Know Your World 6
Know Your World 6
Know Your World 6
GEOGRAPHY
Social Studies for Pakistan
CIVICS
KHADIJA CHAGLA-BAIG
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To introduce the Indus Valley Civilization and the Aryans Students should be able to:
• describe the Indus Valley Civilization
and the Aryans.
• explain how these civilizations
influenced or connect to the present.
To introduce the Persian Empire and the Achaemenid Students should be able to:
Dynasty • explain the importance of Persia.
To discuss the Dynasty’s contribution to Persia and the • describe its influence on the world.
subcontinent
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5 Alexander the Great
19
To describe the arrival of Alexander on the subcontinent Students should be able to:
To discuss Alexander’s impact on the subcontinent • list the reasons for Alexander's invasion
of the subcontinent.
• explain the outcome of the invasion.
7 The Kushans 30
To introduce the Kushan Empire and the establishment Students should be able to:
of their power on the subcontinent • explain the influence of Central Asians
on the subcontinent.
• evaluate their contribution to the
growth of the region.
8 The Guptas
33
To introduce the Gupta rule of the subcontinent Students should be able to:
• explain who the Guptas were, and how
their empire began.
8 describe their patronage of the
sciences, arts, and literature.
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9 The Subcontinent in the Eighth Century 38
To describe the advent of Islam in the subcontinent Students should be able to:
• explain the reasons for Muhammad
Bin Qasim's arrival in the subcontinent.
• explain how he made way for later
Muslims to consolidate their rule in
India.
To develop critical and analytic thinking skills and apply Students should be able to:
them to a study of the different empires • explain the reasons for the rise, the
growth, and fall of empires.
• analyse the performance of different
empires on the subcontinent.
Geography
12 The Universe, the Solar System, and the Earth 47
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13 Features and Movements of the Earth and Their Effects
53
To explain the shape, position, and movements of the Students should be able to:
Earth, and how they affect us • explain why different places receive
varying amounts of light and heat
throughout the year.
• explain why some places on Earth are
hotter or cooler than others.
To describe the Earth’s layers, plate tectonics, and their Students should be able to:
effects • describe the activity and movements
below the Earth's surface.
• explain what happens as a result of
these movements.
To introduce the concepts of weathering and erosion Students should be able to:
• differentiate between weathering and
erosion.
• explain how weathering and erosion
take place.
• describe the results of weathering and
erosion.
TEACHING OBJECTIVES
LEARNING OUTCOMES
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17 Weather and Climate
72
To explain the difference between weather and climate Students should be able to:
To explain the factors that influence the temperature of a • explain why different places in the
place world have different climates.
19 Agriculture in Pakistan 82
To introduce features and problems of agriculture and Students should be able to:
livestock in Pakistan • explain the importance of agriculture
for Pakistan.
• describe its various aspects.
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21 Cities: the Jewels of Pakistan
92
TEACHING OBJECTIVES LEARNING OUTCOMES
To familiarize students with the names and features of Students should be able to:
some important cities of Pakistan • list the names and important features
of Pakistan's major cities.
• compare and contrast the salient
features of the cities.
To introduce electricity as the main source of power; Students should be able to:
To explain different methods of generating electricity • explain how electricity is generated.
• identify the fuels required by different
power plants for producing energy.
Civics
23 Visiting Public Places
101
To explain how individual actions can affect people and Students should be able to:
property, both positively and negatively • describe how one should behave in
given situations.
• demonstrate and practise correct
behaviour.
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24 Gratitude
109
To explain the importance of showing gratitude to others Students should be able to:
To encourage students to show gratitude to others • explain the importance of showing
gratitude.
• identify situations that call for
gratitude.
• demonstrate appreciation of and
gratitude towards others in appropriate
situations.
To introduce the concept of working together as a team Students should be able to:
in peace and harmony • explain the importance and benefits of
teamwork.
• demonstrate the ability to work as a
team member and / or team leader.
To explain the background and importance of Pakistan’s Students should be able to:
national anthem • name the people who wrote and
composed the national anthem of
Pakistan.
• explain the meaning of the anthem’s
lyrics.
• explain and demonstrate the correct
manner in which to listen to the
national anthem.
Glossary
120
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Introduction
Know Your World Books 6-8 are part of an eight-book series for primary to lower
secondary classes.
The books include topics from history, geography, economics, civics, and culture.
They introduce students of lower secondary classes to new concepts and build
on some earlier concepts in detail. The basic idea is to enable the students to
analyse history and its influence on the present; recognize elements of the physical
world and their impact on our lives; and contribute towards creating a
compassionate, ethical society. The relevance of the content to the students’ own
lives is emphasized so that interest in learning is enhanced.
Aini’s Notes-the adventures of Aini and her pet cat Goloo-in the History section
is a supplementary feature to clarify concepts, and strengthen understanding of
the historical background of major events. Aini’s Notes also attempts to provide
a people’s perspective from different eras, to reinforce the relevance of history to
our times as well as to maintain interest.
The Geography section covers topics relating to the physical geography of the
world and the economic geography of Pakistan. Illustrations and diagrams reinforce
and add to the concepts introduced in the text.
The choice of topics in the Civics section reflects the need of the hour for
students of this age. The underlying objective is to help develop a community with
good ethical standards and values. The topics will motivate and guide students to
behave in a conscientious and responsible manner. The chapters emphasize
awareness of the students’ own rights, the rights of others, and the consequences
of their actions.
All the books in the series include interactive tasks aimed at skills development-
critical and analytic thinking, and reasoning.
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CHAPTER 1
South Asia usually refers to the landmass in Asia that comprises Pakistan, India,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, and Bhutan. This region is bound by the Arabian Sea
in the south-west, the Bay of Bengal in the south-east, Myanmar in the east, China
in the north-east, Afghanistan in the north-west, and Iran in the west. It is also
known as the Indian subcontinent. A subcontinent is a distinctive mass of land that
constitutes a large part of any continent.
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HISTORY
Have you noticed that Pakistan is a country of many different cultures? How do
you think this has come about? The peoples who lived in the subcontinent during
different phases of history, came from many different regions of the world. They
brought their own ideas and practices with them. Hence, this area became a
melting pot for different religions, ethnicities, languages, traditions, lifestyles, etc.
Our culture, traditions, and society were shaped by the interaction of all these
groups throughout history. In this section, we are going to read about the people
who lived in this region from the earliest recorded time.
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HISTORY
Do y©u Kdoyv?
'CE, which stands for Common Era, has replaced the.use of AD, which indicated
the start of the calendar from the birth of Jesus Christ. CE shows the same
dates as the modern calendar but without referring to any religion. BCE (Before
Common Era) is now used to indicate dates previously shown as BC (Before Christ.)
Content review
1. Which modern countries make up the subcontinent?
Going further
Make a list of all the religions and languages of Pakistan. Why do you think there
is such a variety?
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AbnL’s Notes
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Goboo wasfvbyhtenetL too, by the way she < When. the bbyhts
:cowe way.
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CHAPTER 2
Location
The people of the Indus Valley are believed
to have been the first known settlers on the
subcontinent. The earliest traces of human
settlements in this area have been found at
Mehrgarh, a city in Balochistan. Archaeologists
think these small, elementary settlements are
from around 7000 bce. Little is known about
the lifestyle and culture of these people.
Clay figures, jewellery, and seals from the Indus Valley Civilization
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HISTORY
Archaeologists are amazed at how developed the Indus Valley Civilization was.
They have discovered well-planned towns, houses, streets, drainage system, arts
and crafts, and writing. All the cities uncovered so far are built on the same pattern.
Archaeologists have also discovered some seals showing an ancient form of writing.
Unlike the writings of the Ancient Egyptians and Sumerians, the Indus Valley writing
has still not been deciphered or decoded. The reason is that it does not resemble
any language of either ancient or modern times.
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HISTORY
Aerial view: Mohenjo-Daro is located near Larkana in Sindh. The ruins were discovered
in 1922 ce.
How it ended
In addition to the writing, the other mystery about the Indus Valley is that no one
knows why it ended without any trace or without merging into another civilization.
Some historians suggest that the invading Aryans killed them. A mass grave
containing skeletons was discovered at one of the sites near Mohenjo-Daro which
suggests this end. Some suggest that a disease wiped out the civilization, and yet
others think that people moved away from this place for other reasons. However,
one thing is certain: the civilization was never revived.
Bronze statue referred to as the 'Dancing girl’ The writing on the seals has not been
understood.
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HISTORY
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The Kshatriyas were the warriors— HISTORY
A Brahmin-priests the second highest caste.
made up the highest
caste.
Mohenjo-Daro
literally translated
means "land of the
dead.” Why do you
think historians
named the city
Mohenjo-Daro?
The Vaishyas
were traders
and farmers.
The Shudras were the
lowest caste. Their job
was to serve the other
three castes.
Much of the present day culture in India and Hinduism can be traced back to the
Aryans. The Aryans brought the infamous caste system to India. It began as a
system of recognizing people by their jobs. Groups of people were given certain
tasks and their families and children were expected to follow their example and
continue the family business. Over time, the system became rigid and unfair. The
priests who belonged to the highest caste—the Brahmins—banned changing the
caste into which anyone was born. The downtrodden, low-caste Shudras were the
unhappiest because the high-caste Brahmins considered them ‘unclean’ and
assigned all menial tasks to them. The Shudras were also kept away from religious
knowledge and rituals, which were forms of gaining respect and honour in those
days.
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HISTORY
The Aryans introduced the local people to metals including bronze and gold,
chariots, horses, and the use of the bow and arrow. A unique feature of the Aryans
was that they did not leave behind any artifacts, nor did they leave any grand
structures to depict their lifestyle. Instead, they left behind religious literature
called the Vedas. The Vedas tell us everything we know about the Aryan way of
life. The language they used was Sanskrit, which is the basis of modern Hindi.
A large number of people on the Indian subcontinent today are descended from
the Aryans.
Content review
I. Answer the following questions:
1. What was the first known settlement of the Indus Valley Civilization?
2. Why do we believe that the people of the Indus did not fight any wars?
3. What two questions about this civilization remain unanswered to date?
4. Write what you know about the Aryans.
5. How do we know about the Aryans7
6. What did the Aryans learn from the local people?
Going further
a. What do you think happened to the people of the Indus Valley Civilization?
