Sumitro Informatika : Jurnal Ilmiah AMIK Labuhan Batu

Vol.3 No.2 /Mei/2015

FILSAFAT ILMU EKONOMI DAN MANAJEMEN UMKM :

PERAN ECO-INDUSTRIAL PARK (EIP) PADA INDUSTRI KECIL MENENGAH
UNTUK MEWUJUDKAN GREEN INDUSTRY YANG EFEKTIF DAN EFISIEN

Oleh :

Sumitro
Dosen Prodi Manajemen Informatika, AMIK Labuhanbatu
Rantauprapat, Medan; [email protected]

Abstract

Free trade agreement of ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) immediately will be

implemented in the region. The four pillars of the AEC concept is a reference in the enforcement
process. All member-states have made preparations including Indonesia. Small and Medium-sized
Enterprises also make preparations. The preparation of the Indonesian government in the deal and
how the measures taken to protect Small and Medium-sized Enterprises is a discussion in the review of
this article. Policies made by the government, including the measures taken for businesses Small and
Medium-sized Enterprises, still found some difficulties in implementation. Because entirely not going
well then the nomination acceleration trade policies comprehensively needs to be activated immediately
so that the various policy papers that the government made will be able to work together with
entreperenurs. This study also found unrediness of national products, especially Small and Medium-
sized Enterprises in competing due to human resources, inadequate infrastructure and the investment
climate

Keyword : AEC, Asean, EIP

1. Introduction challenges in creating an ASEAN economic region

In December 2015, the trade war will that is stable, prosperous and competitive with the
begin immediately, many questions and doubts freedom of the flow of goods, services,
had been addressed to the readiness of investment, skilled labor and free capital. The
entrepreneurs, especially small and medium concept of the ASEAN Economic Community or
enterprises, but rarely have questioned the AEC 2015 is based on four main pillars: first, Free
government's readiness to face the ASEAN movement of goods and services that allow the
Economic Community. Entrepreneurial readiness movement of goods and services without barriers
in facing free trade is not solely the responsibility include taxes or customs duties. Second, Freedom
of entrepreneurs but the responsibility of all of movement for skilled and talented labors, the
sectors, in spite of the government's role as policy concept is to encourage the mobility of labor
makers and implementers. This can be seen in the according to market demands and opportunities of
failure of the Chinese government on Free trade each worker to get a job that fit the qualification.
ASEAN Agreement (ACFTA) is not expected to Third, Freedom of establishment and provision of
recur in the ASEAN Economic Community services and mutual recognition of diplomas, this
(Ariawan, 2012) concept guarantees every citizen of ASEAN freely
ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is a to offer services in all ASEAN regions without
realization of the ASEAN Vision 2020 to carry out citizenship discrimination. Fourth, Free movement
the integration of the economies of ASEAN of capital, the emplementation of AEC will ensure
countries to establish a single market and capital move freely in the ASEAN countries.
production base together. The end goal is Everyone can invest freely and efficiently. In this
economic integration in ASEAN to face global context, each ASEAN citizen is free to work,

