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INTERACTIVE
Read and
Write
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ISBN: 978-0-07-893085-0
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Printed in the United States of America.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 130 15 14 13 12 11 10 09
Contents
Why Use This Book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
Raymond’s Run • Toni Cade Bambara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
The Medicine Bag • Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The People Could Fly • Virginia Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Comparing Literature
from Tom Sawyer • Mark Twain
Born Worker • Gary Soto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings • Maya Angelou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Huge, Freed Pet Pythons Invade Florida Everglades • Stefan Lovgren . . . . . . . . 93
Functional Documents
Consumer Choice Article: Choosing a Bike
Technical Directions: Tire Repair
Product Warranty: Bike Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Tell-Tale Heart • Edgar Allan Poe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
iii
Contents (continued)
Icarus and Daedalus • Josephine Preston Peabody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Paul Revere’s Ride • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Exile • Julia Alvarez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
The New Colossus • Emma Lazarus

Childhood • Margaret Walker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Ode to Thanks • Pablo Neruda

Ode to Rain • Pat Mora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
O Captain! My Captain! • Walt Whitman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
My Father’s Song • Simon Ortiz

I Ask My Mother to Sing • Li-Young Lee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Flowers for Algernon, Part 1 • Daniel Keyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
The Diary of Anne Frank:

Act 1, Scenes 1 and 2 • Frances Goodrich and Albert Hackett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
TIME: Standing Tall • Michael Dolan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
iv
Contents (continued)
Comparing Literature
Mother to Son • Langston Hughes
Speech to the Young: Speech to the Progress-Toward • Gwendolyn Brooks . . . . . 247
Additional Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Pronunciation Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Glossary/Glosario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
v
Why Use This Book?
Read for Fun and Read to Learn!

The notes and features of Read and Writee will help you read and understand each
literature and nonfiction selection. As you use these notes and features, you practice
the skills and strategies that good readers use when they read.
Before You Read
Connect Before You Read
Before you read,

read think about
your own experiences. Share
Connect to the Short Story
your knowledge and opinions.
Literary Elements and

Reading Skills
A good friend
Literary elements help you to
learn important features of
literature. Reading skills help
you develop good strategies to
understand what you read. Literary Element Plot
PÊÊ
Reading Strategy Connect to Personal Experience
vi
Selection and Content
Vocabulary
Learning new vocabulary helps
prepare you to read.
Selection Vocabulary Practice saying the words with a partner.

devastating improvised
PÊ
wary
evading
perpetual
P
PÊ
Content Vocabulary
lean (lēn) adj. thin champion (chamʼ pē ən) n. muscular (musʼ kyə lər) ashamed (ə shāmdʼ) adj.
Ali exercises often the person who wins adj. having well-formed feeling embarrassed or
because he wants to be first prize muscles, or strong uncomfortable
leann and strong. Raúl was the championn of Jaime lifts weights to The girl felt ashamed.
the soccer team. become muscular. She forgot her homework
at home.
confident (konʼ fə dənt) adj. victory (vikʼ tər ē) n. the briskly (briskʼ lē) adv. in a charging (chärjʼ ing) v.
being sure of oneself defeat of an enemy or quick and energetic way moving forward to
Maria is confident opponent The excited group of attack
that she will save enough The soccer game ended in students walked briskly to I could not catch my dog.
money to buy a bicycle. a victoryy for our schooll. the bus. It was charging after
PÊCognate (Spanish) victoria a rabbit.
For more practice, see page 242.
Amigo Brothers 3
vii
Read, Respond, Interact
Notes support you as you read. Interact with and respond to the
text by answering questions and reading information.
During Reading
Questions about Literary Element

Antonio Cruz and Felix Varga were both seventeen
years old. They were so together in friendship that they felt allow you to practice this feature.
themselves to be brothers. They had known each other
since childhood, growing up on the lower east side of
Manhattan in the same tenement1 building on Fifth Street
between Avenue A and Avenue B.
lean (lēn) adj. thin Antonio was fair, lean and lanky, while Felix was dark,
short, and husky. Antonio’s hair was always falling over his
eyes, while Felix wore his black hair in a natural Afro style.
10 Each youngster had a dream of someday becoming
Content Vocabulary appears next
lightweight champion
p of the world. Every chance they
had the boys worked out, sometimes at the Boy’s Club on
to the words in the text.
champion (chamʼ pē ən) n. 10th Street and Avenue A and sometimes at the pro’s gym
the person who wins first prize on 14th Street. Early morning sunrises would find them
running along the East River Drive, wrapped in sweat
shirts, short towels around their necks, and handkerchiefs
Apache style around their foreheads.
While some youngsters were into street negatives,
Antonio and Felix slept, ate, rapped, and dreamt positive.
20 Between them, they had a collection of Fight magazines
Background Information second to none, plus a scrapbook filled with torn tickets
Lightweight Boxers are to every boxing match they had ever attended, and some
put in categories based on clippings of their own. If asked a question about any given
their weights. A boxer in the
fighter, they would immediately zip out from their memory
lightweight category weighs
between 130 and 135 pounds. banks divisions, weights, records of fights, knockouts,
technical knockouts, and draws2 or losses.
Each had fought many bouts representing their
community and had won two gold-plated medals plus a Amigo Brothers
To Sum Up
PÊ Felix and Antonio are
best friends. 1. A tenementt is a kind of apartment building.
2. A knockoutt is when a boxer falls to the ground and does not stand up within a certain amoun silver and bronze medallion. The difference
PÊ Both boys want to be time. A technical knockoutt is when a boxer is injured or confused and unable to continue th was in their style. Antonio’s lean form and 30
boxing champions. fight. A draw
w is when a fight is so close that neither boxer can be called the winner.
long reach made him the better boxer, while
Felix’s short and muscular frame made him (musʼ kyə lər) adj.
4 having well-formed muscles,
boxing ring the better slugger. Whenever they had met
or strong
in the ring for sparring sessions,3 it had
always been hot and heavy.
Now, after a series of elimination bouts,4 they had been
informed that they were to meet each other in the division
finals that were scheduled for the seventh of August, two
weeks away––the winner to represent the Boys Club in the
Golden Gloves Championship Tournament. 40
Literary Element
The two boys continued to run together along the East
River Drive. But even when joking with each other, they Plot Antonio and Felix must
To Sum Up boxes summarize both sensed a wall rising between them. fight each other. What type
of conflict is this? Check the
One morning less than a week before their bout, they
each page. met as usual for their daily workout. They fooled around
correct answer.
internal
with a few jabs at the air, slapped skin, and then took off, external
running lightly along the dirty East River’s edge. neither
Antonio glanced at Felix who kept his eyes purposely
straight ahead, pausing from time to time to do some fancy
leg work while throwing one-twos followed by upper 50
cuts to an imaginary jaw. Antonio then beat the air with a

Background Information gives you barrage of body blows and short devastating lefts with an
overhand jaw-breaking right.
extra facts about the text. After a mile or so, Felix puffed and said, “Let’s stop a
while, bro. I think we both got something to say to each
other.”
Antonio nodded. It was not natural to be acting as
though nothing unusual was happening when two
Selection Vocabulary appears on Vocabulary

To Sum Up
devastating (devʼ əs tātʼ ing) adj. causing a lot of injury or destruction
the same page as the new word. PÊ The boys have different
boxing styles.
PÊ The boys must compete
3. Sparring sessionss are practice fights. against each other.
4. Elimination boutss are fights in a tournament; the winners advance to fight again, but the losers
are taken out of competition.
Amigo
Amigo Brothers
Brothers 5
viii
Amigo Brothers
the courage of a tug boat pulling a barge five times its

welterweight10 size.
“It’s fair, Tony. When we get into the ring, it’s gotta be Follow along as your
like we never met. We gotta be like two heavy strangers teacher leads you in a
that want the same thing and only one can have it. You
90
shared reading. Respond to Comprehension Check
understand, don’tcha?”
í I know.” Tony smiled. “No pulling punches. We go
“Sí, omprehension Check
to see how well you understand
all the way.”
“Yeah, that’s right. Listen, Tony. Don’t you think it’s a
Reread the boxed text.
Underline what the boys
the text.
good idea if we don’t see each other until the day of the promise each other.
fight? I’m going to stay with my Aunt Lucy in the Bronx. I
can use Gleason’s Gym for working out. My manager says
he got some sparring partners with more or less your style.”
Tony scratched his nose pensively.11 “Yeah, it would be 100
Definitions of idioms or interesting
better for our heads.” He held out his hand, palm upward.
“Deal?” A deall is an agreement. The
expressions help you to understand
boys agree to stay apart until
“Deal.” Felix lightly slapped open skin.
“Ready for some more running?” Tony asked lamely.
the fight. what you read.
“Naw, bro. Let’s cut it here. You go on. I kinda like to get
10. A welterweightt boxer weighs between 141 and 147 pounds.

11. Pensivelyy means “in a thoughtful or sad way.”
Footnotes define terms in the text.
REFLECT
Connect to Personal Experience
Think about a time when you competed against a friend.
How did you feel about it?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
To Sum Up
_________________________________________________
PARTNERS
Felix and Antonio decide that Note Taking
they must fight each other
Talk about your answer with a partner.
fairly.
Amigo Brothers 7
Reflect boxes give you a chance to

practice the Reading Strategy.
You can respond to and interact

with nonfiction text on a special
Most Interesting One Thing One Thing
Note Taking page. Word
New Word
I Already Knew I Learned
What Is a Knight? 79
ix
Show What You Know
After reading activities help you focus your understanding of the text.
Here, you apply the skills and strategies you practiced during reading.
After Reading
After You Read
Vocabulary Check shows how well
Vocabulary Check you learned the new vocabulary.
Check your understanding of the

text in Comprehension Check.
After You Read
Comprehension Check
Beginning
Middle
End
Amigo Brothers 19
After You Read
Role Play an Interview
20
Fun activities allow you to speak,

listen, read, and write.
Many other activities also appear

Amigo Brothers 243
in the back of your book!
x
TX
Raymond’s Run 1
Before You Read
Literary Element Plot
Reading Strategy Make Predictions About Plot
2
liable static
sidekick ➤
reputation
Content Vocabulary
squeaky (skwēʼ kē) adj. trot (trot) v. move faster grateful (grā̄t̄ ʼ fəl) adj. clumsy (klumʼ zē) adj.
shrill or high than a walk and slower thankful awkward
The old door sounds than a run Carlos is gratefull for the I feel clumsyy when I drop
squeakyy when I open it. The horse trotss in the field. gifts he receives. things.
➤ Cognate (Spanish) trotar
hollering (holʼ ər ing) v. crouch (krouch) v. lower glance (glans) v. look at congratulate
screaming or crying out one’s body close to the quickly (kən grachʼ ə lātʼ) v. tell
The children’s hollering ground Let me glancee at the someone you are happy
wakes the baby. I see the cat crouchh before photographs. that they have done well
it jumps. I congratulate e Meena for
running a good race.
12
Raymond’s Run 3
I don’t have much work to do around the house like
some girls. My mother does that. And I don’t have to earn
my pocket money by hustling; George runs errands for the
big boys and sells Christmas cards. And anything else that’s
got to get done, my father does. All I have to do in life is
mind my brother Raymond, which is enough.
Sometimes I slip and say my little brother Raymond.
But as any fool can see he’s much bigger and he’s older too.
But a lot of people call him my little brother cause he needs
Smart mouths are people 10 looking after cause he’s not quite right. And a lot of smart
who insult or disrespect other mouths got lots to say about that too, especially when
people.
George was minding him. But now, if anybody has anything
to say to Raymond, anything to say about his big head,1
they have to come by me. And I don’t play the dozens2 or
believe in standing around with somebody in my face doing
a lot of talking. I much rather just knock you down and take
my chances even if I am a little girl with skinny arms and a
squeaky (skwēʼ ke
ke)) adj. shrill or squeaky
q y voice, which is how I got the name Squeaky. And if
high things get too rough, I run. And as anybody can tell you, I’m
20 the fastest thing on two feet.
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky takes care of her
older brother Raymond.
➤ Squeaky is a fast runner. 1. Raymond’s big head d may be caused by a condition called hydrocephaly. People with this medical
condition have too much liquid around their brains.
2. Play the dozenss means “say mean things back and forth.”
4
Raymond’s Run
There is no track meet that I don’t win the first place