Make a list of all possible explanations that you can think of.
b. Did the Indus Valley region make any progress during Aryan times? Give reasons
for your answer.
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Auee’s Notes
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LcurucLowners scene to ruun, the cLty. I cwn, sec ruo traces of__
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PRESS
HISTORY CHAPTER 3
In the previous chapter, you learnt that Hinduism has its roots in the religion of
the Aryans. Around the fifth century bce, another religion or way of life also
surfaced on the subcontinent and became widely accepted in a very short span
of time. This new religion was Buddhism.
How did Buddhism begin? What does Buddhism teach us? Let us read on to find
out.
The ascetic—someone
who lives a life of
Prince Siddharth encountered
prayers away from the
an old man, a sick man, a
pleasures of the world
dead man, and an ascetic-
all for the first time, when he
ventured out of his palace. |
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HISTORY
consulted at the birth of the prince, who predicted that Siddharth would become
either a great leader or a very holy man. King Suddhodhana decided to train him
to become a great leader and issued strict orders for his upbringing, one of which
was that Siddharth was not allowed out of the palace under any circumstances.
He was provided with the best teachers and material comforts of every possible
kind, but shielded from knowledge of religion and human suffering.
Hence, Siddharth grew up in luxury without any first-hand knowledge of what went
on in the world. Twenty-nine years passed this way, until one day, out of curiosity,
Siddharth asked one of his men to show him what was outside the palace. He was
shocked by what he saw. His encounter with reality had a profcynd effect on
him and, after much thought, he left the palace and everything connected to his
life there, including his wife and infant son.
He spent many years wandering through the country and meditating in search of
inner peace. Two questions troubled him: he wanted to know why humankind
suffered, and how this suffering could be relieved. He finally found the answers to
his questions while meditating under a Bodhi tree, and found peace with himself.
He had realized that human beings suffered because of their greed. The only way
they could reduce this suffering was by getting rid of desires. He preached that
everyone should lead a balanced life and correct their lives, speech, and actions.
He also said that all people were equal and not divided or born into castes.
Siddharth’s message spread quickly and he became popular in a very short time.
People started coming to him with hope, and he guided them to achieve peace
and contentment within themselves. He was no longer known as Prince Siddharth-
now he was Gautama ‘Buddha’, the enlightened
one. His path of peace was called Buddhism.
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HISTORY
^ tyujoj 4°
Buddha died in 485 bce, but his teachings spread | J '-XX /
in all directions. Northern India, Tibet, Nepal, and zX.
,O
Sri Lanka were the earliest centres of Buddhist A / T
% jW-. -x»r /
traditions and learning. Prominent Buddhist nations
of today include Japan, China, Cambodia, Myanmar,
Nepal, Tibet, Sri Lanka and Thailand. The eight-fold path is among the
basic teachings of Buddhism.
Do you Know?
Karma means all those actions of a person which affect his fate in this life
and the next.
Dharma means the eternal law which the universe follows. Good actions
which support the universal law are also known as dharma.
Content review
1. What was Buddha's name?
2. In your own words, write about the event that changed Prince Siddharth’s
life.
Going further
How did Buddhism change people’s lives?
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HISTORY CHAPTER 4
Location
The famous Achaemenid Dynasty of Persia was founded by Cyrus the Great in the
sixth century bce. It was the largest empire the world had yet seen. At its peak, this
empire stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan
as far east as the Indus. One of Cyrus’s most prominent successors, Darius the
Great (521-486 bce), also known as Darius I, annexed parts of northern India to his
great empire. It became its richest province.
The government
In history, Darius is known to be a ruler who was “strict but fair.” He divided his
empire into provinces called satrapies so that he could run their affairs efficiently.
He introduced many reforms, which led to the strengthening and popularity of
the empire. Constructing the Royal Road was one of his great achievements. This
road started from a place in Turkey and finally joined the famous Silk Route in
northern Pakistan. Darius also established a university at Taxila and set up a postal
system. He was a deeply religious man, and popularized the teachings of Zoroaster,
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HISTORY
The subcontinent became a melting pot for different ideas from many civilizations.
CWkngeH
a magus whom his followers, the Zoroastrians, believed to be a prophet of God.
Rulers like Cyrus and
However, he allowed the people of the places he conquered to worship as they
Darius had titles
wished and never forced them to follow any religion other than their own.
such as “the Great”
added to their
names. Why do you
Trade and culture
think they wanted The area known as Gandhara, which includes eastern Afghanistan, the valley of
these titles? Peshawar, and northwest Pakistan, became an important trading and cultural
centre under the Persians. It was on the major trade route between the ‘east
and west’ (east being the eastern part of the subcontinent, and China; west being
the Persian Empire.) It flourished because of trade, learning, and the exchange
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HISTORY
of ideas, and became a melting pot for different cultures. Taxila was the capital
city of this region. Charsadda and Peshawar were other important cities.
Persian rule in the subcontinent started to decline when a series of wars with the
Greeks weakened their empire. Rulers after Darius had become cruel and corrupt.
The empire finally ended with Alexander’s invasion. Alexander burnt down the
magruificent Persepolis—the capital city of the Persian Empire—to demonstrate
his might and victory.
Persian influences can still be found in the Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
provinces, especially in the language, cuisine, and culture.
Do K.DOAA??
The old name for Peshawar is Purushapura and it means 'the city of men’.
Content review
I. Answer the following questions:
Going further
Do you think it is a good idea to have many cultures in one place? Can you identify
some advantages and disadvantages of this?
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S'-
Aburiks NoteA
PeweyoliA: TsIua tbuuw, we- kawe, lawked, “BANG!” Uv tke, coddle, of P^rbuA
(ji'AAk btOykwajA w~vtk kskkocskey UMVUbgs on, tlveAso rises akoirey iaa. t kokt ’
. yweysAouA of tk&yrou/ys.
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CHAPTER 5
A map of
Alexander’s
campaign
In the last chapter, we learned that the magnificent Persian Empire ended with the
invasion of Alexander the Great. Let us find out more about him.
Macedonia was a small kingdom in the north of Greece. One of its rulers, King
Philip, was a brilliant leader with an ambition to rule the entire world. He was killed
before he could succeed but he had already passed on his ambition and military
skills to his son, Alexander.
Tutored by the famous philosopher Aristotle, and trained by King Philip, young
Alexander inherited his father’s kingdom as well as his dream to conquer the
world. He wanted to be known as “the King of the World.” At that time, the
Persians ruled a large territory to the east. As Alexander launched a series of attacks
on the Persian Empire, it grew weak and finally succumbed to his superior force A bust of
and strategy. Alexander the Great
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HISTORY
t>©y©u
Know?
Alexandria Bucephalus is
a city Alexander
founded in memory of
his beloved horse
Bucephalus which had
died there. Archaeologists
suggest it was located
near the city of Jhelum
in the Punjab.
A_remarkable warrior
Alexander was an excellent warrior and commander. He was never defeated
throughout his career. He planned his battles carefully and used his loyal and
efficient soldiers cleverly to beat his opponents. He successfully used factors such
as the ground conditions, weather, and time of day, to his advantage. The phalanx
is an orderly formation in which soldiers stand close together; Alexander used this
formation to break many opponents’ defences. His success in conquering a large part
of the then-known world earned him the title of “Alexander the Great."
Alexander’s conquests extended from Greece and Egypt in the west to the
furthest province of the Persian Empire in the east—the Gandhara region
which we learned about in an earlier chapter. He advanced as far as the
Jhelum River in the Punjab, where he met King Porus who had refused
to surrender.
The brave King Porus ruled the Paurava people who lived by the
Jhelum and Chenab rivers. He had a formidable army of elephants
which the Greeks faced for the first time. Alexander defeated the king
with a clever attack. The armies had taken up their positions at the
opposite ends of the river. Alexander made his soldiers cross the river
from two places during a thunderstorm at night and attacked both
wings of Porus army instead of meeting them from the front. His
soldiers injured the elephants, causing them to turn around in panic
Alexander was eleven years old
when he tamed his beloved horse.
and stamp on their own men. King Porus was defeated after a heroic
fight.
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HISTORY
Despite this victory, Alexander could go no further. His officers, weakened by
fighting, fatigue, and monsoon rains on the subcontinent, were o
the verge of
revolt. On the advice of one of his most trusted generals, Alexander
did not push them any further and turned back. He wanted to
return soon with a stronger army, but his dream of conquering the
Do you Kdotv?
world remained unfulfilled when he died the following year. Alexander was only eighteen
when he became the
During his rule, Alexander spread Greek ideas and culture by leaving
commander'of his father’s army
his governors with teams of professionals, artists and philosophers
and twenty years old when he
in the cities he conquered or established (most of which were
became the king of Macedonia.
named or renamed Alexandria after him.) This is described as
He died at the age of thirty-
Hellenizing' the world. He established strong links between the
two.
east and the west.
As Alexander did not have an adult son to inherit his kingdom, his empire was
divided between three of his generals at the time of his death. The Indus Valley
region came under the rule of his Greek general Seleucus.
Content review
1. Who were Alexander's (i) father (ii) tutor?
Going further
Imagine you are Alexander. What would you have done if you had
Alexander was an excellent
conquered the whole subcontinent?
warrior and leader.
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Abtus Notes
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koyse. Its w bewttifuk, stwssbue koyse wbtk wybewwbty bbwck eowt wtd w bsye
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asbistat wws_ afyatcb of bts owt skwcbow. Pbyst, ke syoke sootkbt^by to tke koyse
to ewbub bt cbowt; tket ttyted bt to fa.ee tke Skt so bt eotbcb to hotkey see bts
skasbow. Tke koyse eatstecb cbowt istubecbbately wtcb ottowet tkeyott^ ysbtee
to ybtke bt. Koty Pkbbbyy wtcb tke eyowds weye extueisbely butywessed. Tkey eoisbd
In the last chapter, you learned that Alexander’s empire was divided among his
three generals after his death in 323 bce. Seleucus received the largest share of the
empire. His territory included the areas under Persian rule, from modern day
Anatolia (in Turkey) to Bactria (now known as the Balkh province in Afghanistan),
and the Indus Valley.
Map of the
Mauryan Empire
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HISTORY
Challenge!