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invest, do business and trade in all ASEAN Network (Schwab, 2013), the condition of
countries. The agreement which was built by the Indonesia to implement the investment is
ten ASEAN member countries is an effort to boost considered not competitive enough for the ASEAN
the economy in the region by increasing region, from eleven countries Indonesia's position
competitiveness in the international arena, so that is ranked 5th and 38th global ranking . This
the economy can grow evenly, improve people's position puts Indonesia below Singapore,
lives and foremost to reduce poverty. Ten ASEAN Malaysia, Brunei and Thailand.
countries are Indonesia, Myanmar, Thailand, Results of research conducted by the
Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, the Philippines, Ministry of Industry is a nightmare for businesses
Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam. In the in Indonesia, especially in the manufacturing
implementation of AEC, ASEAN countries should industry. International Industrial Cooperation
adhere to the principle of an open market and a Directorate General studied based on analysis of
market-driven economy. In other words, the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) on the data
consequences of the implementation of AEC is the taken by IRIS during 2011-2013, referring to the
liberalization of trade in goods, services, and provisions of the World Trade Organization
skilled personnel freely and without tariff and non (WTO) shows that the competitiveness of
tariff barriers (“Asean Economic Community Indonesian manufacturing products are low
Blueprint,” 2008) compared to other ASEAN countries. Only about
Some have said that the Indonesian one percent of industrial products which have
government does not have a strong negotiator and strong competitiveness. In addition, only about 30
policy makers who are reliable, it is seen by the percent of industrial products which are
failure of the open sky policy in the aviation sector competitive, even some industrial sectors
(Latifah, 2011), late to fight reciprocality competitiveness in the category of weak and very
principles in banking (Thalo, 2010), the lack of weak (ID/M-6, 2015).
strategic policy and comprehensive to raise the Based on the background above, this
competitiveness of national industry (Syprianus article will review the Indonesian government's
Aristeus, 2014), the protection of industrial players readiness to follow up on the concept of free trade
from the onslaught of imported products and agreements like AEC
harmonization chaos due to conflict of interest
rates (Samsubar Saleh and Bambang Suprayitno, 2. Indonesian policy in addressing the four
2010). The Indonesian government is not fortifing pillars of the concept of AEC
the national industry with a policy of non-tariff Presidential Instruction on implementation
barrier that does not violate the agreement AEC of the AEC Blueprint Commitment (Instruksi
and rules of the World Trade Organization (WTO), Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun
among which is the Indonesian National Standard 2011 Tentang Pelaksanaan Komitmen Cetak Biru
(SNI), the obligation of their manuals Indonesian Masyarakat Ekonomi Association Of Southeast
language, eco labels, halal certification and Asian Nations Tahun 2011, 2011) is an effort and
improvement of the quality of fundamental policy to face the ASEAN free market. In the AEC
facilities such as air transport infrastructure, water Blueprint, there are 12 priority sectors that will be
transport, road transport and power generation. integrated by the government. The sectors are
Unsettled economic integration of national policies agro-industrial , automotive, electronics, fisheries,
to improve the mastery of science and technology rubber-based industry, the wood-based industries,
in fostering innovation and creativity of and textiles. Then the rest came from five service
entrepreneurs, especially Small and Medium sectors, namely air transport, health, tourism,
Industries (SMI) and the lack of human resources logistics, and information technology. These
capacity building, lack of awareness of increasing sectors will be implemented in AEC era in the
consumption of domestic products, lulled in form of free movements of goods, services,
exploiting market opportunities and synergies with investment, and labor.
the ASEAN economic resources . This underlies
that the synegy of government with employers and 2.1. Free movement of goods and services
stakeholders to encourage the development of Import duties in Indonesia based on the
entrepreneurial sustainability in a conducive setting of the tariff policy, the Act. No. 10 of 1995
ecosystem has not occurred (Sukarmi, 2010). on "Customs" as amended by Act No. 17 of 2006,
Meanwhile, the World Economic Forum report on as the legal basis of the rates, ie of Article 12 and
The Global Competitiveness and Benchmarking Article 17A (Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia

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Nomor 17 Tahun 2006 Tentang Perubahan Atas work in the customs territory of Indonesia, while
Undang-Undang Nomor 10 Tahun 1995 Tentang Article 4A mention some types of goods and
Kepabeanan, 2006). services are excluded from tax. Whereas under
Import duties are based on advalorum Article 3A (1) Indonesian VAT Law, SME’s
rates, where the amount of duty is based on a entrepreneurs have no obligation to register as
certain percentage rate of the price of goods; and taxable income, but subsection (1a) provides an
specific tariffs, ie the amount of duty is based on option for the employer to enroll and participate in
the rate per unit of goods. Most of Indonesia's the VAT system that evoke to the Decree of
imports of goods subject to import duty rates based Minister of Finance which sets the threshold for
advalorum. Only a small proportion of imported small traders eq USD 60,000. (Keputusan Menteri
goods subject to specific rates such as rice and Keuangan Republik Indonesia Nomor
sugar. To facilitate the determination of tariffs on 571/KMK.03/2003 Tentang Perubahan Atas
imported goods, the goods should be classified in Keputusan Menteri Keuangan Nomor
the classification system of goods, where the types 552/KMK.04/2000 Tentang Batasan Pengusaha
of items that exist in the world is structured and Kecil Pajak Pertambahan Nilai, 2003)
systematically grouped with the aim to facilitate
trade penarifan. Another import duty anti-dumping 2.2. Freedom of movement for skilled and
and benefits stipulated in the Indonesian talented labours
Government Regulation on Import Duty and The preparation and policy of Indonesian
Antidumping Duty Benefits (Peraturan government in the field of employment has been
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 34 Tahun regulated in the Law (Undang-Undang Republik
1996 Tentang Bea Masuk Antidumping Dan Bea Indonesia Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 Tentang
Masuk Imbalan, 1996). Anti-dumping duties are Ketenagakerjaan, 2003); labor legislation has
imposed on state charges of dumping goods which mandated the improvement and development of
led to a loss of imported goods, where; first, the human resources through vocational training
export price of the goods is lower than normal followed by the release of Government Regulation
values; and second, the importation of goods: a) of the National Professional Certification Board
causes harm to the domestic industry producing (BNSP) which will provide job competence
similar goods with goods; b) the threat of a loss to certification (Peraturan Pemerintah Republik
the domestic industry producing similar goods; c) Indonesia Nomor 23 Tahun 2004 Tentang Badan
hinder the development of similar goods industry Nasional Sertifikasi Profesi, 2004). As for the
in the country. While the duty benefits are state optimization expertise necessary manpower
levies imposed on goods containing subsidies that training (Peraturan Pemerintah Republik
cause harm. Rewards Import duties, in the case; Indonesia Nomor 31 Tahun 2006 Tentang Sistem
goods are given subsidies in the exporting country; Pelatihan Kerja Nasional, 2006) and the National
and imported goods are causing harm. As for Qualifications Framework of Indonesia (Peraturan
import duty security (safeguards) can be imposed Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 8 Tahun 2012
on imported goods in the event of a surge in Tentang Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia,
imports in absolute terms and relative to 2012) and the National Competence
domestically produced goods similar or directly Standardization System (Peraturan Menteri
competitive goods and the surge in imported Tenaga Kerja Dan Transmigrasi Republik
goods: cause serious harm to the industry in the Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem
country that produce similar goods with goods and Standardisasi Kompetensi Kerja Nasional, 2012).
/ or directly competitive goods; or threatens On April 12, 2012 Indonesia has ratified
serious harm to the domestic industry producing the UN Convention of 1990 on the Protection of
similar goods and / or directly competitive goods. the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members
As for the taxable employers under Article of Their Families, (hereinafter referred to as the
4 of VAT Indonesia VAT Law (Undang-Undang Convention on Migrant Workers) (Undang-
Republik Indonesia Nomor 42 Tahun 2009 Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2012
Tentang Perubahan Ketiga Atas Undang-Undang Tentang Pengesahan International Convention On
Nomor 8 Tahun 1983 Tentang Pajak Pertambahan The Protection Of The Rights Of All Migrant
Nilai Barang Dan Jasa Dan Pajak Penjualan Atas Workers And Members Of Their Families
Barang Mewah, 2009) states that the VAT levied (Konvensi Internasional Mengenai Perlindungan
on the transfer of taxable goods and taxable Hak-Hak Seluruh Pekerja Migr, 2012). Countries
services by taxable income in the business and that have ratified the Convention only 35

