INDIRA MODEL UNITED NATIONS

Committee: UNSC ( United Nations Security Council)

Agenda : Global conflicts Unveiled UN Security Council focuses

on the middle East( Israel Palestine and Russia Ukraine).

LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE BOARD

Dear Delegates,
Let us begin by applauding you and your guides to encourage you to participate in this
Model United Nations Conference. Welcome to the fraternity for those who are participating
for the first time, and to all the seasonal Munners we’d say, it is clear that the tug of debate
has drawn you back to this platform on the route to becoming a global citizen! “The moment
you declare a set of ideas to be immune from criticism, satire, derision, or contempt, freedom
of thought becomes impossible.”- Salman Rushdie.

Democratic values are vital for a functioning society, encompassing the acceptance of
criticism and the skill to persuade opposing parties. This essence of diplomacy has proven
effective in resolving crises, from hostage situations to vaccine shortages. The agenda for
this committee discusses an issue that is of paramount importance in today's world, where
we are confronted with multiple conflicts baffling the world and that demand innovative and
collaborative approaches from young minds—the leaders of tomorrow. By engaging in fruitful
discussions and well-informed debates, we have the potential to shape a better and safer
future for all.

MUN is a place where we expect to develop our knowledge spheres. It is an essential setting
for learning where learning happens in a safe environment, and where individuals can put
forth their points without the fears of prejudice. It is going to be our main prerogative as the
Executive Board of UNSC to maintain an environment where everyone can harness their
thoughts without any fear. We encourage you all to do rigorous research and give it your
best shot! We would like to end our remarks by expressing our eagerness to interact with
you all.
We wish you all the best!

Regards,
Executive Board
UNSC
Proof/Evidence in Council
Research is one of the most vital factors that determines your success in a Model United
Nations. Many beginners struggle a lot in doing the research as there is a substantial
amount of information on the internet (we have shared a research guide in the end to help
you out!). The trickiest part here is that not every information available on the internet is
reliable. The delegates need to be really vigilant about the sources they quote and present in
the committee. You are free to look at all types of sources for your reference or preparation
and understand the agenda better. However, it is advised that you verify your research from
a credible source, which are listed below for your reference
1. Reuters– It is one of the world's most trusted providers of answers. It is an independent
private news agency, which mostly covers international events of importance.
(http://www.reuters.com/)
2. State operated News Agencies– These reports can be used in the support of or against
the State that owns the News Agency. These reports, if credible or substantial enough, can
be used in support of or against any country as such but in that situation, they can be denied
by any other country in the council. Some examples are listed as followsa. RIA Novosti
(Russia) http://en.rian.ru/ b. IRNA (Iran) http://www.irna.ir/ENIndex.htm c. Xinhua News
Agency and CCTV (P.R. China) http://cctvnews.cntv.cn/
3. Government Reports: These reports can be used in a similar way as the State Operated
News Agencies reports and can, in all circumstances, be denied by another country.
However, a nuance is that the Executive Board as credible information can still accept a
report that is being denied by a certain country. Some examples are,
a. Government Websites like the State Department of the United States of America
(http://www.state.gov/index.htm)
b. or the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (http://www.eng.mil.ru/en/index.htm)
c. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of various nations like India (http://www.mea.gov.in/) or People‘s
Republic of China (http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/)
. 4. Permanent Representatives to the United Nations The documents from individual
country websites also serve as a source for finding official statements by that country on
various agendas. The nature of websites varies a lot from country to country. Link-
www.un.org/en/members/
5. Other Multilateral or Inter-Governmental Organizations These are international
organizations which are not a part of the United Nations. Usually one may find these
organizations based around a specific region like South Asia, and with a specific purpose
such as trade, security or cooperation. Documents from the same can be deemed credible;
most certainly for the countries which are a part of that organization. For example,
a. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Website: www.saarc-sec.org
b. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Website: www.nato.int/cps/en
6. United Nations and Affiliated Bodies a. All reports or documents from the United Nations,
its organs or affiliated bodies may be considered as a credible source of information.
Website: www.un.org Organs such as,
i. UN Security Council www.un.org/Docs/sc/
ii. UNGA www.un.org/en/ga/
b. UN Affiliated bodies such as,
i. The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) www.iaea.org
ii. The World Bank (WB) www.worldbank.org
7. Documents from Treaty Based Bodies These are bodies which are strictly formed for
looking after the implementation of an international treaty or agreement. For example,
a. The Antarctic Treaty System www.ats.aq/e/ats.htm
b. The International Criminal Court www.icc-cpi.int
INTRODUCTION
Overview of UNSC's mandate
The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is the primary organ responsible for
maintaining international peace and security, as stipulated in the UN Charter. Its multifaceted
mandate encompasses a wide array of functions aimed at preventing and resolving conflicts
among nations.

