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Green jobs becoming a reality
Progress and outlook 2013

I S B N 978-92-2-127425-4

Employment
9 789221 274254
Sector
Green jobs becoming a reality
Progress and outlook 2013

International Labour Organization

Copyright © International Labour Organization 2013
First published 2013

Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright
Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition
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Welcome to the 2nd Green Jobs progress report
The call for a sustainable path of development is high on all national agendas. Environmental degradation and
climate change are an increasing reality, whilst social inequalities still persist worldwide.
Access to decent, green jobs is a prerequisitie for promoting sustainable development. Indeed, country
experiences demonstrate that decent and environmentally sustainable employment contributes towards poverty
reduction, social equity and inclusion, human well-being, economic development and environmental protection.
The ILO’s Green Jobs Programme actively promotes the creation of green jobs through research, international
advocacy, capacity building, knowledge sharing and at national level through the provision of technical advisory
services. Our dedicated website (www.ilo.org/green-jobs-programme) provides a comprehensive overview of the
purpose, scope and results of the Programme.
Since its inception in 2009 the Programme has operated through a network approach, with a small coordinating
unit driving the agenda. As illustrated in the first progress report - and now in the second edition - results are
achieved across a variety of strategic outcomes and in all regions. Green jobs are increasingly being embedded
in ILO country programmes as well as in global priority areas. The current report presents only a selected num-
ber of successful experiences from around the world. It should help to illustrate what is meant by claiming
that green jobs have become a reality in all dimensions of the decent work agenda. The report also provides an
update on the activities which will unfold in 2013 with the continued support of the Programme’s networks and
partners.
The future holds new challenges for the Programme as demand for training, research and technical support
increases among constituents. This increasing interest also creates opportunities for new partnerships as it
reflects the growing recognition of the importance of green jobs.
A special thanks goes to all ILO colleagues who have contributed to this progress report and who are actively
engaged in the Global Green Jobs Network. Their support is essential for the promotion of green jobs at inter-
national and national level.
Contents

1. Introduction 5

Green jobs: building block for sustainable development 5

Green Jobs Programme of the ILO: progress and outlook 5
What are green jobs? 6

2. Highlights of 2012 7

Assessing the potential for green jobs in Mexico 7

Kenya’s green economy strategy 7
Greening the hotel sector in Thailand 8
South Africa’s Free State Province creates decent work in waste management 9
Occupational training on green jobs in Central America and the Dominican Republic 10
Green entrepreneurship in China 11
Green Jobs in Asia – a regional conference for policy dialogue and knowledge sharing 11

3. Recent Publications 13

4. Outlook 2013 16

Towards a green jobs strategy in Turkey 16

Greening Zambia’s Building Industry 16
Promoting sustainable green livelihoods for local communities in Indonesia 17
Towards a statistical definition of green jobs 17
The Partnership of Action on Green Economy 18

5. Final words 19
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Green jobs: building block for sustainable development
Sustainable development has been one of the most widely discussed topics in 2012. The Rio+20 Conference and
other high-level events that took place over the course of the year offered the opportunity to debate how best to
achieve sustainable development and address its three pillars (social, economic and environmental development)
equally.
Country experiences from around the world have demonstrated that the creation of green jobs contributes
significantly to sustainable development. Indeed, decent and environmentally sustainable employment provide
a constructive and indispensable answer to the multiple global challenges of social equity and inclusion, human
well-being, economic development and environmental protection.
At national level, green jobs present an effective means for reviving economies and creating employment, whilst
reducing the environmental impact of enterprises. Green jobs can also play a key role in promoting socially
inclusive development, as they provide adequate income, social protection and the respect of workers’ rights.
In essence, green jobs are also decent jobs.

Green Jobs Programme of the ILO: progress and outlook

Since its inception in 2009, the Green Jobs Programme of the ILO has promoted the creation of green jobs
through research, international advocacy, capacity building, knowledge sharing and at national level through the
provision of political and technical advisory services.
Country-level support initiates usually through information and awareness raising, followed by capacity building
for relevant national stakeholders. Where there is demand, assessments on green jobs potential are carried out
to inform on-going policy dialogues. This process often leads to pilot projects in various sectors and at enterprise
level. Ultimately, the aim is for these interventions to enable the formulation and implementation of green jobs
policies.
The ILO Green Jobs Programme has grown steadily both in terms of its geographic coverage and through its
network linkages. Indeed, over the past four years a total of 27 countries have been assisted directly, including
16 through technical cooperation projects. Moreover, the Programme’s network approach has led to a strong
cooperation with the different ILO departments, as well as with external partners. As a result of this cooperation,
a growing number of successful national and regional initiatives are being carried out each year.
Section 2 of this progress report presents successful national experiences from 2012. These experiences illus-
trate the different levels at which the Green Jobs Programme operates:
• The experiences from Mexico and Kenya describe possible interventions at policy level, particularly
with regard to the conduction of national assessments on green jobs potential;
• Thailand and South Africa exemplify possible interventions at sectoral level, namely the waste
management and tourism sector;
• The articles from Central America and China showcase how existing skills gaps for green jobs can be
addressed through national training institutions and at enterprise level;
• Moreover, the case of the Green Jobs in Asia Regional Conference highlights the importance attributed
to knowledge sharing activities after project implementation to enhance the on-going policy dialogue
process.
Latest publications from the Green Jobs Programme and other ILO departments and offices are presented in
section 3. Looking ahead, section 4 provides a preview of the activities which will unfold over the course of
2013. These and many other activities activities are expected to be implemented with the support of the Green
Jobs Global Network and the Green Jobs partners.
The progress report conludes with final words on the future strategy of the Green Jobs Programme.

