Nature and Inquiry of Research

- This refers to the fundamental principles and approaches used in conducting research to gain knowl-
edge and understanding of a particular topic or phenomenon. It involves systematic investigation, analy-
sis, and interpretation of data to answer research questions or solve problems.

Quantitative vs Qualitative Research:

Quantitative Research

-Involves collecting and analyzing numerical data to quantify relationships and patterns, typically using
statistical methods.

Qualitative Research

-Focuses on exploring and understanding phenomena through in-depth interpretation of non-numerical

data, such as interviews, observations, and textual analysis.

Characteristics, Strengths, and Weaknesses of Quantitative Researcd and Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research

Characteristics: Emphasizes objectivity, uses structured data collection methods, and employs statistical
analysis.

Strengths: Provides precise data, facilitates generalization, and allows for testing hypotheses.

Weaknesses: May oversimplify complex phenomena, lacks depth in understanding context, and can be
rigid in capturing nuances.

Qualitative Research

Characteristics: Emphasizes subjective interpretation, uses flexible data collection methods, and focuses
on rich descriptions.

Strengths: Provides insights into complex phenomena, captures context and meaning, and allows for ex-
ploration of diverse perspectives.

Weaknesses: Subjective interpretation may introduce bias, findings can be difficult to generalize, and
analysis can be time-consuming.

Topic: The topic of a research study provides the overarching subject matter or theme that the research
aims to explore. It defines the area of interest and sets the stage for further inquiry.

Research Problem: The research problem identifies a specific gap, inconsistency, controversy, or issue
within the chosen topic area that warrants investigation. It highlights the problem or question that the
research seeks to address or resolve.

Purpose Statement: The purpose statement articulates the main objective or goal of the research study.
It clarifies why the research is being conducted and what the researcher hopes to achieve or contribute
to the field.
Research Questions: Research questions are specific inquiries that guide the research process and pro-
vide focus for data collection and analysis. They address the key aspects of the research problem and
help structure the study by directing attention to relevant issues and variables.

Qualitative Research Designs:

Descriptive Research

-Descriptive research aims to describe the characteristics, behaviors, or phenomena being studied with-
out influencing or altering them in any way. It involves observing and recording information as it natu-
rally occurs, often through surveys, observations, or existing data analysis.

Phenomenology

-Phenomenology is a qualitative research approach focused on understanding and describing individu-

als' lived experiences of a particular phenomenon. Researchers seek to uncover the essence or meaning
of these experiences through in-depth interviews, observations, and reflection

Narrative Inquiry

- Narrative inquiry is a qualitative research method that emphasizes the exploration and analysis of sto-
ries or narratives shared by individuals. Researchers examine the structure, content, and context of
these narratives to gain insights into personal experiences, identities, and meanings.

Case Study

-A case study is an in-depth investigation of a particular individual, group, event, or phenomenon within
its real-life context. Researchers gather detailed data through various methods such as interviews, ob-
servations, and document analysis to gain a comprehensive understanding of the case.

Grounded Theory

-Grounded theory is a qualitative research approach aimed at generating theories or explanations based
on the systematic analysis of data. Researchers collect and analyze data without preconceived theories,
allowing theories to emerge organically from the data through a process of constant comparison and
theoretical sampling.

Content Analysis

- Content analysis is a research method used to systematically analyze and interpret the content of tex-
tual, visual, or audio-visual materials. Researchers identify patterns, themes, and meanings within the
data to gain insights into communication, media, or cultural phenomena.

Ethnography

-Ethnography is a qualitative research method focused on studying cultures, communities, or social

groups by immersing researchers in their natural environment. Researchers observe and participate in
daily activities, interviews, and interactions to understand the beliefs, values, and practices of the stud-
ied group.
Action Research

-Action research is a participatory approach to research aimed at addressing real-world problems or im-
proving practice within a specific context. Researchers collaborate with stakeholders to identify issues,
implement interventions, and evaluate outcomes, with the goal of fostering positive change.

Historical Research

- Historical research involves the systematic study and analysis of past events, developments, or phe-
nomena within their historical context. Researchers use primary and secondary sources to reconstruct
and interpret historical events, trends, and social, political, or cultural processes.

Quantitative Research Design

Correlational

-Investigates the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them.

Experimental

-Involves manipulating one or more variables to determine their effect on another variable under con-
trolled conditions.

Observational (Survey)

-Involves collecting data by observing and recording behaviors or administering questionnaires or sur-
veys to a sample of participants.

Stating Research Questions: Research questions articulate the specific inquiries that the study aims to
address.

Background of the Study: Provides context for the research by discussing relevant prior literature, theo-
ries, and existing knowledge.

Statement of the Problem: Clearly defines the issue or gap in knowledge that the research aims to ad-
dress

Significance of the Study: Explains the importance and potential impact of the research findings on the-
ory, practice, or policy.