medal. I used to win the twenty-yard dash when I was a
little kid in kindergarten. Nowadays, it’s the fifty-yard dash.
And tomorrow I’m subject to run the quarter-meter relay
all by myself and come in first, second, and third. The big Background Information
kids call me Mercury cause I’m the swiftest thing in the Mercury A fast runner might be
neighborhood. Everybody knows that—except two people nicknamed “Mercury.” Mercury
is the Roman god known for
who know better, my father and me. He can beat me to
speed. Statues of Mercury often
Amsterdam Avenue with me having a two fire-hydrant show the god wearing a winged
headstart and him running with his hands in his pockets 30 hat and winged sandals.
and whistling. But that’s private information. Cause can
you imagine some thirty-five-year-old man stuffing himself
into PAL shorts to race little kids? So as far as everyone’s
concerned, I’m the fastest and that goes for Gretchen, too,
who has put out the tale that she is going to win the first- Literary Element
place medal this year. Ridiculous. In the second place, she’s Plot Reread the boxed text.
got short legs. In the third place, she’s got freckles. In the What part of the plot is this?
first place, no one can beat me and that’s all there is to it. Check one.
I’m standing on the corner admiring the weather and exposition
resolution
about to take a stroll down Broadway so I can practice 40
falling action
my breathing exercises, and I’ve got Raymond walking
on the inside close to the buildings, cause he’s subject to
fits of fantasy and starts thinking he’s a circus performer
and that the curb is a tightrope strung high in the air.
And sometimes after a rain he likes to step down off his
tightrope right into the gutter and slosh around getting his
shoes and cuffs wet. Then I get hit when I get home. Or
sometimes if you don’t watch him he’ll dash across traffic to
To Sum Up
➤ Gretchen thinks she will
win the race.
➤ Squeaky thinks Gretchen
is ridiculous.
➤ Squeaky thinks she is the
fastest runner.
Raymond’s Run 5
Raymond’s Run
the island in the middle of Broadway and give the pigeons

50 a fit. Then I have to go behind him apologizing to all the old
people sitting around trying to get some sun and getting all
omprehension Check
upset with the pigeons fluttering around them, scattering
What does Raymond pretend he
their newspapers and upsetting the waxpaper lunches in
is driving? Reread the text more
slowly if you do not know the their laps. So I keep Raymond on the inside of me, and he
answer. plays like he’s driving a stage coach which is OK by me so
an exercise bike long as he doesn’t run me over or interrupt my breathing
a rodeo pony exercises, which I have to do on account of I’m serious
a stage coach
about my running, and I don’t care who knows it.
Now some people like to act like things come easy to
60 them, won’t let on that they practice. Not me. I’ll high-
prance down 34th Street like a rodeo pony to keep my
Uptightt means “nervous.” knees strong even if it does get my mother uptight so that
she walks ahead like she’s not with me, don’t know me, is
all by herself on a shopping trip, and I am somebody else’s
crazy child. Now you take Cynthia Procter for instance.
She’s just the opposite. If there’s a test tomorrow, she’ll
say something like, “Oh, I guess I’ll play handball this
afternoon and watch television tonight,” just to let you
know she ain’t thinking about the test. Or like last week
70 when she won the spelling bee for the millionth time, “A
good thing you got ‘receive,’ Squeaky, cause I would have
got it wrong. I completely forgot about the spelling bee.”
And she’ll clutch the lace on her blouse like it was a narrow
escape. Oh, brother. But of course when I pass her house on
my early morning trots around the block, she is practicing
To Sum Up
➤ Raymond likes to pretend.
➤ Squeaky keeps track
of Raymond.
➤ Squeaky lets people know
that she practices to stay
strong for running.
6
Raymond’s Run
the scales on the piano over and over and over and over.
Then in music class she always lets herself get bumped
around so she falls accidently on purpose onto the piano
stool and is so surprised to find herself sitting there that
she decides just for fun to try out the ole keys. And what 80
do you know—Chopin’s3 waltzes just spring out of her

fingertips and she’s the most surprised thing in the world.
A regular prodigy. I could kill people like that. I stay up all A prodigyy is a young person
night studying the words for the spelling bee. And you can who is very good at something.
see me any time of day practicing running. I never walk if I
can trot, and shame on Raymond if he can’t keep up. But of trot (trot
trot)) v. move faster than a
course he does, cause if he hangs back someone’s liable to walk and slower than a run
walk up to him and get smart, or take his allowance from
him, or ask him where he got that great big pumpkin head.
People are so stupid sometimes. 90
So I’m strolling down Broadway breathing out and

breathing in on counts of seven, which is my lucky number,
Vocabulary
liable (lı̄ʼ ə bəl) adj. likely
3. Chopin
n was a musician who lived in the 1800s. His piano pieces are short. They are hard to play.
REFLECT
Make Predictions About Plot
What do you think Squeaky will do when she meets
Gretchen on the street? Why?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky practices running
all the time.
_________________________________________________
PARTNERS ➤ Raymond keeps up with
Talk about your answer with a partner. Squeaky when she runs.
Raymond’s Run 7
Raymond’s Run
and here comes Gretchen and her sidekicks: Mary Louise,

who used to be a friend of mine when she first moved to
Harlem from Baltimore and got beat up by everybody till I
Took upp means “defended.” took up for her on account of her mother and my mother
used to sing in the same choir when they were young
girls, but people ain’t grateful
g , so now she hangs out with
grateful (grā̄tʼ fəl)
fəl) adj. thankful
the new girl Gretchen, and talks about me like a dog; and
100 Rosie, who is as fat as I am skinny and has a big mouth
where Raymond is concerned and is too stupid to know
that there is not a big deal of difference between herself
and Raymond and that she can’t afford to throw stones.4 So
they are steady coming up Broadway and I see right away
that it’s going to be one of those Dodge City scenes cause
Ain’tt is slang for “is not.” the street ain’t that big and they’re close to the buildings
just as we are. First I think I’ll step into the candy store
and look over the new comics and let them pass. But that’s
chicken and I’ve got a reputation to consider. So then I
110 think I’ll just walk straight on through them or even over
them if necessary. But as they get to me, they slow down.
I’m ready to fight, cause like I said I don’t feature a whole
lot of chit-chat, I much prefer to just knock you down right
from the jump and save everybody a lotta precious time.
“You signing up for the May Day races?” smiles Mary
Louise, only it’s not a smile at all. A dumb question like
that doesn’t deserve an answer. Besides, there’s just me and
Gretchen standing there really, so no use wasting my breath
talking to shadows.
120 “I don’t think you’re going to win this time,” says Rosie,
trying to signify with her hands on her hips all salty,5
completely forgetting that I have whupped her behind
To Sum Up many times for less salt than that.
➤ Squeaky meets Gretchen Vocabulary
and her sidekicks on sidekick (sı̄dʼ kikʼ) n. close friend or partner

reputation (repʼ yə taʼ shən) n. what most people think about a person or a thing
the street.
➤ They ask Squeaky if she
will run in the May
4. Squeaky is talking about the saying, “People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.”
Day races. The saying warns people not to make fun of a person for something they could be made fun of.
5. Saltyy means “snappy and sacrastic.”
8
Raymond’s Run
“I always win cause I’m the best,” I say straight at

Gretchen who is, as far as I’m concerned, the only one Literary Element
talking in this ventriloquist-dummy routine. Gretchen
Plot What is the conflict, or
smiles, but it’s not a smile, and I’m thinking that girls never problem, on this page? Check
really smile at each other because they don’t know how and one.
don’t want to know how and there’s probably no one to Gretchen puts her hands
teach us how, cause grown-up girls don’t know either. Then 130 on her hips and looks at
Squeaky.
they all look at Raymond who has just brought his mule
Both Squeaky and Gretchen
team to a standstill. And they’re about to see what trouble think they will win the race.
they can get into through him. Squeaky takes a long time
“What grade you in now, Raymond?” time getting to the park on
“You got anything to say to my brother, you say it to me, May Day.
Mary Louise Williams of Raggedy Town, Baltimore.”
“What are you, his mother?” sasses Rosie.
“That’s right, Fatso. And the next word out of anybody
and I’ll be their mother too.” So they just stand there and
Gretchen shifts from one leg to the other and so do they. 140
Then Gretchen puts her hands on her hips and is about to

Look for the words and, the,
say something with her freckle-face self but doesn’t. Then
and be
e on this page. Say each
she walks around me looking me up and down but keeps word aloud. Then write a
walking up Broadway, and her sidekicks follow her. So me sentence using each of these
and Raymond smile at each other and he says, “Gidyap” words. Read your sentence to a
to his team and I continue with my breathing exercises, partner.
strolling down Broadway toward the ice man on 145th with
not a care in the world cause I am Miss Quicksilver6 herself.
I take my time getting to the park on May Day because
the track meet is the last thing on the program. The biggest 150
thing on the program is the May Pole dancing, which I
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky tells the girls that
she will win the race.
➤ Gretchen and her
sidekicks leave.
➤ Squeaky arrives at the
6. Quicksilverr is another name for the metal mercury. The metal mercury was named after a park on May Day.
Roman god who ran very fast.
Raymond’s Run 9
Raymond’s Run
can do without, thank you, even if my mother thinks it’s a