At the core of the UNSC's mission is the maintenance of international peace and security.
The Council is vested with the authority to take collective action, including the use of force,
to address threats to peace, acts of aggression, and breaches of peace. This authority
reflects the Council's pivotal role in responding decisively to global challenges that endanger
the stability of the international community.

In fulfilling its mandate, the UNSC has the power to investigate any dispute or situation that
might lead to international friction. Moreover, it can initiate mediation efforts to peacefully
resolve conflicts and recommend methods of settlement. This emphasis on diplomacy
underscores the Council's commitment to preventing and mitigating conflicts through
dialogue and negotiation.

A significant aspect of the UNSC's mandate is its capacity to deploy peacekeeping missions
to regions affected by conflict. These missions, composed of international personnel, work to
monitor ceasefires, oversee peace agreements, and contribute to the rebuilding of societies
emerging from conflict. The UNSC's involvement in peacekeeping reflects its commitment to
post-conflict stability and reconstruction.

In situations where peaceful means prove insufficient, the UNSC holds the authority to
impose economic and diplomatic sanctions. These measures are designed to exert pressure
on states or entities, compelling compliance with the Council's resolutions. Sanctions
represent a tool within the Council's broader strategy to enforce international norms and
deter acts of aggression.

Crucially, the UNSC is the sole UN body authorized to sanction the use of force. This
includes military interventions or peace enforcement measures in cases where peaceful
approaches have proven inadequate. The UNSC's ability to authorize the use of force
underscores its role as a central actor in international security matters.

Beyond reactive measures, the UNSC also plays a proactive role in conflict prevention. By
addressing underlying issues and promoting dialogue among nations, the Council seeks to
avert the escalation of tensions and potential outbreaks of conflict. This preventive approach
aligns with the Council's broader commitment to fostering global stability.

Additionally, the UNSC has responsibilities related to the admission of new UN member
states, recommending candidates to the General Assembly. The Council also plays a pivotal
role in the appointment of the UN Secretary-General, the chief administrative officer of the
organization.

In sum, the UNSC's mandate reflects a comprehensive commitment to maintaining

international peace and security through a combination of diplomatic efforts, peacekeeping
initiatives, sanctions, and, when necessary, the authorization of force. The Council's actions
are guided by a recognition of its central role in addressing the complex and dynamic
challenges facing the global community.

Limitations of the UNSC

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) operates within a framework of notable
limitations that influence its ability to address global conflicts and crises effectively. Chief
among these limitations is the presence of veto power held by the five permanent members
(P5) — China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The veto power
allows any one of these members to block substantive resolutions, often leading to
challenges in reaching consensus and hindering the Council's capacity for swift and decisive
action. The consensus-based decision-making process, requiring unanimous approval for
significant resolutions, can contribute to delays in responding promptly to emerging crises.
Implementation of UNSC resolutions, particularly those involving the use of force, depends
on the willingness of member states to contribute resources and manpower, posing
challenges in enforcement. Additionally, the UNSC's composition, reflecting the geopolitical
landscape of the post-World War II era, raises concerns about its representativeness in the
face of evolving global power dynamics. The exclusion of states not represented in the
UNSC from decision-making processes may lead to perceptions of inequity and limit the
Council's ability to fully address contemporary challenges. Furthermore, the selective
prioritization of conflicts or crises within the Council's agenda-setting may be influenced by
political considerations, potentially impacting the equitable treatment of international issues.
Balancing these limitations with the imperative to foster international cooperation remains an
ongoing challenge for the UNSC.