5
 What are green jobs?
Green jobs are decent jobs that contribute to preserving and restoring the environment, be they in traditio-
nal sectors such as manufacturing and construction, or in new, emerging green sectors such as renewable
energy and energy efficiency. Green jobs reduce consumption of energy and raw materials; limit greenhouse
gas emissions; minimize waste and pollution; protect and restore ecosystems; and enable enterprises and
communities to adapt to climate change.
At enterprise level, green jobs can produce goods or provide services that benefit the environment, for
example green buildings or clean transportation. However, it is important to note that these green outputs
(products and services) are not always based on green production processes and technologies. Therefore,
and in addition to this, green jobs can also be distinguished by their contribution to more environmentally
friendly enterprise production processes. For example, green jobs can reduce water consumption or improve
recycling systems. Yet, green jobs defined through production processes do not necessarily produce envi-
ronmental goods or services.
In short, and as illustrated by the diagram below, a distinction can thus be drawn between employment in
green economic sectors from an output perspective and job functions in all sectors from a environmentally
friendly process perspective. Green jobs are, therefore, all those jobs that fall in the dashed area.

Employment in
production of green
products and
services

Employment in
Decent jobs environmental
friendly
processes

Total employment

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Assessing the potential for green jobs Kenya’s green economy strategy
in Mexico
In the past years, Kenya’s Government has increasin-
The lack of data on environment-related employment gly promoted the creation of a green economy that
has been identified by Mexican government officials generates employment and ensures social inclusion.
as a significant barrier for the formulation of green Following the request of the Kenyan Government, the
economy strategies. To fill this gap, the ILO initiated a ILO Green Jobs Programme supports these efforts
nation-wide assessment on the existence and poten- with its advisory services. The first step includes tech-
tial for green jobs. nical support to the Kenya Institute for Public Policy
Following ILO’s approach1, the assessment consists of Research and Analysis (KIPPRA) for the conduction
five stages: (i) a review of the overall national econo- of a national green jobs assessment.
mic and employment structure, (ii) an estimation of The main objectives of the green jobs assessment are
the environment-related employment, (iii) an apprai- (i) to analyze existing employment in green goods and
sal of existing green jobs, (iv) an assessment of the services sectors and in sectors that are highly energy,
multiplier effect of direct, indirect and induced jobs material and water efficient (baseline) and (ii) to esti-
for the economy and (v) an elaboration of “what if” mate the potential of green jobs creation and opportu-
public policies scenarios and their implications. nities in key economic sectors (projection).
A distinction is drawn between environment-rela- In light of strengthened inter-agency cooperation, the
ted jobs and green jobs. Environment-related jobs green jobs assessment is tailored to complement a
(for this assessment named in Spanish as empleos green economy scoping study recently carried out
ambientales) contribute by their service, product or by the United Nations Environment Programme
process to environmental protection. Green jobs share (UNEP). The final results of both studies will feed into
the same characteristics but are, in addition to this, the Government’s planning for a Green Economy
also decent jobs. Therefore, to account for green jobs, Roadmap.
an index on decent work has been employed using the One of the major challenges the Kenyan Government
following variables: adequate remuneration, decent will need to address through its future green economy
working hours, stability and job security, and social strategy is the severe youth employment crisis. There-
protection. fore, the ILO urges to place a strong focus on youth
Sectors with the highest percentage of environment- entrepreneurship promotion.
related jobs are: sustainable forestry, waste manage- Against this background, the ILO initiated over the
ment, renewable energy, clean industry, sustainable course of 2012 the project Youth Employment for
tourism, organic agriculture, sustainable construc-
tion, public transport and the government (the Se-
cretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources
and Sustainable Development Programmes). A total
of 1.8 million environment-related jobs were iden-
tified, representing approximately 5% of the total
national working population in 2011. While Sustai-
nable forestry (18%), waste management (14%) and
renewable energy (12%) offer the highest percentage
of environment-related jobs, the first and the latter
contain the highest index of decent work.
The findings of this 8-month long study stress, among
others, the need to address the lack of decent work
and the shortage of skills for green jobs. These and
other issues will be taken into consideration when
planning the next step: green jobs assessments at
sectoral level.

