Module II

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MATH 001 Engineering & Sciences Mathematics 1

Lecture Notes

Module 2

EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES, AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING:

 Graphs of Equations.
 Linear Equations in One Variable.
 Modeling with Linear Equations.
 Quadratic Equations and Applications.
 Complex Numbers.
 Other types of equations.
 Linear Inequalities in One Variable

Text Book: Algebra & Trigonometry 10th Edition. (2020). Ron Larson
CENGAGE Learning. ISBN-13: 978-1-337-27117-2
MODULE-2
EQUATIONS, INEQUALITIES, AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING (Week 5 to Week 9)

Summative
Article # CLO Page # Class Work Problems Week# Practice Problems
Assessment

(Ex-1 P-70). 08, (Ex-2 P-71), (Ex-3 P-72), 60, 62, 07, 15, 59, 61,
1.1 2.3 78 5
67, 69 68, 70, 71, 72

15, 16, 18, 19,


1.2 2.2 87 (Ex-1 P-83), (Ex-2 P-83), 20, 21, 45, 50, 66 6
46, 47, 48, 49 Quiz #2
14, 21, 32, in
1.3 2.2 97 13, 15, 31, 43, 59, 64 7
42, 60, 62 Week -7
from topics
08, 09, 26, 34,
1.4 2.2 100 (Ex-1 P-100), 07, 25, 33, 44, 45, 69, 105 7
43, 46, 70, 75
P - 5, P – 6,
1.1, and 1.2
Mid-Term Examination will be conducted in Week # 08
Assignment #2
08, 12, 21, 28, 31, in
1.5 2.1 119 07, 11, 22, 27, 32, 39, 50, 68, 78 9
40, 49, 67, 77, 84 Week -9
2.1 from
15, 19, 34,
1.6 & 128 (Ex-1 P-121), 14, 18, 33, 45, 58 9
46, 53, 54
Module-II
2.4
2.2
14, 16, 22,
1.7 2.4 137 13, 15, 21, 33, 49 9
34, 50, 53
2.3

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In Section P-6, we used a coordinate system to graphically represent the
relationship between two quantities as points in a coordinate plane.
Frequently, a relationship between two quantities is expressed as an equation in
two variables. For example, 𝑦 = 7 − 3𝑥 is an equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦. An ordered pair
(𝑎 , 𝑏) is a solution or solution point of an equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦 when the
substitutions 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 result in a true statement. For example, (1 , 4) is a
solution of 𝑦 = 7 − 3𝑥 because 4 = 7 − 3(1) is a true statement.
In this section, we will review some basic procedures for sketching the graph of an
equation in two variables. The graph of an equation is the set of all points that are
solutions of the equation.
CW-01 Example:01 Page-70
Determine whether each point lies on the graph of the equation 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎𝒙 − 𝟕.
(a) (𝟐 , 𝟏𝟑) (b) (−𝟏 , −𝟑)
Solution:

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EXERCISE: 1.1
CW-02 Q:08
Determine whether each point lies on the graph of the equation 𝒚 = √𝟓 − 𝒙.
(a) (𝟏 , 𝟐) (b) (𝟓 , 𝟎)
Solution:

THE POINT-PLOTTING METHOD OF GRAPHING

1. When possible, isolate one of the variables.


2. Construct a table of values showing several solution points.
3. Plot these points in a rectangular coordinate system.
4. Connect the points with a smooth curve or line.
It is important to use negative values, zero, and positive values for 𝒙 (if possible)
when constructing a table.
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CW-03 Example:02 Page-71

Sketch the graph of 𝟑𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝟕

Solution:
𝒙 −𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝒚 = 𝟕 − 𝟑𝒙
(𝒙 , 𝒚)

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CW-04 Example:03 Page-72

Sketch the graph of 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐

Solution:

𝒙 −𝟐 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
(𝒙 , 𝒚)

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CW-05 Q:60
Write the standard form of the equation of the circle with center at (𝟎 , 𝟎) and
radius 𝟕 units.
Solution:

CW-06 Q:62
Write the standard form of the equation of the circle with center at (𝟏 , −𝟑) and
radius √𝟏𝟏 units.
Solution:

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CW-07 Q:67
Find the center and radius of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓. Then sketch the circle.
Solution:

CW-08 Q:69
Find the center and radius of the circle (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐 = 𝟗.
Solution:

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Practice Questions for students
Q:07 Determine whether each point lies on the graph of the equation
𝒚 = √𝒙 + 𝟒. (a) (𝟎 , 𝟐) (b) (𝟓 , 𝟑)
Solution:

Q:15 Complete the table and sketch the graph of 𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓.


