MMW GE 4 Week 10 PPT 23 24
MMW GE 4 Week 10 PPT 23 24
MMW GE 4 Week 10 PPT 23 24
Statistics
1
Data and Statistics
Data consists of information coming from
observations, counts, measurements, or responses.
2
Populations & Samples
Example:
In a recent survey, 250 college students at Union College were
asked if they smoked cigarettes regularly. 35 of the students said
yes. Identify the population and the sample.
Responses of students
in survey (sample)
3
Parameters & Statistics
A parameter is a numerical description of a population
characteristic.
parameter population
statistic sample
4
Parameters & Statistics
Example:
Decide whether the numerical value describes a population
parameter or a sample statistic.
Descriptive Inferential
statistics statistics
Involves the Involves using a
organization, sample to draw
summarization, conclusions about a
and display of data. population.
6
Descriptive and Inferential
Statistics
Example:
In a recent study, volunteers who had less than 6 hours of sleep were
four times more likely to answer incorrectly on a science test than
were participants who had at least 8 hours of sleep. Decide which
part is the descriptive statistic and what conclusion might be drawn
using inferential statistics.
7
DATA
CLASSIFICATION
8
Types of Data
Data sets can consist of two types of data: qualitative data
and quantitative data.
Data
Qualitative Quantitative
Data Data
Consists of Consists of
attributes, labels, numerical
or nonnumerical measurements or
entries. counts.
9
Qualitative and Quantitative Data
Example:
The grade point averages of five students are listed in the table.
Which data are qualitative data and which are quantitative data?
Student GPA
Sally 3.22
Bob 3.98
Cindy 2.75
Mark 2.24
Kathy 3.84
Qualitative data Quantitative data
10
Levels of Measurement
The level of measurement determines which statistical
calculations are meaningful. The four levels of
measurement are: nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio.
Nominal
Levels Lowest
Ordinal to
of
Measurement Interval highest
Ratio
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Nominal Level of Measurement
Data at the nominal level of measurement are qualitative
only.
Nominal
Levels Calculated using names, labels,
of or qualities. No mathematical
Measurement computations can be made at
this level.
12
Ordinal Level of Measurement
Data at the ordinal level of measurement are qualitative
or quantitative.
Levels
of Ordinal
Measurement Arranged in order, but
differences between data
entries are not meaningful.
13
Interval Level of Measurement
Data at the interval level of measurement are quantitative.
A zero entry simply represents a position on a scale; the
entry is not an inherent zero.
Levels
of
Measurement Interval
Arranged in order, the differences
between data entries can be calculated.
14
Ratio Level of Measurement
Data at the ratio level of measurement are similar to the
interval level, but a zero entry is meaningful.
Ratio
15
Summary of Levels of Measurement
Determine if
Put data Arrange
Level of Subtract one data value
in data in
measurement data values is a multiple of
categories order
another
Nominal Yes No No No
Ordinal Yes Yes No No
Interval Yes Yes Yes No
Ratio Yes Yes Yes Yes
16
EXPERIMENTAL
DESIGN
17
Designing a Statistical Study
GUIDELINES
1. Identify the variable(s) of interest (the focus) and
the population of the study.
2. Develop a detailed plan for collecting data. If you
use a sample, make sure the sample is
representative of the population.
3. Collect the data.
4. Describe the data.
5. Interpret the data and make decisions about the
population using inferential statistics.
6. Identify any possible errors.
18
Methods of Data Collection
In an observational study, a researcher observes and
measures characteristics of interest of part of a population.
In an experiment, a treatment is applied to part of a
population, and responses are observed.
A simulation is the use of a mathematical or physical model
to reproduce the conditions of a situation or process.
A survey is an investigation of one or more characteristics
of a population.
A census is a measurement of an entire population.
19
Stratified Samples
A stratified sample has members from each segment of a
population. This ensures that each segment from the
population is represented.
20
Cluster Samples
A cluster sample has all members from randomly selected
segments of a population. This is used when the population
falls into naturally occurring subgroups.
All members
in each
selected group
are used.
22
Convenience Samples
A convenience sample consists only of available members
of the population.
Example:
You are doing a study to determine the number of years of
education each teacher at your college has. Identify the sampling
technique used if you select the samples listed.
1.) You randomly select two different departments and survey each
teacher in those departments.
2.) You select only the teachers you currently have this semester.