1 ILO (2012) Assessing Green Jobs Potential in Developing Countries: A Practitioner’s Guide

7
Sustainable Development, to precisely tackle the
youth employment crisis. Funded by the Government strategies and actions for the promotion of green
of Japan, the project aimed to equip 2,500 young jobs. Furthermore, ITC-ILO supports training
people with road maintenance skills and create 130 activities at national and regional level, as in
micro and small enterprises (MSEs) owned by young the case of the national tripartite training works-
women and men. The main focus of the project was hop in Trinidad and Tobago, held in May 2012.
the labour-intensive road infrastructure development The overall aim of this rich portfolio is to address
and maintenance sector, requiring improvements in the specific needs of different target audiences,
both environmental practices and labour standards. including in particular the social partners. It in-
Another important project component was building cludes, for instance, the current development of
capacity for ILO’s constituents on the adoption of a training manual for employers’ organizations
green jobs approaches in infrastructure related works to strengthen their capacity for national debates
and services and in other traditional and emerging on the green economy as well as a distance
sectors. The project’s component on green jobs pro- learning training programme for trade unionists
motion through training and knowledge sharing was developed and implemented jointly with the ILO
supported by ILO’s International Training Centre (ITC- Bureau for Workers’ Activities (ACTRAV) and
ILO), linking directly to the broader Government /ILO/ Sustainlabour.
UNEP green economy and green jobs strategies.

Greening the hotel sector in Thailand

The ITC-ILO Green Jobs Learning Cluster
tackles challenges and opportunities in the pro- The expanding tourism sector is a key engine of the
motion of green jobs. It provides governments Thai economy and a large provider of jobs (11.4%
and social partners with knowledge and tools to share of direct and indirect employment). Yet, despite
assess potentialities, device appropriate poli- its positive economic role, the tourism sector gives
cies, implement strategies and monitor and also reason for increasing concerns about its long-term
evaluate progress. sustainability. Indeed, severe environmental costs are
In doing so, the Learning Cluster coordinates associated with the rapid development of the sector,
a dedicated portfolio of training courses. Cur- including water pollution, solid waste management
rent training focuses, among others, on decent problems, general environmental degradation, as well
work in the context of sustainable development, as emissions associated with poor resource mana-
climate change and its impact on the world of gement. At the same time, workplace practices and
work, green enterprise development and local relations are often challenging, characterised by the
limited scope for improved cooperation and dialogue
among workers and employers.
The ILO project Greener Business Asia addresses
precisely the need to shift towards more sustainable
and responsible business models. It focuses on the
requirements of small and medium sized hotels in
terms of access to knowledge, technical and financial
resources. The project developed and piloted training
and advisory services for hotels that equip workers
and management with practical tools and knowledge
to jointly effect positive changes in their enterprises
in terms of better resource efficiency and environmen-
tal impact, workplace practices and overall competi-
tiveness.
The first pilot programme was implemented in Phuket
from October 2011 to June 2012 in collaboration with