Scope and Delimitations: Specifies the boundaries and limitations of the study in terms of variables, par-
ticipants, and geographical or temporal factors.

Literature Review: Summarizes, analyzes, and synthesizes existing research and scholarship related to
the topic, including direct quotes, paraphrasing, and synthesis techniques such as summary, compare-
contrast, and explanatory-argument.

In-text Citations and Citation Style: Refers to the proper method of acknowledging sources within the
text of a research paper and the citation style used to format references in the bibliography. Common
styles include

APA (American Psychological Association)

MLA (Modern Language Association)

CMS (Chicago Manual of Style).

1.Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

A.It is a systematic process obtaining numerical information about the world.

B.It is an exploration associated with libraries, books and journals.

C.It is an activity of producing or proving a theorem.

D.It is an activity concerned with finding new truth in education

2.Part of the research paper that clearly introduces the sets of problems or questions intended to be solved
by the study

A.Scope and Delimitation

B.Statement of the Problem

C.Conceptual Framework

D.Research Design

3.Which of the following is the strength of quantitative research?

A.it is costly

B.not reliable

C.results are more valid

D.require extensive statistical treatment

4.It is a term that is synonymous with the word, "investigation'

A.Probe

B.Research

C.Inquiry

D.Ponder

5.Quantitative research is a structured way of collecting and analyzing data obtained from different sources.

A.True

B.False

6.What is the aim of Correlational Research?

A.To find out the phenomena happen in small population about an object

B.To find out the difference between groups after treatment is given

C.To find out the relationship between the two variables, whether it is positive or negative

D.To find out the phenomena happen in large population about an object

7.A statement that makes a specific prediction between one to two variables.

A.Problem

B.Hypotheses

C.Gap in literature

D.Proposition

8.In various fields of discipline, research can help design a new product or service and figure out what is
needed.

A.True

B.False

9.Which of the following BEST defines quantitative research?

A.Research that is exploratory

B.The collection of non- numerical data

C.Research that attempts to generate a new theory

D.An attempt to confirm the researcher's hypotheses

10.The first step in the research process begins with generating research ideas for research problems and
synthesis.

A.Collecting data

B.Drawing conclusion and recommendations

C.Establishing research problems and synthesis

D.Formulating research designs ad methodology

11.What is the aim of Survey research?

A.To find out the relationship between the two variables

B.To find out the phenomena happen in large population about an object

C.To find out the phenomena. happen in small population about an object

D.To find out the difference between groups after treatment is given

12.IQ Scores of Public and Private High School Students

A.Comparative Research Design

B.Experimental Research Design

C.Correlational Research Design

D.Survey Research Design

13.It is not based on guess work

A.Objective

B.Numerical Data

C.Replication

D.Large Sample Sizes

14.The main purpose of quantitative research is to solve the corruption problem in the Philippines.

A.True

B.False

15.In this type of research, the investigator tries to probe the significance of the relationship between two or
more factors or characteristics?

A.Correlational

B.Experimental

C.Ex-post facto

D.Survey
16.It refers to a data collection technique wherein the researcher is on the actual situation and records perti-
nent data.

A.Experiment

B.Interview

C.Observation

17.It is the process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.

A.Case Study

B.Descriptive Research

C.Qualitative Research

D.Quantitative Research

18.Elements such as topic, setting, respondents and time frame must be included in the title.

A.True

B.False

19.Data is analyzed by identifying statistical relationships.

A.True

B.False

20.Which of the following is not quantitative data?

A.Temperature

B.Calendar Year

C.Weight

D.ID Number

21.Identify the independent variable in this research study:In school-age children with asthma, is anger a
trigger for an asthmatic attack?
A.Children

B.Anger

C.Asthmatic Attack

D School

22.Survey results are based on larger sample sizes that are representatives of the population.

A.True
B.False

23.It is a scientific, experimental, or inductive manner of thinking.

A.Research

B.Ponder

C.Probe

D.Inference

24.Which one of these is NOT associated with quantitative data?

A.Analysis starts as data is collected

B.Researcher's views are of high Importance

C.Data are in the form of numbers

D.Analyses are guided by standardized rules

25.It is needed to arrive at a more reliable data analysis.

A.Objective

B.Numerical Data

C.Replication

D.Large Sample Size

26.Correlational study describes the relationship between two variables.

A.True

B.False

27.One important goal in conducting research is to

A.Advance the personal and professional qualification of practitioner

B.Produce evidence based practice

C.Focus direction of the research

D.Describe characteristics of a population

28.It is done to check the correctness and verify the findings of the study.

A.Objective

B.Numerical Data

C.Replication

D.Large Sample Sizes

29.An existing problem in your classroom can be considered as a research problem.

