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4TH Edition Edition William Navidi

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Elementary Page i
STATISTICS
Fourth Edition
William Navidi
Colorado School of Mines
Barry Monk
Middle Georgia State University

Page ii
ELEMENTARY STATISTICS
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

York, NY 10121. Copyright ©2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior
written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited to, in
any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not

be available to customers outside the United States.
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 26 25 24 23 22 21
ISBN 978-1-264-41700-1
MHID 1-264-41700-4
Cover Image: ©RTimages/Shutterstock
All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are

considered to be an extension of the copyright page.
The Internet addresses listed in the text were accurate at the time of
publication. The inclusion of a website does not indicate an
endorsement by the authors or McGraw Hill LLC, and McGraw Hill
LLC does not guarantee the accuracy of the information presented at
these sites.
mheducation.com/highered
To Catherine, Sarah, and Thomas Page iii
—William Navidi
To Shaun
—Barry Monk
About the Authors Page v
©William Navidi
William Navidi is a professor of Applied Mathematics and

Statistics at the Colorado School of Mines in Golden, Colorado. He
received a Bachelor’s degree in Mathematics from New College, a
Master’s degree in Mathematics from Michigan State University, and
a Ph.D. in Statistics from the University of California at Berkeley. Bill
began his teaching career at the County College of Morris, a two-
year college in Dover, New Jersey. He has taught mathematics and
statistics at all levels, from developmental through the graduate
level. Bill has written two Engineering Statistics textbooks for
McGraw-Hill. In his spare time, he likes to play racquetball.
©Dawn Sherry
Barry Monk is a Professor of Mathematics at Middle Georgia State
University in Macon, Georgia. Barry received a Bachelor of Science in
Mathematical Statistics, a Master of Arts in Mathematics specializing
in Optimization and Statistics, and a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics,
all from the University of Alabama. Barry has been teaching
Introductory Statistics since 1992 in the classroom and online
environments. Barry has a minor in Creative Writing and is a skilled
jazz pianist.
Brief Contents Page vi
CHAPTER 1 Basic Ideas 1
CHAPTER 2 Graphical Summaries of Data 37
CHAPTER 3 Numerical Summaries of Data 97
CHAPTER 4 Summarizing Bivariate Data 165
CHAPTER 5 Probability 213
CHAPTER 6 Discrete Probability Distributions 263
CHAPTER 7 The Normal Distribution 303
CHAPTER 8 Confidence Intervals 371
CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Testing 431
CHAPTER 10 Two-Sample Confidence Intervals 505
CHAPTER 11 Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests 539
CHAPTER 12 Tests with Qualitative Data 587
CHAPTER 13 Inference in Linear Models 613
CHAPTER 14 Analysis of Variance 661
CHAPTER 15 Nonparametric Statistics 697

Contents Page ix
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Index of Applications xxvii
CHAPTER 1 Basic Ideas 1
Tatiana Grozetskaya/Shutterstock
1.1 Sampling 2
1.2 Types of Data 12
1.3 Design of Experiments 19
1.4 Bias in Studies 27
Chapter 1 Summary 31
Vocabulary and Notation 31
Chapter Quiz 32
Review Exercises 32
CHAPTER 2 Graphical Summaries of Data 37

Mike Flippo/123RF
2.1 Graphical Summaries for Qualitative Data 38
2.2 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs 51
2.3 More Graphs for Quantitative Data 71
2.4 Graphs Can Be Misleading 83
Chapter Quiz 91
Review Exercises 92
CHAPTER 3 Numerical Summaries of Data 97
adistock/123RF
3.1 Measures of Center 98
3.2 Measures of Spread 118

3.3 Measures of Position 139
Chapter Quiz 159
Review Exercises 160
CHAPTER 4 Summarizing Bivariate Data 165 Page x
Ryan McVay/Getty Images
4.1 Correlation 166
4.2 The Least-Squares Regression Line 178
4.3 Features and Limitations of the Least-Squares

