WEEK 1-2

1. Science refers to a methodical and systematic activity of building and organizing knowledge
about how the universe behaves through observation and experimentation.
2. Technology is the application of scientific knowledge, laws, and principles to produce
services, materials, tools, and machines aimed at solving real-world problems.
3. Science and Technology are interrelated fields, with science providing new knowledge and
questions that drive technological advancements, while technology contributes tools,
techniques, and practical applications back to science.
4. The James Webb Space Telescope, launched in December 2021, aims to see beyond the
Hubble Telescope’s limitations and explore events before the Big Bang.
5. STS (Science, Technology, and Society) examines how society influences scientific research
and technological development, and vice versa, impacting our lives and communities.
Summary of “The Scientific Method: Application to Research”:
1. Characteristics of Scientific Method:
o Controlled, systematic investigations: Scientific methods involve orderly and
systematic processes rooted in objective reality.
o Based on assumptions or hypotheses: They develop or test hypotheses.
o Generalizable findings: Results can be applied beyond the specific study.
2. Steps in the Scientific Method:
o State the Problem: Define the research question.
o Formulate a Hypothesis: Create a testable prediction.
o Test the Hypothesis: Design a procedure to collect data.
o Gather Data: Record observations and measurements.
o Analyze and Interpret the Data: Evaluate reliability and trends.
o Draw Conclusions: Assess hypothesis support.
o Communicate Results: Share findings through reports or presentations.
3. Research Process:
o Scientists use the scientific method to collect empirical evidence related to hypotheses.
o It leads to a progressively better understanding but never perfect knowledge.
o Challenges include ethical issues, human complexity, measurement problems, and
external variable control.
Moral issues are generally based on personal belief or societal norms, while Ethical issues are
based on what is the right or wrong action in a particular situation, often professionally.
Remember that scientific methods provide a structured approach to understanding natural
phenomena, but they have limitations due to the complexity of human behavior and external factors.
knowledge, comprehension, analysis, and application:
 Knowledge: understanding of the scientific method, outlining its characteristics, steps, and the
research process involved. It emphasizes the systematic, hypothesis-based approach and the
generalizability of findings.
 Comprehension: scientific method is a structured process of inquiry. It begins with stating a
problem, formulating a hypothesis, and then testing this hypothesis through data collection and
analysis.
 Analysis: iterative nature of the scientific method. It’s not a linear process but a cycle of
hypothesis formulation, testing, data analysis, and conclusion drawing. This cycle repeats as
new questions arise or old ones are refined.
 Application: It can guide researchers in structuring their investigations, ensuring they remain
systematic and controlled. It also helps in understanding the limitations of scientific methods
due to human complexity and external factors. This knowledge can be applied to improve
research design and interpretation of results.
Remember, the scientific method is a powerful tool for understanding the world around us, but it’s
also important to acknowledge its limitations.
Week 3-4
Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology
In this course, we explore the historical context of science and technology, tracing their development
across different periods and intellectual revolutions. Let’s delve into key points from the web page:
1. Ancient Age:
o Stone Tools: Recognized as the earliest technology, stone tools were crafted by our
direct ancestors (H. habilis or H. rudolfensis) around 25 million years ago.
o S&T in Ancient Times: These tools were essential for survival and shaped early
human societies.
2. Classical Antiquity:
o During this period, thinkers like Galileo and Newton viewed humans as complicated
mechanical machines.
o Oral traditions, fascination with sounds and words, and the advent of the printing press
influenced society’s understanding of knowledge.
3. Middle Ages:
o The majority of the labor force was engaged in manufacturing goods.
o Screw and bolt technology played a significant role during this era.
4. Modern Age (Information Age):
o The focus shifted to “information” itself.
o Advances in electronics, computers, and biology transformed how we handle and
convey information.
o DARPA’s role during World War II led to ground-based communication and the birth of
the internet.
o The concept of artificial intelligence emerged, aiming to replicate human thought
processes.
5. The Information Age (Digital Age):
o Information became a crucial commodity.
o Microchips revolutionized computing.
o Today, our view of the human mind resembles a complicated computer.
