SANITARY SYSTEM

SOME DEFINITIONS
Wastewater: Water when used for different purpose like
domestic commercial, industrial etc., receives impurities
and become wastewater. Thus wastewater is used water
and it has physical, chemical, and biological Impurities in it.

Sewage: The waste water coming from W.C. and

containing human excreta is known as sewage.

Sullage: The Wastewater coming from bathrooms and

kitchens which does not contain faecal matter is known as
sullage.

Plumbing/Drainage System: It is entire system of pipe

line for providing water supply to the building or it is a
system of pipes for disposal of wastewater from the building.

Sewer: A pipe carrying sewage/ wastewater is called

sewer.
 SOME DEFINITIONS

Sewerage System: A system of sewers of different types

and sizes in a town collecting wastewater from the town
and carrying it to the wastewater treatment plant. Sanitary
Sewer: A sewer pipe that carries only sewage.

Storm Sewer: A sewer pipe that carries storm water or

other drainage (excluding sewage).

Building Sewer: Part of the drainage system from the

building to the public, private, or individual sewer Disposal
system.

Sewer Main: A sewer pipe installed and maintained by

public entity and on public property.
 SOME DEFINITIONS
Invert: The lowermost level or surface of a sewer is known
as invert and in the construction of sewers, the invert levels
are to be carefully checked for the proper functioning of
sewer lines.

Refuse: the term refuse is used to indicate what is

rejected or left as worthless. It is divided into five categories

Garbage: dry refuse which includes decay fruits,grass,

leaves, paper etc.

Components of Drainage system:

*Pipes *Traps *Sanitary Fittings *Chambers
 SOME DEFINITIONS
Pipes:

In different types of pipes used in house drainage system

are designated depending upon the function.
Soil pipe: A pipe carry human sewage from W.C.
Waste pipe: A pipe carrying sullage.
Vent pipe: It is a pipe installed to provide flow of air to or
from the drainage system to provide circulation of air in the
drainage system to protect the water seal tof traps against
Siphonage and backflow.
Anti siphonage pipe: It is the pipe which is installed to
preserve the the water seal through proper ventilation.
Rain water pipe: A pipe carryin only Rain water.
Pipe sizes
Soil pipe: 100mm
Waste pipe horizontal 30-50mm
Waste pipe vertical 75mm
Rain water pipe 75mm
Vent pipe 50mm
SOME DEFINITIONS
 SOME DEFINITIONS
Traps : A trap is a depressed or bent sanitary fitting which
always remains full of water. Also called as water seal
which is measured as the vertical distance between the
crown and dip of trap.

A trap is a device which is used to prevent sewer gases

from entering the buildings. Common Gases that Are
Produced in a Sewage System Methane, Hydrogen
Sulphide, Nitrogen, Carbon Monoxide
 TRAPS
Traps are classified:

According to shape
According to use.

According to shape : the traps are of the following 3 types

P trap
S trap
Q trap
 TRAPS
Traps are classified:

According to shape
According to use.

According to use :

NAHINI-Trap/FLOOR-Trap •GULLY-Trap •INTERCEPTING-Trap

•GREASE-Trap •BOTTLE-Trap
 TRAPS
According to shape : the traps are of the following 3 types

P trap: A P-trap gets its name because it combines two 90

degree joints with a horizontal overflow pipe and gives the
entire unit the shape of the letter “P.

This trap is used with sinks, kitchens, Indian water closet. The
traps are made from cast iron or UPV sheet. This trap also
has water seal and prevents entry of foul gases to the
house.

Contains a water seal system that

allows for water to flow into the overflow
pipe, but not to flow backward. Also
traps waste particles and debris,
preventing it from creating a blockage
someplace deep within the drainage
system of the house.
 TRAPS
S trap: This trap is similar to P. trap and is used for fixing
water closets in toilets. The only difference between P trap
and S trap is that P trap is used for outlet through the wall
whereas S trap is used for outlet through the floor.