Regression Line 190
Chapter Quiz 205
CHAPTER 5 Probability 213

Ryan McVay/Getty Images
5.1 Basic Concepts of Probability 214
5.2 The Addition Rule and the Rule of Complements

226
5.3 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication

Rule 235
5.4 Counting 248
Chapter Quiz 258
CHAPTER 6 Discrete Probability Distributions 263
****
Andriy Popov/123RF
6.1 Random Variables 264
6.2 The Binomial Distribution 278
6.3 The Poisson Distribution 290
Chapter Quiz 297
CHAPTER 7 The Normal Distribution 303
Steve Allen/Getty Images
7.1 The Standard Normal Curve 304
7.2 Applications of the Normal Distribution 321
7.3 Sampling Distributions and the Central Limit

Theorem 334
7.4 The Central Limit Theorem for Proportions 343
7.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial

Distribution 349
7.6 Assessing Normality 356

Chapter Quiz 367
CHAPTER 8 Confidence Intervals 371 Page xi
Schroptschop/E+/Getty Images
8.1 Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean,

Standard Deviation Known 372
8.2 Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean,

Standard Deviation Unknown 385
8.3 Confidence Intervals for a Population Proportion

405
8.4 Confidence Intervals for a Standard Deviation

417
8.5 Determining Which Method to Use 422
Chapter Quiz 426

CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Testing 431
Murat Taner/Getty Images
9.1 Basic Principles of Hypothesis Testing 432
9.2 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean,

Standard Deviation Known 439
9.3 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean,

Standard Deviation Unknown 458
9.4 Hypothesis Tests for Proportions 478
9.5 Hypothesis Tests for a Standard Deviation 488
9.6 Determining Which Method to Use 492
9.7 Power 494
Chapter Quiz 500
CHAPTER 10 Two-Sample Confidence Intervals 505

Ridofranz/Getty Images
10.1 Confidence Intervals for the Difference

Between Two Means: Independent Samples 506

Between Two Means: Paired Samples 517

Between Two Proportions 525
Chapter Quiz 534
CHAPTER 11 Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests 539 Page xii
Malcolm Fife/age fotostock
11.1 Hypothesis Tests for the Difference Between

Two Means: Independent Samples 540
Two Means: Paired Samples 551

Two Proportions 560
11.4 Hypothesis Tests for Two Population Standard

Deviations 570
11.5 The Multiple Testing Problem 577
Chapter Quiz 581
CHAPTER 12 Tests with Qualitative Data 587
Mark Scott/Getty Images
12.1 Testing Goodness of Fit 588
12.2 Tests for Independence and Homogeneity 597
Chapter Quiz 607

CHAPTER 13 Inference in Linear Models 613
Vincent Ting/Getty Images
13.1 Inference on the Slope of the Regression Line

614
13.2 Inference About the Response 630
13.3 Multiple Regression 636
Chapter Quiz 653
CHAPTER 14 Analysis of Variance 661
crstrbrt/123RF
14.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance 662

14.2 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 678
Chapter Quiz 692
CHAPTER 15 Nonparametric Statistics 697 Page xiii
CUHRIG/Getty Images
15.1 The Sign Test 698
15.2 The Rank-Sum Test 703
15.3 The Signed-Rank Test 709
Chapter Quiz 715
Appendix A Tables A-1
Appendix B TI-84 PLUS Stat Wizards B-1

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises (Student edition only)
SA-1
Index I-1
Tables A.2 & A.3 T1
Important Formulas IF-1