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countries, in the ASEAN region Philippines and Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 2008 Tentang Tentang
Indonesia are the most labor-sending countries Fokus Program Ekonomi Tahun 2008 - Fokus
abroad. Based on the data and information of Program Ekonomi Tahun 2008 – 2009, 2008),
Development Research Center of the National Presidential Decree No. 11 of 2011 on the
Agency for the Placement and Protection of Implementation of Commitments Community
Indonesian Workers (Penempatan Dan Blueprint Asean Economic Change the
Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Tahun Presidential Decree on the National Committee for
2013, 2013), for 2011 – 2013 period recorded as the Implementation of the Economic Community
many as 586,802 (2011); 494 609 (2012); and 512 Preparatory Association of Southeast Asian
618 (2013) workers who work abroad. Meanwhile, Nations (Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia
in 2014 and until January 2015 (Data Penempatan Nomor 22 Tahun 2012 Tentang Perubahan Atas
Dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia Tahun Peraturan Presiden Nomor 31 Tahun 2010
2015 (Periode 1 Januari S.D 31 Januari) Posisi Tentang Komite Ekonomi Nasional, 2012). While
Cetak Data Tanggal 12 Februari 2015, 2015), preparation programs include MP3EI As
recorded 429,872 (2014), 25,893 (January 2015). Development Program, National Logistics
Of these ASEAN countries Malaysia become the Program, Preparation Competitiveness Roadmap,
first state primary goal Indonesian migrant Policy Paper on Indonesia's readiness to face the
workers, followed by Singapore and Brunei AEC and the Establishment of the National
Darussalam. While Indonesia is still discussing the Committee of AEC 2015 (Keputusan Presiden
draft legislation (Bill) on the protection of Republik Indonesia Nomor 37 Tahun 2014
Indonesian workers abroad (PPTKLN) in lieu of Tentang Komite Nasional Persiapan Pelaksanaan
Law No. 39 of 2004 on the Placement and Masyarakat Ekonomi Association of Southeast
Protection of Indonesian Workers Abroad. The Asian Nations, 2014). UKP4-Monitoring
question is whether the bill has a strong established under President Susilo Bambang
foundation?, while Indonesia has not ratified the Yudhoyono (SBY) deactivated and the authority
International Labour Organization (ILO) No. 189 delegated to the Finance and Development
on Decent Work Domestic Workers. Supervisory Agency which is under the direct
supervision of President Joko Widodo (Peraturan
2.3. Freedom of establishment and provision of Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 192 Tahun
services and mutual recognition of 2014 Tentang Badan Pengawasan Keuangan Dan
diplomas Pembangunan, 2014).
Indonesia as themember of AEC member A number of steps and cross-sectoral
have mandated by government to carry out policies have been implemented, one of the
international cooperation in the field of industry strategies undertaken is to secure the industry
(Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 offensively and defensively, by the use of
Tahun 2014 Tentang Perindustrian, 2014). The instruments of trade remedies and issuance of
cooperation is aimed at opening up access and the smart regulation. Indonesia has built a system of
development of international markets, access to Industrial Resilience Information System (IRIS)
industry resources, global supply chain network which is used to analyze the impact of import
utilization as a source of increased industrial surges that affect the development of domestic
productivity, and increased investment. This law is industries. Offensive policy is done by monitoring
the basis of the legality of the national industry to the import of certain products or unfair trade and
become stronger and legal protection in the encourage domestic industry potentially affected
context of development, regulation and industrial serious loss of import trade remedies in order to
development in the future. In Susilo Bambang appeal to the relevant authorities. Meanwhile, the
Yudhoyono’s government dated 1 September 2014 defensive nature of the industry in the country is
instructing Increased Competitiveness in the done when exposed to allegations of trade
Framework Facing AEC (Instruksi Presiden remedies by other countries
Republik Indonesia Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 Tentang In Act No. 3 of 2014 on Industry also set
Peningkatan Daya Saing Nasional Dalam Rangka the green industry to be part of the national
Menghadapi Masyarakat Ekonomi Association Of industrial development objectives in accordance
Southeast Asian Nations, 2014), it resulted with the demands of the International Free Trade
fourteen Instruction strategy. Other Instruction which stipulates that the industry environmentally
Focus on Economic Program (Instruksi Presiden friendly or green-paced industry, starting from the
Republik Indonesia Instruksi Presiden Republik green label, green products, green packaging,