shame I don’t take part and act like a girl for a change. You’d
think my mother’d be grateful not to have to make me a
white organdy7 dress with a big satin sash and buy me new
white baby-doll shoes that can’t be taken out of the box till
the big day. You’d think she’d be glad her daughter ain’t out
there prancing around a May Pole getting the new clothes
all dirty and sweaty and trying to act like a fairy or a flower
160 or whatever you’re supposed to be when you should be
trying to be yourself, whatever that is, which is, as far as I
am concerned, a poor Black girl who really can’t afford to
buy shoes and a new dress you only wear once a lifetime
omprehension Check cause it won’t fit next year.
Underline the role that I was once a strawberry in a Hansel and Gretel pageant
Squeaky played in a Hansel when I was in nursery school and didn’t have no better
and Gretel show. In your sense than to dance on tiptoe with my arms in a circle over
own words, explain how
Squeaky feels now about
my head doing umbrella steps and being a perfect fool just
that experience. so my mother and father could come dressed up and clap.
170 You’d think they’d know better than to encourage that kind
_______________________ of nonsense. I am not a strawberry. I do not dance on my
_______________________ toes. I run. That is what I am all about. So I always come
late to the May Day program, just in time to get my number
_______________________ pinned on and lay in the grass till they announce the fifty-
_______________________ yard dash.
I put Raymond in the little swings, which is a tight
_______________________________________________________________________ squeeze this year and will be impossible next year. Then I
_______________________ look around for Mr. Pearson, who pins the numbers on. I’m
really looking for Gretchen if you want to know the truth,
_______________________ 180 but she’s not around. The park is jam-packed.
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky does not join the
May Pole dance.
➤ Squeaky looks around
for Gretchen.
7. Organdyy is a lightweight fabric. It is usually made of cotton.
10
Raymond’s Run
Parents in hats and corsages and breast-

pocket handkerchiefs peeking up. Kids
in white dresses and light-blue suits. The
parkees8 unfolding chairs and chasing the
glockenspiel rowdy kids from Lenox9 as if they had no
right to be there. The big guys with their
caps on backwards, leaning against the fence swirling
the basketballs on the tips of their fingers, waiting for all
these crazy people to clear out the park so they can play.
Most of the kids in my class are carrying bass drums and 190
glockenspiels and flutes. You’d think they’d put in a few

bongos or something for real like that.
Then here comes Mr. Pearson with his clipboard and
his cards and pencils and whistles and safety pins and fifty
million other things he’s always dropping all over the place
with his clumsyy self. He sticks out in a crowd because he’s clumsy (klumʼ zē)
zē) adj. awkward
on stilts. We used to call him Jack and the Beanstalk to get
him mad. But I’m the only one that can outrun him and get
away, and I’m too grown for that silliness now. 200
8. The people who work at the park are called parkees.

9. Lenoxx is a big street in Harlem.
REFLECT
Who do you think will win the race, Squeaky or
Gretchen? Why do you think so?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
To Sum Up
_________________________________________________
PARTNERS
➤ People are dressed nicely
Talk about your answer with a partner. If you do for the festival.
not understand the question or are unsure about your ➤ Squeaky finds Mr. Pearson,
answer, ask your partner for help. the race official.
Raymond’s Run 11
Raymond’s Run
“Well, Squeaky,” he says, checking my name off the

list and handing me number seven and two pins. And I’m
thinking he’s got no right to call me Squeaky, if I can’t call
him Beanstalk.
“Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker,” I correct him and tell
him to write it down on his board.
“Well, Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker, going to give
someone else a break this year?” I squint at him real hard
to see if he is seriously thinking I should lose the race on
purpose just to give someone else a break. “Only six girls
210 running this time,” he continues, shaking his head sadly
like it’s my fault all of New York didn’t turn out in sneakers.
“That new girl should give you a run for your money.” He
A periscopee lets people in a looks around the park for Gretchen like a periscope in a
submarine to see above the submarine movie. “Wouldn’t it be a nice gesture if you were
surface of the water. . . . to ahhh . . .”
I give him such a look he couldn’t finish putting that
idea into words. Grownups got a lot of nerve sometimes. I
pin number seven to myself and stomp away, I’m so burnt.
And I go straight for the track and stretch out on the grass
220 while the band winds up with “Oh, the Monkey Wrapped
His Tail Around the Flag Pole,” which my teacher calls by
some other name. The man on the loudspeaker is calling
everyone over to the track and I’m on my back looking at
the sky, trying to pretend I’m in the country, but I can’t,
because even grass in the city feels hard as sidewalk,
and there’s just no pretending you are anywhere but in a
“concrete jungle” as my grandfather says.
The twenty-yard dash takes all of two minutes cause
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky gets her number
for the race.
➤ Mr. Pearson asks Squeaky
if she will let someone else
win the race.
12
Raymond’s Run
most of the little kids don’t know no better than to run

off the track or run the wrong way or run smack into the 230
fence and fall down and cry. One little kid, though, has
got the good sense to run straight for the white ribbon up
ahead so he wins. Then the second-graders line up for the Literary Element
thirty-yard dash and I don’t even bother to turn my head
Plot What part of the plot is
to watch cause Raphael Perez always wins. He wins before this? Check one.
he even begins by psyching10 the runners, telling them climax
they’re going to trip on their shoelaces and fall on their exposition
faces or lose their shorts or something, which he doesn’t resolution
really have to do since he is very fast, almost as fast as I am.
After that is the forty-yard dash which I used to run when 240 hollering (holʼ ər ing)
ing) v.
I was in first grade. Raymond is hollering g from the swings screaming or crying out
cause he knows I’m about to do my thing cause the man
on the loudspeaker has just announced the fifty-yard dash,
although he might just as well be giving a recipe for angel
food cake cause you can hardly make out what he’s sayin
for the static. I get up and slip off my sweat pants and then
I see Gretchen standing at the starting line, kicking her
legs out like a pro. Then as I get into place I see that ole Proo is short for “professional.”
Raymond is on line on the other side of the fence, bending
down with his fingers on the ground just like he knew what 250
he was doing. I was going to yell at him but then I didn’t. It

burns up your energy to holler.
Every time, just before I take off in a race, I always feel
like I’m in a dream, the kind of dream you have when
you’re sick with fever and feel all hot and weightless. I
dream I’m flying over a sandy beach in the early morning
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky gets ready to run
the 50-yard dash.
➤ Squeaky sees Gretchen
standing at the starting
Vocabulary line.
static (statʼ ik) n. hissing or crackling sounds, such as those from a microphone ➤ Squeaky sees Raymond
pretending to get ready to
run the race.
10. Psyching
g the runners means scaring them.
Raymond’s Run 13
Raymond’s Run
sun, kissing the leaves of the trees as I fly by. And there’s

always the smell of apples, just like in the country when
I was little and used to think I was a choo-choo train,
260 running through the fields of corn and chugging up the
hill to the orchard. And all the time I’m dreaming this, I
get lighter and lighter until I’m flying over the beach again,
crouch (krouch
krouch)) v. lower one’s getting blown through the sky like a feather that weighs
body close to the ground nothing at all. But once I spread my fingers in the dirt and
crouch over the Get on Your Mark, the dream goes and I
am solid again and am telling myself, Squeaky you must
win, you must win, you are the fastest thing in the world,
you can even beat your father up Amsterdam if you really
try. And then I feel my weight coming back just behind
270 my knees then down to my feet then into the earth and
the pistol shot explodes in my blood and I am off and
glance (glans
glans)) v. look at quickly weightless again, flying past the other runners, my arms
pumping up and down and the whole world is quiet except
for the crunch as I zoom over the gravel in the track. I
g
glance to my left and there is no one. To the right, a blurred
Gretchen, who’s got her chin jutting out as if it would win
the race all by itself. And on the other side of the fence is
Raymond with his arms down to his side and the palms
tucked up behind him, running in his very own style, and
280 it’s the first time I ever saw that and I almost stop to watch
my brother Raymond on his first run. But the white ribbon
omprehension Check is bouncing toward me and I tear past it, racing into the
distance till my feet with a mind of their own start digging
Underline what Squeaky
almost does when she sees up footfuls of dirt and brake me short. Then all the kids
Raymond running. standing on the side pile on me, banging me on the back
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky and Gretchen run
the race.
➤ Squeaky watches Raymond
running quickly on the other
side of the fence.
14
Raymond’s Run
and slapping my head with their May Day programs, for I

have won again and everybody on 151st Street can walk tall
for another year.
“In the first place . . .” the man on the loudspeaker is
clear as a bell now. But then he pauses and the loudspeaker 290
starts to whine. Then static. And I lean down to catch my

breath and here comes Gretchen walking back, for she’s
overshot the finish line too, huffing and puffing with her Overshott means “ran past.”
hands on her hips taking it slow, breathing in steady time
like a real pro and I sort of like her a little for the first time.
“In first place . . .” and then three or four voices get all
mixed up on the loudspeaker and I dig my sneaker into
the grass and stare at Gretchen who’s staring back, we
both wondering just who did win. I can hear old Beanstalk
arguing with the man on the loudspeaker and then a few 300
others running their mouths about what the stopwatches

say. Then I hear Raymond yanking at the fence to call me
and I wave to shush him, but he keeps rattling the fence
REFLECT
Squeaky almost stops to watch Raymond run. Do you
think this will affect who wins the race? Explain.
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
To Sum Up
_________________________________________________ ➤ Squeaky and Gretchen
_________________________________________________ wait for the winner to
be announced.
_________________________________________________ ➤ Squeaky starts to like
PARTNERS
Gretchen for being serious
Talk about your answer with a partner. about running.
Raymond’s Run 15
Raymond’s Run
omprehension Check like a gorilla in a cage like in them gorilla movies, but
then like a dancer or something he starts climbing up nice
What does Squeaky realize
and easy but very fast. And it occurs to me, watching how
about Raymond?
smoothly he climbs hand over hand and remembering how
_______________________ he looked running with his arms down to his side and with
the wind pulling his mouth back and his teeth showing and
_______________________ 310 all, it occurred to me that Raymond would make a very fine
_______________________ runner. Doesn’t he always keep up with me on my trots?
And he surely knows how to breathe in counts of seven
_______________________ cause he’s always doing it at the dinner table, which drives
________________________ my brother George up the wall. And I’m smiling to beat
the band cause if I’ve lost this race, or if me and Gretchen
To beat the band d means “a lot,” tied, or even if I’ve won, I can always retire as a runner and
or “in a really big way.” begin a whole new career as a coach with Raymond as
my champion. After all, with a little more study I can beat
Cynthia and her phony self at the spelling bee. And if I
Bugged
d means “bothered.” 320 bugged my mother, I could get piano lessons and become a
star. And I have a big rep as the baddest thing around. And
I’ve got a roomful of ribbons and medals and awards. But
what has Raymond got to call his own?
So I stand there with my new plans, laughing out loud
by this time as Raymond jumps down from the fence and
runs over with his teeth showing and his arms down to
the side, which no one before him has quite mastered
as a running style. And by the time he comes over I’m
jumping up and down so glad to see him—my brother
330 Raymond, a great runner in the family tradition. But of
course everyone thinks I’m jumping up and down because
To Sum Up
➤ Raymond climbs over
the fence.
➤ Squeaky decides that
Raymond would be a very
good runner.
➤ Running is something that
Raymond could do well
by himself.
16
Raymond’s Run
the men on the loudspeaker have finally gotten themselves

together and compared notes and are announcing “In first
place—Miss Hazel Elizabeth Deborah Parker.” (Dig that.)
“In second place—Miss Gretchen P. Lewis.”And I look over
at Gretchen wondering what the “P” stands for. And I smile.
Cause she’s good, no doubt about it. Maybe she’d like to
help me coach Raymond; she obviously is serious about
running, as any fool can see. And she nods to congratulate
g congratulate (kən grachʼ ə lā̄tʼ)ʼ) v.
me and then she smiles. And I smile. We stand there with 340 tell someone you are happy that
this big smile of respect between us. It’s about as real a they have done well
smile as girls can do for each other, considering we don’t
practice real smiling every day, you know, cause maybe we
12
too busy being flowers or fairies or strawberries instead of
something honest and worthy of respect . . . you know . . .
like being people.
Literary Element
Plot Underline the resolution of
the story.
To Sum Up
➤ Squeaky wins first prize.
➤ Gretchen congratulates
Squeaky.
➤ Squeaky and Gretchen
smile at each other.
Raymond’s Run 17
Before
After You Read
Vocabulary Check
clumsy congratulate hollering trot
18
After You Read
Comprehension Check
exposition rising action climax falling action resolution
Raymond’s Run 19
Before
After You Read
Role Play a Victory Speech
Hello everyone!
I am so I won the race
again. I knew I would. I’ve worked very hard to become
a fast runner. To practice for the fifty-yard dash, I
I would like to congratulate Gretchen for running
a great race. Even though she didn’t win,
More importantly, I would like to let everyone know
that next year will be running
the race. Some people like to make fun of him, but
Thank you and have a great day!
Squeaky
20
TX
The Medicine Bag 21