Preface Page xv
This book is designed for an introductory course in statistics. In

addition to presenting the mechanics of the subject, we have
endeavored to explain the concepts behind them, in a writing style
as straightforward, clear, and engaging as we could make it. As
practicing statisticians, we have done everything possible to ensure
that the material presented is accurate and correct. We believe that
this book will enable instructors to explore statistical concepts in
depth yet remain easy for students to read and understand.
To achieve this goal, we have incorporated a number of useful

pedagogical features:
Features
Check Your Understanding Exercises: After each concept is
explained, one or more exercises are immediately provided for
students to be sure they are following the material. These
exercises provide students with confidence that they are ready
to go on, or alert them to the need to review the material just
covered.
Explain It Again: Many important concepts are reinforced with

additional explanation in these marginal notes.
Real Data: Statistics instructors universally agree that the use

of real data engages students and convinces them of the
usefulness of the subject. A great many of the examples and
exercises use real data. Some data sets explore topics in health
or social sciences, while others are based in popular culture
such as movies, contemporary music, or video games.
Integration of Technology: Many examples contain
screenshots from the TI-84 Plus calculator, MINITAB, and Excel.
Each section contains detailed, step-by-step instructions, where
applicable, explaining how to use these forms of technology to
carry out the procedures explained in the text.
Interpreting Technology: Many exercises present output

from technology and require the student to interpret the results.
Write About It: These exercises, found at the end of each

chapter, require students to explain statistical concepts in their
own words.
Case Studies: Each chapter begins with a discussion of a real

problem. At the end of the chapter, a case study demonstrates
applications of chapter concepts to the problem.
In-Class Activities: At the end of each chapter, activities are

suggested that reinforce some concepts presented in the
chapter.
Flexibility
We have endeavored to make our book flexible enough to work
effectively with a wide variety of instructor styles and preferences.
We cover both the P-value and critical value approaches to
hypothesis testing, so instructors can choose to cover either or both
of these methods. The material on two-sample inference is divided
into two chapters—Chapter 10 on two-sample confidence intervals,
and Chapter 11 on two-sample hypothesis tests. This gives
instructors the option of covering all the material on confidence
intervals before starting hypothesis testing, by covering Chapter 10
immediately after Chapter 8.
We have placed the material on descriptive statistics for

bivariate data immediately following descriptive statistics for
univariate data. Those who wish to cover bivariate description and
inference together may postpone Chapter 4 until sometime before
covering Chapter 13.
Instructors differ widely in their preferences regarding the depth
of coverage of probability. A light treatment of the subject may be
obtained by covering Section 5.1 and skipping the rest of the
chapter. More depth can be obtained by covering Sections 5.2 and
5.3. Section 5.4 on counting can be included for an even more
comprehensive treatment.
Supplements
Supplements, including a Corequisite Workbook, online homework,
videos, guided student notes, and PowerPoint presentations, play an
increasingly important role in the educational process. As authors,
we have adopted a hands-on approach to the development of our
supplements, to make sure that they are consistent with the style of
the text and that they work effectively with a variety of instructor
preferences. In particular, our online homework package offers
instructors the flexibility to choose whether the solutions that
students view are based on tables or technology, where applicable.
New in This Edition Page xvii
The fourth edition of the book is intended to extend the strengths of

the third. Some of the changes are:
Discussions of the investigative process of statistics have been

added, in accordance with recommendations of the GAISE
report.
In-class activities have been added to each chapter.
Material on the ratio and interval levels of measurement have

been added.
Material on bell-shaped histograms has been added.
A discussion of the use of sample means to estimate population

means has been added.
Material on the uniform distribution has been added.
A new objective on the reasoning used in hypothesis testing has

been added.
New conceptual exercises regarding assumptions in constructing

confidence intervals and performing hypothesis tests have been
added.
Additional material on Type I and Type II errors has been

added.
Objectives on the relationship between confidence intervals and

the margin of error, calculating the sample size needed for a
confidence interval of a given width, and the difference between
confidence and probability are now presented in a context
where the population standard deviation is unknown.
Objectives on the relationship between confidence intervals and

hypothesis tests, the relationship between the level of a test
and the probability of error, the importance of reporting P-
values, and the difference between statistical and practical
significance are now presented in a context where the
population standard deviation is unknown.
Material on confidence intervals and hypothesis tests for paired