A.True

B.False

30.Quantitative research is a burden to the students as well as to the society.

A.True

B.False

31.All data are being presented in the Significance of the study, except?

A.Organization

B.Problem

C.Institution

D.Individual
32. Which is NOT a characteristic of Quantitative Research?

A.Costly

B.Objective

C.Replicated

D.Numerical Data

33. The sample groups must be assigned randomly in true experimental research.

A.True

B.False

34.These are the data-gathering devices used by the researchers to get the necessary data and information
needed for the study.

A.Statistical tools

B.Instruments

C.Sampling

D.Population

35.What is the aim of Survey research?

A.To find out the phenomena happen in large population about an object

B.To find out the phenomena happen in small population about an object

C.To find out the difference between groups after treatment is given

36.Inquiry and research are both seeking answers to the given problem

A.True

B.False

36.This part of the research answers the question how will the researchers analyze their research data.

A.Data Analysis
B.Data Gathering

C.Data Interpretation

D.Data Presentation

37.The dependent variable of a research entitled "The Effectiveness of Mind-mapping in teaching writing abil-
ity" is

A.The teaching

B.The effect

C.The mind-mapping strategy

D.The students' writing ability

38.What is the aim of Experimental Research?

To find out the phenomena happen in small population about an object

A.To find out the difference between groups after treatment is given

B.To find out the relationship between the two variables

C.To find out the phenomena happen in large population about an object

39.An introduction answers questions about the problem, one of these is.

A.What is the methodology?

B.Why is it a problem?

C.What are the conclusions?

D.What are the recommendations?

40."Giving credit where credit is due", illustrative of the following ethical concerns.

A.Informed consent

B.Non-maleficence and beneficence

C.Justice and fairness

D.Right to full disclosure

41. These are the assumptions or assertions in the research study.

A.Hypotheses

B.Inference

C.Statements of the Problem

D.Variables

42.Data are in the form of statistics

A.Objective

B.Numerical

C.Replication

D.large Sample Sizes

43.There are several sources of research. These are published writings and reports that critique or report on
primary sources and can be found in periodicals and reference books.

A.Primary sources

B.Secondary sources

C.Tertiary sources

D.Non-documentary searching

44.Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quantitative research?

A.It seeks to gather a more comprehensive understanding of activities related to human behavior and the attributes
that rule such behavior.

B.Method can be repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus, strengthening and reinforcing validity of findings
eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.

C.Data are gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to a problem.

D..Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collection in order to show trends, relationship or differences
among variables.
45.In this type of research, the investigator tries to probe the significance of relationship between two or
more factors or characteristics?

A.Correlational

B.Experimental

C.Ex-post facto

D.Survey

46.Which of the following describes the characteristics of research where data are in a form of statistics?

A.Objectives

B.Replication

C.Numerical Data

D.Large Sample Size

47.A type of research design that is used to describe the relationship between and among variables that
make up a study.

A.Quasi-Experimental Research Design

B.Descriptive Research Design

C.Correlational Research Design

D.Experimental Resear

48.Which of the following is a good source of research problems?

A.Friends

B.Family members

C.Politicians

D.Real life experiences

49.What does a single reality mean in quantitative research?

A.Alternate realities occur but the one we know is the one we are living in

B.Facts and feelings create different realities for each person

C.The world is made up of facts that can be discovered through research

D.None of the above

50.The first step in research is identifying a topic, conceptualizing a research topic would include

A.Title of research

B.Finding a focus

C.Where to start

D.Discuss with fellow researchers

51.Data may be gathered through surveys.

A.True

B.False

52.This refers to the process of formulating questions through asking information about the subject?

A.Inquiries

B.Immersion

C.Investigations

D.Interests

53.Which of the following is a quantitative variable?

A.Gender

B.Marital Status

C.Religion

D.Age

54.Video Integration in Teaching Research in Grade 12 of Valencia National High School

A.Comparative Research Design

B.Correlational Research Design

C.Survey Research Design

D.Experimental Research Design

55.Factors Affecting Quality of Medical Education in Xavier University.

A.Survey Descriptive Research

B.Comparative Research

C.Correlational Research

D.Experimental Research

56.People can improve themselves through quantitative research.

A.True

B.False

57.Which presents the findings of a quantitative research?

A.Many prefer to study with textbooks.

B.Students find textbooks indispensable or necessary.

C.Perhaps, 30% consider textbook unnecessary in their studies

D.Out of 100 college students, 90 find textbook beneficial to their studies.

58.What characterizes inquiry?

A.It is designed to generate multiple alternatives.

B.It encourages exchange of ideas.

C.It is an open process.

D.All of the above.

59.This characteristic of quantitative research which refers to its necessity to arrive at a more reliable data
analysis.

A.large Sample Size

B.Numerical Data

C.Objectives

D.Replication