Remember, these paradigm shifts in history have shaped our understanding of science, technology,
and their impact on society.
The summary provides a comprehensive overview of the historical development of science and
technology, starting from the earliest known human-made tools to the current digital age. Here’s an
analysis of its content:
1. Knowledge and Comprehension: chronological progression of science and technology,
demonstrating how each era brought about new technological advancements and shifts in
understanding. This provides a solid foundation of knowledge for the reader.
2. Analysis: goes beyond mere facts, analyzing the societal implications of these developments.
For instance, it discusses how the advent of the printing press influenced society’s
understanding of knowledge, and how the Information Age has transformed the way we handle
and convey information.
3. Application: also hints at the potential applications of this knowledge. For example,
understanding the role of DARPA in the birth of the internet could inform future technological
developments, and comprehending the shift to the Information Age could guide policy-making
and educational practices in the digital age.
A brief overview of the history of Science and Technology (S&T) in the Philippines. The development
of S&T in the Philippines has been influenced by various factors including geography, colonial trade,
economic and educational policies, and socio-cultural factors.
Precolonial Period Before the arrival of the Spaniards in 1521, Filipinos were already engaged in
farming, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving. They had an alphabet, number system, a weighing and
measuring system, and a calendar. They were also aware of the medicinal and therapeutic properties
of plants and the methods of extracting medicine from herbs.
Spanish Colonial Period The colonization of the Philippines by the Spanish contributed to the
growth of S&T in the archipelago. The Spanish introduced formal education and founded scientific
institutions. Parish schools were established where religion, reading, writing, arithmetic, and music
were taught. The Spanish also established colleges and universities in the archipelago, including the
University of Santo Tomas.
Modern Times In modern times, the progress of science and technology have become intimately
linked together. Many scientific discoveries have been facilitated by the development of new
technology. New scientific knowledge, in turn, has often led to further refinement of existing
technology or the invention of entirely new ones.
The main agency responsible for managing S&T in the Philippines today is the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST). There are also sectoral councils for Forestry, Agriculture and
Aquaculture, the Metal Industry, Nuclear Research, Food and Nutrition, Health, Meteorology,
Volcanology, and Seismology.
Certainly! Let’s delve into an analysis and explore practical applications of the historical overview of
Science and Technology (S&T) in the Philippines:
Indigenous Knowledge: The precolonial period highlights the rich indigenous knowledge possessed
by Filipinos. Their understanding of agriculture, shipbuilding, mining, and weaving demonstrates their
adaptability and resourcefulness.
Cultural Foundations: The existence of an alphabet, number system, and calendar underscores the
cultural foundations that laid the groundwork for future scientific endeavors.
Medicinal Wisdom: The awareness of medicinal properties in plants reflects their practical approach
to healthcare.
Education and Research: The Spanish colonial period introduced formal education and scientific
institutions. Today, this legacy continues through universities and research centers. Practical
applications include training scientists, conducting research, and disseminating knowledge.
Healthcare and Herbal Medicine: Building on precolonial knowledge, modern applications involve
integrating traditional herbal medicine with evidence-based practices. Research on local plants and
their therapeutic properties can lead to new treatments.
Technological Innovation: The interplay between science and technology drives progress. The
Philippines can harness its scientific expertise to develop technology relevant to its unique challenges
(e.g., disaster resilience, sustainable agriculture, and renewable energy).
Environmental Conservation: Understanding indigenous practices related to farming, forestry, and
aquaculture can inform sustainable resource management. Balancing economic growth with
environmental preservation is crucial.
Disaster Preparedness: Leveraging meteorology, volcanology, and seismology, the Philippines can
enhance disaster preparedness. Early warning systems, resilient infrastructure, and community
education are vital.
Industry and Manufacturing: The metal industry and nuclear research councils play pivotal roles.
Applications include improving manufacturing processes, ensuring safety, and advancing materials
science.
Nutrition and Food Security: The Food and Nutrition Council contributes to addressing malnutrition
and food security. Research on local crops, food fortification, and sustainable farming practices is
essential.