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green producers, green consumer, green ICT, exchange that brings supply and demand effects
green marketing, and so on which is integrated in (stocks, stock certificates and bond), followed by
an Industrial both goods and services. It is very Presidential Decree on the Implementation of
closely related to the issue of environmental Investors in the Context of Foreign and Domestic
management has been a demand for the destination Through the One-Stop System (Keputusan
to save the environment and maintain Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 29 Tahun
environmental sustainability in an environmentally 2004 Tentang Penyelenggaraan Penanaman
sound activities in the green business concept Modal Dalam Rangka Penanaman Modal Asing
(Muradian & Martinez-Alier, 2001). Dan Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri Melalui
Environmental management obligations Sistem Pelayanan Satu Atap, 2004).
continually require industry awareness to act pro- In 2007, the Investment Law was set to
actively in the effort for pollution control as a step give a much-needed clarity, especially among
to produce a product that has a comparative foreign investors (Undang Undang Republik
advantage and a sustainable (Poveda & Young, Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 2007 Tentang
2014). One way for consumers to assess the eco- Penanaman Modal, n.d.). While policies,
friendly products is to look at the labels of deregulations and bureaucratizations taken by
products that are marked with a special certificate Indonesian government in order to stimulate
of ISO 14000 and ISO for small and medium investment and conducive business climate issued
enterprises has issued a certificate of ISO 14005 through Presidential Decree 2014 of the Business
for environmental management of SMEs which Registration of Closed and Open Business with
emphasize on the management approach of raw requirements in the field of capital investment
materials, waste management, use of Effective (Peraturan Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor
natural resources, the use of technology that 39 Tahun 2014 Tentang Daftar Bidang Usaha
produces minimal waste production as well as yang Tertutup dan Bidang Usaha yang Terbuka
applying environmental awareness commitment to dengan Persyaratan di Bidang Penanaman Modal,
all employees in the organization (Zorpas, 2010). 2014). Issuance of this regulation aimed to sustain
Industrial sectors, seeded grouped into two Indonesia's commitment to realizing the ASEAN
sectors, namely developed to control the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) in 2015. The policy
market and to dominate the domestic market. To is synergized with the efforts of central and local
control the ASEAN market, focusing on the government (Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia
development of the nine sectors: agro-based Nomor 32 Tahun 2004 Tentang Pemerintahan
industries (CPO, cocoa, and rubber); industrial fish Daerah, 2004). The efficiency and effectiveness of
and dairy products; textiles and textile products; the regional administration needs to be improved
footwear (sport shoes) and leather products; with more attention to aspects of the relationship
furniture industry; food & beverage industry; between the composition of the government and
fertilizer and petrochemical industries; industrial between local government, the potential and
machinery and equipment; and basic metal diversity of the region, the opportunities and
industries of iron and steel. Whereas, to dominate challenges of global competition by providing the
the domestic market, focusing on the development broadest powers to the regions, along with the
of seven sectors: automotive industry, consumer rights and obligations held autonomy area in the
electronics, cement, apparel, footwear (casual unity of the state governance system. Mandate Act
shoes), furniture, and food & beverage shows how important efficiency and transparency,
so that e-government in line with its practice, for it
2.4. Free Movement of Capital is necessary to realize the balance of the role of
The legal basis of investment in Indonesia central and local and national and regional balance
was first set out in the Act in 1967 (Undang- in the financial sector (Undang-Undang Republik
Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 1 Tahun 1967 Indonesia Nomor 25 Tahun 1999 Tentang
Tentang Penanaman Modal Asing, 1967), and then Perimbangan Keuangan Antara Pemerintah Pusat
set back in the Presidential Decree in 1998 Dan Daerah, 1999) (Undang-Undang Republik
(Keputusan Presiden Republik Indoesia Nomor 77 Indonesia Nomor 33 Tahun 2004 Tentang
Tahun 1998 Tentang Perubahan Atas Keputusan Perimbangan Keuangan Antara Pemerintah Pusat
Presiden Nomor 60 Tahun 1998 Tentang Dan Pemerintahan Daerah, 2004).
Kedudukan, Tugas, Fungsi, Susunan Organisasi,
Dan Tata Kerja Menteri Negara, 1998). The 3. Effectiveness of Policy on Selected
capital market is understood as a means of Government