Importance of addressing the agenda

The agenda "Global Conflicts Unveiled," with a specific focus on the Middle East,
Russia-Ukraine, and Israel-Palestine, holds profound importance in the realm of international
relations. These conflicts are marked by intricate geopolitical dynamics and longstanding
historical grievances, making them critical subjects for deliberation within the United Nations
Security Council (UNSC). The humanitarian implications of these conflicts cannot be
overstated, as millions of individuals are grappling with displacement, loss of life, and a
dearth of essential resources. For instance, the Syrian Civil War has generated one of the
most significant humanitarian crises of the 21st century, prompting the international
community to address urgent needs and foster diplomatic solutions. The UNSC, guided by
its mandate to maintain international peace and security, plays a central role in preventing
further escalation of these conflicts. Timely intervention by the UNSC is not merely a
diplomatic gesture but a strategic imperative to avert potential spillover effects and regional
instability.

Addressing these conflicts also underscores the commitment to upholding international law.
Resolutions and discussions within the UNSC often reference legal principles, emphasizing
the importance of adherence to established norms. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, for
instance, regularly invokes international legal frameworks in discussions about territorial
boundaries and the rights of displaced populations. The diplomatic engagement and
dialogue facilitated by the UNSC represent a neutral avenue for fostering communication
among involved parties. The Iran Nuclear Deal stands as a testament to the efficacy of
diplomatic approaches in resolving complex geopolitical issues without taking sides on the
merits of the agreements. Moreover, conflicts often revolve around questions of territorial
integrity and sovereignty, requiring a delicate balance in addressing these matters
impartially. The conflict in Eastern Ukraine, with its implications for territorial integrity,
exemplifies the complexity of such disputes.

Human rights considerations remain integral to the UNSC's responsibilities in conflict

resolution. The establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) serves as a global
commitment to addressing war crimes and crimes against humanity. The pursuit of justice in
the aftermath of conflicts is an essential component of the international community's efforts
to hold accountable those responsible for egregious violations. Furthermore, the prevention
of terrorism and extremism is an interconnected dimension of conflict resolution, as the
instability resulting from unresolved conflicts can create conditions conducive to the rise of
extremist groups. The UN Security Council's resolutions, such as Resolution 1373,
underscore the collective international effort to address the complex challenge of terrorism.

In promoting sustainable peace, the UNSC engages in addressing the root causes of
conflicts. The example of the Dayton Agreement, which brought an end to the Bosnian War,
illustrates the potential for diplomatic solutions and international cooperation in establishing
frameworks for lasting peace. This cooperative aspect is emphasized in the UN Sustainable
Development Goals, particularly Goal 16, which seeks to foster peaceful and inclusive
societies.

In conclusion, the agenda "Global Conflicts Unveiled" demands nuanced consideration

within the UNSC, recognizing the multifaceted nature of the conflicts in the Middle East,
Russia-Ukraine, and Israel-Palestine. The UNSC's impartial engagement is pivotal in
navigating the intricate geopolitical landscape, upholding international law, and contributing
to sustainable peace in the face of complex global challenges.

MIDDLE EASTERN SITUATION

The ongoing conflicts in the Middle East are characterised by a complex web of historical,
political, and socio-cultural factors that have fueled enduring tensions.