Solution:
𝟓
𝒙 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐
𝒚 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝟓
(𝒙 , 𝒚)

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Q:59 Write the standard form of the equation of the circle with center at
(𝟎 , 𝟎) and radius 𝟑 units.
Solution:

Q:61 Write the standard form of the equation of the circle with center at
(−𝟒 , 𝟓) and radius 𝟐 units.
Solution:

Q:68 Find the center and radius of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑𝟔. Then sketch the
circle
Solution:

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Q:70 Find the center and radius of the circle 𝒙𝟐 + (𝒚 − 𝟏)𝟐 = 𝟏.
Solution:

𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟗
Q:71 Find the center and radius of the circle (𝒙 − ) + (𝒚 − ) = .
𝟐 𝟐 𝟒
Solution:

𝟏𝟔
Q:72 Find the center and radius of the circle (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 + (𝒚 + 𝟑)𝟐 = .
𝟗
Solution:

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CW-01 Example:01 Page-83
Solve the linear equation 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟔 = 𝟎 and check your solution.
Solution:

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CW-02 Example:02 Page-83
Solve the linear equation 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟏) + 𝟒 = 𝟑(𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏) and check your solution.
Solution:

INTERCEPTS OF A GRAPH
Solution points of an equation that have zero as either the 𝒙 -coordinate or
the 𝒚 -coordinate are called intercepts. They are the points at which the graph
intersects or touches the 𝒙- or 𝒚-axis. It is possible for a graph to have no intercepts,
one intercept, or several intercepts, as shown in the graphs below.

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EXERCISE: 1.2
CW-03 Q:20
Solve the linear equation 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝟔 − 𝟐𝒙 and check your solution.
Solution:

CW-04 Q:21
Solve the linear equation 𝟒𝒚 + 𝟐 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟕 − 𝟔𝒚 and check your solution.
Solution:

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CW-05 Q:45
Find the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 of the graph of the equation 𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙
algebraically.
Solution:

CW-06 Q:50
Find the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 of the graph of the equation 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝟏𝟐
algebraically.
Solution:

CW-07 Q:66
The surface area 𝑺 of the rectangular solid is 𝑺 = 𝟐(𝟐𝟒) + 𝟐(𝟒𝒙) + 𝟐(𝟔𝒙).
Find the length 𝒙 of the solid when the surface area 248 square centimeters.
Solution:

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Practice Questions for students
Q:15 Solve the linear equation 𝒙 + 𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 and check your solution.
Solution:

Q:16 Solve the linear equation 𝟕 − 𝒙 = 𝟏𝟗 and check your solution.


Solution:

Q:18 Solve the linear equation 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑 and check your solution.


Solution:

Q:19 Solve the linear equation 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟕 and check your solution.


Solution:

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Q:46 Find the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 of the graph of the equation
𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟑𝒙 algebraically.
Solution

Q:47 Find the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 of the graph of the equation


𝒚 = −𝟑(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) algebraically.
Solution

Q:48 Find the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 of the graph of the equation


𝒚 = 𝟓 − (𝟔 − 𝒙) algebraically.
Solution

Q:49 Find the 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚 − 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒔 of the graph of the equation


𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟏𝟎 algebraically.
Solution

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EXERCISE: 1.3
CW-1 Q:13
Write an algebraic expression for the verbal description given below.
The sum of two consecutive natural numbers.
Solution:

CW-2 Q:15
Write an algebraic expression for the verbal description given below.
The product of two consecutive odd integers, the first of which is 𝟐𝒏 − 𝟏.
Solution:

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CW-3 Q:31
The sum of two consecutive natural numbers is 𝟓𝟐𝟓. Find the numbers.
Solution:

CW-4 Q:43
To get an A in a course, you must have an average of at least 𝟗𝟎% on four tests
worth 𝟏𝟎𝟎 points each. Your scores so far are 𝟖𝟕, 𝟗𝟐, and 𝟖𝟒. What must you
score on the fourth test to get an A in the course?
Solution:

CW-5 Q:59 (Area of Triangle)


𝟏
Solve for 𝒉: 𝑨= 𝒃𝒉
𝟐
Solution:

CW-6 Q:64 (Area of Trapezoid)


𝟏
Solve for 𝒃: 𝑨= (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒉
𝟐
Solution:

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Practice Questions for students
Q:14 Write an algebraic expression for the verbal description given below.
The product of two consecutive natural numbers.
Solution:

Q:21 Write an algebraic expression for the verbal description given below.
The perimeter of a rectangle with a width 𝒙 and a length that is twice
the width.
Solution:

Q:32 The sum of three consecutive natural numbers is 𝟖𝟎𝟒. Find the numbers.
Solution:

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Q:42 A rectangular picture frame has a perimeter of 𝟑 meters.
𝟐
The height of the frame is times its width. Find the dimensions
𝟑
of the picture frame.
Solution:

Q:60 (Volume of a Rectangular Prism)


Solve for 𝒍: 𝑽 = 𝒍𝒘𝒉
Solution:

Q:62 (Discount)
Solve for 𝑳: 𝑺 = 𝑳 − 𝑹𝑳
Solution:

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CW-01 Example:01 Page-100
Solve the quadratic equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟕 = 𝟑 by factoring.
Solution:

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EXERCISE: 1.4
CW-2 Q:07
Solve the quadratic equation 𝟔𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 = 𝟎 by factoring.
Solution:

EXTRACTING SQUARE ROOTS:

The equation 𝑢2 = 𝑑 where 𝑑 > 0, has exactly two solutions:

𝑢 = √𝑑 and 𝑢 = −√𝑑. These solutions can also be written as 𝒖 = ±√𝒅

CW-3 Q:25
Solve the equation (𝒙 − 𝟒)𝟐 = 𝟒𝟗 by extracting square roots.
Solution:

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Completing the Square: Leading Coefficient is 1
𝑏 2
To complete the square for the expression 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 , add ( ) , which is the square
2
𝑏 2 𝑏 2
of half the coefficient of 𝑥 . Consequently, 𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + ( ) = (𝑥 + ) .
2 2

𝑏 2
When solving quadratic equations by completing the square, you must add ( ) ,
2
to each side in order to maintain equality

CW-4 Q:33
Solve the quadratic equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 − 𝟑𝟐 = 𝟎 by completing the square.
Solution:

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CW-5 Q:44
𝟏
Rewrite the quadratic portion of the algebraic expression as the sum
𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙+𝟏𝟎
or difference of two squares by completing the square.
Solution:

CW-6 Q:45
𝟒
Rewrite the quadratic portion of the algebraic expression as the sum
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏𝟎𝒙+𝟕𝟒
or difference of two squares by completing the square.
Solution:

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THE QUADRATIC FORMULA:
The solutions of a quadratic equation in general form 𝒂𝒙𝟐 + 𝒃𝒙 + 𝒄 = 𝟎, 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎
−𝒃±√𝒃𝟐 −𝟒𝒂𝒄
are given by the Quadratic Formula 𝒙 = .
𝟐𝒂
CW-7 Q:69
Use the Quadratic Formula to solve the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎.
Solution:

CW-8 Q:105
The floor of a one-story building is 𝟏𝟒 feet longer than its width 𝒘. The
building has 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟐 square feet of floor space.
(a) Write a quadratic equation for the area of the floor in terms of 𝒘.
(b) Find the length and width of the floor.
Solution:

Page 26 of 47
Practice Questions for students
Q:08 Solve the quadratic equation 𝟖𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟎 by factoring.
Solution:

Q:09 Solve the quadratic equation 𝟑 + 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝟐 = 𝟎 by factoring.