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Imported product quality at affordable unemployment will increase and it is definitely an

prices greatly affect the viability of domestic impact on the development of Small and Medium
products; import volume could continue to Industries in Indonesia. The high number of
increase because the product of Indonesia has a underemployed (disguised unemployment) due to
lower competitiveness. Press release of Ministry of lack of interest in entrepreneurship be one obstacle
Industry; Increasing International Cooperation in in accelerating the expansion of employment
the Field of Industry (Hartono, 2015), declared the opportunities, Indonesian workers still dominated
Year 2015 of 5,017 products, there are 1,122 by workers not trained so that labor productivity is
strong competitive products, where as many as 929 low. Interestingly the number of unemployed
or 82.79% are industrial products. meanwhile, in educated workforce increases, resulting in a
2020, predicted total Indonesian products will mismatch between college graduates with the
have strong competitiveness as much as 1,141 needs of the labor market coupled with inequality
products, of which 946 or 82.90% of products are in labor productivity between sectors of the
industrial products. Estimated Revealed economy.
Comparative Advantages (RCA) in 2015 and 2020 Economic inequality is also influenced by
were calculated based on the forecast of growth in the availability of adequate infrastructure between
the industry, the competitiveness of Indonesian central and local governments' role in providing
products are still under Singapore, Thailand, economic services are not created properly. This
Malaysia, and Vietnam. Indonesian industrial responsibility is not just seen as a public good but
products competitive around 22.15%, while is more often seen as an economic good. Whereas
Singapore (41.95%) and Thailand (38.78%). To been mandated in the Act that the acquisition of
face the challenge of accelerating the land for development is in the public interest
implementation of the proposal safeguards and (Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 2
anti-dumping duties for certain imported products, Tahun 2012 Tentang Pengadaan Tanah Bagi
build a test laboratory facilities, increase the Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum, 2012),
competence of human resources industry, the which is intended to the land in the public interest
preparation of the National Competence Indonesia of which is land that is utilized for public roads,
(SKKNI) in each industrial sector, strengthening highways, tunnels, railways, railway stations, and
SMEs, and the development of new entrepreneurs railway operation facilities, ports and airports; but
industry and intensify socialization AEC 2015 to the limitations of the Indonesian government in
industry stakeholders. Proposing the imposition financing infrastructure development encourage
acceleration within a matter of months it makes no the need for private participation in development.
sense can be effectively carried out by the new This can be done through the cooperation of
government, Joko Widodo-Yusuf Kalla. Many concessions when the market is not well developed
problems arise or inherited by the previous due to a condition that is less supportive structures
government seemed to be the benchmark of the to create open market competition so that benefit
unpreparedness of government in December 2015 consumers. But in the implementation of the
in anticipating AEC. concession with a conducive atmosphere can not
Although government policy regarding the be created by the government so that the private
protection of domestic products is set in the Act sector as investors are less willing to cooperate.
and regulations as the basis of anticipation, not be Based on the annual report of the Commission in
aligned with the increasing of Human Resources, 2013 (Jumlah Laporan Masyarakat Terkait
Indonesia will not be able to anticipate or survive Dugaan Persengkongkolan Tender Meningkat,
in the free trade AEC. Improvement of Human 2013), there were 150 reports (78.5%) which is a
Resources affect the increase in the selling value tender report and the remaining 41 reports (21.5%)
of products, as well as the sale value of labor given were non-tender reports. This percentage has
considering the Elimination of Non-Tariff Barriers increased over the previous year to reach 77% of
and Single Window resulted in labor from abroad reports related to the procurement of goods and
will be more easily migrated to Indonesia. Foreign services. Creating a market structure in favor of
workers who have expertise on the expertise of the competition requires the consequences of the
Indonesian workers would get a job in any government to the investments made can benefit
companies in Indonesia. Difficulties for Indonesia private parties but the Government also should
to compete with foreign workers due to the high prevent monopolistic practices of concessionaires
number of Indonesian people who do not have so as to create a healthy competition and avoid
adequate skills as standard. As a result,