samples now immediately follows the corresponding material for
independent samples.
Material on hypothesis tests for the population correlation has

been added.
A large number of new exercises have been included, many of

which involve real data from recent sources.
A large number of new exercises have been added to the online

homework system. These include new conceptual questions and
stepped-out solutions for the TI-84 Plus calculator and Excel.
Several of the case studies have been updated.
The exposition has been improved in a number of places.
William Navidi
Barry Monk
Acknowledgments Page xix
We are indebted to many people for contributions at every stage of

development. Colleagues and students who reviewed the evolving
manuscript provided many valuable suggestions. In particular,
Charla Baker, John Trimboli, Don Brown, and Duane Day contributed
to the supplements, and Mary Wolfe helped create the video
presentations. Ashlyn Munson contributed a number of exercises,
Abby Noble, Lindsay Lewis, and Ryan Melendez contributed many
valuable ideas for revisions, and Tim Chappell played an important
role in the development of our digital content.
The staff at McGraw-Hill has been extremely capable and

supportive. Project Manager Jeni McAtee was always patient and
helpful. We owe a debt of thanks to Emily DiGiovanna, Debbie
McFarland, and Mary Ellen Rahn for their creative marketing and
diligence in spreading the word about our book. We appreciate the
guidance of our editors, Chrissy Skogen and Megan Platt, whose
input has considerably improved the final product.
William Navidi
Barry Monk
Feedback from Statistics Instructors

Paramount to the development of Elementary Statistics was the
invaluable feedback provided by the instructors from around the
country who reviewed the manuscript while it was in development.
A Special Thanks to All of the Symposia and

Focus Group Attendees
James Adair, Dyersburg State Community College
Andrea Adlman, Ventura College
Leandro Alvarez, Miami Dade College
Simon Aman, City Colleges of Chicago
Diane Benner, Harrisburg Area Community College
Karen Brady, Columbus State Community College
Liliana Brand, Northern Essex Community College
Denise Brown, Collin College-Spring Creek
Don Brown, Middle Georgia State University
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Raja Khoury, Collin College-Plano

Alexander Kolesnik, Ventura College
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JoAnn Kump, West Chester University
Dan Kumpf, Ventura College Page xx
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Ahmed Rashed, Richland College
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Bin Wang, University of South Alabama
Daniel Wang, Central Michigan University
Jennifer Zeigenfuse, Anne Arundel Community College

Manuscript Review Panels
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Olcay Akman, Illinois State University
Raid Amin, University of West Florida
Wesley L. Anderson, Northwest Vista College
Peter Arvanites, Rockland Community College
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John Avioli, Christopher Newport University
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Dale Bowman, University of Memphis

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Allen Brown, Wabash Valley College
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Mary Brown, Harrisburg Area Community College
Jennifer Bryan, Oklahoma Christian University
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David Busekist, Southeastern Louisiana University
Lynn Cade, Pensacola State College
Elizabeth Carrico, Illinois Central College
Connie Carroll, Guilford Technical Community College
Joseph Castillo, Broward College
Linda Chan, Mount San Antonio College & Pasadena City College
Ayona Chatterjee, University of West Georgia
Chand Chauhan, Indiana University Purdue University Fort

Wayne
Pinyuen Chen, Syracuse University

Askar Choudhury, Illinois State University
Lee Clendenning, University of North Georgia
James Condor, State College of Florida-Manatee
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John Curran, Eastern Michigan University
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Wayne Ehler, Anne Arundel Community College
Mark Ellis, Central Piedmont Community College
Dr. Angela Everett, Chattanooga State Community College
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Linda Galloway, Kennesaw State University
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Page xxiii
Page xxiv
Supplements Page xxv
This text is available with the adaptive online learning platform