Before You Read
Literary Element Character
Reading Strategy Make Inferences About Characters
22
authentic embrace
➤
sheepishly
stately
Content Vocabulary
glamorous (glamʼ ər əs) adj. commotion (kə moʼ shən) n. fatigue (fə tēgʼ) n. feeling of descendants (di senʼ dənts)
exciting and attractive a loud disturbance being very tired n. the children and
The movie star wore a Alexi caused a commotion The runner showed fatigue grandchildren of a person
glamorous dress. when she dropped a tray. when he stopped at mile My brother and I are
➤ Cognate (Spanish) ➤ Cognate (Spanish) ten. descendantss of our
glamoroso(a) conmoción ➤ Cognate (Spanish) fatiga parents.
➤ Cognate (Spanish)
descendientes
burden (bərʼ dən) n. a excuses (iks kūsʼ əs) n. sacred (sā krid) adj. holy or protection (prə tekʼ shən) n.
stress or difficulty reasons very important a guard against danger
Working two jobs was a The boys gave excusess for He felt very calm when he The shelter offered
burdenn for Lucy. how the vase broke. visited the sacred d place. protectionn from the
➤ Cognate (Spanish) ➤ Cognate (Spanish) strong winds.
excusas sagrado(a) ➤ Cognate (Spanish)
protección
The Medicine Bag 23

Background Information My kid sister Cheryl and I always bragged about
our Sioux grandpa, Joe Iron Shell. Our friends, who had
A reservation is land that the
U.S. government set aside for always lived in the city and only knew about Indians from
Native Americans. In the 1800s, movies and TV, were impressed by our stories. Maybe we
they forced Native Americans exaggerated and made Grandpa and the reservation sound
to move from their own land to g
glamorous , but when we’d return home to Iowa after
reservations.
our yearly summer visit to Grandpa we always had some
exciting tale to tell.
We always had some authentic Sioux article to show
glamorous (glamʼ ər əs) adj. 10 our listeners. One year Cheryl had new moccasins1 that
exciting and attractive
Grandpa had made. On another visit he gave me a small,
round, flat, rawhide drum which was decorated with a
painting of a warrior riding a horse. He taught me a real
Sioux chant2 to sing while I beat the drum with a leather-
covered stick that had a feather on the end. Man, that really
made an impression.
We never showed our friends Grandpa’s picture. Not
that we were ashamed of him, but because we knew that
the glamorous tales we told didn’t go with the real thing.
20 Our friends would have laughed at the picture, because
Grandpa wasn’t tall and stately like TV Indians. His hair
wasn’t in braids, but hung in stringy, gray strands on his
Vocabulary
authentic (ô thenʼ tik) adj. real; not fake
To Sum Up stately (stātʼ lē ) adj. impressive or dignified
➤ The narrator and his sister

tell stories about their Sioux
grandpa.
➤ They do not show pictures
of their grandpa. 1. Moccasinss are leather shoes traditionally worn by some Native Americans.
2. A chantt is a simple song with a single melody.
24
The Medicine Bag
neck and he was old. He was our great-

grandfather, and he didn’t live in a tipi, but
all by himself in a part log, part tar-paper
shack on the Rosebud Reservation in South
tipi Dakota. So when Grandpa came to visit
us, I was so ashamed and embarrassed I
could’ve died.
There are a lot of yippy3 poodles and other fancy little 30
dogs in our neighborhood, but they usually barked singly

at the mailman from the safety of their own yards. Now it
sounded as if a whole pack of mutts were barking together
in one place.
I got up and walked to the curb to see what the
commotion was. About a block away I saw a crowd of little commotion (kə mōʼ shən) n. a
kids yelling, with the dogs yipping and growling around loud disturbance
someone who was walking down the middle of the street.
I watched the group as it slowly came closer and saw
that in the center of the strange procession4 was a man 40
wearing a tall black hat. He’d pause now and then to peer
at something in his hand and then at the houses on either
side of the street. I felt cold and hot at the same time as I
omprehension Check
recognized the man. “Oh, no!” I whispered. “It’s Grandpa!”
I stood on the curb, unable to move even though I Reread the boxed text.
wanted to run and hide. Then I got mad when I saw how Underline what the narrator
sees when he walks to the curb.
the yippy dogs were growling and nipping at the old man’s
baggy pant legs and how wearily he poked them away with
his cane. “Stupid mutts,” I said as I ran to rescue Grandpa.
When I kicked and hollered at the dogs to get away, 50
they put their tails between their legs and scattered. The
kids ran to the curb where they watched me and the
old man.
To Sum Up
➤ The narrator sees his
grandpa walking down the
street and is ashamed.
➤ All the kids watch grandpa.
3. Yippyy means “barking sharply.”
4. A processionn is an orderly march.
The Medicine Bag 25
The Medicine Bag
“Grandpa,” I said and felt pretty dumb when my voice

Literary Element cracked. I reached for his beat-up old tin suitcase, which
was tied shut with a rope. But he set it down right in the
Character How do the
narrator’s feelings change as street and shook my hand.
he sees Grandpa? Write the “Hau, Takoza, Grandchild,” he greeted me formally
words that tell you below. Is in Sioux.
the narrator a dynamic or static 60 All I could do was stand there with the whole neighbor-
character?
hood watching and shake the hand of the leather-brown
_________________________ old man. I saw how his gray hair straggled from under his
big black hat, which had a drooping feather in its crown.
_________________________ His rumpled black suit hung like a sack over his stooped
_________________________ frame. As he shook my hand, his coat fell open to expose
a bright-red, satin5 shirt with a beaded bolo tie under the
_________________________ collar. His getup wasn’t out of place on the reservation, but
it sure was here, and I wanted to sink right through the
pavement.
70 “Hi,” I muttered with my head down. I tried to pull my
hand away when I felt his bony hand trembling, and looked
fatigue (fə tēgʼ) n. feeling of up to see fatigue
g in his face. I felt like crying. I couldn’t
being very tired think of anything to say so I picked up Grandpa’s suitcase,
took his arm, and guided him up the driveway to our house.
Mom was standing on the steps. I don’t know how long
she’d been watching, but her hand was over her mouth and
she looked as if she couldn’t believe what she saw. Then she
ran to us.
“Grandpa,” she gasped. “How in the world did you get
80 here?”
She checked her move to embrace Grandpa and I
remembered that such a display of affection is unseemly to
the Sioux and would embarrass him.
To Sum Up
➤ The narrator and Grandpa Vocabulary
greet each other. embrace (em brāsʼ) v. to hold close.
➤ The narrator feels sad when
he sees that Grandpa is old
and tired.
5. Satinn is a type of smooth, shiny cloth.
26
The Medicine Bag
“Hau, Marie,” he said as he shook Mom’s hand. She

smiled and took his other arm.
As we supported him up the steps the door banged
open and Cheryl came bursting out of the house. She was
all smiles and was so obviously glad to see Grandpa that I
was ashamed of how I felt.
“Grandpa!” she yelled happily. “ You came to see us!” 90
Grandpa smiled and Mom and I let go of him as he

stretched out his arms to my ten-year-old sister, who was
still young enough to be hugged.
“Wicincala, little girl,” he greeted her and then
collapsed.
He had fainted. Mom and I carried him into her sewing
room, where we had a spare bed.
After we had Grandpa on the bed Mom stood there
helplessly patting his shoulder.
“Shouldn’t we call the doctor, Mom?” I suggested, since 100
she didn’t seem to know what to do.
REFLECT
Make Inferences About Characters
Why is Martin ashamed when Cheryl is happy to see
Grandpa?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
To Sum Up
➤ Cheryl is excited to
_________________________________________________
PARTNERS
see Grandpa.
Talk about your answer with a partner. ➤ Grandpa faints.
The Medicine Bag 27

The Medicine Bag
“Yes,” she agreed with a sigh. “You make Grandpa

comfortable, Martin.”
I reluctantly moved to the bed. I knew Grandpa
wouldn’t want to have Mom undress him, but I didn’t want
Literary Element to, either. He was so skinny and frail that his coat slipped
Character Is the doctor a static off easily. When I loosened his tie and opened his shirt
or a dynamic character? Why? collar, I felt a small leather pouch6 that hung from a thong7
around his neck. I left it alone and moved to remove his
__________________________ 110 boots. The scuffed old cowboy boots were tight and he
__________________________ moaned as I put pressure on his legs to jerk them off.
I put the boots on the floor and saw why they fit so
__________________________ tight. Each one was stuffed with money. I looked at the
__________________________________________________________ bills that lined the boots and started to ask about them, but
Grandpa’s eyes were closed again.
__________________________ Mom came back with a basin8 of water. “The doctor
thinks Grandpa is suffering from heat exhaustion,”9 she
explained as she bathed Grandpa’s face. Mom gave a big
sigh, “Oh hinh, Martin. How do you suppose he got here?”
120 We found out after the doctor’s visit. Grandpa was
angrily sitting up in bed while Mom tried to feed him some
soup.
“Tonight you let Marie feed you, Grandpa,” spoke my
dad, who had gotten home from work just as the doctor
descendants (di senʼdənts) n. the
was leaving. “You’re not really sick,” he said as he gently
children and grandchildren of a pushed Grandpa back against the pillows. “The doctor said
person you just got too tired and hot after your long trip.”
Grandpa relaxed, and between sips of soup he told us
of his journey. Soon after our visit to him Grandpa decided
that he would like to see where his only living descendants
To Sum Up
➤ Grandpa is sick.
➤ The narrator, Martin, takes
care of Grandpa.
➤ Martin finds money in 6. A pouchh is a type of bag often made from animal skin.
7. A thongg is a small strip piece of leather or other material that can be used like a string.
Grandpa’s boots. 8. A basinn is a type of bowl used to hold water.
9. Heat exhaustionn is when you are sick from being in the sun too long.
28
The Medicine Bag
lived and what our home was like. Besides, he admitted 130
sheepishly, y he was lonesome after we left. omprehension Check