Solution:

Q:26 Solve the equation (𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 by extracting square roots.


Solution:

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Q:34 Solve the equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 by completing the square.
Solution:

𝟏
Q:43 Rewrite the quadratic portion of the algebraic expression as
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟓
the sum or difference of two squares by completing the square.
Solution:

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𝟓
Q:46 Rewrite the quadratic portion of the algebraic expression
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟖𝒙+𝟏𝟔𝟐
as the sum or difference of two squares by completing the square.
Solution:

Q:70 Use the Quadratic Formula to solve the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎.


Solution:

Q:75 Use the Quadratic Formula to solve the equation 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝟕𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟎.


Solution:

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EXERCISE: 1.5
CW-1 Q:07
Find real numbers 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that the equation 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 = 𝟗 + 𝟖𝒊 is true.
Solution:

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CW-2 Q:11
Write the complex number 𝟐 + √−𝟐𝟓 in standard form.
Solution:

CW-3 Q:22
Write the complex number √−𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟓 in standard form.
Solution:

Addition and Subtraction of Complex numbers


For two complex numbers 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 and 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊 written in standard form, the sum
and difference are

Sum: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊) + (𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = (𝒂 + 𝒄) + (𝒃 + 𝒅)𝒊

Difference: (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊) − (𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = (𝒂 − 𝒄) + (𝒃 − 𝒅)𝒊

CW-4 Q:27
Perform the operation (−𝟐 + √−𝟖 ) + (𝟓 − √−𝟓𝟎 ) and write the result in
standard form.
Solution:

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Multiplying Complex numbers
For two complex numbers 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 and 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊 written in standard form, the
product (𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊)(𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊) = (𝒂𝒄 − 𝒃𝒅) + (𝒂𝒅 + 𝒃𝒄)𝒊

CW-5 Q:32
Perform the operation (𝟕 − 𝟐𝒊)(𝟑 − 𝟓𝒊) and write the result in standard form.
Solution:

Complex Conjugates
The product of two complex numbers can be a real number. This occurs with
pairs of complex numbers of the form 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 and 𝒂 − 𝒃𝒊 , called complex
conjugates.

CW-6 Q:39
Write the complex conjugate of the complex number 𝟗 + 𝟐𝒊. Then multiply the
complex number by its complex conjugate.
Solution:

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A Quotient of Complex Numbers in Standard Form
To write the quotient of 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 and 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊 in standard form, where 𝒄 and 𝒅 are
not both zero, multiply the numerator and denominator by the complex conjugate of
the denominator to obtain

𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 𝒄 − 𝒅𝒊 (𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅) + (𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝒅)𝒊


=( ).( )=
𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊 𝒄 + 𝒅𝒊 𝒄 − 𝒅𝒊 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐

𝒂𝒄 + 𝒃𝒅 𝒃𝒄 − 𝒂𝒅
=( 𝟐 ) + ( )𝒊
𝒄 + 𝒅𝟐 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒅𝟐

CW-7 Q:50
𝟔−𝟕𝒊
Write the quotient in standard form.
𝟏−𝟐𝒊
Solution:

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CW-8 Q:68
Use the Quadratic Formula to solve the quadratic equation 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎.
Solution:

CW-9 Q:78
Simplify the complex number 𝟒𝒊𝟐 − 𝟐𝒊𝟑 and write it in standard form.
Solution:

Page 34 of 47
Practice Questions for students
Q:08 Find real numbers 𝒂 and 𝒃 such that the equation 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒊 = 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟓𝒊 is
true.
Solution:

Q:12 Write the complex number 𝟒 + √−𝟒𝟗 in standard form.


Solution:

Q:21 Write the complex number √−𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 in standard form.