ALEKS. Rooted in 20 years of research and analytics, ALEKS
identifies what students know, what they don’t know, and what they
are ready to learn, then personalizes a learning path tailored to each
student. This personalization keeps students focused on what they
need to learn and prepares them to make real-world connections.
ALEKS also delivers textbook-aligned exercises, videos, and the
many author-created digital supplements that accompany this text.
With McGraw-Hill Create™, you can easily rearrange chapters,

combine material from other content sources, and quickly upload
content you have written like your course syllabus or teaching notes.
Find the content you need in Create by searching through thousands
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Go to www.mcgrawhillcreate.com today and experience how
McGraw-Hill Create™ empowers you to teach your students your
way.
Videos
Author-produced lecture videos introduce concepts, definitions,
formulas, and problem-solving procedures to help students better
comprehend the topic at hand. Exercise videos illustrate the authors
working through selected exercises, following the solution
methodology employed in the text. These videos are closed-
captioned for the hearing-impaired and meet the Americans with
Disabilities Act Standards for Accessible Design.
Computerized Test Bank Online (instructors

only)
This computerized test bank, available online to adopting instructors,
utilizes TestGen® cross-platform test generation software to quickly
and easily create customized exams. Using hundreds of test items
taken directly from the text, TestGen allows rapid test creation and
flexibility for instructors to create their own questions from scratch
with the ability to randomize number values. Powerful search and
sort functions help quickly locate questions and arrange them in any
order, and built-in mathematical templates let instructors insert
stylized text, symbols, graphics, and equations directly into questions
without need for a separate equation editor.
TI-84 Plus Graphing Calculator Manual

This friendly, author-influenced manual teaches students to learn
about statistics and solve problems by using this calculator while
following each text chapter.
Excel Manual
This workbook, specially designed to accompany the text by the
authors, provides additional practice in applying the chapter
concepts while using Excel.
MINITAB 17 Manual
With guidance from the authors, this manual includes material from
the book to provide seamless use from one to the other, providing
additional practice in applying the chapter concepts while using the
MINITAB program.
Page xxvi
Guided Student Notes
Guided notes provide instructors with the framework of day-by-day
class activities for each section in the book. Each lecture guide can
help instructors make more efficient use of class time and can help
keep students focused on active learning. Students who use the
lecture guides have the framework of well-organized notes that can
be completed with the instructor in class.
Data Sets
Data sets from selected exercises have been pre-populated into CSV
and TI-84 formats for student and instructor use. These files are
available on the text’s website.
Print Supplements
Annotated Instructor’s Edition (instructors
only)
The Annotated Instructor’s Edition contains answers to all exercises.
The answers to most questions are printed in blue next to each
problem. Answers not appearing on the page can be found in the
Answer Appendix at the end of the book.
Statistics Corequisite Workbook

This workbook, co-written by author Barry Monk, is designed to
provide corequisite remediation of the necessary skills for an
introductory statistics course. The included topics are largely
independent of one another and may be used in any order that
works best for the instructor. Available online or print copies can be
ordered in Create.
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for ground floors in general, for outyards, footpaths in towns, &c.
Bath Depôt—Mr. W. Davey, the Quay.
Bristol Depôt—Mr. G. S. Burroughs, Canon’s-marsh.
Isle of Wight—Mr. Ent. Paxton, Ryde.
An early call is most respectfully solicited.
ORNAMENTAL GLASS, Wedgwood Vases, China and Earthenware.