The peace agreement between Seleucus and Chandragupta was that
Chandragupta would give 500 war elephants to Seleucus, and Seleucus would
give him (a) his daughter as a bride and (b) his territories. This agreement
proved to be beneficial to both. Can you explain how and why?
By 320 bce, Chandragupta Maurya had united much of the scattered empires of
India. With Kautilya’s help, he overthrew the Nandas and took control of the entire
region, making Pataliputra (modern Patna in Bihar, India) his capital. Now he looked
around to drive foreign powers from this region.
Schools, colleges, and roads were built all over the Mauryan empire.
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HISTORY
As we know, Seleucus was a foreigner, and he felt threatened by Chandragupta’s
rise to power and his intentions. He invaded India to regain the Punjab in 305 bce
but Chandragupta defeated him. Later Seleucus and Chandragupta reached a peace
agreement and Balochistan and almost all of present day Pakistan came under the
Mauryan rule.
The government
The Mauryan people and the empire were prosperous. People were made to
overwork and pay high taxes. Roads were built and toll was charged to pay for
maintenance. Laws were fair but firm. The police maintained order with strict
punishments. Chandragupta was known to be unreasonably strict. He had spies
everywhere in his empire who immediately informed him if people were unhappy
with him or his policies. On receiving any such complaint, he would have the
complainant tortured or killed.
Chandragupta died in 278 bce and his kingdom passed down to his son Bindusara.
Bindusara conquered Deccan and made it a part of the great Mauryan Empire. With
this, the entire subcontinent, apart from the Kalinga kingdom to the east, came
under Mauryan rule. After his death in 273 bce, Bindusara’s son Ashoka inherited
the kingdom.
Trade activities were supervised and heavily taxed. Spies were everywhere. It was a time of prosperity with strict
law and order arrangements.
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HISTORY
Ashoka’s rule
Ashoka’s style of government differed from that of other rulers. He called his
subjects his children’ and sent representatives all over his kingdom to solve their
problems. He did not tax people heavily or unnecessarily and spent huge sums of
money on welfare projects. He lived a simple life and maintained a strong,
organized army for protection against enemy attacks.
Ashokas support and interest in Buddhism made it a popular way of life among
the people. He wrote edicts, built stupas and monasteries, and sent missionary
monks to all parts of his empire. His messages to his people regarding what he
was doing for them and how they should lead their lives, were carved on stones
and pillars found all over his empire.
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HISTORY
Do you Know?
Kautilya—the famous cunning priest—had once been an advisor at the
Nanda court He left after one of the Nanda kings insulted him, for which
he swore revenge. He joined the university at Taxila, and when he met the
ambitious and determined student Chandragupta, he knew how he would
get his revenge! Together, he and Chandragupta planned to seize power in
Magadha.
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HISTORY
Content review
I. Answer the following questions:
3. Who was Kautilya and what role did he play in the creation of the
Mauryan Empire?
II. Copy and complete the following table in your notebook. For each
ruler, give details of their achievements or failures with respect to
the points given on the left, e.g. religion, taxes, etc.
Chandragupta Ashoka
Religion
Attitude towards
people
Development in the
empire
Taxes
Name of successor
Going further
If you had a chance to rule a country, which ruler’s ideas would you follow-
Chandragupta’s or Ashoka's? Why?
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‘X/?;
Aistk’s Notes
_ ALLakabask: We^ a-re- Lib bite- cs>tbrbyasik of w forb. A fear Ubesb ase, stMbckbitg
asbofflc-iaL is reackisbg ak-oiuk bite- ubsc-rLptLoib otb the- ooLwisub. “ALL isbesb
_ are- isiy c-lti/Ltkyesb. I MSb Lika Ojfarbliar to tltesib. As eae-ry fatkar tkesLres tka
_. gowk Mtnk tka kapptitess of bus ckbikskre^ib, 1 wislt that ooLL wait slbowLtkbe,
Tlbe, ^esyle. sesMb yLeasesL Mbck cLcsy bhbesr (bMbds as tbsb offLcsa,L
oMSboiMbcss tbvist a, bbospbbat lASbLL bb bisbLb Lib tlbesr bounb isLorg tlse> roasL
f^tb kbLoisbeters tbLong blbis roasbansL sbbasLy treas (tare^ beaib pkasbbesL itLL.
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HISTORY CHAPTER 7
The Kushans
Circa 50 ce to 250 ce
The later days of the Mauryan Empire saw the arrival of many groups from the
north. Greek rulers from Bactria (now in Afghanistan) were the first to set up their
own empire. They were soon taken over by Shakas from Central Asia who mostly
ruled western India. The Kushans drove them out of the Indus Valley.
Arrival_ _ _
The Kushans were also from Central Asia. They arrived on the
subcontinent through the Hindukush Mountains, circa 50 ce.
They ruled a large territory for over two hundred years.
The Kushans entered under their ruler King Kadphises I, and his
son Kadphises II defeated the Shakas. It was under the rule of
Emperor Kanishka that the Kushan Empire reached its peak.
The empire
Kanishka (120-144 ce) is also called the Second Ashoka because of
his tolerance for other religions. He made Peshawar his capital,
and controlled the trade route between the east and the west,
i.e. the Roman Empire and China. Trade, art, architecture, and
culture flourished under his rule. The Kushan era is noted for the
rise of the Hellenistic influence on the subcontinent. A new style
of art known as ‘Greco-Buddhist art’ containing elements from
the Ancient Greek and Buddhist styles, developed during the
The Kushan Empire Kushan rule. Archaeologists have found several statues and
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HISTORY
Do Don Know?
Stupas are dome-shaped structures
‘ containing Buddhist relics. Kanishka
built a huge stupa near Peshawar.
‘ Archaeologists discovered it in 1908-
1909 ce. This stupa was said to be
600-700 metres high and its base—
which can still be seen—was 87 metres
wide. Chinese pilgrims in the seventh
century described this stupa as the
tallest in India. Archaeologists digging
at the site found important relics from
the Kushan era including pieces of
Under the Kushans, ties with the Roman Empire and China bones said to be those of Buddha.
were strengthened.
After Kanishka’s death, the Kushan Empire lasted for only a century as none of his
successors proved to be as capable a leader as their great ancestor.
Content review
1. Where did the Kushans come from?
Going further
Explain why it is important for rulers to maintain good ties with neighbouring
countries.
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Autb’s Notes
Peslusustur: Th&jre-^tB^ddd^^ oa-Usd bj ids Kuslso^s
tnsistesL thsst tusLdlsis usiss otee- of tlse-jods udso Isced souse doimv to___
pssctde tdus ousts foyus o^ Bisddddus, udetde- Ise- kdussed^ luss cdsosMV
Tlse- sp-ok-esp-eusois cd-so Lsin-tes tde C/ye-e-lc dutbststo tde- k-tisj’s co test,__
(U CfUe-c-o-Bu-dddisMi' bday^t.
OXTOPJD
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CHAPTER 8
The Guptas
Circa 320 ce to 500 ce
The Gupta Empire was founded by a warrior from a noble family of Magadh—
Chandragupta I, (not to be confused with Chandragupta Maurya of the Mauryan
empire.) Chandragupta (circa 320-335 ce) laid the foundations of a great empire.
He extended and strengthened the area under his rule, and acquired many titles
highlighting his prestige and power, one of which was the “King of Kings.” The
Gupta rule began around 320 ce, and included today’s Pakistan, India, Nepal,
Bangladesh, and Myanmar.
After his death in 330 ce, his son Samudragupta inherited the throne, and it is
during his rule that the’subcontinent experienced its 'Golden Era.’
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HISTORY
Poets, sculptors, painters, playwrights, and musicians created outstanding art under the Guptas.
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HISTORY
well. For this reason, trading with near and
distant regions including China, Southeast Travel log
Asia, and Rome was at its peak. It was a
time of prosperity and peace. I am Fa Hien, a Chinese traveller. I spent ten years (circa
400-410 ce) on the subcontinent when it was under
All Gupta rulers patronized learning: the rule of Chandragupta II. It was a region of peace
astronomy, mathematics, literature and prosperity and a perfect place for living. All kinds
(poetry, prose, plays), art, stone carvings of basic facilities were available. The rulers were strict
and sculpture thrived. to ensure that no crimes took place, but at the same
time, they were not cruel. The people were not
The poets, writers, playwrights, sculptors,
burdened by heavy taxes. Although Hinduism was the
and artists of this era created outstanding
main religion, Buddhism was also popular and was
art, some of which has survived the
practised freely. One thing disturbed me no end: the
centuries. The cave temples of Ellora and
caste system had surfaced once again, and the Shudras
Ajanta are famous for the remarkable
were again being mistreated and degraded by members
stone carvings from around this era.
of the other castes. They were shunned by the rest of
Kalidas and Harisen were two notable
society and were not allowed to take part in any social
poets of this empire.
activities.
The Gupta scientists presented the idea —from Fa Hien’s account of his travels
Elaborate carvings in the caves of Ellora and Ajanta are a source of wonder and inspiration for modern historians and artists.
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HISTORY
Going further
Copy and complete the table in your notebook. For each of the rulers, give details
of their achievements or failures with respect to the points given on the left, e.g.
religion, trade, etc.
Reforms,
development,
strengthening of
state
Learning and
education, arts,
architecture
Successors
Titles
36
Aistb’s Notes
Patal^hrw^ gw stgnhdtgjnsids^ answersbty ofNadanha.
- A,prye,a,r_to be, the, wostpspsoLar subjects. I can, ser Lots offoreign, studmts
te,bbbng the, prbests that a, Lanar erbbyse, happ,e,ns whea the, Barth cswes
between, the, Soon, arsb the, Moon,. His cie,sc,rbptbon, bs sisrprbsbng ly arcarate,
The kingdoms of the seventh century are often referred to as the Middle or Classical
kingdoms of the subcontinent. In the years between 600—699 ce, there were many
small kingdoms ruled by various rulers, the greatest of whom was Harsha.
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HISTORY
After Harsha’s death, his empire broke into several small kingdoms because he had
no heir. Less well-known rulers and dynasties continued to rule smaller areas
without making any significant contribution in the region. ’
Content review
1. Why is Harsha considered to be an important ruler?
Going further
a. Imagine you were living in the times of Harsha. What are some of the things
you would have enjoyed under his rule?
b. Imagine Harsha had a successor, as competent as himself and the early Gupta
rulers. Do you think things would have been different? How?