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the Faculty of Hospitality and Tourism of the Prince South Africa’s Free State Province
of Songkla University and the Phuket Chamber of
Commerce. Over the course of the programme, newly
creates decent work in waste
established worker-management teams identified key management
problems and proposed strategies to address them.
To overcome the existing unemployment challenge,
Achievements included: the government of South Africa is looking to create
• enhanced mechanisms of workplace communi- more jobs in emerging green sectors, such as waste
cation and cooperation management. South Africa’s development strategy,
• revived and activated occupational safety and the New Growth Path, prioritizes the green economy
health committees as a driver of growth. Moreover, the 2011 Green Eco-
• improvement in workspace organization nomy Accord commits to improving waste recycling
• better waste management systems through the and to identifying and promoting recycling projects.
3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) approach Indeed, waste recycling holds significant potential for
employment creation and already provides income
And resource efficiency improvements such as: generation opportunities for thousands of people in
• laundry expenses reduced by 18% (over10,000 both the formal, but more so in the informal economy.
USD savings a year) thanks to innovative bed- Self-employed informal waste pickers work either on
linen programmes the streets or on landfill sites recovering items that
• 30 % energy savings thanks to change in work have value, sorting them and selling them on to buy-
practices back-centres who in turn sell them on to end users.
• 42% reduction in food waste thanks to food End users such as paper mills, plastics companies,
audits and metal or glass smelters are keen to get access to
these recyclable materials. The high level of informa-
lity in the sector clearly represents an opportunity for
the creation of more decent and formal employment
opportunities.
The ILO project Employment Creation through Small
and Medium Scale Enterprise (SME) Development,
implemented in South Africa’s Free State Province
is supporting waste management initiatives at local
level. With the project’s assistance, the provincial
government will critically review the systemic chal-
lenges of the sector and unlock the opportunities for
SME development to create more and better jobs. The
recently published study “Unrecognized Waste Mana-
gement Experts: Challenges and Opportunities for
The experience in Phuket demonstrates that better Small Business Development and Decent Job Crea-
worker-employer cooperation can bring about subs- tion in the Waste Sector in the Free State” recognizes
tantive benefits to enterprises, their stakeholders and the important role of informal waste pickers. People
the environment. Thanks to an effective training pac- who depend on recycling for their living have acqui-
kage, a team of national master trainers, and suppor- red years of know-how, practices and experiences
tive partner institutions, the impact and benefits of that should be built upon rather than discarded. The
the approach can now be expanded and scaled up. research study was validated and endorsed by local
stakeholders, which are following up on recommenda-
tions with targeted interventions.
This three year project (2011-2014) funded by the
Flanders International Development Agency (FICA) is
implemented in partnership with the Department for
Economic Development, Tourism and Environmental

9
 Occupational training on green jobs in
Central America and the Dominican
Republic
Occupational training and labour insertion are two
central topics of ILO´s work in Central America. Strong
emphasis is placed on marginalized groups, such as
young women and men with low education levels and
workers of the informal sector.
In the framework of the Spanish funded project FOIL
(Formación, orientación e inserción laboral), the ILO
is collaborating with the regional network of technical
vocational education and training institutions. Crea-
ted in 2004, the network has as objective to jointly
Affairs (Detea). The overarching goal of the project
is to create employment opportunities for previously
disadvantaged population groups through the deve-
lopment of small and medium sized enterprises.

The ILO has a longstanding commitment

and experience in promoting decent work in the
solid waste management sector. The widespread
lack of decent working conditions, productivity
gaps and environmental hazards present in the
sector, particularly in developing countries,
remain issues to be tackled. But, despite these
severe challenges, the waste management sector
offers huge potential for green jobs creation
worldwide.
The ILO has developed several training mate-
rials, such as the Work Adjustment for Recycling
and Managing Waste training manual (WARM)
implemented in Asia. This approach promotes
practical collaborative actions between waste
collectors and the community for establishing establish programmes of cooperation and exchange
safe and efficient waste collection systems. and to standardize and improve technical vocational
WARM has, for instance, been integrated into training programmes in line with the latest labour mar-
the National Vocational Qualification certifica- ket developments. All six Central American countries
tion courses for the job profile of ‘Municipal (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua , Costa
Solid Waste Operations Assistant’ in Sri Lanka, Rica, Panama) and the Dominican Republic are repre-
which has in turn been endorsed by Sri Lanka’s sented in the network.
Tertiary and Vocational Education Commission In 2010, the network members decided to focus, with
(TVEC). The mainstreaming of WARM is a di- the technical support of the ILO, on the creation of
rect outcome of the ILO’s Green Jobs in Asia learning standards and methodologies for green occu-
project (2010-2012), supported through the pations. Based on previous experiences in jointly de-
Australian Government-ILO Partnership Agree- veloping standards for technical vocational training,
ment. to date the network has elaborated learning standards
and curricula for eight green occupations. These