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collusion in the process of determining the winner .

of the concession. 4. Policy on SMEs
The problems in Indonesian infrastructure Based on the data from the Ministry of
development to encourage the competitiveness of Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises
the region or the competitiveness of products in of the Republic of Indonesia (Rencana Strategis
order to be able and capable to compete in the Kementerian Koperasi Dan Usaha Kecil Dan
AEC is a constraint that bring on the President of Menengah Republik Indonesia Tahun 2012 - 2014,
the Republic of Indonesia Regulation in order to 2012), the number of MSMEs (micro units, small
accelerate and expand economic development in and medium enterprises) in Indonesia reached 52.2
Indonesia can be fixed (Peraturan Presiden million units is the pioneer of the most dominant
Republik Indonesia Nomor 32 Tahun 2011 economic actors 99.99% and employment for 101
Tentang Masterplan Percepatan Dan Perluasan 722 458 people. Minister of Industry -Saleh Husin
Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia 2011-2025, (Festiani, 2015), suggesting the growth of non-oil
2011), through government regulation is expected manufacturing sector in 2014 reached 5.34 percent
to be the basis to accelerate and expand the and a contributor to the Gross Domestic Product
infrastructure on three main pillars, namely the (GDP) National with a contribution of 20.84
strategy of increasing the potential of the region percent. Data Sementer I Perindustiran Ministry of
through the development of growth centers in the macro economic performance (Laporan Kinerja
economic corridor, strategies strengthen Makro Ekonomi dan Sektor Industri Triwulan II
connectivity national, as well as strategies to (Semester I) Tahun 2014, 2014) states that the
increase the capacity of human resources and highest growth in non-oil industry the second
science and technology. MP3EI is expected to be quarter of 2014 reached by Industry Everything
one of the media to increase regional Else 13.33 percent ( y to y). Followed successively
competitiveness, product competitiveness, and the by Industry Food, Beverages and Tobacco by 9.74
flow of foreign direct investment on the condition percent; Industrial Wood Products and Other
of AEC 2015. Forest Products amounted to 7.53 percent; Paper
Accelerated development of the expected and Printing Industries of 5.68 percent; Fertilizer
maximum is not yet realized, any acceleration of Industry, Chemical and Rubber Goods by 3.92
the policy proposal is expected to anticipate and percent from; Textile, Leather Goods and
fortify entrepreneurs, a Hope can be changed into Footwear of 3.22 percent; Industrial Transport
a pressure when new policies are published very Equipment, Machinery and Equipment is at 3.13
surprisingly for entrepreneurs on January 26, 2015, percent; Cement Industry and Non Metallic
a policy of the Director General of Taxation to Minerals Goods by 2.84 percent; and lastly Metals
implement tax cuts deposits, in this case, DG taxes Industry Association of Iron and Steel by 2.53
require banks submit data chunks evidence Tax percent. In the second quarter of 2014, branches of
(SPT) Income Tax (VAT) and savings deposits industry that contributes most to the non-oil
belonging to clients in detail (Peraturan Direktur industry is a branch of Industrial Food, Beverages
Jenderal Pajak Nomor Per-01/Pj/2015 Tentang and Tobacco by 36.77 percent or 190.02 trillion
Perubahan Atas Peraturan Direktur Jenderal worth, followed by Branch Industrial Transport
Pajak Nomor Per- 53/Pj/2009 Tentang Bentuk Equipment, Machinery and Equipment is at 27.64
Formulir Surat Pemberitahuan Masa Pajak percent and Industry Branch Fertilizer, Chemical
Penghasilan Final Pasal 4 Ayat (2), Surat and Rubber Goods from at 11.72 percent. Central
Pemberitahuan Masa Pajak, 2015). The regulation Bureau of Statistics (Pertumbuhan Ekonomi
surprising banks and judged by the Association of Indonesia Triwulan II-2014, 2014) that the
National Banks (Banks Association) will affect the Indonesian economy is measured by the amount of
flight of capital flows on a large scale from the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) at current
domestic to overseas (capital flight) so that these prices in the second quarter of 2014 to reach
rules could potentially violate the Banking Act. Rp2.480,8 trillion, while the GDP price constant
Although these regulations ultimately postponed 2000 reached Rp724,1 trillion and for by the
after the Financial Services Authority (FSA) and increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the
the Bankers appealed (iwan, bari, 2015). The second quarter of 2014 compared to the first
government policy in facing AEC at the end of quarter of 2014 to reach 2.47 percent (q-to-q), and
year 2015 is expected to change the paradigm that when compared to the same quarter of 2013 grew
leads to entrepreneurship and promoting the 5.12 percent (y-on-y). Cumulatively, Indonesia's
national interest. economic growth in the first half of 2014