Background on Ongoing Conflicts in the Middle East

The Middle East has been marred by longstanding conflicts involving multiple parties with
divergent interests. One of the central issues is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, rooted in
competing national narratives and territorial claims. The establishment of the State of Israel
in 1948 and subsequent Arab-Israeli wars have contributed to the protracted nature of this
conflict. Additionally, the broader region is marked by geopolitical rivalries, sectarian
tensions, and struggles for influence, leading to conflicts such as the Syrian Civil War, the
Yemeni Civil War, and ongoing tensions in Iraq.

The Israeli-Palestinian conflict involves disputes over territory, refugees, and the recognition
of each other's right to exist as sovereign states. Various attempts at peace negotiations,
including the Oslo Accords and the Camp David Summit, have been made, but a
comprehensive resolution remains elusive. The conflict's impact extends beyond the
immediate parties involved, affecting regional stability and influencing diplomatic relations
globally.

In the Syrian Civil War, internal factors, including political repression and social unrest,
triggered a multifaceted conflict involving various domestic and international actors. The
conflict has seen interventions by external powers, proxy battles, and displacement of
millions of Syrians. The complexity of the Syrian conflict illustrates the challenges of finding
common ground among the numerous parties involved.

The Yemeni Civil War, with its roots in political instability, economic challenges, and regional
power dynamics, has further exacerbated tensions in the region. The conflict involves the
internationally recognized government, Houthi rebels, and a coalition led by Saudi Arabia.
Humanitarian concerns have escalated due to the protracted nature of the conflict, leading to
widespread suffering and a challenging humanitarian crisis.

Key Players, Historical Context, and Current Status

The key players in these conflicts vary, reflecting a mix of state and non-state actors. In the
Israeli-Palestinian conflict, notable parties include Israel, the Palestinian Authority, Hamas,
and other Palestinian factions. Historical factors such as the establishment of Israel, the
Six-Day War, and the Oslo Accords have shaped the dynamics of this conflict.

The Syrian Civil War involves a complex array of actors, including the Syrian government led
by Bashar al-Assad, opposition forces, Kurdish groups, and external powers like Russia,
Iran, and Turkey. Historical factors such as decades of authoritarian rule and regional power
dynamics have influenced the conflict's trajectory. As of the latest information, the conflict
continues, with ongoing diplomatic efforts and ceasefires seeking to address the
humanitarian crisis.

In the Yemeni Civil War, key players include the Yemeni government, Houthi rebels, and the
Saudi-led coalition. Historical factors such as Yemen's unification in 1990 and subsequent
internal strife have contributed to the conflict's complexity. The current status involves
intermittent peace talks, but a comprehensive resolution remains elusive.

Previous UN Resolutions and Actions

The United Nations has been actively involved in addressing conflicts in the Middle East
through resolutions and actions aimed at promoting peace, stability, and humanitarian relief.
For example, UN Security Council Resolution 242 (1967) called for the withdrawal of Israeli
forces from territories occupied during the Six-Day War and emphasized the principle of
"land for peace" in the Israeli-Palestinian context.

UN involvement in the Syrian Civil War includes efforts to facilitate peace talks, humanitarian
aid delivery, and investigations into chemical weapons use. The UNSC has passed
resolutions, such as Resolution 2254 (2015), endorsing a political transition in Syria and
seeking a comprehensive ceasefire.
In the Yemeni Civil War, the UN has called for a political solution and humanitarian access.
Security Council Resolution 2216 (2015) imposed an arms embargo on Houthi rebels and
demanded their withdrawal from key locations.

These examples illustrate the UN's commitment to addressing conflicts in the Middle East.
However, challenges persist, and achieving lasting resolutions remains a complex endeavor
requiring continued international cooperation and diplomatic efforts.

ISRAEL PALESTINE CONFLICT

Historical Roots and Key Events

The Israel-Palestine conflict, deeply rooted in historical and territorial complexities, traces its
origins to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Zionist movement, seeking a national
home for the Jewish people, gained momentum, leading to the Balfour Declaration in 1917,
where Britain expressed support for a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine.
The subsequent influx of Jewish immigrants and the establishment of Israel in 1948
triggered tensions with the Palestinian Arab population.

