August 23, 1978

2. Kramer v. Court of Appeals, 178 SCRA 518 (1989)
3. Santos v. Pizardo, G.R. No. 151452, July 29, 2005
4. De Guzman v. Toyota Cubao, Inc., G.R. No. 141480, November 29, 2006

(vi) Fortuitous Event

Civil Code
Article 1174 (Memorize)

1. Gotesco v. Chatto, 210 SCRA 18 (1992)

2. Servando v. Philippine Steam Navigation Co., 117 SCRA 832 (1982)
3. Edgar Cokaliong Shipping Lines v. UCPB General Insurance Company,
4. G.R. No. 146018, June 25, 2003

(vii) Waiver
Civil Code
Articles 6 and 1170
1. Gatchalian v. Delim, 203 SCRA 126 (1991)
2. Sabena Belgian World Airlines v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
104685, March 14, 1996 3. Valenzuela Hardwood and Industrial
Supply, Inc. v. Court of Appeals,
4. G.R. No. 102316, June 30, 1997
 5. YHT Realty Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 126780,

February 17, 2005 (viii) Emergency

1. Gan v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. L-44264, September 19, 1988

2. McKee v. Intermediate Appellate Court, 211 SCRA 517 (1992)
3. Valenzuela v. Court of Appeals, G.R. Nos. 115024 & 117944, February
7, 1996 4. Delsan Transport Lines, Inc., v. C&A Construction, Inc., G.R.
No. 156034, October 1, 2003 5. Orix Metro Leasing and Finance
Corporation v. Mangalinao, G.R. Nos. 174089 & 174266, January 25,
2012

I. Damnum absque injuria

1. Farolan v. Solmac Marketing Corporation, G.R. No. 83589, March 13,

1991
2. BPI Express Card Corporation v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 120639,
September 25, 1998 3. Custodio v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 116100,
February 9, 1996
4. Amonoy v. Gutierrez, G.R. No. 140420, February 15, 2001
5. DOLE Philippines, Inc., v. Rodriguez, G.R. No. 174646, August 22, 2012

MIDTERMS