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occupations include, among others, organic agricul- social development concerns. This allows for greater
ture, installation and reparation of photovoltaic sys- benefits for people, the environment and the local
tems, water management and forestry. After jointly community simultaneously. Furthermore, it includes
elaborating these standards, all countries have in- six sector-specific handbooks on energy efficiency,
cluded them into their vocational training portfolio, circular economy, recycling and waste management,
allowing people to receive trainings in those occupa- eco-tourism, eco-forestry and distributed renewable
tions. energy. As in the previous GBO phase, training activi-
Recently, the network has also decided to conduct ties will include both training of trainers and training
national assessments on technical vocational training of potential entrepreneurs. The former allows for an
needs for green jobs. Applying an assessment metho- increase in training activities and, therefore, enables
dology originally developed by the Brazilian National for a wider outreach.
Service of Industrial Learning (SENAI), each natio- In the long term, the GBO is set to extend not only
nal training institution is to conduct sectorial surveys to other provinces but also to various cities in China
to identify skills shortages in green occupations. The integrating other potential groups, like migrant wor-
results of these surveys will help the identification of kers and existing entrepreneurs that likewise face the
new green occupations and the development of their green economy transition challenge. Also, the mate-
respective learning standards and curricula. rial will be revised for application in other countries.
Green entrepreneurship in China
The Green Business Options training scheme (GBO)
engages potential young Chinese entrepreneurs
in creating environmentally friendly, economically
viable, and socially just business ideas and plans.
The training mainly focuses on micro-and-small-scale
green businesses and provides relevant methods and
skills for business creation and management.
The GBO enhances trainees’ awareness of environ-
mental protection and helps them self-evaluate whe-
ther they are ready to start a business. It supports
potential entrepreneurs to identify and analyse green
business opportunities, and draw lessons from busi-
ness case studies to eventually develop their own
green business plans.
Formally launched in April 2010 in collaboration with
the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security Green Jobs in Asia –
(MOHRSS), the GBO had been developed based on a regional conference for policy
the successful experiences from the ILO Start and Im- dialogue and knowledge sharing
prove Your Business (SIYB) programme2. During the
pilot phase (2010-2012), thousands of young people Government, employer and worker representatives
in five provinces benefited from the training. Realized called for intensified efforts to promote green jobs
in collaboration with the Chinese central and local la- and the greening of existing jobs at the Green Jobs in
bour governments, all training activities have received Asia Regional Conference held in Surabaya, Indonesia
sponsorship from the local labour bureaus through from 29-31 August 2012.
a dedicated government fund for entrepreneurship de- By examining both existing and new ways of genera-
velopment and employment promotion. ting green jobs, participants from ten countries in the
In 2013, the GBO will expand to other provinces in Asia-Pacific region engaged in group discussions on
China by applying an upgraded training kit. This new matters related to environmental protection, employ-
kit puts a stronger emphasis on integrating skills and ment and economic growth. Among others, this in-
knowledge building, environmental protection, and

2 The ILO SIYB training programme focuses on starting and improving small businesses as a strategy for creating more and better
employment in developing economies.

11
cluded the need for training and capacity building, the
potential replication of tested green jobs employment
models and green enterprise tools, youth employment
opportunities, and the importance of mainstreaming
green jobs at policy level.
Participants called for the replication, expansion and
adaption of successful green jobs projects and pres-
ented their priorities for action and the way forward.
They highlighted the need for strong cooperation at
the national and regional level not only to promote
green jobs policies, but also to create green work
places through enhanced skills, local economic deve-
lopment, social finance and social protection.
The valuable experiences and views shared at the
conference confirmed the wide recognition of green
jobs promotion as an important policy priority among
constituents. The focus was no longer on “why” the
promotion of green jobs is important but significantly
on “how” to achieve such promotion. Illustrating the
momentum generated at the conference, a trade unio-
nist from Bangladesh concluded “We don’t usually
meet so often with employers groups, usually only
thanks to ILO, but with ‘green jobs’ we should start
talking and meeting more independently now”.
The conference was convened by the ILO through the
support of the Australian Government. It followed-up
on the 15th Asia and the Pacific Regional Meeting in
which tripartite country representatives emphasized
the need for green growth and green jobs creation.
The conference offered an opportunity to share expe-
riences and knowledge gained through the implemen-
tation of the Australian funded project Green Jobs in
Asia. The project, implemented from 2010 to 2012
in 5 countries (Bangladesh, Indonesia, Nepal, Philip-
pines and Sri Lanka), provided capacity building on
green jobs to constituents, supported the mainstrea-
ming of green jobs issues in labour and social poli-
cies, and realized demonstrative sectoral green jobs
interventions.

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3. Recent Publications
or
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The economics of biogas. Creating green jobs in the dairy sector in India

India is not only the largest milk producer, but also the largest generator of cow dung
in the world. It is estimated that the productive use of total dung available could
create nearly 2 million additional full time permanent jobs in dung collection, biogas
plants, and electricity generation and fertilizer production in rural and peri-urban
areas. The study analyses the economics and employment of the cow dung industry,
whilst also paying attention to the environmental and emission aspects. Based on a
case study of the dairy cluster in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, the paper argues for an
integrated ‘Energy-Dairy’ policy aligning dung management strategies to the national
dairy industry policy.

Green jobs in Mauritius. Experiences from a Small Island Developing State

The Government of Mauritius has adopted a sustainable development framework cal-

led “Maurice, Ile Durable”, and aims to be a model of sustainable development for
Small Island Developing States. This report presents an overview of the four studies
carried out in Mauritius in 2011-2012, with support from the ILO Green Jobs Pro-
gramme, to explore green jobs opportunities in the country within the “Maurice Ile
Durable” framework. The report includes the Action Plan developed, as a follow up to
the findings, to promote green jobs at sectoral level and ensure that an employment
focus is integrated in the final “Maurice Ile Durable” Strategy.

