PRE-WRITING STRATEGIES all the possibilities.

Tiongson (2016)
explained that brainstorming does
● There are 2 main characteristics not aim for coherent lines, after
that must be present in writing a text listing down make sure to pick the
➢ Content one that best suits your purpose or
➢ Form reason for writing.

WRITING PROCESS Clustering

● Mind mapping or idea mapping,
Pre-writing technique in finding a writing topic
● Is also called the invention or wherein you find the relationships
brainstorming stage, pre-writing are between ideas. To start this method
listing, fast writing, spidering, and put a subject forth and enclose it in a
mapping. circle underline in for emphasis.

Organizing Freewriting
● Vital in incorporating coherence in ● The most unrestrained in finding a
the transition of your writing, suitable topic. This is the process of
arranging these ideas and thoughts pouring out all your thoughts
into a sensible order. nonstop in an exact order, language
and form as you think of them. You
WRITING can only focus on a specific topic but
● Expressed in complete sentences you cannot edit all of these ideas.
and paragraphs.
Selecting and Organizing Information
REVISING
● This stage is where you polish the Parts of paragraph
order of your ideas, filter the (developing effective paragraphs)
information and start to look for any
mechanical errors and correct them. Topic sentence
● Reveals the main or central idea of
EDITING the paragraph. It does not
● You go over your written work and necessarily have to be placed at the
check for basic errors such as beginning of the paragraph. It may
spelling, punctuation and grammar. be found in the middle of the first
and last sentence or at the end.
WRITING THE FINAL DRAFT
● Your final draft. Supporting details
● Gives the paragraph life as it
elaborates on the scope given by
BRAINSTORMING the topic sentence. Development or
● Also called listing, the most common the method in writing the supporting
method of discovering a topic. Start details of your paragraph will be
from general ideas and write down further discussed in the few lessons.
Clinching sentence Sentence outline
● Closes your paragraph, this “ may ● The sentence outline, from the term
be a restatement of the topic itself, is a type of outline wherein
sentence, a summary or a each topic and subtopic are
conclusion based on the supporting presented in complete sentences.
details.” Connecting the topic
sentence and supporting details Paragraph outline
alone will not make a united ● A type sentence outline in which
paragraph. instead of a specified main topic,
each heading and subtopic contains
OUTLINING a brief summary of what the content
of that particular part will be.
➢ One basic skill to learn in writing
compositions is outlining. “Outlining
is a reading skill used in taking down ➢ Logical subordination; subordination
notes from a reading material.” It must be related to the main topic but
enhances your written work by it should not exceed or be equal to
arranging your gathered information the main topic in terms of
into coherent order. A smooth importance.
transition between your words,
sentences and paragraph will ➢ Parallel structure; each level must
contribute to an effective writing be of the same grammatical
output. Outline also gives the basic structure. For example, in topic
overview of your whole written work. outline, if the first main topic is in the
This technique is used for you to noun phrases form, subsequent
keep in track of what you’re writing. main topics must be noun phrases
Through outlining, you can make as well.
your actual writing activity easier and
bearable to achieve, as the ➢ Mechanics; always make sure that
structured outline can guide you you are sure that you are proper
along. capitalization and punctuations.
Remember that in constructing a
Topic outline topic outline, there is no punctuation
● Topic outline lists topics in words, at the end of it.
phrases or fragments. It is important
to take note of the heading as you
need to ensure that each is parallel
with one another. For example, if the
primary topic is a noun, the rest of
the topics must be nouns.
Paragraph Development: Narration, composition. Some notable figures
Description and Definition of speech used in the narrative are
the following:
Character ➢ Personification
● Is vital in a story as they are the ➢ Metaphor or simile
ones primarily involved in it. ➢ Hyperbole
Character man be divided into the
protagonists (who serve as the Flashback
main character/s) and antagonists ● An event in the not so distant past.
(who initiates conflict for the This contributes to the story as it
protagonist in a story) adds background, meaning and
depth to the current situation in the
Setting story.
● Determines a clear picture of the
place where the story takes place. It Foreshadowing
may be a significant part of the story ● Writers used to present hints to
or it may set the mood, future events. Hints may be inserted
into dialogues and into the events
Plot occurring in the story, suggesting the
● Gives life to the characters and possibilities and what is going to
gives sense to the setting. The happen.
events that will happen in the story
contribute to the plot. Backstory
● A story cannot be without a
Point-of-view foundation. Backstory gives the
● Refers to the perspective in which readers a view of the story behind
the narrative was written. There are the story and how the characters
three main types of point-of-view. and the events came to be. This will
➢ First person POV- where the writer give insight to the characters’
tells the story from his/her own personalities, upbringing, and
perspective. history, leading to a better
➢ Second person POV- the writer tells understanding and analysis of the
the story in his own words from an story as a whole.
observer’s point of view.
➢ Third person POV- the writer Dialogue
objectively tells the story or events ● Dialogue gives life to the characters.
that happened to another individual. This shows their spoken language
and the matter in which they speak
it.
Narrative Devices
➢ Figures of speech are often used as Exposition
techniques in building a narrative ● Information about setting,
writer’s style. This often creates character’s backstories, and other
variety and uniqueness in a important and related plot events.
Conflict Etymology
● The problem that the characters are ● Shows the evolution of the word and
facing. how it was formed. Dictionaries often
include this for the user’s context of
Internal conflict a word.
● Character’s struggle with other
character/s, Intensive definition
● Includes the term to be defined, the
Rising action class to which the term belongs, and
● Sequence of events leading up to the characteristic/s that make it
the climax. different from other members in the
same class or species.
Climax
● Most interesting and the highest Extensive definition
point in the story where the conflict ● Root word, this extends the
is addressed. definition formed in the intensive
sentence into a paragraph using
Falling action other techniques in paragraph
● Consequences or events caused by development such as description,
the climax. comparison and contrast, cause and
effect and others.
Resolution
● Outcome of the characters’ actions.

Denotation
● Formal definition of a term, usually
from the dictionary or a source.

Connotation
● Does not follow the dictionary
definition of a word, but instead,
relies on the author’s perspective
and experiences in shedding light on
the term.

Comparison
● Strategy associates the term at hand
with indirectly related words through
analogy or figurative language.
Contrast
● Makes the reader understand the
differences between two
similar/related terms.
Classification, Comparison and Contrast,
Cause and Effect

Consistency - logical transition of one

sentence or paragraph to another is
significant in keeping the attention and
achieving understanding of your written
work. Writing classification paragraphs must
possess consistency wherein there are
parallel similarities among divisions made in
the paragraph. This will help the reader
further analyze why the divisions were
made and what purpose it serves in the
exploration of the main topic.

Exclusiveness - the intent of dividing items

into groups is to mark distinctions among
each. Exclusivity states that there must be
no overlapping or repetition of classes or
groups for the specific items identified in the
paragraph/s. They must belong to one class
only, in order to avoid confusion.

Completeness - there are definitely times

when one must omit irrelevant details but
classification paragraphs require the writer
to include intrinsically related or connected
classes or groups to the paragraph, if only
to complete the image of the main idea