I knew everybody felt as guilty as I did—especially
Martin feels guilty that Grandpa
Mom. Mom was all Grandpa had left. So even after she travels alone. How else does
married my dad, who’s a white man and teaches in the Martin feel about Grandpa’s
college in our city, and after Cheryl and I were born, Mom trip?
made sure that every summer we spent a week with jealous that Grandpa travels
alone
Grandpa.
proud that Grandpa has the
I never thought that Grandpa would be lonely after our courage to travel alone
visits, and none of us noticed how old and weak he had mad that Grandpa travels
become. But Grandpa knew and so he came to us. He had 140 alone
ridden on buses for two and a half days. When he arrived
in the city, tired and stiff from sitting for so long, he set out,
walking, to find us.
He had stopped to rest on the steps of some building
downtown and a policeman found him. The cop, according
to Grandpa, was a good man who took him to the bus stop
and waited until the bus came and told the driver to let
Grandpa out at Bell View Drive. After Grandpa got off the
bus, he started walking again. But he couldn’t see the house
numbers on the other side when he walked on the sidewalk 150
so he walked in the middle of the street. That’s when all the

little kids and dogs followed him.
I knew everybody felt as bad as I did. Yet I was proud of
this 86-year-old man, who had never been away from the
reservation, having the courage to travel so far alone.
“You found the money in my boots?” he asked Mom.
“Martin did,” she answered, and roused10 herself to
scold. “Grandpa, you shouldn’t have carried so much
Vocabulary
sheepishly (shēʼ pish lē) adv. with embarrassment
To Sum Up
➤ Grandpa says he felt lonely
after their last visit.
➤ The family feels sad, but
proud of Grandpa.
10. Roused means “caused action or emotion”
The Medicine Bag 29
The Medicine Bag
money. What if someone had stolen it from you?”

160 Grandpa laughed. “I would’ve known if anyone tried to
take the boots off my feet. The money is what I’ve saved for
a long time—a hundred dollars—for my funeral. But you
burden (bərʼ den) n. a stress or take it now to buy groceries so that I won’t be a burden to
difficulty you while I am here.”
“That won’t be necessary, Grandpa,” Dad said. “We
are honored to have you with us and you will never be a
burden. I am only sorry that we never thought to bring you
home with us this summer and spare you the discomfort of
a long trip.”
170 Grandpa was pleased. “Thank you,” he answered. “But
do not feel bad that you didn’t bring me with you for I
would not have come then. It was not time.” He said this in
such a way that no one could argue with him. To Grandpa
and the Sioux, he once told me, a thing would be done
when it was the right time to do it and that’s the way it was.
“Also,” Grandpa went on, looking at me, “I have come
because it is soon time for Martin to have the medicine
bag.”
We all knew what that meant. Grandpa thought he was
180 going to die and he had to follow the tradition of his family
to pass the medicine bag, along with its history, to the
oldest male child.
“Even though the boy,” he said still looking at me,
“bears a white man’s name, the medicine bag will be his.”
I didn’t know what to say. I had the same hot and cold
feeling that I had when I first saw Grandpa in the street.
The medicine bag was the dirty leather pouch I had found
around his neck. “I could never wear such a thing,” I almost
To Sum Up
➤ Grandpa tells Martin that he
will give him the medicine
bag.
➤ Grandpa thinks he is going
to die.
30
The Medicine Bag
said aloud. I thought of having my friends see it in gym

class, at the swimming pool, and could imagine the smart 190
Literary Element
things they would say. But I just swallowed hard and took a
step toward the bed. I knew I would have to take it. Character How does Martin’s
But Grandpa was tired. “Not now, Martin,” he said, character change in the story?
Underline what Martin learns.
waving his hand in dismissal, “it is not time. Now I will
sleep.”
So that’s how Grandpa came to be with us for two Follow along as your teacher
months. My friends kept asking to come see the old man, leads the class in reading aloud
but I put them off. I told myself that I didn’t want them the three full paragraphs on this
page.
laughing at Grandpa. But even as I made excuses I knew it
wasn’t Grandpa that I was afraid they’d laugh at. 200
excuses (iks kūsʼ əs) n. reasons
Nothing bothered Cheryl about bringing her friends
to see Grandpa. Every day after school started there’d
be a crew of giggling little girls or round-eyed little boys
crowded around the old man on the patio, where he’d
gotten in the habit of sitting every afternoon.
Grandpa would smile in his gentle way and patiently
REFLECT
Martin imagines what it would be like to wear the
medicine bag to school. What kind of “smart things” do
you think Martin’s friends would say?
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
To Sum Up
PARTNERS ➤ Martin does not allow his
Talk about your answer with a partner. If you do friends to visit Grandpa.
not understand the question or are unsure about your ➤ Martin thinks his friends
answer, ask your partner for help. Answer any questions
will laugh at him.
your partner asks.
The Medicine Bag 31

The Medicine Bag
answer their questions, or he’d tell them stories of brave

warriors, ghosts, animals, and the kids listened in awed
silence. Those little guys thought Grandpa was great.
210 Finally, one day after school, my friends came home
with me because nothing I said stopped them. “We’re going
to see the great Indian of Bell View Drive,” said Hank, who
was supposed to be my best friend. “My brother has seen
him three times so he oughta be well enough to see us.”
When we got to my house Grandpa was sitting on
the patio. He had on his red shirt, but today he also wore
a fringed11 leather vest that was decorated with beads.
Instead of his usual cowboy boots he had solidly beaded
moccasins on his feet that stuck out of his black trousers.
220 Of course, he had his old black hat on—he was seldom
without it. But it had been brushed and the feather in the
beaded headband was proudly erect, its tip a brighter white.
His hair lay in silver strands over the red shirt collar.
I stared just as my friends did and I heard one of them
murmur,12 “Wow!”
Grandpa looked up and when his eyes met mine they
twinkled as if he were laughing inside. He nodded to me
and my face got all hot. I could tell that he had known all
along I was afraid he’d embarrass me in front of my friends.
230 “Hau, hoksilas, boys,” he greeted and held out his
hand.
My buddies passed in a single file and shook his hand
as I introduced them. They were so polite I almost laughed.
To Sum Up
➤ Martin’s friends visit.
11. Fringed
d means “decorated with a border or trim.”
➤ They are very polite.
12. Murmurr means “to speak very softly.”
32
The Medicine Bag
“How, there, Grandpa,” and even a “How-do-you-do, sir.”

“You look fine, Grandpa,” I said as the guys sat on the omprehension Check
lawn chairs or on the patio floor.
Why does Grandpa wear his
“Hanh, yes,” he agreed. “When I woke up this morning good clothes?
it seemed the right time to dress in the good clothes. I knew
__________________________
that my grandson would be bringing his friends.”
“You guys want some lemonade or something?” I 240 __________________________
offered. No one answered. They were listening to Grandpa
as he started telling how he’d killed the deer from which his __________________________
vest was made. __________________________
Grandpa did most of the talking while my friends
__________________________
were there. I was so proud of him and amazed at how
respectfully quiet my buddies were. Mom had to chase
them home at supper time. As they left they shook
Grandpa’s hand again and said to me:
“Martin, he’s really great!”
“Yeah, man! Don’t blame you for keeping him to 250
yourself.”
“Can we come back?”
But after they left, Mom said, “No more visitors for a
while, Martin. Grandpa won’t admit it, but his strength
hasn’t returned. He likes having company, but it tires him.”
That evening Grandpa called me to his room before he
went to sleep. “Tomorrow,” he said, “when you come home,
it will be time to give you the medicine bag.”
I felt a hard squeeze from where my heart is supposed
to be and was scared, but I answered, “OK, K Grandpa.” 260
All night I had weird dreams about thunder and
To Sum Up
➤ Martin’s friends
respectfully listen
to Grandpa.
➤ Grandpa tells Martin he
will give him the medicine
bag the next day.
The Medicine Bag 33

The Medicine Bag
lightning on a high hill. From a distance I heard the slow

Literary Element beat of a drum. When I woke up in the morning I felt as if
I hadn’t slept at all. At school it seemed as if the day would
Character There are not many
details about Martin’s sister never end and, when it finally did, I ran home.
and mother. Are they static or Grandpa was in his room, sitting on the bed. The shades
dynamic characters? Check were down and the place was dim and cool. I sat on the
one. Then tell why. floor in front of Grandpa, but he didn’t even look at me.
After what seemed a long time he spoke.
static
dynamic
270 “I sent your mother and sister away. What you will hear
today is only for a man’s ears. What you will receive is only
for a man’s hands.” He fell silent and I felt shivers down my
_________________________
back.
_________________________ “My father in his early manhood,” Grandpa began,
“made a vision quest13 to find a spirit guide for his life. You
_________________________
cannot understand how it was in that time, when the great
Teton Sioux14 were first made to stay on the reservation.
There was a strong need for guidance from Wakantanka,
the Great Spirit. But too many of the young men were filled
280 with despair and hatred. They thought it was hopeless to
search for a vision when the glorious life was gone and only
the hated confines of a reservation lay ahead. But my father
held to the old ways.
“He carefully prepared for his quest with a purifying
sweat bath and then he went alone to a high butte top
sacred (sā̄ʼ krid) adj. holy or very to fast and pray. After three days he received his sacred
important dream—in which he found, after long searching, the white
man’s iron. He did not understand his vision of finding
something belonging to the white people, for in that time
To Sum Up
➤ Grandpa tells Martin a story
about his father.
13. A vision questt is a trip that young Sioux men make to receive a special song or object.
14. The Teton Siouxx are the largest Sioux tribe. They were buffalo hunters.
34
The Medicine Bag
they were the enemy. When he came down from the 290
butte to cleanse himself at the stream below, he found the

remains of a campfire and the broken shell of an iron kettle.
This was a sign which reinforced his dream. He took a piece
of the iron for his medicine bag, which he had made of elk15
skin years before, to prepare for his quest.
“He returned to his village, where he told his dream to
the wise old men of the tribe. They gave him the name Iron
Shell, but neither did they understand the meaning of the
dream. This first Iron Shell kept the piece of iron with him
at all times and believed it gave him protection
p from the 300
evils of those unhappy days. protection (prə tekʼ shən) n. a

“Then a terrible thing happened to Iron Shell. He and guard against danger
several other young men were taken from their homes by
the soldiers and sent far away to a white man’s boarding
school.16 He was angry and lonesome for his parents and
the young girl he had wed before he was taken away. At
15. An elkk is a very large type of deer with wide antlers.