S traps have the tendency to easily dry out even when they
are well-vented. Due to this, they cannot efficiently do their
job of keeping the sewer gases at bay.

For floor mounted water closet S-trap

is fitted
 TRAPS
Q trap: This trap is used in toilet under water closet. It is
almost similar to S trap and is used in upper storey other
than ground floor.
 TRAPS

Floor trap: Also called as Nahini trap is provided in the

floor to collect waste water from washbasin, shower, sink
and bathroom etc. These are available in cast iron or
UPVC material and have removable grating (JALI) on
the top of the trap. The minimum depth of water seal
should be 50 mm.
 TRAPS
Gully trap: These traps are constructed
outside the building to carry waste water
discharge from washbasin, sinks,
bathroom etc. and are connected to the
nearest building drain/sewer so that foul
gases from sewer do not come to the
house. These are deep seal traps, the
depth of water seal should be 50 mm
minimum. It also prevents the entry of
cockroach and other insects from sewer
line to waste pipes carrying waste water.
 TRAPS
Intercepting Trap:
this trap is provided at the last main hole of building
sewerage to prevent entry of foul gases from public
sewer to building sewer. It has a deep-water seal of
100 mm.
 TRAPS
Bottle Trap:
A bottle trap is provided to receive waste from washbasin,
kitchen sinks and other appliances where the appliances
do not have built-in it trap.

Good Traps should have following Qualities:

Should provide enough water seal ( around 50 mm) with large surface
area.
Interiors surface should be smooth so that the flow is not obstructed
which enables self cleansing.
An assess door should be provided for cleaning the trap.• It should be
made of non- adsorbent material.
TRAPS
 SANITARY FIXTURES
HANDWASH

Many wash basin designs are available, ranging from

surgeon’s basin to small hand basin. They can be
obtained to fit into a corner of the room and may be
supported on brackets, a pedestal or by a ‘built in’
corbel.

WALLHUNG HALF PEDESTAL PEDESTAL

SANITARY FIXTURES
 SANITARY FIXTURES
FLUSHING CISTERN Function : Used
to flush away the contents of soil
fitting to the drain. Specification:
Fixed 2m and 0.6 m above floor
level. Capacity of the cistern from
5 to 15 litres (popular : 9 litre)
 SANITARY FIXTURES
URINALS
They are designed to accept and dispose of liquid
human wastes only.
The types of urinal are ceramic slab , stall type and
bowl type
The slab type is cheaper than the stall type , but it does
not provide the same degree of privacy.
The installation of ceramic bowl-type urinal, which
have less fouling area then the slab and stall urinals.

SLAB TYPE
STALL TYPE BOWL TYPE
 SANITARY FIXTURES
URINALS
 SANITARY FIXTURES
BIDET

A sanitary appliance primarily designed

to wash the excretory organs and may
also be used as footbath.

The hot and cold water supplies are 13

mm internal diameter and hot water may
be supplied to the rim.

Bidets which are fitted to main supply

must be of a design which is not equipped
with a submersible ascending spray, but
must be of the over-rim type, i.e. pillar
taps
 SANITARY FIXTURES
BIDET
 SANITARY FIXTURES
WATER CLOSET
 SANITARY FIXTURES
SINK

While a wash basin is used for washing hands , face etc . A

sink is used in kitchen or laboratory .

These may be made of glazed fire clay, stainless steel ,metal ,

porcelain or enamelled pressed steel.

They are manufactured in various sizes and shapes though

rectangular shape is quite common in kitchens.

A sink may also be constructed with suitable finishing surface

such as marble , terrazo etc.
SANITARY FIXTURES
 SANITARY FIXTURES
Bath tub

It has a length varying from 1.7 to 1.85 m, width between 0.7 m

to 0.75 m and depth near waste pipe varying from 0.43 m to
0.45 m. The overall height may vary between 0.58 to 0.6 m. It is
provided with outlet and overflow pipes, usually of 40 mm
diameter.
SANITARY FIXTURES
 SANITARY SYSTEM

SANITARY system handles waste water from

wash basins, sinks, showers baths, washing
machines dish washers galley equipment as
well as waste water from other equipment
throughout the vessel.

