SAINT JOSEPHINTEGRATEDTECHNICALCOLLEGE

JOSEPHITE BROTHERS
NYAMIRAMBO - KIGALI
P.O Box 1330Kigali
Tel : (+250) 782306593
Email: [email protected]
www.sjitc.ac.rw

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING.

OPTION OF BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION.
YEAR III EVENING PROGRAM

CSTHVAC701- HEAT, VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

ASSIGNMENT II

Names: NGIRUWONSANGA David

Reg no: PT 202141758
1. Explain detail classification of Air Conditioning System?
Air conditioning systems can be classified based on various criteria. Here is a detailed
classification of air conditioning systems:
1. Based on Installation Location:
a. Central Air Conditioning: These systems are designed to cool an entire building or a
large area. They consist of a centralized unit, typically located outside the building, that cools
and distributes air through a network of ducts to different rooms or zones.
b. Room Air Conditioning: These systems are designed to cool a single room or a specific
area. They are standalone units that can be installed in a window, mounted on a wall, or
placed on the floor. Room air conditioners are available in various types, such as window air
conditioners, split air conditioners, or portable air conditioners.
2. Based on Working Principle:
a. Vapor Compression Refrigeration: The majority of air conditioning systems use the
vapor compression refrigeration cycle. This cycle involves compressing and expanding
refrigerant to remove heat from indoor air and release it outside. It is the most common type
of air conditioning system used in both residential and commercial settings.
b. Absorption Refrigeration: Absorption refrigeration systems use a heat source, such as
natural gas or waste heat, to generate the cooling effect. They are less common in air
conditioning but find application in specific scenarios where waste heat or alternative energy
sources are available.
3. Based on Distribution Method:
a. Ducted System: In a ducted system, cooled air is distributed throughout the building using
a network of ducts hidden in the walls, ceilings, or floors. The air is delivered through vents
or registers located in each room or zone.
b. Ductless System: Ductless systems, also known as split systems or mini-split systems, do
not require ductwork for air distribution. They consist of an outdoor unit and one or more
indoor units mounted on walls or ceilings. Each indoor unit cools a specific room or area
directly, allowing for independent temperature control.
4. Based on Equipment Layout:
a. Packaged System: In a packaged air conditioning system, all components, including the
compressor, condenser, and evaporator, are housed in a single unit. These units are typically
installed outside the building and are suitable for smaller spaces or buildings where space is
limited.
b. Split System: Split air conditioning systems have separate units for the indoor and outdoor
components. The outdoor unit contains the compressor and condenser, while the indoor unit
contains the evaporator. They are connected by refrigerant lines and provide efficient cooling
for individual rooms or zones.
5. Based on Energy Source:
a. Electric Air Conditioning: Most air conditioning systems run on electricity. They utilize
electric power to operate compressors, fans, and other components.
b. Hybrid Air Conditioning: Hybrid systems combine electric air conditioning with
alternative energy sources, such as solar power or geothermal energy, to improve energy
efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
These classification categories provide a comprehensive overview of the different types of air
conditioning systems available, each with its own advantages and applications.
2. Explain with neat sketch working of window air-conditioning?

The low pressure and low temperature refrigerant vapour from evaporator is sucked by
compressor. The compressor compresses the vapour to high pressure and high temperature
and discharges to the condenser. On the condenser the refrigerant vapour condenses by
dissipating heat to the cooling medium (air) the liquid refrigerant coming out of condenser
passes through filter, dryer into capillary tube where it is again throated back to the
evaporated pressure. The low pressure low temp liquid refrigerant then flows to evaporator
which it boil off by extracting heat from air to be circuited to the conditioned space.

3. Difference between the window and split air-conditioning?

Split AC Window AC
AC is divided into two units. It has a single unit.
The evaporator is available in the inside The evaporator and compressor both are
unit, and the compressor is available in the available in the same unit.
outside unit.
The indoor unit can be mounted at any It can be placed or fitted in the window
suitable location in the room as per the only.
user's choice.
The noise of the compressor is very less in The compressor is near the room, so it
the room because it is placed outside the produces more noise in the room.
room.
 The cost is more than the window air The cost is less than the split air conditioner.
conditioner.
It requires less space. It is difficult to relocate.
The installation of the air conditioner is The installation of the air conditioner is very
complicated. easy.
Installation charges are also high. Installation charges are also low.
The technician is required for the The technician is not required for the
installation of this AC. installation of this AC.
This air conditioner increases the beauty of This air conditioner does not increase the
the house as its inside unit is well designed. beauty of the house.
It consumes less electricity compared to the It consumes more electricity compared to a
window air conditioner. split air conditioner.

4. Explain with neat sketch working of packaged Air Conditioning System ?

a packaged HVAC system works similarly to a standard split system. Still, you’ll notice some
differences upon closer inspection. For instance, the arrangement and ducting of a single
cabinet system sets it apart. Rather than connecting the various components directly to your
home’s structure, all the parts sit inside a single unit.

Once you switch it on, the action starts!

Put simply, packaged HVAC units link up with the ductwork that has both supply and return
ducts. As warm air enters the system, the fan pulls it over the cold evaporator coil, cooling it
down. The dehumidified air then passes through the ducts to cool down the desired area.