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compared with the first half of 2013 grew by 5.17 Cooperatives and SMEs to help offenders KUKM,
per cent (c-to-c). among others, increased oversight of the AEC
Given the scale of the non-oil industry's KUKM offenders, increase the efficiency of
role in the national economy including the SMEs, production and business management, increase
the President issued regulations for micro and market absorption KUKM local products, the
small enterprises as giving license to support creation of a conducive business climate.
business continuity, encourage regional economic However, one of the main obstacles for the sector
growth and empowerment of micro and small factor Cooperatives and SMEs to compete in the
businesses (Peraturan Presiden Republik era of free market is the quality of human
Indonesia Nomor 98 Tahun 2014 Tentang resources (HR) KUKM actors are generally still
Perizinan Untuk Usaha Mikro Dan Kecil, 2014). low. While the Ministry of Industry has made the
Through this Pepres government freed from micro provision of incentives for SMEs actors for the
and small entrepreneurs must have a Taxpayer development of green industries conducted with
Identification Number (TIN). Instead, the rebates for the purchase of new machines in the
government issued license micro and small textile industry and textile products (TPT),
enterprises (IUMK) in manuscript form a single footwear, and sugar through machining
sheet. It is stated in Article 3 paragraph 3 which restructuring programs that have been
reads "IUMK given in manuscript form a sheet." implemented since 2007 and has have a significant
IUMK as set forth in this regulation, given to impact in the form of savings of up to 25% of
micro and small businesses that meet the energy use, increase productivity up to 17%,
requirements will be determined by the District / increase employment and improve the
City Government based on the Regulation of the effectiveness of the rollers on the sugar industry
Minister of country. With the existence of this (“Kemenperin Terus Dorong Industri Hijau,”
regulation, all the micro and small businesses with 2013). Although the amount of production a bit
a turnover of not more than Rp 400 million per and may not contribute to significant
month or USD 4.8 billion per year will get a environmental impacts individually, but in the
legitimate legal certainty for businesses operating aggregate, the resulting environmental impact can
in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia. In be very large if not matched by awareness to
addition, micro and small entrepreneurs will find it environmentally friendly production. Therefore,
easy to try, access to banking and capital which the Ministry of Cooperatives and SMEs to provide
have often hampered the process of opening a guidance and empowerment KUKM aimed at
bank account because the obligation to have a improving the quality and standards of products, in
TIN, notarization, the basic law firms and others. order to improve the performance KUKM to
To address the problem of financing or capital, the produce products of high competitiveness and
business license of the sheet, will provide easy sustainability efforts (Ma’mun Sarma, 2014). The
access to small loans. The business license of the Ministry of Industry is also implementing the
sheet also frees the micro and small businesses of development and empowerment of small and
all levies collected by the central and local medium industries (SMEs) that are part of the
governments. This is emphasized in Article 3 SME sector. Strengthening SMEs play an
Paragraph 4, which reads "Giving IUMK to micro important role in poverty reduction efforts through
and small enterprises are exempted or given relief the expansion of employment opportunities and
with no extra charges, fees, and / or other charges. produce goods or services to be exported. In
Also easy access to services, namely to bring one- addition, coordination and consolidation among
stop integrated service delivery at the micro and agencies and ministries also be improved so that
small businesses through the delegation of the inhibiting factors can be eliminated. One is on
authority to the district / city closest to micro and coordinating the efforts made by the ministry of
small businesses are sub-district head, set forth in industry which provide space for SMEs to market
Article 4 Paragraph 1, which reads "Implementing their products in modern retail market and is
IUMK is the district head delegated authority from expected to motivate SMEs to increase
the Regent / Mayor. "In fact, if necessary, the sub productivity so as to help these problems
can delegate this authority to the ravine due (Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Republik
consideration of regional characteristics set out in Indonesia Nomor 56/M-DAG/PER/9/2014 tentang
Article 4 Paragraph 2..... Perubahan atas atas peraturan Perubahan Atas
Another strategy that is done in facing the Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor 70/M-
ASEAN free trade era through the Ministry of DAG/PER/12/2013 tentang Pedoman Penataan