16. A boarding schooll is a school where students live and go to school.
REFLECT
We learn that Grandpa’s name is Joe Iron Shell at the
beginning of the story. What does Grandpa infer about
his own name? To Sum Up
➤ In the story, Grandpa’s
_________________________________________________ father finds a broken
iron kettle.
_________________________________________________ ➤ The villagers give
_________________________________________________ Grandpa’s father the name
Iron Shell.
_________________________________________________ ➤ Soldiers take Iron
PARTNERS Shell away.
Talk about your answer with a partner.
The Medicine Bag 35

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CHAPTER XVIII.
THE FISHES OF THE BRACKISH WATER.
On such parts of a coast at which there is a mixture of fresh and

salt water, either in consequence of some river emptying its water
into the sea or from an accumulation of land surface water forming
lagunes, which are in uninterrupted or temporary communication
with the sea, there flourishes a peculiar brackish water fauna which
is characterised by the presence of fishes found sometimes in sea-,
sometimes in pure freshwater.
This fauna can be rather sharply defined if a limited district only is
taken into consideration; thus, the species of the brackish water
fauna of Great Britain, the Pacific coast of Central America, of the
larger East India Islands, etc., can be enumerated without much
hesitation. But difficulties arise when we attempt to generalise in the
enumeration of the forms referable to the brackish water fauna;
because the genera and families enumerated include certain species
and genera which have habituated themselves exclusively either to a
freshwater or marine existence; and, besides, because a species of
fish may be at one locality an inhabitant of brackish water, at another
of the sea, and at a third of fresh water. The circumstance that these
fishes can live in sea and fresh water has enabled them to spread
readily over the globe, a few only being limited to particular regions;
therefore, for the purposes of dividing the earth’s surface into natural
zoological regions the brackish water forms are useless. The
following fishes may be referred to this Fauna:—
1. Species of Rajidæ (Raja, Trygon) prefer the mouths of rivers,
probably because the muddy or sandy bottom offers the most
suitable conditions for fishes which can feed on the bottom only;
such brackish water species belong chiefly to the Equatorial Zone,
some having taken up their abode entirely in fresh water (South
American Trygons).
2. Ambassis, a Percoid genus, consisting of numerous small
species, inhabiting the shores of the tropical parts of the Indian
Ocean and the coasts of Tropical Australia. Many species enter, and
all seek the neighbourhood of, fresh water; hence they disappear in
the islands of the Pacific, and are scarce in the Red Sea.
3. Therapon, with the same distribution as the former.
4. Numerous Sciænidæ of the Equatorial Zone.
5. The Polynemidæ, chiefly inhabitants of brackish water of the
Equatorial Zone, most developed in the Indian region, and scarce in
the Tropical Pacific.
6. Numerous species of Caranx (or Horse Mackerels) of the
Equatorial Zone.
7. Nearly all species of Gastrosteus enter brackish water, G.
spinachia being almost exclusively confined to it: Northern Zone.
8. The most important genera of the Gobies (Gobiina): Gobius
(nearly cosmopolitan), Sicydium, Boleophthalmus, Periophthalmus,
Eleotris (equatorial). Many of the species are entirely confined to
fresh water.
9. The Amblyopina, similar to the Gobies, but with more
elongated body: Tropical Indo-Pacific.
10. The Trypauchenina: Coasts of the Indian region.
11. Many species of Blennius, of which several are found far
inland in fresh waters—for instance in North Italy, in the Lake of
Galilee, in the eastern parts of Asia Minor.
12. The majority of Atherinidæ, and
13. The Mugilidæ: both families being most numerous and
abundant in brackish water, and almost cosmopolitan.
14. Many Pleuronectidæ prefer the mouths of rivers for the same
reason as the Rays; some ascend rivers, as the Flounder,
Cynoglossus, etc.
15. Several Siluridæ, as especially the genera Plotosus,
Cnidoglanis, Arius, which attain their greatest development in
brackish water.
16. The Cyprinodontidæ are frequently found in brackish water.
17. Species of Clupea, some of which ascend rivers, and become
acclimatized in fresh water, as Clupea finta, which has established
itself in the lakes of northern Italy.
18. Chatoessus, a genus of Clupeoid fishes of the Equatorial
Zone, of which some species have spread into the Northern Zone.
19. Megalops: Equatorial Zone.
20. Anguilla. The distribution, no less than the mode of
propagation, and the habits generally, of the so-called Freshwater-
eels still present us with many difficult problems. As far as we know
at present their birthplace seems to be the coast in the immediate
neighbourhood of the mouths of rivers. They are much more
frequently found in fresh water than in brackish water, but the
distribution of some species proves that they at times migrate by sea
as well as by land and river. Thus Anguilla mauritiana is found in
almost all the fresh and brackish waters of the islands of the Tropical
Indian Ocean and Western Pacific, from the Comoros to the South
Sea; Anguilla vulgaris is spread over temperate Europe (exclusive of
the system of the Danube, the Black and Caspian Seas), in the
Mediterranean district (including the Nile and rivers of Syria), and on
the Atlantic coast of North America; Anguilla bostoniensis, in Eastern
North America, China, and Japan; Anguilla latirostris, in Temperate
Europe, the whole Mediterranean district, the West Indies, China,
and New Zealand. The other more local species are found, in
addition to localities already mentioned, on the East Coast of Africa,
South Africa, on the continent of India, various East Indian Islands,
Australia, Tasmania, Auckland Islands; but none have ever been
found in South America, the West Coast of North America, and the
West Coast of Africa: surely one of the most striking instances of
irregular geographical distribution.
21. Numerous Syngnathidæ have established themselves in the
Northern Zone as well as in the Equatorial, in the vegetation which
flourishes in brackish water.
This list could be considerably increased if an enumeration of
species, especially of certain localities, were attempted; but this is
more a subject of local interest, and would carry us beyond the
scope of a general account of the distribution of Fishes.
Fig. 105.—Mugil octo-radiatus.
Fig. 106.—Mugil auratus.
Fig. 107.—Mugil septentrionalis.

Heads of Grey Mullets, fishes of
Brackish water.
CHAPTER XIX.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF MARINE FISHES.
Marine fishes fall, with regard to their mode of life and

distribution, into three distinct categories:—
1. Shore Fishes—That is, fishes which inhabit chiefly parts of the
sea in the immediate neighbourhood of land either actually raised
above, or at least but little submerged below, the surface of the
water. They do not descend to any great depth,—very few to 300
fathoms, and the majority live close to the surface. The distribution of
these fishes is determined not only by the temperature of the surface
water but also by the nature of the adjacent land, and its animal and
vegetable products; some of these fishes being confined to flat
coasts with soft or sandy bottoms, others to rocky and fissured
coasts, others to living coral formations. If it were not for the frequent
mechanical and involuntary removals to which these fishes are
exposed, their distribution within certain limits, as it no doubt
originally existed, would resemble still more that of freshwater fishes
than we find it actually does at the present period.
2. Pelagic Fishes—that is, fishes which inhabit the surface and
uppermost strata of the open ocean, which approach the shores only
accidentally, or occasionally (in search of prey), or periodically (for
the purpose of spawning). The majority spawn in the open sea, their
ova and young being always found at great distance from the shore.
With regard to their distribution, they are still subject to the influences
of light and the temperature of the surface water; but they are
independent of the variable local conditions which tie the shore fish
to its original home, and therefore roam freely over a space which
would take a freshwater or shore fish thousands of years to cover in
its gradual dispersal. Such as are devoid of rapidity of motion are
dispersed over similarly large areas by the oceanic currents, more
slowly than, but as surely as, the strong swimmers. Therefore, an
accurate definition of their distribution within certain areas equivalent
to the terrestrial regions is much less feasible than in the case of
shore fishes.
3. Deep-sea Fishes—that is, fishes which inhabit such depths of
the ocean as to be but little or not influenced by light or the surface
temperature; and which, by their organisation are prevented from
reaching the surface stratum in a healthy condition. Living almost
under identical tellurian conditions, the same type, the same species,
may inhabit an abyssal depth under the equator as well as one near
the arctic or antarctic circle; and all we know of these fishes points to
the conclusion that no separate horizontal regions can be
distinguished in the abyssal fauna, and that no division into
bathymetrical strata can be attempted on the base of generic much
less of family characters.
It must not be imagined that these three categories are more
sharply defined than Freshwater and Marine Fishes. They gradually
pass into each other, and there are numerous fishes about which
uncertainty exists whether they should be placed in the Shore or
Pelagic series, or in the Pelagic or Deep-sea series; nay, many facts
favour the view that changes in the mode of life and distribution of
fishes are still in progress.
The change in habitat of numerous fishes is regulated by the
distribution of their favourite food. At certain seasons the surface of
the sea in the vicinity of land swarms with mollusks, larval
Crustaceans, Medusæ, attracting shoals of fishes from the open
ocean to the shores; and these are again pursued by fishes of larger
size and predacious habits, so that all these fishes might be
included, with equal propriety, in the littoral or pelagic series.
However, species which are known to normally spawn in the open
ocean must be always referred to the latter division.
Chondropterygii, Acanthopterygii, Anacanths, Myxinoids, and
Pharyngobranchii furnish the principal contingents to the Marine
Fauna; whilst the majority of Malacopterygians, the Ganoids, and
Cyclostomes are Freshwater Fishes.
I.—Distribution of Shore Fishes.

The principal types of Shore-fishes are the following:—
CHONDROPTERYGII—
Holocephala 4 species
Plagiostomata—
Carchariidæ (part.) 12 „
Scylliidæ 30 „
Cestraciontidæ 4 „
Spinacidæ (part.) 8 „
Rhinidæ 1 „
Pristiophoridæ 4 „
Pristidæ 5 „
Rhinobatidæ 14 „
Torpedinidæ 15 „
Rajidæ 34 „
Trygonidæ 47 „
ACANTHOPTERYGII—
Percidæ (part. incl. Pristipomatidæ) 625 „
Mullidæ 35 „
Sparidæ 130 „
Squamipinnes 130 „
Cirrhitidæ 40 „
Heterolepidina 12 „
Scorpænidæ 120 „
Cottiæ (part.) 100 „
Cataphracti (part.) 20 „
Trachinidæ 100 „
Sciænidæ 100 „
Sphyrænidæ 15 „
Trichiuridæ 17 „
Elacate 1 „
Nomeidæ (part.) 5 „
Cyttidæ 8 „
Stromateus 9 „
Mene 1 „
Carangidæ (part.) 130 „
Kurtidæ 7 „
Gobiodon 7 „
Callionymina 30 „
Discoboli 11 „
Batrachidæ 14 „
Pediculati (part.) 11 „
Blenniidæ 90 „
Acanthoclinidæ 1 „
Teuthididæ 30 „
Acronuridæ 60 „
Hoplognathidæ 3 „
Malacanthidæ 3 „
Plesiopina 4 „
Trichonotidæ 2 „
Cepolidæ 7 „
Gobiesocidæ 21 „
Psychrolutidæ 2 „
Centriscidæ 7 „
Fistulariidæ 4 „
Acanthopterygii Pharyngognathi—
Pomacentridæ 150 „
Labridæ 400 „
Embiotocidæ 17 „
Anacanthini—
Gadopsidæ 1 „
Lycodidæ 15 „
Gadidæ (part.) 50 „
Ophidiidæ (part.) 40 „
Pleuronectidæ 160 „
Physostomi—
Saurina (part.) 16 „
Salmonidæ (part.) 7 „
Clupeidæ (part.) 130 „
Chirocentridæ 1 „
Chilobranchus 1 „
Murænidæ (part.) 200 „
Pegasidæ 4 „
120 „
Lophobranchii
Plectognathi—
Sclerodermi 95 „
Gymnodontes 83 „
CYCLOSTOMATA—
Myxinidæ 5 „
2 „
LEPTOCARDII
3587 species.
These types of Shore fishes are divided among the following
oceanic areæ:—
I. The Arctic Ocean.
II. The Northern Temperate Zone.
A. The Temperate North Atlantic.