Solution:

Q:28 Perform the operation (𝟖 + √−𝟏𝟖 ) − (𝟒 + 𝟑√𝟐 𝒊) and write the


result in standard form.
Solution:

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Q:31 Perform the operation (𝟏 + 𝒊)(𝟑 − 𝟐𝒊) and write the result in
standard form.
Solution:

Q:40 Write the complex conjugate of the complex number 𝟖 − 𝟏𝟎𝒊. Then
multiply the complex number by its complex conjugate.
Solution:

𝟓+𝒊
Q:49 Write the quotient in standard form.
𝟓−𝒊
Solution:

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Q:67 Use the Quadratic Formula to solve the equation 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 = 𝟎.
Solution:

Q:77 Simplify the complex number −𝟔𝒊𝟑 + 𝒊𝟐 and write it in standard


form.
Solution:

𝟏
Q:84 Simplify the complex number (𝟐𝒊)𝟑
and write it in standard form.
Solution:

Page 37 of 47
Solving a Polynomial Equation by Factoring
CW-1 Example:01 Page-121
Solve the equation 𝟑𝒙𝟒 = 𝟒𝟖𝒙𝟐 by factoring.
Solution:

EXERCISE: 1.6
CW-2 Q:14
Solve the equation 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 = −𝟔 by factoring.
Solutions:

Page 38 of 47
Solving an Equation of Quadratic Type
CW-3 Q:18
Solve the equation 𝒙𝟒 − 𝟏𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝟔 = 𝟎 .
Solution:

Solving Radical Equations


CW-4 Q:33
Solve the equation √𝒙 + 𝟖 − 𝟓 = 𝟎.
Solution:

Page 39 of 47
Solving an Equation Involving a Rational Exponent
CW-5 Q:45
𝟑
Solve the equation(𝒙 − 𝟓)𝟐 = 𝟖.
Solution:

Solving a Rational Equation


CW-6 Q:58
𝒙+𝟏 𝒙+𝟏
Solve the equation
𝟑
− 𝒙+𝟐
= 𝟎.
Solution:

Page 40 of 47
Practice Questions for students
Q:15 Solve the equation 𝒙𝟒 − 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 = 𝟏 by factoring.
Solutions:

Q:19 Solve the equation 𝟒𝒙𝟒 − 𝟔𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎 .


Solution:

Q:34 Solve the equation √𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝟕.


Solution:

Page 41 of 47
𝟐
Q:46 Solve the equation(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟑 = 𝟗.
Solution:

𝟏 𝟏
Q:53 Solve the equation
𝒙
− 𝒙+𝟏 = 𝟑.
Solution:

𝟒 𝟑
Q:54 Solve the equation
𝒙+𝟏
− 𝒙+𝟐 = 𝟏.
Solution:

Page 42 of 47
Intervals and Inequalities
(a, b) Bounded a<x<b
[a, b] Bounded a≤x≤b
(a, b] Bounded a<x≤b
(a, ∞) Unbounded x>a
[a, ∞) Unbounded x≥a
(−∞, a) Unbounded x<a
(−∞, a] Unbounded x≤a
(−∞, ∞) Unbounded Real number line
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EXERCISE: 1.7
CW-1 Q:13
Solve the inequality 𝟒𝒙 < 𝟏𝟐. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

CW-2 Q:15
Solve the inequality −𝟐𝒙 > −𝟑. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

CW-3 Q:21
Solve the inequality 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟒 ≥ 𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

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CW-4 Q:33
Solve the inequality 𝟎 < 𝟑(𝒙 + 𝟕) ≤ 𝟐𝟎. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

CW-5 Q-49
Solve the inequality |𝒙 − 𝟐𝟎| ≤ 𝟔. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

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Practice Questions for students
Q:14 Solve the inequality 𝟏𝟎𝒙 < −𝟒𝟎. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

Q:16 Solve the inequality −𝟔𝒙 > 𝟏𝟓. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

Q:22 Solve the inequality 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟒 ≤ 𝟐 + 𝟖𝒙. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

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Q:34 Solve the inequality −𝟏 ≤ −(𝒙 − 𝟒) < 𝟕. Then graph the solution set.
Solution:

Q-50 Solve the inequality |𝒙 − 𝟖| ≥ 𝟎. Then graph the solution set.


Solution:

𝒙−𝟑
Q-53 Solve the inequality | | ≥ 𝟒. Then graph the solution set.
𝟐
Solution:

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