Methodologies for assessing Green Jobs

By pioneering sustainable economic activities, both developed and developing

countries stand to generate new jobs and strengthen their economies, whilst addres-
sing the threats and challenges of climate change. A crucial first step in developing
a greener economy is to carry out preliminary assessments that outline the potential
implications of different policy choices. The policy brief sets out the different metho-
dologies available to assess the employment potential that green policies can offer
and, in so doing, aims to support policy decision-making.

13
Green jobs for sustainable development. A case study of Spain

The report, produced in collaboration with Sustainlabour, compiles and analyses data
on the creation of green jobs in Spain in recent years. It includes current employ-
ment data and also studies of trends for some sectors: renewable energy, transport,
construction, waste management, basic industry. The somewhat paradoxical nature
of the report’s conclusions reflects the timing of study. While green sectors show good
results in recent years, the impact of the current economic crisis, and the modifica-
tion of policies could considerably reduce this growth tendency. It is difficult to judge
the future effect of general contracting in the sectors of the green economy. Yet,
recent studies have shown that green sectors in Europe have weathered the recession
better than others.

Working towards sustainable development: Opportunities for decent work and social inclusion
in a green economy

This joint ILO/UNEP study shows that, if accompanied by the right policy mix, a green
economy can create more and better jobs, lift people out of poverty and promote
social inclusion. It also demonstrates that employment and social inclusion must be
an integral part of any sustainable development strategy and be included in policies
that address climate change and ensure the preservation of the environment. In par-
ticular, the report assesses the sectoral, employment and income implications of the
transition to a green economy. It highlights the necessary conditions, policy prescrip-
tions and good practices required to ensure that the green economy is characterized
by gains in job quality, reductions in poverty and improvements in social inclusion.

Social dialogue for sustainable development. A selection of national and regional experiences

By identifying successful experiences of social dialogue on environmental policy, the

report, produced with the support of Sustainlabour, presents practices, challenges
and opportunities in developing and strengthening an efficient social dialogue on
environmental issues at national, supranational, subnational and sectoral level. The
report intends to promote potential routes for the strengthening of spaces for demo-
cratic decision making for governments, workers’ and employers’ organizations in the
transition towards a green economy.

14
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Promoting Green Entrepreneurship. First lessons learned from the Youth Entrepreneurship
Facility (YEF) Kenya 2010- 2011

The Youth Entrepreneurship Facility (YEF) is a partnership between the Africa Com-
mission, the Youth Employment Network (YEN) and the International Labour Organi-
zation (ILO) running from 2010-2014 in Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. At the incep-
tion phase of the project, key stakeholders in Kenya identified green jobs promotion
and green entrepreneurship as one of its key priorities. This report presents YEF’s
activities in the field of green entrepreneurship promotion in Kenya by outlining key
achievements and practical examples from the 2010 and 2011 (first phase). The
lessons learned from those experiences allow formulating recommendations for future
activities for the second phase 2012-2014.

Towards sustainable construction and green jobs in the Gaza Strip

Sustainable construction provides opportunities to address and alleviate several chal-

lenges and needs currently experienced in Gaza. These include the increasing hou-
sing demand, limited availability of construction materials, insufficient energy and
water provision, inadequate sanitation, as well as severe unemployment. The assess-
ment analyses the feasibility, opportunities and challenges relating to sustainable
construction in relation to the above mentioned needs and explores ways to promote
green jobs. Focus is placed on three core areas- materials, energy and water- and spe-
cial emphasis is put on the potentials for employment creation and the needed skills
following an implementation of such sustainable construction solutions.