Key events such as the Arab-Israeli wars of 1948, 1967, and 1973 further shaped the
conflict. The Six-Day War in 1967 resulted in Israel's occupation of the West Bank, East
Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip, territories that remain central to the dispute. The Oslo
Accords in the 1990s marked a historic attempt at peace, but challenges, including issues of
borders, refugees, and the status of Jerusalem, persisted.

Current Status and Peace Efforts

The current status of the Israel-Palestine conflict reflects a prolonged and multifaceted
struggle, characterized by intermittent violence and diplomatic initiatives. Efforts to achieve a
two-state solution, with Israel and Palestine coexisting side by side, have encountered
obstacles. Settlement expansions, security concerns, and the status of Jerusalem continue
to be contentious issues.

Recent developments include periodic escalations in violence, exemplified by conflicts in

Gaza, such as the 2014 Israel-Gaza war. Diplomatically, the Abraham Accords in 2020,
normalizing relations between Israel and some Arab states, represent a significant but
complex shift in regional dynamics.

International peace efforts persist, with periodic rounds of negotiations facilitated by the
United States, the United Nations, and regional actors. However, achieving a comprehensive
and lasting resolution remains a formidable challenge, given the deeply entrenched historical
grievances and the complexities of territorial and political issues.

UN Resolutions and Peacekeeping Missions

The United Nations has played a central role in attempting to address the Israel-Palestine
conflict through resolutions and peacekeeping missions. UN Security Council Resolution 242
(1967) calls for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from territories occupied during the Six-Day
War and emphasizes the principle of "land for peace." Resolution 338 (1973) further
reinforces the call for negotiations.

Peacekeeping missions, such as the United Nations Truce Supervision Organization

(UNTSO) and the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF), have been
deployed to monitor ceasefires and maintain stability in the region. These missions, while
reflecting international efforts to prevent escalations, face challenges in a highly volatile and
politicized environment.

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East
(UNRWA) plays a crucial humanitarian role, providing assistance to Palestinian refugees.
Despite these efforts, achieving a comprehensive and just resolution to the Israel-Palestine
conflict remains a formidable task, requiring sustained international commitment and
diplomatic engagement.

RUSSIA UKRAINE CONFLICT

Historical Background
The conflict between Russia and Ukraine has deep historical roots, with key factors tracing
back to the Soviet era and beyond. During the 20th century, Ukraine was part of the Soviet
Union, experiencing a complex relationship with Moscow. The dissolution of the Soviet Union
in 1991 marked Ukraine's independence, but tensions persisted.

One significant source of contention is Crimea, historically a part of Russia but transferred to
Ukrainian control in 1954. In 2014, Russia annexed Crimea following Ukraine's political shift
towards the West, sparking international condemnation. The move intensified hostilities,
leading to ongoing clashes in eastern Ukraine, notably in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions.

The conflict is also fueled by divergent geopolitical aspirations. Ukraine seeks closer ties
with the European Union and NATO, a move opposed by Russia. Moscow perceives
Western influence in its former Soviet territories as a threat to its sphere of influence.

Economic factors contribute to the strife as well. Ukraine's pursuit of economic integration
with the EU conflicted with Russia's interests in maintaining economic ties with its neighbor.
Disputes over gas prices and trade further strained relations.