Climate Change Adaptation: Meteorological insights aid in climate modeling, adaptation strategies,
and policy formulation. The Philippines can lead in climate-resilient practices.
Health Innovations: Collaborating with health councils, the country can develop innovative
healthcare solutions. Telemedicine, diagnostics, and preventive measures are critical.
STEM Education: The DOST’s role extends to promoting STEM education. Encouraging young
minds to pursue science and technology careers ensures a sustainable future.
In summary, the Philippines’ S&T journey is a blend of heritage, resilience, and forward-looking
aspirations. By honoring indigenous wisdom, embracing modern advancements, and fostering
innovation, the nation can thrive in an ever-evolving global landscape.

WEEK 5-6
Summary of the Harmonized National Research and Development Agenda (HNRDA) 2023-2028
for the Philippines:
1. Introduction to HNRDA:
o The HNRDA serves as a guide for prioritizing research programs and projects funded
over the last five years.
o Science, technology, and innovation play a crucial role in disease prevention, economic
recovery, and addressing health challenges.
o The updated HNRDA aims to prepare for a post-pandemic world.
2. Health Research and Development Agenda:
o Priorities include areas like diagnostics, mental health, nutrition, and disaster risk
reduction.
o Programs focus on technologies, capacity building, and intellectual property
management.
3. Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research and Development Agenda:
o Components cover crop research, livestock, forestry, climate change adaptation, and
socio-economic aspects.
o Emphasis on sustainable practices and knowledge management.
4. Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development Agenda:
o Areas include artificial intelligence, smart cities, quantum technology, and materials for
energy.
o Programs aim to boost innovation, technology transfer, and startup development.
5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change:
o Initiatives address resilience, monitoring networks, hazard assessment, and risk
communication.
o Programs like FORECAST AND WARNING (FOREWARN) and LIGTAS-BAHA
contribute to community safety.
Remember, the HNRDA aligns research efforts toward economic and social benefit, emphasizing
collaboration across sectors.
Summary of the key points from the web page on “Personalities in S&T in the Philippines: Major
Development Programs”:
1. Global Innovation Index (GII) 2022:
o The Philippines ranked 59th out of 132 economies.
o Recognized as an "extraordinary upward mover."
o Challenges both government and private sectors to prioritize innovation.
2. Leadership Change:
o Dr. Renato U. Solidum Jr. appointed by President Ferdinand Marcos Jr.
o Highlighted local technologies and innovations during the 2022 NSTW Celebration.
3. Major Achievements Under Former Sec. De la Pena:
o Completion of various state-of-the-art development facilities and laboratories (2016-
2021).
o Examples include AMCen, MATDEV, AMERIAL, and more.
4. Heightened Research and Development Programs:
o PHIVOLCS Mindanao Cluster, PAG-ASA’s forecasting equipment, CCAM-DRR
applications.
o GeoRiskPH, GeoMapperPH, Spectral Acceleration Maps (SAM PH).
5. Science for Change Program (S4CP):
o RDLead, CRADLE, BIST for Industry, Balik Scientist Program.
o Contributions to local research capabilities and technological advancement.
6. S&T Response to Pandemic:
o Drug discovery program, TUKLAS LUNAS rT-PCR test kit, FASSSTER, S-PASS.
o Development of ventilators, herbal medicines, and research on Virgin Coconut Oil
(VCO).
7. Malnutrition Reduction Program:
o Complementary food production facilities (CFPF) and DOST PINOy interventions.
o Addressing malnutrition among children aged 6 months to below 3 years old.
8. Innovations in Forest Products, Space Technology, and Textiles:
o Bullet-resistant vest from engineered bamboo, bamboo musical instruments.
o Natural dyes center, regional yarn production, and intelligent electric transportation
network.
9. Community Empowerment Through Science and Technology (CEST):
o Empowering depressed communities via S&T interventions.
o Improving health, water, education, livelihood, and disaster risk reduction.
10. Small Enterprise Technology Upgrading Program (SETUP):
o Assisting MSMEs in adopting technological innovations.
o Enhancing productivity and competitiveness.