15
4. Outlook 2013

Towards a green jobs strategy in lying ahead. In response, the Government has given a
Turkey strong focus on private sector development and, more
particularly, on micro, small and medium sized enter-
Policy discussions in Turkey are becoming increasin- prises (MSMEs).
gly devoted to green economy related issues. Govern- One sector offering high growth potential is the buil-
ment representatives and social partners point out to ding industry: it has experienced rapid growth in
the need to create decent work with reduced negative recent years and is expected to further expand; it
environmental impact. Particularly with regard to the presents high labour intensity, low entry barriers for
youth unemployment challenge, the creation of green semi-skilled and un-skilled labour, and contains a
jobs is considered as an opportune and sustainable high concentration of MSMEs. It also has the poten-
solution. Reducing the national youth unemployment tial to contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas
rate has indeed been identified as one of the main emissions through eco-friendly building, housing
national development priorities. Since the signing materials and goods, and the installation of renewable
of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between energy technologies.
Turkey and the ILO in February 2009, youth employ-
ment has become one of the priority areas of ILO´s
technical support at national level.
In the context of a two-year project, initiated in Fe-
bruary 2013, the ILO will support national partners
in assessing the existing green jobs potential and in
formulating a set of recommendations to contribute to
a Green Jobs Strategy for Turkey. Of particular focus,
will be the creation of green jobs for young women
and men.
The project will initiate capacity building activities
for government, workers’ and employers’ representa-
tives on relevant issues such as sustainable enterprise
development, skills upgrading, vocational training,
gender, policy formulation, etc. After building consti-
tuents’ capacity, a national green jobs assessment will
be carried out to identify existing and new green jobs
opportunities in particular for youth. The results of
this assessment will be used for the development of a
set of recommendations to contribute to a Green Jobs
Strategy for Turkey.
Both the green jobs assessment and the set of recom-
mendations for a Green Jobs Strategy are expected The joint UN programme Green Jobs through MSME
to contribute to the preparations of Turkey’s 10th development in the Zambian building industry,
National Development Plan in the context of climate financed by Finland, seeks to unlock the green job
change, sustainable development, green economy potential of Zambia’s building industry by focusing on
and employment policies. the value chain for green building goods and services.
The programme outcomes are three-fold. Firstly, in-
crease awareness for green building principles to gra-
Greening Zambia’s Building Industry dually change the perception held in Zambia’s market
place towards green building. Secondly, refine the
Although Zambia has experienced economic growth industry’s regulatory framework to facilitate a more
over the past few years, this has not directly transla- enabling regulatory environment for green businesses.
ted into reduced poverty. Therefore, facilitating more Thirdly, enhance MSMEs capacity to effectively par-
broad based wealth and job creation are challenges ticipate in the building industry and green building

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goods and services market, to stimulate local uptake the use of local resources, such as labour, materials,
in such markets. skills, and traditional knowledge for the creation of
This four-year (2012-2016) joint UN programme im- green jobs. By recognizing the value of traditional
plemented through a range of local sector partners, knowledge, the project aligns itself with the criteria
will be technically and financially supported by a established in ILO’s Convention no. 169 on Indige-
consortium of UN agencies, with the ILO acting as nous and Tribal Peoples.
the managing agency. By targeting MSMEs along the
entire value chain (both formal and informal), it aims
to create at least 5,000 jobs particularly for youth
entrepreneurs, improve the incomes of at least 8,000
households and improve the quality of at least 2,000
jobs in the MSME sector. Moreover, and significantly,
the programme will directly contribute to environmen-
tal conservation efforts, in terms of reduced consump-
tion of electricity from non-renewable sources in new-
ly constructed buildings or by retrofitting buildings in
line with greener building standards.

Promoting sustainable green

livelihoods for local communities
in Indonesia
The project is funded through UNDP’s partnership
Peat swamp forests (tropical moist forest) found on with the Government of Norway. Among the strate-
Indonesia’s island of Borneo is a unique ecological gic partners are local indigenous community organi-
system that has grown over thousands of years and is zations, employers’ and workers’ organizations, the
home to many rare species. To protect and conserve University of Palangkarya, as well as the Government
this national heritage, the Indonesian Government defi- of Indonesia.
ned the promotion of sustainable livelihoods as one of
its development priorities. In the Central Kalimantan Towards a statistical definition of green
region of Borneo, a recent government initiative aims jobs
to rehabilitate and reforest the area once covered by
the Mega Rice Project. This project, initiated in 1996, The Rio+20 Conference launched an intergovernmen-
opened up a 1.4 million ha territory of peat land for tal process to define a set of Sustainable Development
irrigated rice production, and soon proved to be a major Goals (SDGs) intended to provide a framework to ad-
social, economic and environmental disaster. dress the economic, social and environmental dimen-
In line with government efforts, the ILO developed sions of the post-2015 development agenda. These
the pilot project Green Livelihood Access for Cen- goals will be universally applicable to both developed
tral Kalimantan’s Inclusive Environmental Respond and developing countries alike.
to Climate Change (Glacier). This 12-month project The ILO aims for the adoption of full and productive
targeted at five villages focuses on (i) environmental employment and decent work as an explicit goal,
infrastructure investments as a response to climate including a reference to the need for social protec-
change, (ii) capacity building of communities and tion floors. To monitor the environmental dimension
local authorities on sustainable livelihood creation of development there is also increasing need for more
and (iii) participatory methods for green value chain and better, internationally harmonized, statistics on
development. The particular characteristic of this pro- the green economy and green jobs. To meet this need,
ject is its participatory local resource-based approach. the ILO is working towards a statistical definition of
This approach, by helping to find local answers to lo- green jobs and associated conceptual guidelines.
cal needs through community participation, optimizes In October 2013, the ILO will host the 19th Interna-