The conflict has resulted in a complex web of political, historical, and economic factors that
continue to shape the region's dynamics. International efforts, including sanctions against
Russia and diplomatic negotiations, have been ongoing, but a comprehensive resolution
remains elusive. The situation highlights the intricate interplay of history, geopolitics, and
regional aspirations in shaping the enduring conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

Geopolitical Aspect

The Russia-Ukraine conflict remains a critical geopolitical concern with far-reaching

implications. The situation is characterized by ongoing tensions, military confrontations, and
diplomatic maneuvering. One key aspect is the contested status of Crimea, which Russia
annexed in 2014, leading to widespread international condemnation.
In Eastern Ukraine, particularly in the Donetsk and Luhansk regions, pro-Russian separatist
movements have fueled violence. The conflict has strained relations between Russia and the
West, with the latter supporting Ukraine's territorial integrity and imposing sanctions on
Russia.

Geopolitically, the conflict underscores the broader struggle for influence between Russia
and Western powers, particularly the European Union and the United States. Ukraine's
desire for closer ties with the West, including aspirations to join NATO, has been a major
point of contention, viewed by Moscow as a threat to its regional influence.

The conflict has also heightened concerns about the security architecture in Europe. NATO
has increased its presence in Eastern Europe as a deterrent, and countries in the region
seek reassurances amid fears of further Russian aggression.

Diplomatically, efforts to find a resolution have been challenging. The Minsk agreements,
brokered by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), aimed at
establishing a ceasefire and political solutions, have faced numerous setbacks.

The conflict's geopolitical dimension extends beyond the immediate region, impacting global
politics. Sanctions imposed by the West on Russia have economic implications, affecting
international trade and diplomatic relations.

Overall, the Russia-Ukraine conflict remains a complex geopolitical challenge with

implications for European security and global stability, requiring ongoing diplomatic efforts
and international cooperation to seek a sustainable resolution.

UN resolution and peacekeeping missions

The United Nations (UN) has been actively involved in addressing the Russia-Ukraine
conflict, advocating for a peaceful resolution. Several UN resolutions emphasize the
importance of upholding Ukraine's territorial integrity and call for an end to hostilities. The
Security Council has played a central role, discussing measures to de-escalate tensions and
facilitate dialogue.

Peacekeeping missions have been proposed, but securing consensus among Security
Council members has been challenging, given Russia's veto power. A UN peacekeeping
force could help monitor ceasefires and create a conducive environment for diplomatic
negotiations, fostering a lasting solution to the conflict.

*UN Security Council (UNSC) Role in Russia-Ukraine Conflict:*

The UNSC plays a vital role in addressing the Russia-Ukraine conflict by providing a
platform for diplomatic discussions and resolutions. However, the conflict has showcased the
challenges associated with major power dynamics and the veto power held by permanent
members. Russia's ability to veto resolutions has hindered the Council's ability to take
decisive action. The UNSC must navigate geopolitical complexities to foster a united front in
promoting peace, emphasizing dialogue, and discouraging aggressive actions.

*Proxy Dynamics in Russia-Ukraine Conflict:*

The conflict has seen proxy elements, with support for separatist movements in Eastern
Ukraine by Russia. Proxy involvement complicates resolution efforts, as it involves indirect
interventions that can escalate tensions. Addressing the root causes necessitates
addressing not just the immediate actors but also those supporting or influencing the conflict
indirectly. The UNSC's challenge lies in fostering accountability and discouraging proxy
involvement to achieve a sustainable resolution.

Analysis of the UNSC's Role and Functioning in avoiding proxy to such conflicts
UNSC Role in Israel-Palestine Conflict

In the Israel-Palestine conflict, the UNSC has been instrumental in passing resolutions
advocating for a two-state solution and condemning actions that undermine peace efforts.
However, similar challenges persist with veto powers and deeply entrenched positions. The
UNSC must work towards consensus, encouraging direct negotiations and discouraging
actions that undermine the peace process.

Proxy Dynamics in Israel-Palestine Conflict

Proxy dynamics are evident in the Israel-Palestine conflict, with various actors supporting
and influencing the parties involved. This includes financial, political, and military support,
which can escalate tensions and impede diplomatic efforts. The UNSC faces the challenge
of addressing these proxy dynamics, emphasizing the importance of direct negotiations and
discouraging external interventions that exacerbate the conflict.