Sanitary system is often called the “GREY”

water system
 SEWERAGE SYSTEM

There are 3 systems of sewerage

 Separate sewers system

 Combined sewers system

 Partially separate system

 SEPARATE SEWERAGE SYSTEM

 Separate sewer systems are designed to convey wastewater

and storm water in separate pipes.

 Two sets of pipes are laid one for carrying sewage and the
other for carrying storm water.

 The sewage is carried to the treatment plant and storm water

is directly discharged into the natural outlet i.e river or
stream
SEPARATE SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 SEPARATE SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 Advantages:

 Load on treatment plan is reduced.

 Fresh water is not polluted.

 Storm water is directly discharged into natural streams

without any treatment.

 The size of sewers are small in size.

 The system proves to be economical when pumping is

required for lifting of sewage.
 SEPARATE SEWERAGE SYSTEM

 Demerits:

 Cleaning of sewers is difficult as they are small in size.

 Self cleansing velocity is not easily achieved.

 The system may prove to be costly as two sets of sewers are

used.

 Since storm water sewers are in action only in monsoon, they

may become dumping places for garbage during summer
and may get clogged.
 COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEM

 These system are large networks of underground pipes that

convey domestic sewage, industrial wastewater and storm
water runoff in the same pipe to a centralised treatment
facility.

 Because the wastewater is not treated before it is

transported, the sewer must be designed to maintain self-
cleansing velocity (i.e. a flow that will not allow particles to
accumulate), generally obtained with a minimal flow of 0.6
to 0.75m/s .
COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 Access manholes are set at regular intervals along the sewer,
at pipe intersections, at changes in pipeline direction and at
drops.

 provide a high level of hygiene and comfort for the user at

the point of use.

 Maintenance costs are high compared to decentralised

systems and consists mainly inspection, unblocking and
repair.

 Suitable for urban areas with resources to implement,

operate and maintain the system
 COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 Merits
 Maintenance costs are reasonable, as the sewers arelarge
in size cleaning of sewers are easy.

 No nuisance from smells, mosquitoes or flies.

 Stormwater and wastewater can be managed at the same

time.

 . No problems related to discharging industrial wastewater.

 The storm water reduces the strength of sewage by dilution

 COMBINED SEWERAGE SYSTEM
 Demerits
 Difficult to construct in high-density areas, difficult and costly
to maintain.

 Recycling of nutrients and energy becomes difficult.

 Adequate treatment and/or disposal required.

 No problems related to discharging industrial wastewater.

 The storm water is unnecessarily polluted.

 During extraordinary heavy storms, the combined sewer may

overflow and it may put public health in danger
 PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM
 In this system part of the storm water especially collected
from roofs and paved courtyards of the buildings is admitted
in the same drain along with sewage from residences and
institutions, etc.

 The storm water from the other places is collected separately

using separate storm water conduits.
 In this system, only one set of underground sewer is laid.

 These sewer admit the sanitary sewage as well as the early

washings from the drainage area due to rains.

 When the storm water exceed its specified limit, the excess is
diverted in to natural water courses.
 PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM
 Merits
 It is an improved storm of separate system. The size of
sewer can be designed as per requirements and
economically.

 The work of house plumbing is reduced because rain

water from roofs, sullage from bathrooms and kitchen is
allowed to mix with sewage in the same sewer which
carries the discharge from water closes but the water from
all other places can be taken in separate sewer or drain.

 As the small portion of storm water is taken in the same

sewer which carries sewage due to which self cleaning
velocity is obtained and hence no flushing of the sewer is
required.
 PARTIALLY SEPARATE SYSTEM

 Demerits

 As the portion of storm water is taken with the sewage,

therefore the cost of pumping is increased than separate
system.