Nowhere near as intimidating as you once thought, right? But what about the differences in
heat production? Let’s look at each type of packaged system and how it works.

5. Explian the working of Split A/c System with neat diagram?

In split AC, indoor and outdoor are connected through copper pipe.
Basically, it works in two different processes.
• 1) Refrigeration cycle process
• 2)Air circulation process.
Refrigeration process:

When we switch on the unit using the thermostat, the compressor starts to compress the
refrigerant then the temperature and pressure of the refrigerant increases and it flows to the
condenser. Condenser rejects heat and converts vapor refrigerant to liquid refrigerant. Then it
passes to the expansion device, here temperature decreases due to a sudden decrease in
pressure. Then this low temperature and pressure liquid refrigerant pass to evaporator inside
the copper tube. As we know indoor and outdoor is connected by copper pipe and expansion
device is fitted in outdoor (to avoid noise expansion device is fitted in outdoor). When low-
temperature liquid refrigerant passes through the copper pipe then there are chances it will
convert into vapor refrigerant because the copper pipe is open to the surrounding. If it
happens then liquid refrigerant can’t reach to the evaporator. Hence we use insulation to
cover copper pipe to avoid this. Low temperature and low-pressure liquid refrigerant enters
the evaporator and it absorbs heat from the room and it converts liquid refrigerant into vapor
refrigerant. Then this vapor refrigerant goes to compressor. In this way, this cycle continues
the process.

Air circulation process:

This process of the split AC consists of the following parts,
In this process, One blower is fitted behind the evaporator. It sucks the hot air from the room
which first passes over the evaporator and then gets chilled. Then cooled air is supplied to the
room with the help of a blower.

Propeller fan is fitted behind the condenser. It sucks the atmospheric air and blows it over
the condenser. Condenser gives up the heat to the atmospheric air.
6. Write the Merits and Demerits of Split a/c?
Advantage of split AC:
• Low initial cost.
• Less noise and easy to install.
• Good alternative as compared to a ducted system.
• Each system is totally independent and has its own control.
Disadvantage of split AC:
• There is a limitation in the distance between the indoor and outdoor units.
• Limited air is thrown which can lead to possible cold/hot spots.
• Maintenance is within the occupied space.
• Impact on large building aesthetics because too many outdoor units will spoil the
appearance of the building.

7. Describe briefly about Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV)/ Variable Refrigerant Flow
(VRF)?

VRV is a technology that alternates the refrigerant volume in a system to match a building's
precise requirements. Only a minimum amount of energy is required for a system to
maintain set temperatures, and ensure that it automatically shuts off when no occupants are
detected in a room. This unique mechanism achieves more sustainability in the long run, as
end users save on energy costs while reducing their system’s carbon emissions.

With up to 64 indoor units connected to 1 outdoor unit, the VRV system operates similar to a
Multi-Split system. Each individual indoor unit determines the capacity it needs based on the
current indoor temperature and requested temperature from the remote control (set point).

The total demand among all indoor units will determine how the outdoor unit adjusts the
refrigerant volume and temperature accordingly. By only supplying the cooling or heating
that is needed, the inverter compressor continues to save a large amount of energy
during VRV operation.
8. write down the applications of ductable AC
Ductable air conditioning systems, also known as ducted AC systems, offer a range of
applications due to their ability to distribute cooled or heated air through a network of ducts.
Here are some common applications of ductable AC systems:
1. Residential Buildings: Ductable AC systems are commonly used in residential buildings,
including single-family homes, apartments, or condominiums. They provide centralized
cooling or heating, allowing for consistent temperature control throughout the entire living
space.
2. Commercial Buildings: Ductable AC systems are extensively used in commercial
buildings, such as offices, retail stores, restaurants, hotels, and hospitals. These systems
provide efficient and uniform cooling or heating across multiple rooms or areas, ensuring
comfort for occupants.
3. Large Spaces: Ductable AC systems are suitable for cooling or heating large spaces, such
as conference halls, auditoriums, theaters, or exhibition centers. By distributing air through
ducts and strategically placed vents, these systems can effectively maintain comfortable
temperatures in expansive areas.
4. Multi-Zone Cooling: Ductable AC systems are ideal for buildings with multiple zones or
rooms that require individual temperature control. By using dampers within the ductwork,
these systems can redirect airflow to specific zones or rooms, allowing for personalized
comfort settings.
5. Retail Spaces: Ductable AC systems are commonly employed in retail spaces, such as
shopping malls or department stores. They provide efficient cooling throughout the entire
retail area, ensuring a comfortable shopping experience for customers.
6. Educational Institutions: Ductable AC systems are utilized in schools, colleges, and
universities to maintain a comfortable learning environment. These systems can be designed
to cool or heat classrooms, libraries, administration areas, and other educational spaces.
7. Hospitality Industry: Ductable AC systems are widely used in the hospitality industry,
including hotels, resorts, and guest houses. These systems provide consistent and comfortable
cooling or heating to ensure a pleasant stay for guests.
8. Industrial Applications: Ductable AC systems find application in certain industrial
settings where temperature and humidity control are critical, such as data centers, server
rooms, cleanrooms, laboratories, and manufacturing facilities.