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HISTORY CHAPTER 10
In the previous chapters, you learned about arrivals on the subcontinent and the
rise and fall of empires. Did you ever wonder how and when (slam entered our
region?
All Arabian provinces traded with parts of the Indian subcontinent even before
the advent of Islam in this region. The map shows you the trade route from Arabia
all the way south to Sri Lanka.
The sea-route between these two regions was a busy one. However, pirates often
attacked ships near the port of Daibul, looted all cargo, and imprisoned passengers.
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HISTORY
These pirates were under the protection of the Brahmin ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir,
and so went about their work fearlessly.
In Arabia, Hajjaj bin Yousuf governed the eastern provinces. He was known for his
bravery and military skills. In 712 ce, the pirates seized a ship carrying the widows
and orphans of Muslim traders who had died in Sri Lanka. The ship was also
carrying gifts from the King of Sri Lanka to Caliph Walid in Damascus.
The families of the imprisoned people approached Governor Hajjaj bin Yousuf for
help. The Muslim governor had already been concerned about increasing attacks
on ships in this area. On receiving Raja Dahir’s final refusal to help, he decided to
take action himself. He prepared an expedition to Sindh under the leadership of
Muhammad bin Qasim.
Muhammad bin Qasim’s conquest had far reaching effects on the land and people
of this area. Islam received widespread acceptance. Trade started to flourish once
more as safety was restored to the sea-route. Exchange of ideas and learning
between the Arabs and Indians took place. There were inter-marriages between
Arabs and Sindhis which greatly influenced the culture, language, and traditions of
Sindh.
Muhammad bin Qasim’s conquest of Sindh is regarded as the first wave of Muslim
rule in the Indus Valley, although his rule did not extend further into the Indian
Challenge!
Do you Know?
Muhammad bin Qasim was only
Bhambhore is a small town north
seventeen years old when his uncle
of Karachi where you can see ruins
gave him the important mission of
from the times of Muhammad bin
conquering Sindh. What does this
Qasim.
tell you about his skills?
The ruins of Bhambhore outside Karachi are believed to be the site of Daibul.
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HISTORY
subcontinent. Meanwhile, the Islamic empire was spreading northward to Central
Asia. Around two centuries later, Central Asia produced the Muslim soldiers who
entered the main Indian subcontinent and set up Muslim rule in this area. We will
study this second wave of Muslim conquerors in Book 7.
Content review
1. Who ruled the subcontinent initially in the eighth century?
2. Why were the pirates not scared of being captured and punished?
3. Write a few lines about the role each of these people played in the Muslim
conquest of Sindh.
4. Do you think things would have been different had any of these men not
been there? How?
Going further
Imagine you were one of the passengers on the ship carrying gifts for the caliph,
and other cargo. Write a story about what happened and how you felt.
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.. #■
HISTORY
Miftarowaft bbo Qaybac/batk to kbs coitotry. Peoybt areftbsayyoboteft aft sft attft
o&ws. Mtftatwti'iuft bbo Qasuw seeras to be ayoyttbar Leafter. I see snowy Arab trafters bo
l
tke iwourlcetybawe, ayyareotby beeowst tke trafte rowte to Sbocfk buts recwotby beoosnefree
Tke sowft of anon wafts tkrowyk tke ftrfroav a oewiy-bwbbt swosawe. Lots ofyeoybe
are kwrryboy towafts tke swoscyte to say tkebr afteroooo yrayers. I coo obso see a
ybeatswboy Hbftw terwybe bo tke cbbstowce. A woswao ut at skop' tMs fty ftftly kcts__
y&coA'vtly cbKAze^tezL to IsbaMt as tkey wwe, fty-rtssft b$ bts wtessapjes of episftbty otaft
jcistbcA'ftk^ wau afto ftt-L ofttakstfor tke^yoouty you^rnxiy buv^asuto wko bs a- brawt a,ft
As_ I wa,n,ftz tkrowyk tkeftuuftt, t se& Arft trfte^rs istbetpb'uty frefty wbtk tke<bocft
ysoyk. Sewearft Arft irfttrs wrt bit a, skoy bwybny Moftyakboit bitstriAMsefts. Apw
-Of tkt ataiyL tk'uyy tkey wift tftot back to_ tkeft_Laftb. I tkbft Qoboo
\
owr jtesct tbatttraiatb bey bits aak wko kaows wktre bt wtbb take- its.
\_ 1 kaat aotuaft oat tkbay ba ray trawtk bkroityk kbstory ba tkbs rtyboa: _
bayOywayts_,_a/okbtbbefs.Ltbsbbttbtwooobtr
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HISTORY CHAPTER 11
From Mehrgarh in 6500 bce to Daibul in 712 ce, you have completed over 7000 years
of time travel back in history. You have now become familiar with empires
stretching between Greece in the west, India in the east, Indo-European territories
in the north, and the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal in the south. You know
about the different peoples who lived in these regions, and how their existence
shaped our past and present.
You might have observed another interesting pattern in your journey back in time.
As you moved from one place to another, from the time of one ruler to another,
did you notice that they all grew from individuals to communities, civilizations,
and empires? Did you also notice that though they flourished for different lengths
of time, none of them -could go on forever? Let us study the reasons that led to
their rise and fall.
Rise Fall
® having enough resources to run the • death or illness of rulers
empire • weak, incompetent, or corrupt rulers
• development/welfare projects for • invasions by other stronger empires
people • unwise advisors and betrayal by
® strengthening of borders ministers
® strong defence ® rebellion, protests, and revolt by people
» encouragement and promotion of • natural disasters and epidemics
trade
• competent rulers
® wise ministers
® internal peace and control
® maintaining good relations with
surrounding states
• permitting religious freedom
.............
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HISTORY
Content review
Write down the reasons for the rise and fall of each of the listed rulers/
empires. The first one has been done for you as an example.
Aryans
Alexander
Chandragupta Maurya
Ashoka
The Kushans
The Guptas
Going further
If you were given a choice to go back in time, in which civilization or empire would
you choose to live, and why?
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CHAPTER 12
The universe_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
When you look into the sky on a clear night, you see an endless, dark expanse
with countless stars. This is a part of the universe visible from the Earth. The
universe is an unlimited space containing dust, gas, rocks, empty space, planets,
and stars. Our Earth is a small planet in this vast universe.
There are many theories regarding the creation of the universe. Astronomers
present different theories about how it came into being, when it was created, and
how large it is. Of course, no one can answer these questions definitely. However,
we know for sure that the universe is home to innumerable stars and planets.
Many of these stars are found together in clusters called galaxies. Each galaxy is
made up of billions of stars. Stars are huge, hot, bright, heavenly bodies made up
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GEOGRAPHY
of gas and other matter that give out energy. They appear as small stars in the
night sky because they are at great distances from the Earth. Planets are celestial
bodies made up of gas, rock, or ice that orbit around stars. Other celestial bodies
include dwarf planets, comets, meteoroids, etc.
Do you know?
Until 2006, the Solar System was known to consist of nine planets. Pluto, discovered, in 1919,
was the smallest planet and the furthest from the Sun. In 2006, astronomers discussed the
qualities of a planet. Most experts agreed that Pluto did not have all those qualities, for
example, its size. Therefore, it is now called a 'dwarf planet and not considered as
important.
——M—----------------------------
V
V
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Measuring distances in space
How far is one planet from the other?
How long would it take us to reach other
stars? Can we count the number of years
it would take us to travel to the Sun, if we
could actually make it? Most of us often
wonder about questions such as these.
The Earth_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The Earth is a round planet made of rock, third in line from the
Sun. It is the only planet discovered so far to have conditions
suitable for life. The most important of these conditions is its
distance from the Sun. It makes the temperature perfect for all
forms of life as we know it. What do you think would happen
to life if the Earth was too near or too far from the Sun?
Gravity
Have you noticed that when you drop something, it falls to the
ground, and when you throw something up in the air, that too,
returns to the ground instead of staying up forever? This Centrifugal force
happens because the Earth pulls everything towards its centre, makes objects go
just like a magnet. This force is called gravity. straight when thrown.
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GEOGRAPHY
Centrifugal force
When we throw an object with force, it moves away from us in a straight line. This
is due to the centrifugal force. The centrifugal force makes objects go as straight
as possible until the force of gravity pulls them down.
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Gravity also makes everything on Earth stay on Earth instead of floating off into
the skies. Gravitational pull also helps to regulate tides in oceans and seas. If there
was no gravity, what do you think would happen to people, buildings, mountains,
and rivers?
The Earth's marvels do not end here. In earlier classes, you learned how rotation
causes day and night and how revolutions give us seasons. In later chapters, you
will learn how revolution and the Earth’s tilt and bulge give us varying amounts of
sunlight, and hence seasons. You will learn many other interesting facts related to
the Earth.
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Content review
I. Answer the following questions:
1. Light year
2. Meteoroid
3. Comet
4. The Solar System
1. A dwarf planet
Going further
Imagine life without gravity. What would it be like?
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CHAPTER B
Have you ever noticed that during the summer, we have very long days and very
short nights? In winter, it is quite the opposite—very short days and very long
nights. Have you ever wondered why this happens? It happens because our Earth
has some very unusual characteristics or features—its shape, tilt, and movements.
Let’s see how these bring about seasons and different durations of day and night.
Shape
On the diagram of the Earth, observe the North Pole, the South
Pole, and the Equator.
The Earth bulges out from the middle. This bulging region
is the first to receive direct sunlight. It also receives
sunlight for the longest time in the day throughout the
year because it is the widest area of the Earth. Therefore,
it is also the hottest region on Earth.
The two poles receive very little sunlight because the Sun
is never overhead. Also, the sunlight reaches a very small
area because of the curve of the Earth. Hence, the poles
remain cold throughout the year.
Tilt_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
The Earth is tilted on its axis. This is what it looks
like:
Remember:
• The North Pole and the South Pole do not face the Sun at the same time
because of the Earth’s tilt.
• Each hemisphere will experience the opposite season at any given time. So,
when the North Pole is tilted towards the Sun, the northern hemisphere has
summer and the southern hemisphere has winter. Similarly, when the South
Pole is tilted towards the Sun, the southern hemisphere has summer and the
northern hemisphere has winter.
The diagram below shows you how early or how late the Sun’s rays reach different
parts of the Earth because of its tilt and bulge.