In both conflicts, the UNSC's role is crucial, but its effectiveness relies on overcoming
geopolitical obstacles, fostering consensus, and addressing proxy elements. Achieving
lasting peace requires a commitment to diplomacy, adherence to international law, and
efforts to mitigate external influences that perpetuate the conflict.

UN Security Council (UNSC) Role in Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The UNSC plays a vital role in addressing the Russia-Ukraine conflict by providing a
platform for diplomatic discussions and resolutions. However, the conflict has showcased the
challenges associated with major power dynamics and the veto power held by permanent
members. Russia's ability to veto resolutions has hindered the Council's ability to take
decisive action. The UNSC must navigate geopolitical complexities to foster a united front in
promoting peace, emphasizing dialogue, and discouraging aggressive actions.

Proxy Dynamics in Russia-Ukraine Conflict

The conflict has seen proxy elements, with support for separatist movements in Eastern
Ukraine by Russia. Proxy involvement complicates resolution efforts, as it involves indirect
interventions that can escalate tensions. Addressing the root causes necessitates
addressing not just the immediate actors but also those supporting or influencing the conflict
indirectly. The UNSC's challenge lies in fostering accountability and discouraging proxy
involvement to achieve a sustainable resolution.
UNSC Role in Israel-Palestine Conflict

In the Israel-Palestine conflict, the UNSC has been instrumental in passing resolutions
advocating for a two-state solution and condemning actions that undermine peace efforts.
However, similar challenges persist with veto powers and deeply entrenched positions. The
UNSC must work towards consensus, encouraging direct negotiations and discouraging
actions that undermine the peace process.

Proxy Dynamics in Israel-Palestine Conflict

Proxy dynamics are evident in the Israel-Palestine conflict, with various actors supporting
and influencing the parties involved. This includes financial, political, and military support,
which can escalate tensions and impede diplomatic efforts. The UNSC faces the challenge
of addressing these proxy dynamics, emphasizing the importance of direct negotiations and
discouraging external interventions that exacerbate the conflict.

In both conflicts, the UNSC's role is crucial, but its effectiveness relies on overcoming
geopolitical obstacles, fostering consensus, and addressing proxy elements. Achieving
lasting peace requires a commitment to diplomacy, adherence to international law, and
efforts to mitigate external influences that perpetuate the conflict.

Key Terms related to global conflicts

1. Proxy Warfare
Proxy warfare refers to conflicts where external actors support and influence parties involved
in the dispute without direct military engagement. These external actors often provide
financial, logistical, and sometimes military assistance to proxy forces, allowing them to
pursue their interests indirectly. This strategy is employed to advance geopolitical goals
while minimizing the risk of direct confrontation.

2. Sanctions
Sanctions are measures imposed by one or more countries to influence the behavior of
another state. Typically, sanctions involve restrictions on trade, finance, or diplomatic
relations with the aim of compelling the targeted state to change its policies. Sanctions are
often used as a non-military tool to address issues such as human rights violations, nuclear
proliferation, or territorial disputes.

3. Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping refers to the deployment of international forces, usually under UN auspices,
to conflict zones with the aim of maintaining or restoring peace. Peacekeepers monitor
ceasefires, facilitate negotiations, and provide humanitarian assistance. The goal is to create
a stable environment that allows for diplomatic solutions and the prevention of further
hostilities.

4. Non-State Actors
Non-state actors are entities that operate outside the control of a government but have
significant influence on the global stage. In conflicts, non-state actors can include rebel
groups, terrorist organizations, or private military companies. Their involvement often
complicates conflict resolution efforts due to their autonomy and diverse motivations.

5. Humanitarian Intervention
Humanitarian intervention involves the use of force by external actors to protect civilians or
address humanitarian crises within a sovereign state. The concept is controversial, as it
raises questions about the violation of state sovereignty. While aimed at preventing
atrocities, the justification and execution of humanitarian interventions are subjects of ethical
and political debate.