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dan Pembinaan Pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbel, Previous dated February 23, 2015 in a
2014). limited discussion forum early 2015 Indonesian
While the AEC Focus on SMEs (“Small Trade Minister Rachmat Gobel said that Indonesia
and Medium Enterprises,” n.d.), expressed in the is not yet ready to face the AEC in 2014 due to
Action Plan consists of strategic work program, lack of preparation Indonesia maximum and raises
policy AEC sures and output indicative undertaken questions on the implementation of regional
by ASEAN SME Working Group (Consisting of preparedness and entrepreneurs, markets can not
bodies of SMEs from all Member States ) with be managed, the provision of capital and
agencies and private sector SMEs. In particular, incentives are minimal, and the flood of foreign
five main points that are targeted for the SME products in Indonesia(Sindo, 2015). It is the same
section under the AEC Blueprint is the comment delivered by the Minister of
establishment of (a) a common curriculum for Cooperatives and SMEs RI Anak Agung Gede
entrepreneurship in ASEAN, with Indonesia and Ngurah Puspayoga (Perdana, 2015)
Singapore as the main countries (2008-2009); (B) However, different from the Ministry of
a comprehensive SME service center with regional Agriculture issued the news (“Sektor Pertanian
and sub-regional linkages in member countries, Indonesia Menghadapi MEA 2015,” 2015), to
with Thailand and Viet Nam as a major state implement Indonesia's commitment to realize the
(2010-2011); (C) SME financial facilities in each AEC 2015 should refer to the AEC Blueprint,
Member State, with Malaysia and Brunei which contains four elements. Achievement of the
Darussalam as the main countries (2010-2011); AEC Blueprint each ASEAN member country
(D) regional program apprenticeship scheme for Scorecard assessed using instruments that are
staff exchanges and visits for skills training, with evaluated periodically by the ASEAN Secretariat
Myanmar and the Philippines as the major and is updated every year. The achievement of this
countries (2012-2013); and (e) regional SME Scorecard political value because it reflects the
development fund to be used as a funding source seriousness of ASEAN in realizing the AEC.
for SMEs that do business in ASEAN, with Laos Based on the AEC Scorecard report, the
and Thailand as the main state (2014-2015). achievement of the AEC Scorecard based
Prioritised Key Deliverables ASEAN per October
4. Disccussion and Conclussion 2014 amounted to 82.1%. Indonesia's achievement
Press releases Ministry of Trade (Gultom, of 85.5% (seen from all sectors). Indonesia is in
2015), Indonesia's commitment to realize the AEC the lowest third position after Laos (84.7%) and
delivered by the Minister of Trade of the Republic Myanmar (84%), while the highest achievements
of Indonesia in meeting the 21st ASEAN are Vietnam and Singapore (90%). While the free
Economic Ministers Meeting Retreat in Kota flow of goods (Free Flow of Goods), for 6 (six)
Bahru, Kelantan, Malaysia and agreed to the ASEAN countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand,
average economic growth in the region of 5.1 the Philippines, Brunei, and Singapore), has been
percent. A number of recommendations will be abolished tariffs influx since January 1, 2010
executed trade cooperation ASEAN members to (0%). So the ASEAN Free Trade Area / AFTA)
achieve the target of 5.1 percent economic growth has been going on since the 4 (four) years. It is
is, among others: First, an increase in the role of guided by the ASEAN Protocol for goods /
association / initiatives that have a major impact products in the category of the Inclusion List. As
on the business world such as the application of for 4 (four) other ASEAN countries (Cambodia,
ABTC ASEAN, ASEAN Young Entrepreneurs Laos, Myanmar, and Vietnam) applying the
Association empowerment and Indonesian Women Customs Tariff in full effect January 1, 2015.
Entrepreneurs, and the development of the Special for rice and sugar products, Indonesia is
ASEAN Secretariat website. Second, the still allowed to apply high tariffs, it is guided by
commitment to establish the ASEAN SME Bank the Protocol to Provide Special Consideration for
will provide access to finance to SMEs. Third, the Rice and Sugar (waiver).
implementation of several initiatives before Looking at the different situations and
November 2015, among others, cooperation cost, conditions, and no information singkronnya
logistics, taxation, and the free movement of intertwined in ministry and so many obstacles in
individuals in ASEAN. Fourth, the development of the face of AEC 2015 and not the maximum of all
post-2015 agenda, namely the ASEAN needs to be the rules, policies and law as well as facilities that
closer to the people and businesses to more closely shall be prepared by the Indonesian government in
with ASEAN the face of free trade has become a chore that

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accumulate under the new government. While the Reference

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