Challenge
The Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn are two imaginary lines
drawn on maps to help us determine climatic zones. Can you guess which
hemisphere these tropics are in by looking at the diagram?
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Rotation
The Earth spins like a top as it goes around
the Sun. This is called rotation. It takes
twenty-four hours for the Earth to make one
complete rotation. During rotation, half of
the Earth faces the Sun while the other side
faces away from it. This is how we get night
and day.
Revolution
The Earth is also circling around the Sun. This circling or orbiting of the Earth
around the Sun is called revolution. It takes the Earth 365 14 days, or one year, to
complete one revolution around the Sun.
What b an equinox?
Coming from the Latin words ‘equi’ meaning equal and’ nox’ meaning night, equinox
means equal night. It is one of the two dates in the year when the duration of day
and night is equal; this happens on March 21/22 and September 22/23 because the
overhead Sun is on the Equator, and the Equator divides the Earth into two halves.
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Autumn equinox
23rd September
Remember:
What is a solstice?
A solstice is a period of unequal day and night; the two dates when we have the
longest day/shortest night and the shortest day/longest night. In the northern
hemisphere, we have the summer solstice (longest day/shortest night) on June
21/22, and the winter solstice (shortest day/longest night) on December 21/22.
Remember:
Summer solstice in the northern hemisphere (June 21/22) is winter solstice in the
southern hemisphere. The overhead Sun is on the Tropic of Cancer, which means
there will be light for a longer time in the northern hemisphere.
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Content review
1. Name the three characteristics of Earth that are responsible for varying amounts
of sunlight.
2. On which imaginary line does the Earth rotate?
3. How long does the Earth take to complete one rotation?
4. What is the Earth s circling around the Sun called? How long does it take to
complete one such circle?
5. On which date does the southern hemisphere have the shortest day?
4. When the North Pole is leaning towards the Sun. the South Pole is tilted
_____________ from it.
Hi. State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct those that are
false.
IV. In your notebook, draw and label a diagram showing the solstices and equinoxes.
Find out about the festivals associated with solstices and equinoxes around the
world.
CHAPTER 14
Crust
Mantle
These layers are the crust, the mantle, and the core.
Each layer has a different thickness and composition.
The crust
This is the outermost layer of the Earth carrying the
oceans and the land. It is a layer of rock about 5 to 10
kms thick under the oceans and between 30 and 50 kms
Outer core thick under the continents. The crust is the coolest and the
thinnest layer of the Earth. Compared to the rest of the Earth,
Inner core
it is as thick as the skin of an apple is to the rest of the apple.
The crust is broken into pieces called tectonic plates. These plates are constantly
moving because they are floating on a layer of molten rock just below the crust.
When these plates collide, it can result in earthquakes and volcanic eraptoomss. We
will discuss this in detail later.
The mantle
It is the second and the thickest layer of the Earth. Its appearance and texture is
like jelly or thick custard. About 2900 kms thick, the mantle is much hotter than
the crust. It is mainly made of silicon and magnesium, and contains other
minerals such as iron, aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium in
smaller quantities.
The core
Geologists divide the core into two parts: the inner core and the outer
core. The outer core lies below the mantle and is a liquid layer around
2,266 km thick. It is made of nickel and iron. The temperature of the outer
core ranges between 4000°C and 6100°C.
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As the name suggests, the inner core is the innermost portion of the Earth and is a
solid ball about 1220 km wide. It is also made of iron and nickel and is the hottest Challenge
of all layers. Geologists suggest that the inner core is almost as hot as the Sun.
The crust beneath
the oceans is
The Jithosphere and tectonic plates
called the oceanic
The crust and the mantle together are called the lithosphere. We live on the crust. What do
lithosphere. The lithosphere is undergoing constant physical and chemical changes. you think the
Some of these changes are slow, unnoticeable, and take place over a long time. crust beneath the
All changes in the lithosphere affect life on Earth. continents is
called?
We have already learned that the Earth’s surface is broken into pieces. These are
called tectonic plates, which are floating on the mantle. There are two types of
plates: oceanic plates and continental plates. The cracks between the plates are
called faults or plate boundaries.
Plate movements
Look at the map below. It shows all the major tectonic plates of the Earth.
Tectonic plates are constantly moving at very slow speeds. They move in three
different ways:
Convergent plates
These push into each other at faults or
boundaries. When two convergent
continental plates crash into each other,
the land is pushed upwards into folds. It
rises above the ground to form mountains.
The Alps and the Himalayas were formed
in this way.
Take a piece of carpet or thick cloth and try pushing it inwards from both ends.
What will happen? The middle part of the carpet will rise up in folds. This is similar
to how the Earth’s major mountains were created.
Divergent plates
When plates pull away from each other,
they create wide gaps called rifts between
the plate boundaries. The Great Rift Valley
of Africa was created in this way in the
zone between the North American and the
Eurasian plates.
Conservative plates
Conservative plates slide past each other in opposite directions. The North
American and Pacific plates are an example. The San Andreas fault in California,
USA is a conservative plate boundary and a major earthquake zone of the world.
Plate boundary at San Andreas, US. The cracks illustrate how the ground has moved ahead on
one side due to plate movement.
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Earthquakes
The movement of the plates can be felt on the surface of the Earth. The plates
collide, push, and rub against each other. Sometimes they become locked as they
grind past each other. All these movements are felt as shakes and on the
surface of the Earth and are called earthquakes.
Challenge
A geologist is a person who:
Content review
1. Why do plates move?
Use the map to make a list of all the tectonic plates. Write down whether they
are convergent, divergent, or conservative.
CHAPTER 15
Weathering
Weathering is the natural wearing down of rock or rock surfaces into smaller
pieces. It changes the appearance of land surfaces. There are three types of
weathering:
1. Physical weathering
2. Chemical weathering
3. Biological weathering
Physical weathering
In physical weathering, rocks are broken down into
smaller pieces because of the changes in the atmosphere.
These changes may be in temperature and humidity.
During the day (or in very hot places), rocks expand
because of the heat. At night (or in cold places), rocks
contract. This expanding and contracting of rocks causes
them to crack and eventually break and crumble into
Temperature and humidity affect rocks. small pieces.
Chemical weathering
All rocks are made of minerals. Some of these minerals
are soft and soluble. When they meet water, they
dissolve or crumble. This is known as chemical
weathering. Limestone is a soft rock, which easily
dissolves in water.
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Biological weathering
Sometimes roots of plants find their way into cracks and
crevices between rocks. As they grow, they widen these
cracks. Eventually, the rocks break. In addition, animals
such as moles, rats, rabbits, worms, etc. make their
burrows in the ground. This creates spaces between
rocks, and causes the softer ones to crumble and mix.
Wind erodes rocks and blows sand away, changing the landscape.
GEOGRAPHY
The river slows down as it reaches its middle course and begins depositing its load,
starting with the heavier materials first. Finally, as it nears the sea, it slows down
even more and deposits its lightest load, which includes silt, sand, and other fine
particles.
Rainwater also breaks down soft rock and carries off sediment. Raindrops create
depressions in the land.
Challenge
Biological means concerning life.
Why do you think biological
weathering was given this name?
umu
Content review
Do you know?
1. What is the difference between weathering and erosion?
Topography is the study of
2. Name and describe the three ways in which weathering the Earth’s surface and the
takes place. changes which take place
Going further
‘New land surfaces are created, old ones are broken down, as a result of erosion.’
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of erosion with some adults. Write down
the points in your notebook.
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CHAPTER 16
Landforms
fountains and Other Land Features
Landforms are ‘natural shapes or features of the land'. Many of them are created
by erosion, some are created by plate movements. Land features include mountains
and hills, plateaus, plains, and deserts. Geologists categorize these according to
height, structure, composition, slope, type of soil, and climatic conditions.
Mountains
Mountains are the loftiest of the Earth’s landforms. They are sloping highlands,
usually well above 300 metres. There are many unusual features of mountains.
They are found in groups called mountain ranges, or stand alone as lone mountains.
They have pointed, round, or flat tops. Some mountains have steep slopes and it
Nanga Parbat is difficult to climb them. Mountains sometimes form a natural boundary between
countries and are the birthplaces of many important rivers. They also affect
weather and rainfall.
Mount Fujiyama
Koh-e-Ghizer, Shandur K2, the tallest peak in Pakistan, is the world s second highest mountain.
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Fold mountains
middle to rise in folds.
Fold mountains are formed when two convergent continental
plates push into each other. The land is pushed up in folds forming
mountains. The Himalayas, Andes, and Alps are fold mountains.
Volcanic mountains
Volcanic mountains are created in different ways. Lava is molten
rock from the mantle of the Earth. Plate movement forces the lava
to come out through cracks in the crust or through volcanoes.
When this lava piles up, cools, and hardens, it forms rocks and
Lava cools down and hardens into
volcanic mountains. Some islands are actually the peaks of rock, forming mountains.
underwater volcanoes.
Hills
Block of land pushed up by the
High areas of land which are lower than 300 metres, are called hills. movement of the plates
They usually have rounded peaks. They have softer edges and a
rolling appearance and are usually covered with wild flowers, trees,
shrubs, and grasses.
GEOGRAPHY
Do you know?
Plateaus are called the
‘face of the Earth’ because
they cover about 45% of
Plateaus_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Plateaus are areas of high land with flat, level tops. They are actually block mountains and are also
called table mountains because of their appearance. Plateaus are classified on the basis of (a) their
surroundings and (b) how they are formed.
Intermontanne plateaus are the highest plateaus of the world. They are found between mountains
or surrounded by mountains on all sides. The Tibetan plateau, and the plateaus of Bolivia, Peru,
and Mexico are intermontanne plateaus.
Piedmont plateaus have mountains on one side and a plain or sea on the other. The Colorado
plateau is one such plateau.
Continental plateaus are usually found near coastal plains, away from mountains. The Deccan
Plateau and the plateaus of Spain and Australia are continental plateaus.
The lava from repeated volcanic activity forms volcanic plateaus. This lava spreads over a large
area and hardens over time. The plateau of Columbia is a volcanic plateau.
Some plateaus are a result of the erosion of mountains by (a) running water, usually rivers and
(b) glaciers. Examples of such plateaus are the plateaus of Russia, Brazil, Finland, Greenland, and
Antarctica.