—APSLEY PELLATT, only surviving partner of the firm of Pellatt and
Green, many years since removed from St. Paul’s churchyard to the
Falcon Glass Works, Holland-street, Blackfriars, which is the only
establishment in London where every operation connected with
glass manufacture (as blowing, cutting, engraving, stoppering, &c.)
may be seen in full operation every Tuesday, Wednesday, and
Thursday. For a description, with engravings, see Penny Magazine,
No. 572. The extensive show-rooms contain a large assortment of
decanters, wine glasses, desert services, toilet and smelling bottles,
medical and philosophical glass ware, crystal renaissance
chandeliers, massive, highly refractive, and decorated with large
arabesque ornamental drops, easily cleaned; also girandoles,
candlesticks, &c. The china and earthenware comprise breakfast,
dinner, desert, tea, and chamber services, from the best
manufacturers; together with an extensive selection of Etruscan,
Italian, and other vases, modelled and executed by the most able
artists at Messrs. Wedgwood’s works, at Etruria, including his
celebrated chef-d’œuvre copy of the largest Etruscan vase in the
British Museum, the Portland vase, &c. Printed lists, with sketches,
may be had on application.
SMITH’S PATENT DOUBLE AND SINGLE ACTION DOOR-

SPRINGS are warranted to be the cheapest and best.
Patent weather-tight Fastenings and Cill bars for French
casements, which render the French windows perfectly dry, and
make a secure, cheap, and invisible fastening. Improved cramps for
laying floors.
Manufactory for Iron and Brass work of every description. Depôt
for the Patent Wire, Rope, and Sash Line, 69, Princes-street,
Leicester-square.
London:—Printed by Messrs. J. L. Cox & Sons, 75, Great Queen-
street, Lincoln’s-Inn-Fields; and published by Francis Newton,
at the Office, 2, York-street, Covent-garden, where all Letters
and Communications for the Editor are to be addressed.
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Navidi W Ise Elementary Statistics 4Th Edition Edition William Navidi Full Chapter

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Navidi, W: ISE Elementary Statistics

4TH Edition Edition William Navidi

Colorado School of Mines

Middle Georgia State University

Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New

Some ancillaries, including electronic and print components, may not

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

All credits appearing on page or at the end of the book are

William Navidi is a professor of Applied Mathematics and

CHAPTER 1 Basic Ideas 1

CHAPTER 2 Graphical Summaries of Data 37

CHAPTER 3 Numerical Summaries of Data 97

CHAPTER 4 Summarizing Bivariate Data 165

CHAPTER 5 Probability 213

CHAPTER 6 Discrete Probability Distributions 263

CHAPTER 7 The Normal Distribution 303

CHAPTER 8 Confidence Intervals 371

CHAPTER 9 Hypothesis Testing 431

CHAPTER 10 Two-Sample Confidence Intervals 505

CHAPTER 11 Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests 539

CHAPTER 12 Tests with Qualitative Data 587

CHAPTER 13 Inference in Linear Models 613

CHAPTER 14 Analysis of Variance 661

CHAPTER 15 Nonparametric Statistics 697

Index of Applications xxvii

CHAPTER 1 Basic Ideas 1

1.2 Types of Data 12

1.3 Design of Experiments 19

1.4 Bias in Studies 27

Vocabulary and Notation 31

CHAPTER 2 Graphical Summaries of Data 37

2.1 Graphical Summaries for Qualitative Data 38

2.2 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs 51

2.3 More Graphs for Quantitative Data 71

2.4 Graphs Can Be Misleading 83

Vocabulary and Notation 90

CHAPTER 3 Numerical Summaries of Data 97

3.1 Measures of Center 98

3.2 Measures of Spread 118

Chapter 3 Summary 158

Vocabulary and Notation 158

Chapter Quiz 159

Review Exercises 160

CHAPTER 4 Summarizing Bivariate Data 165 Page x

Ryan McVay/Getty Images

4.1 Correlation 166

4.2 The Least-Squares Regression Line 178

4.3 Features and Limitations of the Least-Squares

Chapter 4 Summary 204

Vocabulary and Notation 204

Chapter Quiz 205

Review Exercises 206

CHAPTER 5 Probability 213

5.1 Basic Concepts of Probability 214

5.2 The Addition Rule and the Rule of Complements

5.3 Conditional Probability and the Multiplication

5.4 Counting 248

Chapter 5 Summary 257

Vocabulary and Notation 257