Commonly used diplomatic and geopolitical terms

1. Diplomacy
Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting negotiations and maintaining relations
between states. It involves skilled communication, negotiation, and the pursuit of peaceful
solutions to international issues. Diplomats represent their countries and work towards
mutual understanding and cooperation.

2. Geopolitics
Geopolitics examines the relationship between geography, power, and political behavior on
the global stage. It considers how geographical factors influence international relations,
including strategic considerations, resources, and territorial disputes.

3. Soft Power
Soft power refers to a nation's ability to influence others through attraction and persuasion
rather than coercion or force. Cultural, educational, and diplomatic initiatives are key
components of soft power, enhancing a country's global standing and appeal.

4. Multilateralism
Multilateralism involves cooperation among multiple countries to address global challenges
or achieve common goals. International organizations like the United Nations play a crucial
role in facilitating multilateral approaches to issues such as climate change, trade, and
peacekeeping.

5. Bilateral Relations
Bilateral relations refer to interactions between two countries. Diplomacy often involves
bilateral negotiations and agreements, addressing specific issues or fostering cooperation in
areas such as trade, security, or cultural exchange.

6. Summit
A summit is a high-level meeting between leaders of different countries to discuss significant
issues. Summits provide a platform for direct dialogue and can lead to agreements or joint
statements on matters ranging from security to economic cooperation.

7. Sanctions
Sanctions are measures imposed by one or more countries to influence the behavior of
another state. They can include restrictions on trade, financial transactions, or diplomatic
relations and are often used in response to perceived violations of international norms or
agreements.

8. Neutrality
Neutrality is a diplomatic stance where a country refrains from taking sides in conflicts
between other nations. Neutral countries aim to maintain peaceful relations with all parties
and avoid involvement in external disputes.

9. Power Balance
Power balance refers to the distribution of power among states in the international system.
Maintaining a stable power balance is considered crucial for preventing conflicts .

QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER

1. What are the root causes and historical context of the conflicts in the Middle East,
Russia-Ukraine, and Israel-Palestine?

2. How have geopolitical factors contributed to the escalation of these conflicts?

3. How can the international community address the humanitarian crises resulting from these
conflicts, particularly in terms of displacement, access to basic needs, and protection of
civilians?

4. What measures can be taken to ensure the safe and unhindered delivery of humanitarian
aid to affected regions?

5. How can diplomatic efforts be enhanced to foster dialogue among conflicting parties in the
Middle East, Russia-Ukraine, and Israel-Palestine?
6. Are there specific diplomatic initiatives or negotiations that the resolution should endorse?

7. How can the UNSC contribute to maintaining regional and global security while
addressing the conflicts in these regions?

8. Are there specific measures, such as peacekeeping missions, that should be implemented
to stabilize the situation?

9. How can the resolution uphold and reinforce adherence to international law in the context
of these conflicts?

10. What mechanisms can be established to ensure accountability for human rights
violations and breaches of international law?

11. What steps can be taken to prevent further escalation of the conflicts and to promote
de-escalation measures?

12. Are there confidence-building measures that the resolution should endorse to reduce
tensions?
13. How can regional actors be engaged to play a constructive role in resolving the conflicts?

14. Are there opportunities for regional organizations to collaborate with the UNSC in conflict
resolution efforts?

15. How can the resolution address the challenges associated with refugees and displaced
populations in the wake of these conflicts?

16. Are there initiatives to support the safe return and rehabilitation of displaced persons?

17. How can economic and developmental solutions be integrated into the resolution to
address underlying causes of the conflicts?

18. Are there specific initiatives to promote economic stability and development in affected
regions?

19. What measures can be taken to promote long-term peacebuilding and reconciliation in
the Middle East, Russia-Ukraine, and Israel-Palestine?

20. How can the resolution contribute to addressing the root causes of these conflicts for
sustainable peace?
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