Wind erosion is another cause of plateau formation. The Potohar Plateau of Pakistan was formed
by wind erosion over many years.
Challenge
The Potohar (also spelt Potwar) Plateau In Punjab is one of Pakistan's two famous plateaus Look
at the physical map of Pakistan in Oxford School Atlas for Pakistan and locate Pakistan's second
plateau. Write down its name and the province in which it is located.
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GEOGRAPHY
Plains
Plains are flat lands. They are the best places for agriculture and farming. Plains
may be created by (a) erosion and deposition by rivers and glaciers (b) volcanic
activity. In Pakistan, the plains of Sindh and the Punjab, along the River Indus, are
the best regions for agricultural activity. Plains are covered by a variety of
vegetation ranging from grasses to trees. Grassy plains without any trees are called
steppes or prairies.
Deserts
Deserts are vast tracts of land that receive little
or no rainfall throughout the year. They are dry
and barren with hardly any vegetation except for
a limited variety of palm trees, cacti, and similar
Some areas in the desert are made of rock.
plants. Coarse, spaky grasses grow in some areas.
Rainwater in such an area fails to be absorbed and
forms a pool. Trees and vegetation grow around Deserts may be sandy or rocky. The temperatures
range from extremely hot during the day to
this water. This fertile spot is called an oasis.
freezing cold at night. The little rainfall that occurs
Humans, animals, and plants depend on this small
is of hardly any importance.
reservoir of water for their needs. Desert dwellers,
Deserts are both ‘hot’ and ‘cold.’ While hot deserts
nomads, and other travellers stay close to it.
are sandy and dry, cold deserts are covered with
ice and hence unable to support life. Hot deserts
are classified into three categories: extremely arid lands which remain without rainfall throughout
the year; arid lands which receive less than 250 mm (10 inches) of rainfall in a year; and semi-arid
lands which receive between 250 mm to 500 mm (10-20 inches) of rainfall annually.
• Extreme heat from the Sun at the Equator creates hot winds which travel up towards the tropics
and produce dry weather as they descend. Sahara desert was formed like this.
• Lack of rainfall due to physical reasons like the climate of a place, location away from any large
water body, etc. The Gobi desert is an example.
• Rain shadow, when mountains block rain-bearing clouds from reaching a place, e.g., the Death
Valley, USA.
• Cold deserts, such as the Antarctic, are formed because ice and snow never melt and plants
cannot grow.
The biggest deserts of the world by area are the Antarctic Desert (Antarctica), Arctic Desert (Arctic),
Sahara Desert (Africa), Arabian Desert (the Middle East), Gobi Desert (Asia), and the Kalahari Desert
(Africa).
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Challenge
Which of the
following
mountain ranges
are in Pakistan?
a. Alps,
Himalayas
Chaghi Hills
b. Himalayas
Hindukush
Karakoram
c. Karakoram
Hindukush
Andes
Content review
I. Answer the following questions:
1. On what basis are plateaus classified?
2. Make a list of all the plateaus.
3. Give three reasons why water is scarce in deserts.
4. Why is an oasis important for desert dwellers?
II. On the map given above,
i. Mark the following mountains using the appropriate numbers.
1. Kilimanjaro 2. Mont Blanc 3. Etna 4. K2 5. Fuji
6. Kenya Z Himalayas 8. Alps 9. Rockies 10. Andes
ii. indicate lone mountains with one triangle.
iii. indicate mountain ranges with four joined triangles.
Going further
a. In what ways are plateaus an important landform?
b. Imagine you are a desert dweller. A foreign tourist is passing through your oasis
and wants to stay with you and your people for a few days. What advice and
suggestions would you give him? How would you look after him?
CHAPTER 17
Weather is the condition of the atmosphere for any day including the temperature,
winds, clouds, and rainfall. The weather can be sunny, windy, rainy, or stormy in
one day.
Climate is the average condition of the weather in a place over a longer period,
usually thirty years. The climate of a place can be called hot, cold, or moderate.
It determines
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GEOGRAPHY
RainfeH
The temperature of a place changes significantly after rainfall. Just before the rain,
it becomes hot, humid and still, and becomes pleasant after the rainfall. Places on
or near the Equator experience this throughout the year.
Wind direction
if wind blows from a colder place, it will have a cooling effect on the place it
reaches. On the other hand, if it blows from a hotter region, temperatures will rise
in the area it blows towards.
GEOGRAPHY
Altitude
Places located above sea level are cooler than places on or near sea level. In
Pakistan, people often travel to Murree, Swat, and other hill stations to escape the
scorching summer heat, because these places are located in the high mountains
where the temperature is lower.
Content review
2. What is temperature?
b. If you travel from Karachi towards the interior of Sindh, it gets hotter. What
causes this?
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CHAPTER 18
In the previous section, you learned that the climate of a place determines what
crops can be grown there. The availability of fertile land with a good supply of
water is essential for agriculture.
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GEOGRAPHY
Suitable dimate
Climate determines the region, time, and type of crops that can be grown in a
place. For example, wheat requires a warm, dry climate. What would happen if you
tried to grow wheat in the North Pole area where there is snow throughout the
year and hardly any sunlight?
There are many ways of managing water. Rainwater, river water, or other forms of
fresh water are stored in reservoirs and supplied through canals, tube wells, and
sprinklers.
Climate, type of land, and soil condition affect the crops. Crops like rice need lots of water to grow.
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GEOGRAPHY
Waterlogged and saline land cannot be used for Careful use of pesticides protects crops.
farming.
Pests
Pests are living organisms that cause damage to agricultural produce. They include
weeds and parasitic organisms. Some examples are weevils, moths, some species
of worm, fungus, etc. Pesticides are often sprayed to fight or control pests but
their overuse can cause other damage to crops, humans, and animals.
Soil management
Soil is the top layer of the Earth in which plants can grow. It consists of broken
rock particles and contains minerals and nutrient. Nutrients are important parts of
the soil. They provide energy to plants.
Some crops use up more nutrients than others. Sometimes, one kind of nutrient
is required in a larger quantity. Before planting any new crop, farmers must test
the condition of the soil and then decide what nutrients it needs. Different kinds
of manure and fertilizers provide different nutrients. Some nutrients necessary for
plant growth are carbon, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sulphur, calcium,
magnesium, silicon, sodium, and zinc.
Water contains many minerals, including salt in small quantities. In very hot places,
the rate of evaporation is very high and when the water in the soil evaporates, it
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leaves behind traces of salt, which accumulate over time: this makes the soil
salty—a condition called salinity. Crops cannot grow in saline soil. This is a major
problem for farmers in and regions. Experts are trying to find permanent,
inexpensive solutions to these problems.
Natural disasters
The most common natural disaster in Pakistan is flooding. It causes the greatest
damage to food crops. This results in food shortages and economic losses for
farmers. Flooding occurs when there is too much water in a river and it overflows
onto the land. The collective efforts of farmers and government can sometimes
control small floods and prevent damage.
Livestock farming
Livestock refers to all animals reared on farms for meat, dairy products, transport,
labour, and other purposes. Cattle, goats, sheep, oxen, horses, camels, and pack
animals (such as donkeys) are common livestock in Pakistan.
Cows are raised for their milk, meat, and Sheep are sheared to produce wool.
dung (used as biofuel).
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GEOGRAPHY
Poultry farming
Hens, ducks and geese are known as poultry and are raised on farms for meat and
eggs. A huge number of chickens are raised all over the world for both meat and
eSSs- Around the world, more than fifty billion chickens are raised every year.
Fish farming
Fish and some varieties of shellfish such as crabs, lobsters, and prawns are bred in
farms. Some fisheries raise young fish from eggs and then release them into rivers
and lakes to increase their numbers in an area. Such farms are called hatcheries.
Waste material from fish farms provides chicken feed for poultry farms.
GEOGRAPHY
Content review
B. Answer the following questions:
The 2010 floods in Sindh and the Punjab destroyed most of the crops growing in
the fields. What do you think must have happened to the:
i. quantity of crops,
ii. quality of crops,
iii. farmers,
iv. price and availability in the market?
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CHAPTER 19
Agriculture in Pakistan
Pakistan is an
agricultural country.
Pakistan is blessed with fertile flat land and a suitable climate for farming. The
floodplains of the Punjab and Sindh are the most favourable for growing a variety
of crops. However, this cultivable area is only 35 per cent of the total land area of
the country.
Land ^distribution
Forests
Forests are tracts of land where many trees grow. They contribute to the natural
environment of a place and are home to a variety of birds and animals. Forests are
an important geographical feature because
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GEOGRAPHY
Unfortunately, people are cutting down forests for wood.
Wood is a major resource. In some areas, firewood is
burned as fuel. It is also used in constructing buildings, Land distribution m Pakistan
and making furniture, paper, and sports goods. Sometimes
forests are cleared and buildings are constructed in their
place.
Farmland
Farmland is the flat fertile land, usually along riverbanks,
that supports farming. It has all the factors suitable for
agriculture. Most of Pakistan’s farmlands are on the plains
of Sindh and the Punjab.
Pakistan’s system of irrigation is one of the best in the world. It consists of a large
network of canals, constructed in the nineteenth century.
Meth oirrigation
minim
Dams and barrages
Dams are artificial lakes that store water from overflowing
Do you know? rivers and release controlled amounts back into rivers
whenever needed. Many dams have been built in valleys
Some major dams of Pakistan are: Tarbela on in the northern regions of Pakistan. Smaller dams and
the Indus in the Haripur Disrict, Khyber barrages are built near the floodplains. Barrages are
Pukhtunkhwa; Warsak on the Kabul river near floodgates used to stop or divert the flow of a river.
There is no reservoir attached to a barrage. Most
Peshawar, Mangla on the Jhelum river in Azad
barrages are located on the plains of Sindh.
Jammu and Kashmir; Khanpur on the Haro
Wells
Another method of irrigating fields is by digging
shallow wells to reach the underground water. A large
wheel-like structure called the Persian Wheel is used
to obtain water from these wells. Since these wells
are not deep, they soon dry up or become stagnant.
Challenge
Which province
of Pakistan has
the most dams
Impervious layer and barrages?
Some people believe Iranians developed the karez system long ago.
GEOGRAPHY
Crops used commonly as food include wheat, rice, sugarcane, beans, lentils and
other grains, oilseed, fruit, and vegetables. All these crops grow in Pakistan.