17
tional Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS). This mon interest of the partnering agencies in supporting
will offer the opportunity for discussions amongst the the development of inclusive green economies, and
international statistical community on developing a their manifold expertise in economic, social and envi-
statistical definition of green jobs, guidelines for sta- ronmental development issues of relevance for such
tistical measurement, as well as future steps in deve- action. Areas covered will be wide-ranging including,
loping relevant international statistical standards. To among others, national policies, industrial and secto-
achieve this, the ILO is developing a concept paper ral approaches, labour market and skills development
for the ICLS with a proposal for a statistical definition strategies, access to finance, best available techno-
of green jobs, which could be applied by countries in logies and, knowledge sharing on best environmental
all regions and at all stages of economic and social practices, as well as general and tailor-made capacity
development. building at global, regional and national level.
PAGE has been officially launched at UNEP´s Gover-
The Partnership of Action on Green ning Council on 19 February 2013. During its initial
period of 7 years, PAGE aims to be operational in up
Economy to 30 countries.
To build on the momentum generated at the Rio+20
Conference held in June 2012, ILO, UNEP, UNIDO
and UNITAR have decided to team up under a joint The United Nations Conference on
Partnership of Action on Green Economy (PAGE). Sustainable Development – Rio+20
Over 130 Heads of Governments gathered in
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 2012 to agree
on a joint vision for sustainable development.
The Rio+20 Outcome Document The future we
want spells out action points, such as the need
to establish Sustainable Development Goals
and mobilize financing for sustainable develop-
ment, as well as the promotion of sustainable
consumption and production.
From an ILO perspective, the Outcome Docu-
ment contains many positive elements. It rein-
forces the importance of the social pillar within
sustainable development. Multiple references
are made to full and productive employment,
The Rio+20 Declaration – The Future We Want – reco- decent work, youth employment, social protec-
gnized the green economy as a vehicle for achieving tion, SMEs, skills for green jobs, labour rights
sustainable development and poverty eradication. It and gender equality.
called on the United Nations to support interested In the more than 500 side events organized
countries in their transition to greener and more inclu- during the Rio+20 Conference, numerous
sive economies. In a response to this call, PAGE will successful national and regional initiatives
support countries in building an inclusive, resource- were heralded to promote a green economy,
efficient, low carbon economy. green jobs and social inclusion. These initia-
By harnessing the expertise and resources of the dif- tives clearly evidenced the strong commitment
ferent UN agencies and their partners, PAGE will pro- amongst countries to move towards a more sus-
vide countries with a full range of integrated services tainable future that addresses economic, social
at national and global level - from social mobilization and environmental dimensions in a single and
and capacity development to economic assessment, coherent strategy.
policy formulation, as well as knowledge creation and
sharing.
The uniqueness of PAGE lies in both the strong com-

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5. Final words
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The year 2012 was marked by key milestones for the recognition and promotion of green jobs. Global reports,
published by the ILO and by others, made it abundantly clear that green jobs have become a reality. For a
sustainable, socially inclusive future, ILO constituents are increasingly formulating policies that create decent
work and address environmental protection simultaneously. This has translated in growing demand on the Green
Jobs Programme and has created opportunities for new partnerships, such as PAGE. It also highlights the need
to better articulate green jobs in all ILO’s stategic outcomes and the priority areas that are seen critical for the
Organization’s heightened relevance in the world of work today.
The discussion at the International Labour Conference in June 2013 will provide the opportunity to sharpen the
Organizations’ agenda on sustainable development and green jobs for the years to come. It will provide guidance
to both constituents and the Office to act upon the agreed conclusions, with a clear action plan for the Office’s
work to be adopted in October.
In the meantime, the Green Jobs Programme will start working with countries having recently asked for sup-
port, like Tunisia and Namibia, to assess the potential for green jobs and formulate adequate policies. Capacity
building will be scaled up with new training for ILO staff and constituents, in Turin and in the regions, such as
francophone Africa. A range of new products will be developed to assist the regional and national ILO Decent
Work Teams to provide practical advice to partners at country level and assist in mobilizing technical coopera-
tion resources. Among these products are briefs and guidelines on greening employment policies, gender and
green jobs, and on green entrepreneurship with a focus on youth and women.
As in 2012, this work can and will not be carried out by the Green Jobs Programme alone. Continued office-wide
team work is needed to better reflect the relevance of green jobs in many areas of work and country outcomes.
For this to materialize, the Programme will scale up its knowledge sharing activities and intensify its collabo-
ration with all relevant departments. The Green Jobs Network, now in its 3rd year of operation and multiplied
in Africa and Latin America, remains one of the key instrument to stay connected and create synergies for joint
results.

19
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Green jobs becoming a reality
Progress and outlook 2013

I S B N 978-92-2-127425-4

Employment
9 789221 274254
Sector