1. The British district.
2. The Mediterranean district.
3. The North American district.
B. The Temperate North Pacific.

1. The Kamtschatkan district.
2. The Japanese district.
3. The Californian district.
III. The Equatorial Zone.
A. The Tropical Atlantic.

B. The Tropical Indo-Pacific.
C. The Pacific Coast of Tropical America.
1. The Central American district.
2. The Galapagoes district.
3. The Peruvian district.
IV. The Southern Temperate Zone.

1. The Cape of Good Hope district.
2. The South Australian district.
3. The Chilian district.
4. The Patagonian district.
V. The Antarctic Ocean.
As with freshwater fishes, the main divisions of the Shore-fish

faunæ are determined by their distance from the equator, the
equatorial zone of the Freshwater series corresponding entirely to
that of the Shore-fish series. But as Marine fishes extend farther
towards the Poles than Freshwater fishes, and as the polar types are
more specialised, a distinct Arctic and Antarctic fauna may be
separated from the faunæ of the temperate zones. The two
subdivisions of the Northern temperate zone in the Freshwater
series are quite analogous to the corresponding divisions in the
Coast series. In the Southern Hemisphere the Shore-fishes of the
extremity of Africa form a separate district of the temperate zone,
whilst the Freshwater fishes of South Africa were found to be tropical
types. The Marine series of the Southern temperate zone is also
much more diversified than the Freshwater series, and admits of
further subdivision, which, although in some degree indicated in the
Freshwater series, does not entirely correspond to that proposed for
the latter.
I. Shore Fishes of the Arctic Ocean.

The Shore fishes clearly prove a continuity of the Arctic
circumpolar fauna, as the southern limit of which we may indicate the
southern extremity of Greenland and the Aleutian Archipelago, or
60° of lat. N.
Towards the North, fishes become less in variety of species and
fewer in number of individuals, and only very few genera are
restricted to this fauna.
The highest latitude at which Shore fishes have been observed is
83° N. lat. The late Arctic Expedition collected at and near that
latitude specimens of Cottus quadricornis, Icelus hamatus,
Cyclopterus spinosus, Liparis fabricii, Gymnelis viridis, and Gadus
fabricii. This number probably would have been larger if the
difficulties of collecting fishes in those high latitudes were not almost
insuperable for the greater part of the year.
As far as we know, the fishes north and south of Behring’s Straits
belong to the same generic or family types as those of the
corresponding latitudes of the Eastern Hemisphere, though the
majority are specifically distinct. But the information we possess of
the fishes of the northernmost extremity of the Pacific is extremely
scanty and vague. Farther south, whence now and then a collection
reaches Europe, we meet with some European species, as the
Herring, Halibut, Hake.
The Chondropterygians are very scarce, and it is doubtful
whether another Chondropterygian, beside the pelagic Læmargus or
Greenland Shark, crosses the Arctic circle. In the more temperate
latitudes of South Greenland, Iceland, and Northern Scandinavia,
Acanthias, Centroscyllium, and a species of Raja, also Chimæra, are
met with.
Of Acanthopterygians the families of Cottidæ, Cataphracti,
Discoboli, and Blenniidæ are well represented, and several of the
genera are characteristic of the Arctic fauna: marine species of
Cottus; Centridermichthys, Icelus, Triglops; Agonus,
Aspidophoroides; Anarrhichas, Centronotus, Stichæus; Cyclopterus
and Liparis. Two species of Sebastes are rather common.
Characteristic is also the development of Gadoid fishes, of which
some thirteen species, belonging to Gadus, Merluccius, and Molva,
form one of the principal articles of food to the inhabitants of the
coasts of the Arctic Ocean. The Blennioid Anacanthini or Lycodidæ,
are limited to the Arctic and Antarctic coasts. Ammodytes and a few
Flat-fishes (Hippoglossoides and Pleuronectes) are common in the
more temperate parts.
Labroids only exceptionally penetrate so far towards the north.
Physostomes are very scarce, and represented only by a few
species of Clupea and by Mallotus; the latter is an ancient inhabitant
of the Greenland coasts, fossil remains, indistinguishable from the
species of the present day, being frequently found in nodules of clay
of comparatively recent formation.
The Arctic climate is still less favourable to the existence of
Lophobranchs, only a few Syngnathus and Nerophis being present
in the more southern latitudes, to which they have been carried by
oceanic currents from their more congenial home in the south.
Scleroderms and Plectognaths are entirely absent.
The Gadoids are accompanied by Myxine, which parasitically
thrives in them.
II. The Northern Temperate Zone.
A. Shore Fishes of the Temperate North Atlantic.

This part of the fauna may be subdivided into three districts:—
1. The fishes of the north-eastern shores, viz. of the British
islands, of Scandinavia so far as it is not included in the Arctic fauna,
and of the continent of Europe southwards to about 40° of lat. N.—
British district.
2. The fishes of the Mediterranean shores and of the adjoining
shores of the Atlantic, including the Azores, Madeira, and the Canary
Islands—Mediterranean district.
3. The fishes of the western shores, from 60° lat. N. to about 30°
lat. N.—the North American district.
1. The British district shows scarcely any marked distinctive

features; the character of its fauna is simply intermediate between
that of the Arctic Ocean and the Mediterranean district; truly Arctic
forms disappear, while such as are also found in the Mediterranean
make their appearance. Also with regard to the abundance of
individuals and variety of fishes this district forms a transition from
the north towards the south.
Besides the few Arctic Chondropterygians, all of which extend
into this district, the small shore Dog-fishes are well represented
(Mustelus, Galeus, Scyllium, Pristiurus); the ubiquitous Rhina or
Monk-fish is common; of Rays, Raja predominates in a variety of
species over Torpedo and Trygon, which are still scarce.
Of Acanthopterygians, Centridermichthys, Icelus, Triglops, and
Aspidophoroides, do not extend from the north into this district; and
Cottus, Anarrhichas, Centronotus, Stichæus, the Discoboli disappear
within its limits. Nearly all the remainder are genera which are also
found in the Mediterranean districts. The following are the principal
forms, and known to propagate on these shores: Labrax; Serranus,
Polyprion, Dentex; Mullus; Cantharus, Pagrus, Pagellus; Sebastes;
Cottus, Trigla, Agonus; Trachinus; Sciæna (?); Zeus; Trachurus,
Capros; Callionymus; Discoboli; Lophius; Anarrhichas, Centronotus,
Stichæus; Blenniops, Zoarces (not in Mediterranean); Cepola;
Lepadogaster.
Of the Anacanthini the Gadoids are as numerous as in the Arctic
Ocean, most being common to both districts; they are represented
by Gadus, Gadiculus, Merluccius, Phycis, Molva, Motella, Raniceps,
and Brosmius; but, whilst the majority show their northern origin by
not extending into the Mediterranean, Ammodytes and most
Pleuronectidæ prove themselves to be the more southern
representatives of this order. In the British district we find
Hippoglossus, Hippoglossoides, Rhombus, Phrynorhombus,
Pleuronectes, Solea, and only the two first are not met with in the
Mediterranean.
Labroids are common; with the exception of the North American
Tautoga, all the other genera are met with.
Physostomes are not well represented, viz. by one species of
Osmerus, one of Engraulis, one of Conger, and about five of Clupea.
Syngnathus and Nerophis become more common as we proceed
southwards; but the existence of Scleroderms and Plectognaths is
indicated by single individuals only, stragglers from their southern
home, and unable to establish themselves in a climate ungenial to
them.
The Gadoids are accompanied by Myxine; and Branchiostoma
may be found in all suitable localities.
2. The Mediterranean district is distinguished by a great variety of

forms; yet, with the exception of a few genera established for single
species, none of the forms can be considered peculiar to it; and even
that small number of peculiar genera is more and more diminished
as our knowledge of the distribution of fishes advances. Some
genera are identical with those found on the western coasts of the
Atlantic and in the West Indies; but a most remarkable and
unexpected affinity obtains with another very distant fauna, viz. that
of Japan. The number of genera common to the Mediterranean
district and the Japanese coasts is larger than that of the genera
common to the Mediterranean and the opposite American coasts.
The Chondropterygians found in the British district continue in the
Mediterranean, their number being increased by Centrina, Spinax,
Pteroplatea, and some species of Rhinobatus, a genus more
numerously represented in the Tropics. Torpedo and Trygon are
common.
The greatest variety belong to the Acanthopterygians, as will be
seen from the following list:—Labrax; Anthias, Serranus, Polyprion,
Apogon, Pomatomus, Pristipoma, Diagramma (an Indian genus with
two Mediterranean species, and otherwise not represented in the
Atlantic), Dentex, Mæna, Smaris; Mullus; Cantharus, Box,
Scatharxs, Oblata, Sargus, Pagrus, Pagellus, Chrysophrys;
Sebastes, Scorpæna; Hoplostethus, Beryx, Polymixia; Trigla,
Lepidotrigla, Agonus, Peristethus; Trachinus, Uranoscopus;
Umbrina, Sciæna; Sphyræna; Aphanopus, Lepidopus, Nesiarchus,
Trichiurus, Thyrsites; Cubiceps; Zeus, Cyttus; Stromateus;
Trachurus, Caranx, Capros, Diretmus, Antigonia; Callionymus;
Batrachus; Lophius; Cristiceps, Tripterygium; Cepola; Lepadogaster;
Centriscus; Notacanthus.
The Labridæ are as common as, or even more so than, in the
British district, and represented by the same genera. But, besides,
some other Pharyngognaths, properly belonging to the Tropical
Atlantic, have fully established themselves, though only by a few
species, viz. Glyphidodon and Heliastes; Cossyphus, Novacula,
Julis, Coris, and Scarus.
The Gadoids show a marked decrease of development; and the
species of Gadus, Gadiculus, Mora, Strinsia, Phycis, and Molva,
which are peculiar to the Mediterranean, seem to inhabit rather the
colder water of moderate depths, than the surface near the shore.
Motella, however, proves to be a true Shore fish also in the
Mediterranean, at least in its adult state. Ophidium and Fierasfer
appear now besides Ammodytes. As the Gadoids decrease, so the
Pleuronectidæ increase, the genera of the Mediterranean district
being Rhombus, Phrynorhombus, Arnoglossus, Citharus,
Rhomboidichthys, Pleuronectes (a northern genus not extending
farther southwards), Solea, Synaptura, and Ammopleurops.
The variety of Physostomes is small; the following only being
superadded to those of the British district:—Saurus (a tropical
genus), Aulopus; Congromuræna, Heteroconger, Myrus, Ophichthys,
Muræna.
The Lophobranchs are more numerous in species and individuals
than in the British district; and, besides Syngnathus and Nerophis,
several species of Hippocampus are common. Also a few species of
Balistes occur.
Myxine is lost in this district; whilst Branchiostoma is abundant.
3. The shore fishes of the North American district consist, as on