Top (from left): paddy; rice ready to be husked Top (from left): wheat field; wheat stalk
Bottom (from left): rice grain; cooked rice Bottom (from left): wheat grain; chapati
Rice Wheat
Rice is the most popular food crop Wheat is the most popular grain crop
after wheat. It is part of the staple diet grown worldwide. It is most
in Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, China, and commonly used to make bread and is
other Asian countries. It is exported by the staple diet of many nations.
Pakistan to other countries. Pakistan Pakistan produces wheat in
produces the best quality basmati rice, abundance. Chapati and bread are
which is popular all over the world eaten throughout the country. Wheat
because of its fine flavour and aroma. is also used in cereals.
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Sugarcane GEOGRAPHY
Top (from left): sugarcane field; sugarcane stalks Top (from left): cotton flower; cotton wool
Bottom (from left): refined sugar; ‘gur’ being made Bottom (from left): cotton yarn; cotton textile being
manufactured
mmml
Other important crops_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Maize, oilseeds, fruits, vegetables, and a variety of
pulses grow all over Pakistan.
Do you know? I
Sunflower seeds are processed to extract
sunflower oil, which is used in cooking. Crops grown for sale in the local or
Maize flour is commonly used in cooking. Parts of international market are called cash crops.
the plant are used as animal fodder. They are always in demand. These include
Lentils and pulses are called daal in Urdu. These cotton, rice, coffee, sugarcane, oilseed,
are good sources of protein and provide a soybean, etc. Sometimes, surplus food crops
common meal for most Pakistanis. are exported to earn extra revenue.
________ F
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GEOGRAPHY
Lentils, oil seeds, vegetables, and fruits are important food crops.
Content review
What is the difference between food crops and cash crops?
Activity
Ask your teacher to divide the class into groups, and pretend you all are
farmers. Based on what you have learned so far, plan a model farm. You can
add details about the climate, farming methods used, water supply
arrangements, and crops that will provide food and earn revenue.
Going further
What do you think would happen to a country if it grew only cash crops or only
food crops?
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CHAPTER 20
GEOGRAPHY
Minerals and Natural Energy Resources
Minerals are all natural substances found in the Earth. They are quarry is always above the
found as deposits and are known as ore in their natural form. ground.
The sites where mineral deposits are dug up are called mines or
quarries.
GEOGRAPHY
Gold, silver, platinum, uranium, zinc, and copper are precious metals. None of these
are mined in Pakistan, hence Pakistan needs to import them from other countries.
The minerals mined here are coal, natural gas, crude oil, chromite, dolomite,
gypsum, limestone, magnesite, rock salt, sulphur, and barite. A few small mines of
good quality precious stones like ruby, emerald, topaz and tourmaline are also
found in the northern areas.
Coal
Coal is found in abundance in Pakistan. The country’s largest coal mines are found
in Sindh, followed by the Punjab and Balochistan. However, the quality of coal is
not good, and it is only used in small industries. Coal deposits have recently been
discovered in the Thar area of Sindh. This discovery is expected to have a big
impact on fuel production in Pakistan.
Challenge
Can you think of
some common uses
of natural gas?
Mined coal being loaded for The flare atop a gas well signifies
the market active production.
Natural gas
Natural gas is found in Pakistan and is used for household, industrial, and commercial
purposes because of its low cost. The largest gas field is in Sui, Balochistan.
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Oil
Oil is the most precious of natural energy resources. Although work is in progress
to locate oil in Pakistan, no significant reserves have been found so far. Geologists
are working on potential sites hoping to strike oil one day. Pakistan buys petroleum
from countries in the Gulf region. There are many refineries in Pakistan which refine
crude oil into fuel grade oil.
Content review
1. What is the difference between a mine and a quarry?
2. Name some:
i. metallic minerals
ii. non-metallic minerals
iii. natural energy resources
3. Why are minerals and other natural resources important for a country?
4. why are natural energy deposits important for a developing country like
Pakistan?
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Yaadgar Chowk, Peshawar
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GEOGRAPHY
A city is defined as a large and densely populated urban area which may include
Who do you think Cities play an important role in a country’s social and economic growth. Let us
look at some cities of Pakistan.
Faisalabad is
named after?
Important cities of Pakistan _ _ _ _
Islamabad
Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. With an area of 906 square kilometers (sq km)
and population of 2.0 million, it is Pakistan's tenth largest city. It is also the most
well planned city of Pakistan.
Islamabad is home to embassies, foreign envoys, and all federal government offices. It is
located in the Potohar Plateau region of northern Pakistan, at the foot of Margalla Hills.
A view of Islamabad
Rawalpindi
Rawalpindi is located in the Punjab and borders Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Khyber
Pukhtunkhwa. It is famous as a ‘garrison city’ because the military headquarters of
Pakistan s Armed Forces are located here. The city is also a popular shopping
destination for tourists travelling to Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Together, Rawalpindi
and Islamabad are called ‘twin cities’ because they are located next to each other.
Sculptures on the Mall
Road, Rawalpindi
Sialkot
Known as the ‘City of lqbal>^,’ Sialkot lies at the edge of the Punjab, near the River
Chenab. It covers an area of 3,016 sq km and has a population of nearly 3.8 million.
It is the birthplace of our national poet Allama IqbaUM^. Sialkot is an old city,
featuring in historical records from ancient times. The city is famous all over the
world for manufacturing sports goods, surgical and dental instruments, bicycles,
bicycle tyres, and tubes. It is the world’s largest producer of hand-sewn footballs.
Football factory, Sialkot
Sialkot is the second city in Pakistan after Karachi, which earns the most from exports
and international business. It has a dry port and an international airport.
Peshawar
It is the provincial capital of Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Province with an area of 1,257 sq km
and a population of over 4.26 million. One of the oldest living cities of Asiai Peshawar
served as a connection between south, central and west Asia in ancient times. Like
Iqra Chowk, Peshawar Sialkot, Peshawar too has witnessed all major and minor rules in the subcontinent. It
is located in a valley east of Khyber Pass where south and central Asia meet.
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GEOGRAPHY
Lahore
Lahore is the provincial capital of the Punjab and one of the most densely populated
cities of the world. It has an area of 1,772 sq km and a population of about 11 million.
It is also known as ‘the Paris of the East’, ‘the Pearl of Punjab,’ and ‘the cultural capital
of Pakistan’. Lahore is the economic, cultural, and social center of Pakistan as well as
the hub of fashion, entertainment, and political activity. Tombs and shrines of
prominent sufi saints, the Badshahi Mosque, Shalimar Gardens, and many other
buildings built by the Mughal emperors, bear witness to its glorious history.
Tomb ofJahangir, Lahore
Multan
Multan is located in the southern part of the Punjab on the east bank of the
Chenab River. It is spread over an area of 3,721 sq km with a population of
approximately 4.7 million. It is known as ‘Madinatul Auliya’ or the city of saints
because many great sufi saints and mystics are buried here. Multan’s handicrafts
are famous throughout the world. These include hand-embroidered clothes, blue
pottery, and decorative items made from wood and camel skin. In addition, it is a
major agricultural center of Pakistan. Mangoes grown in Multan are among the best
in the world. Tomb of Sufi saint
Bahauddin Zakariya,
Multan
Faisalabad
Faisalabad is located in the northeastern plains of the Punjab. It covers 5,856 sq km
with a population of about 7.8 million. It is the hub of cotton, cotton textile, and
other related industries in Pakistan. Initially, Faisalabad was an undeveloped area
used as a temporary shelter by gypsies. Sir Thomas B. Lyall, an Englishman,
developed it into a planned city in 1880. It was known as Lyallpur until 1977, when
the Government of Pakistan changed its name to Faisalabad. The city has been
designed around the famous Faisalabad clock tower. Eight major roads start from University of Agriculture,
the clock tower centre to cover eight different directions. Faisalabad
Bahawalpur
Quetta
Quetta is the provincial capital of Balochistan. Located near the Bolan Pass, it is
spread over 3,447 sq km and has a population of 2.2 million. Quetta is called ‘the
fruit garden or fruit basket of Pakistan as it produces the best variety and quality
of fresh and dry fruit. Quetta is located at a height of more than 6000 feet above
sea level—the highest among all major cities in Pakistan. It is home to several rare
Trucks carrying goods species of wild plants and animals.
pass through Quetta
Hyderabad
Hyderabad covers an area of 993 sq km with a population of 2.2 million. Alexander
the Great founded a city near Hyderabad on his way back to the Persian Empire.
Hyderabad is an important commercial and industrial center of Sindh. It is among
the biggest bangle manufacturers in the world. The city is deeply rooted in culture.
It is a center of learning for Sindhi language and literature.
Railway station,
Hyderabad Karachi
Karachi has grown from a quiet fishermens’ village to a bustling centre of business
and industry in the past three centuries. It is the largest city of Pakistan in terms
of size, population, and development. It is spread over an area of 3,527 sq km and
is home to around 15 million people. Located on the coast of the Arabian Sea,
Karachi is also known as the ‘city of lights’, ‘the bride of cities’, and ‘mini Pakistan’.
An international airport, a busy seaport, industrial zones, telecommunication
facilities, stock exchange, shopping centers, hotels, and restaurants add to the city’s
The Bandstand, Jahangir
importance as the commercial capital of Pakistan. Karachi is also counted among
Kothari Parade, Karachi
the biggest cities of the world.
Content review
1. Which city is known as the fruit basket and why?
Going further
Source: Population
data based on Which city do you live in or live close to? What would life be like for you if this
Pakistan Census 2017 city did not exist in this place?
CHAPTER 22
Electricity is the most important power resource for all nations. All electric and
electronic appliances and gadgets run on this power source. Our need for
electricity is increasing day by day. Can you imagine life without electricity?
Different methods are used to generate the energy which moves the turbine. There
are three kinds of power plant in use in Pakistan: thermal power plants, hydel
power plants, and nuclear power plants.
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GEOGRAPHY
Stack
-w Rnilor rln im
Heat
Thermal power plants use oil, gas, or coal as fuel.
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Wind power
You might have seen small fan-like
structures on the roofs and
balconies of some houses. These
are called windmills. When a
strong wind blows, it moves the
windmills, creating energy by
wind power. These are useful for
powering small units in houses or
shops. A number of windmills
placed together to produce
electricity form a wind farm. It is
a clean form of energy since no
smoke or pollutant from burning
fuel is released into the air.
Windmills
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GEOGRAPHY
Solar power
Heat and energy from the Sun are used to power small appliances like garden lights
and batteries. Solar panels absorb and store energy and use it when required. Some
calculators also use solar energy. Solar energy is clean but the equipment used for
producing it is very expensive: this is why it is not used more commonly around
the world.
Content review
Which power plants produce clean energy?
Going further
a. Write about what life was like before electricity was discovered.
b. What type of a power plant is the most suitable for electricity generation in
Pakistan?
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CHAPTER 23
Mosques, parks, restaurants, museums, libraries, shopping malls, markets, and other
such places are called public places. They are built for use by many people at the
same time. They may be owned and managed by one person; by a group of people;
or by the government, for our use and pleasure, in return, it is our duty to ensure
that we do not cause any kind of damage to the property, to its owner(s), or to
other people who may be rightfully using the place. The manner in which we
conduct ourselves in such places is of great importance. It reflects on our
upbringing and values.
Remembering the three As can help us become cautious and responsible. They are:
• Awareness
® Attitude
o Action
Awareness
We need to be aware of the etiquette for visiting a public place. Etiquette means
a set of rules that one is expected to follow on social occasions and in all public
places. To avoid embarrassment, we should always gather information about the
right etiquette or the way to behave, before an upcoming occasion or visit.
Awareness comes from the knowledge that we receive from our homes and
schools. At home, we (earn from our parents and other members of the family. In
school, our teachers explain the difference between right and wrong.
Attitude
Attitude is a combination of what we know, and how we think and feel about things
once we know about them. It is the driving force that makes us choose how to act
in a particular way. A positive attitude will always guide us to do the right thing.
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Action
Once we have received awareness and developed the right attitude towards a
certain situation, it is time for us to take suitable action. We should behave
properly in every situation, in the light of our awareness and attitude. This is the
most important of the A’s. This involves not troubling, annoying, or causing
inconvenience to anyone and not damaging any property. People around us will
respect us for doing this.
Visiting a mosque
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A mosque is a place of worship for Muslims. It is the house of Allah and must be
shown due respect. In a mosque, people offer their prayers, read the Quran, listen
to lectures, or have conversations with scholars and other people. Before visiting
a mosque, we should have a bath and put on clean clothes.
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When we enter a mosque, we should:
• sit down wherever we find a place. If we arrive late, we must not jump over
people in search of a place at the front: this disturbs others and is unfair
to those who arrived before us.
• avoid talking loudly. Avoid talking at all during the prayers and the sermon
unless there is an emergency.
Visiting a museum
A museum is a building or place where works of art or other objects of value and
historic importance are kept and displayed. These objects are put on display for
us to see and learn from. A person looking after a museum or an art gallery is
called a curator. He or she takes great care of the exhibits.
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Activity
Imagine you are the curator of the National Museum of Art and History. You
have paintings, coins, pottery, carpets, and jewellery from the times of the
Mauryan Empire on display under your care. Students from a school want to
come and visit.
b. After the students have left, you discover that a vase has been knocked
over, there is a scratch on an ancient wooden box, and the students have
left a trail of litter behind. Other visitors have complained that there was
too much noise on the day these students visited.
Visiting a park
A park is a large, usually natural area of land reserved and developed for the
enjoyment of the public. It may have facilities for rest and recreation, etc. Most
parks have green lawns, flowerbeds, walking tracks, resting areas, benches, food
stalls, swings, and rides. Municipal organizations or other local groups usually own
and manage parks. Most parks display a list of rules at the entrances so that visitors
know what is expected of them once they are there. When we go to our
neighbourhood park, there are some points we should keep in mind.
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Activity
You are visiting your favourite neighbourhood park. They have the most
amazing rides and swings.
a. You are queuing for your turn at the swing. The boy on the swing refuses
to get off. What would you do?
b. Walking past a rose bed, you pick a couple of flowers. The park keeper
sees you and scolds you for picking them. He says it is not allowed. How
would you deal with the situation?
Libraries enable people to read expensive and rare books.
A library is a quiet area; people prefer to read in silence. Library etiquette includes:
• maintaining silence
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The statements below relate to library etiquette. Put a tick on the right actions
and a cross on the wrong ones.
Visitingj restaurant
Restaurants are places that prepare and serve food. They can be situated inside
malls, or outside as independent businesses. Common rules for visiting restaurants
include:
Content review
1 Write down three advantages of following proper rules of etiquette in
public places.
2. (a) How are schools and other educational institutions a different kind of
public place? Do we need to follow proper rules here too?
(b) In your notebook, write down some behaviour rules that you follow in
your school.
Going further
Suggest some more good manners for visiting a mosque or a park.
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CHAPTER 24
Gratitude means being thankful and appreciative. We can feel gratitude towards
God for what we have. We are also grateful to anyone who has done something
good for us. People usually express gratitude to other people through actions like
saying ‘Thank you’, giving gifts, sending flowers, hugging, or praising. However, the
expression of gratitude is not limited to these actions: gratitude is best expressed
through attitude and should be part of our lives at all times.
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Let us think about our family, home, loving adults, and friends. Imagine how
our lives would be if any or all of these things were not there. Once we begin
to appreciate the presence of these people in our lives, we will be able to
show our gratitude by being more thoughtful and kind towards them.
• We should be grateful for little things. They can make a big difference in
anyone’s life.
• In good times, we must show our gratitude by being kind to those who may
not have as much as we have. In bad times, we can show our gratitude by
being patient. We must never complain or be envious of what others have.
As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation is not to
utrer words, but to live by them. -John Fitzgerald Kennedy (former President, USA)
When eating bamboo sprouts, remember the man who planted them. -Chinese proverb
• Feeling gratitude and not expressing it, is like wrapping a present and not giving it.
—William Arthur Ward (author)
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Content review
0. Answer the following questions:
1. What is gratitude?
2. Make a list of all the people you should be grateful to and say why.
II. Complete the table below by adding your own experiences. Some
have been done for you.
Going further
“I was complaining that I had no shoes; then I saw a man who had no feet.” Write
a paragraph on this sentence.
CHAPTER 25
T Together
E Everyone
A Achieves
M More
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As a member of any team, we must always:
Respect others
All team members must respect their leader and other members. This creates an
atmosphere of peace and harmony. It makes everyone feel good about him/
herself, so they give their best to the effort. Showing respect to other people
makes them respect us. Remember, a person who takes the initiative to respect
others and continues to do so, is an honourable person.
All team members use their sets of skills to achieve a common goal.
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not have, we can ask him or her to share it with the team and give full credit for
this gesture. Using another person’s work without his knowledge and permission
is wrong.
Communicate effectively
Communication is a two-way process, which involves listening and speaking.
Everyone has a right to speak and in turn, it becomes their duty to listen when
others are speaking. This helps in the transfer of ideas. When it is our turn to speak,
we must make sure we pass on our thoughts and ideas clearly. When we are
listening, we must pay attention to the speaker’s words and expressions to grasp
his/her meaning.
Accept fflustekes
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• Value their opinions and suggestions and show your gratitude. If you
disagree with, or dislike what is being said, make an effort to voice your
opinion politely and use words that do not offend anyone. Never criticize
anyone’s actions in public or in harsh tones.
• Be forgiving when someone makes a mistake but gently point out what
went wrong so that it does not happen again.
° Always encourage your team to put in their best. Hope for success but also
prepare them for failure and learn the ways to cope with this.
• If you are unable to perform your duties, do not feel small if you handover
the charge to someone you feel is more competent or suitable. It will save
you bigger embarrassments later on.
Team leaders are chosen because they have been good team members. If you are
not chosen as a team leader, do not be disappointed or angry. You might get a
chance some other time.
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Content review
1. Describe in your own words your idea of a team.
2. Study each of these cases/issues and complete the table in your notebook.
Going further
a. Prefects, captains, and monitors are leaders of different teams. If you were
appointed as one, what important points would you keep in mind?
b. Someone else from your class is appointed as a leader. How should you feel
and behave towards that person?
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CHAPTER 26
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The national anthem of Pakistan is “Pak sarzameen shaad baad.” Abul Asar Hafeez
Jallundhari wrote the lyrics of our national anthem and Ahmed G. Chagla composed
the tune in 1950.
Ahmed G. Chagla
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Do you know?
The etiquette for listening to the national anthem is:
° Sing the anthem with others in a moderate tone, with fervour and enthusiasm.
0 Do not fidget or be distracted.
Before and after the anthem, think about what you can do to serve your country.
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An unusual feature of our anthem is that Mr. Chagla composed
the tune before the lyrics were written. The lyrics are mostly
Persian words used in Urdu language. The lyrics of the national
anthem are our prayers and praise for our country. We should
always sing it with pride, respect, sincerity, and love for our land.
Here is how some people feel when they hear or sing the
national anthem.
Mora Whenever I sing the national anthem, I feel great love for
Pakistan in my heart. I strongly believe I started loving and
respecting my country as a child because of the anthem.
Standing straight in respect while listening to the words—it is a
great feeling.
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Narfal I want to move back to Pakistan every time I hear it.
Samira I sing it with great gusto and my heart bursts with pride.
I am proud to be Pakistani, I am glad I have a beautiful country
I can call my own and say I was born there. We must know and
respect the etiquettes
Fayria I get a lump in my throat! I feel so overcome with emotion. of listening to the
national anthem.
Ahmed A feeling of sacrifice, belonging, ‘oneness’ and ownership
comes to mind. It reminds me of the power we have within
ourselves to shape our country and ourselves.
Content review
1. What is a national anthem?
2 Name the composer and the writer of the national anthem of Pakistan.
Going further
Our national anthem is played on important occasions. How does that affect our
national spirit?
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V Glossary
Chapter 4 Chapter 9
Chapter 5 Chapter 10
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ChapterB Chapter 22
tilt—a sloping position
fumes—strong-smelling smoke or gas
bulge—an outward curve radiation—energy that is radiated or
hemisphere—half of a sphere or the globe transmitted in the form of rays or waves or
particles
Chapter 15
Chapter 19 Chapter 26
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Book Piracy
Don’t be and Plagiarism
Deceived are Crimes.