the eastern coasts of the North Atlantic, of northern and southern
elements; but they are still more mixed with each other than on the
European coasts, so that a boundary line cannot be drawn between
them. The affinity to the fauna of the eastern shores is great, but
almost entirely limited to the genera composing the fauna of the
British district. British genera not found on the American coasts are
—Galeus, Scyllium, Chimæra, Mullus, Pagellus, Trigla, Trachinus,
Zeus, Callionymus. The southern elements of North America are
rather derived from the West Indies, and have no special affinity to
Mediterranean forms; very few of the non-British Mediterranean
forms extend across the Atlantic; instead of a Mediterranean we find
a West Indian element. Many of the British species range across the
Atlantic, and inhabit in an unchanged condition the northern parts of
this district; and from the frequent occurrence of isolated specimens
of other British species on the North American coast, we may
presume that many more occasionally cross the Atlantic, but without
being able to obtain a permanent footing.
The genera peculiar to this district are few in number, and
composed of very few species, viz. Hemitripterus, Pammelas,
Chasmodes, Cryptacanthodes, and Tautoga.
The close resemblance of what must be considered northern
forms to those of Europe will be evident from the following list:—
Mustelus, Rhina, Torpedo, Raja, Trygon.
Labrax, Centropristis, Serranus; Pagrus, Chrysophrys; Sebastes,
Hemitripterus; Cottus, Aspidophoroides; Uranoscopus; Micropogon,
Pogonias, Sciæna; Trachurus, Pammelas; Cyclopterus, Liparis;
Lophius; Anarrhichas, Chasmodes, Stichcæus, Centronotus,
Cryptacanthodes, Zoarces.
Tautoga, Ctenolabrus.
Gadus, Merluccius, Phycis, Molva, Motella, Brosmius; Ophidium
(one species, perhaps identical with a Mediterranean species);
Ammodytes; Hippoglossus, Hippoglossoides, Rhombus,
Pleuronectes.
Osmerus, Mallotus; Engraulis, Clupea; Conger.
Syngnathus—Myxine—Branchiostoma.
West Indian genera, or at least genera which are more developed
within the tropics, and which extend more or less northwards in the
North American district, are:—
Pteroplatea (also in the Mediterranean).
Gerres, Dules (auriga), Lobotes, Ephippus; Sargus; Prionotus;
Umbrina, Otolithus, Larimus; Sphyræna (Mediterr.); Trichiurus
(Mediterr.); Elacate; Cybium, Trachynotus; Stromateus (Mediterr.);
Caranx; Batrachus (Mediterr.); Malthe.
Pseudorhombus, Solea (Mediterr.)
Saurus (Mediterr.); Etrumeus, Albula, Elops, Megalops.
Hippocampus (Mediterr.)
Balistes, Monacanthus.
B. Shore Fishes of the Temperate North Pacific.

This fauna shows a great affinity to that of the temperate North
Atlantic, not only in including a considerable proportion of identical
genera, and even of species, but also in having its constituent parts
similarly distributed. However, our knowledge of the ichthyology of
this fauna is by no means complete. Very few collections have been
made in Northern Japan, and on the coasts farther north of it; and,
again, the ichthyology of the coasts of Southern California is but little
known. Southern Japan has been well searched, but very little
attention has been paid to the extent of the northward range of the
species. In collections made by Mr. Swinhoe at Chefoo, in lat. 37° N.,
the proportions of temperate and tropical fishes were found to be
about equal. Thus, the details of the distribution of the fishes of these
shores have still to be worked out; nevertheless, three divisions may
be recognised which, for the present, may be defined as follows:—
1. The fishes of the north-western shores, to about 37° lat. N.,
including the corresponding northern parts of Japan—Kamtschatkan
district; this corresponds to the British district of the Atlantic.
2. The fishes of Southern Japan and the corresponding shores of
the continent of Asia, between 37° and 30° lat. N.—Japanese
district, which corresponds to the Mediterranean.
3. The fishes of the eastern shores southwards to the latitude of
San Francisco—Californian district; this corresponds to the North
American district of the Atlantic.
Too little is known of the shore fishes of the coasts between San
Francisco and the tropic to enable us to treat of it as a separate
division.
The Shore fishes of the North Pacific generally are composed of
the following elements:—
a. Arctic forms which extend into the Arctic Ocean, and the
majority of which are also found in the British district.
b. Peculiar forms limited to the North Pacific, like the
Heterolepidina, Embiotocidæ, and certain Cottoid and Blennioid
genera.
c. Forms identical with fishes of the Mediterranean.
d. Peculiar forms limited to the southern parts of Japan.
e. Tropical forms which have entered the North Pacific from the
south.
1. The small list of fishes which we can assign to the
Kamtschatkan district is due rather to the imperfect manner in which
its fauna has been explored than to its actual poverty of fishes; thus,
although we may be sure that sooner or later the small kinds of Dog-
fishes of the British district will be found there also, at present we
have positive knowledge of the occurrence of only two
Chondropterygians, viz. Chimæra and Raja. The species of the latter
genus seem to be much less numerous than in the Atlantic.
Of Acanthopterygians the following are known:—Sebastes;
Chirus, Agrammus; Podabrus, Blepsias, Cottus, Centridermichthys,
Hemilepidotus, Agonus; Trichodon; Callionymus; Liparis;
Dictyosoma, Stichæus, Centronotus.
Labroids are absent; they are clearly a type unable to endure
great cold; of the Embiotocoids which represent them in the Pacific,
one species only (a species of Ditrema) is known from this district.
The Gadoids are, so far as we know at present, sparsely
represented, viz. by isolated species of Gadus, Motella, and Lotella,
the latter being an inhabitant of moderate depths rather than of the
surface. Hippoglossus, Pleuronectes, and Parophrys, seem to occur
everywhere at suitable localities.
The Physostomes are nearly the same as in the British district,
viz. a Smelt (Hypomesus), probably also the Arctic Mallotus, an
Anchovy, several species of Clupea, and the Conger-eel. A very
singular Salmonoid fish, Salanx, which is limited to the north-western
Pacific, occurs in great abundance.
Also, the Lophobranchs correspond in their development to those
of the British district, Nerophis being replaced by Urocampus.
Neither Myxinoids nor Branchiostoma have as yet been found.
2. The Japanese district is, like the Mediterranean, distinguished

by a great variety of forms; some of them are peculiar to it (marked
J. in the following list); others occur in the Mediterranean, though
also in other districts (M.) The resemblance to the Mediterranean is
even greater than would appear from the following list of genera,
inasmuch as a considerable number of species are identical in both
districts. Three of the Berycoid genera have hitherto been found in
the Japanese and Mediterranean districts only, and nowhere else.
Another very singular fact is that some of the most characteristic
genera, like Mullus, Zeus, Callionymus, Centriscus, inhabit the
Mediterranean and Japanese districts, but have never reached the
opposite American coasts, either in the Atlantic or Pacific; although,
at least in the latter, the oceanic currents would rather favour than
obstruct their dispersal in the direction towards America. Bold as the
hypothesis may appear, we can only account for the singular
distribution of these shore fishes by assuming that the
Mediterranean and Japanese seas were in direct and open
communication with each other within the period of the existence of
the present Teleosteous Fauna.
Gadoids have disappeared, or are represented by forms
inhabiting moderate depths. Neither Myxine nor Branchiostoma are
known to have as yet been found.
List of Japanese Shore Fishes.
Chimæra (M.)
Galeus (M.), Mustelus (M.), Triacis, Scyllium (M.), Crossorhinus,
Pristiophorus, Cestracion; Rhina (M.); Rhinobatus (M.), Narcine,
Raja (M.), Trygon (M.), Pteroplatea (M.)
Percalabrax (J.), Niphon (J.), Centropristis, Anthias (M.),
Serranus (M.), Apogon (M.), Scombrops (J.), Acropoma, Anoplus
(J.), Pristipoma (M.), Hapalogenys (J.), Histiopterus, Velifer (J.),
Dentex (M.), Erythrichthys—Mullidæ (M.)—Girella, Pagrus (M.),
Chrysophrys (M.)—Chilodactylus—Sebastes (M.), Scorpæna (M.),
Aploactis, Trichopleura, Pelor—Monocentris (J.), Hoplostethus (M.),
Beryx (M.), Polymixia (M.)—Platycephalus, Hoplichthys (J.),
Bembras (J.), Prionotus, Lepidotrigla (M.), Trigla (M.), Peristethus
(M.)—Uranoscopus (M.), Percis, Sillago, Latilus.—Sciæna (M.),
Otolithus—Sphyræna (M.)—Lepidopus (M.), Trichiurus (M.)—Zeus
(M.)—Caranx, Trachurus (M.)—Callionymus (M.)—Lophius (M.),
Halieuthæa (J.)—Hoplognathus—Cepola (M.)—Centriscus (M.),
Fistularia.

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Printed in the United States of America.

Why Use This Book? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi

Raymond’s Run • Toni Cade Bambara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1

The Medicine Bag • Virginia Driving Hawk Sneve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

The People Could Fly • Virginia Hamilton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

from I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings • Maya Angelou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Huge, Freed Pet Pythons Invade Florida Everglades • Stefan Lovgren . . . . . . . . 93

Tell-Tale Heart • Edgar Allan Poe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Icarus and Daedalus • Josephine Preston Peabody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

Paul Revere’s Ride • Henry Wadsworth Longfellow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Exile • Julia Alvarez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

The New Colossus • Emma Lazarus

Ode to Thanks • Pablo Neruda

O Captain! My Captain! • Walt Whitman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

My Father’s Song • Simon Ortiz

Flowers for Algernon, Part 1 • Daniel Keyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

The Diary of Anne Frank:

TIME: Standing Tall • Michael Dolan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Additional Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

Pronunciation Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

Read for Fun and Read to Learn!

Before You Read

Connect Before You Read

Before you read,

Literary Elements and

Reading Strategy Connect to Personal Experience

Selection Vocabulary Practice saying the words with a partner.

For more practice, see page 242.

Questions about Literary Element

cuts to an imaginary jaw. Antonio then beat the air with a

Selection Vocabulary appears on Vocabulary

the courage of a tug boat pulling a barge ﬁve times its

10. A welterweightt boxer weighs between 141 and 147 pounds.

Reflect boxes give you a chance to

You can respond to and interact

Check your understanding of the

After You Read

After You Read

Role Play an Interview

For more practice, see page 243.

Fun activities allow you to speak,

Many other activities also appear

Connect to the Short Story

Literary Element Plot

Reading Strategy Make Predictions About Plot

For more practice, see page 254.

There is no track meet that I don’t win the ﬁrst place

the island in the middle of Broadway and give the pigeons

do you know—Chopin’s3 waltzes just spring out of her

So I’m strolling down Broadway breathing out and

and here comes Gretchen and her sidekicks: Mary Louise,

➤ Squeaky meets Gretchen Vocabulary

and her sidekicks on sidekick (sı̄dʼ kikʼ) n. close friend or partner

“I always win cause I’m the best,” I say straight at

Then Gretchen puts her hands on her hips and is about to

thing on the program is the May Pole dancing, which I

can do without, thank you, even if my mother thinks it’s a