 In dry weather, there is every possibility that self cleaning

velocity may not develop in the sewer.

 The possibility of overflow is also not ruled out in partially

separate system.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TYPE OF SYSTEM
Following points are considered before finalizing the type of
collection system.

 The separate system requires laying of two sets of conduits

whereas in combined system only one bigger size conduit is
required.

 Laying of two separate conduits may be difficult in the

congested streets.

 In combined system sewers are liable for silting during non-

monsoon season, hence they are required to be laid at
steeper gradients. Steeper gradients for the sewers may
require more number of pumping stations, particularly for flat
terrain, which may make the system costly.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TYPE OF SYSTEM

 Large quantity of wastewater is required to be treated before

discharge in case of combined system. Hence, large
capacity treatment plant is required.

 In separate system, only sewage is treated before it is

discharged into natural water body or used for irrigation. No
treatment is generally given to the rainwater collected
before it is discharge in to natural water body.

 In case of separate system pumping is only required for

sewage. Pumping can be avoided for storm water lines, as
they are not very deep and normally laid along the natural
slopes.
CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE TYPE OF SYSTEM

 In combined system large capacity pumping station is

required to safely handle the flow that is likely to be
generated during highest design storm considered.

 Based on site conditions the economy of the system needs

to be evaluated and selection is made accordingly.
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

 Waste water should be treated properly before disposing

anywhere to avoid pollution.

 Treatment is done using physical, chemical or biological

method.

 Waste water contains biodegradable and non

biodegradable waste.

 Non bio-degradable pollutant like mercury are most deadly

as they accumulate in aquatic organism which lead to Bio
magnifications.
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT
 Large quantity of biodegradable waste can affect living
organism in the water bodies in which waste are discharged.
 It is necessary to treat effluent or waste water before
discharging it into water body.
 Four major types of wastewater are 1. Domestic/Municipal
wastewater 2. Industrial 3. Urban runoff and 4. Agricultural
runoff.

 The treatment procedure are generally divided into three

groups-
1. Primary Treatment or Mechanical Treatment
2. Secondary Treatment or Biological Treatment
3. Tertiary Treatment or Advance Biological or Chemical
Treatment
WASTE WATER TREATMENT
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Preliminary Treatment
- removes large objects and non-degradable
materials
- protects pumps and equipment from
damage
- bar screen and grit chamber
 Bar Screen
- catches large objects that have got into
sewer system such as bricks, bottles, pieces
of wood, etc.
Grit Chamber
- removes rocks, gravel, broken glass, etc.
Mesh Screen
- removes diapers, combs, towels, plastic
bags, syringes, etc.
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Measurement and sampling at the inlet structure

- water samples are taken for determination of suspended solids and B.O.D
Suspended Solids – the quantity of solid materials floating in the water
column
B.O.D. = Biochemical Oxygen Demand
a measure of the amount of oxygen required to aerobically decompose
organic matter in the water
Measurements of Suspended Solids and B.O.D. indicate the effectiveness
of treatment processes
Both Suspended Solids and B.O.D. decrease as water moves through the
wastewater treatment processes
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Primary Treatment
-- a physical process
-- wastewater flow is slowed down and suspended solids
settle to the bottom by gravity
-- the material that settles is called sludge or biosolids
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks is pumped to the sludge
thickener. More settling occurs to concentrate the sludge prior to
disposal
Primary treatment reduces the suspended solids and the B.O.D. of the
wastewater.
From the primary treatment tanks water is pumped to the trickling filter for
secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment will further reduce the suspended solids and B.O.D.
of the wastewater
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT
Sludge from the primary sedimentation tanks is pumped to the sludge
thickener. More settling occurs to concentrate the sludge prior to
disposal
Primary treatment reduces the suspended solids and the B.O.D. of the
wastewater.
From the primary treatment tanks water is pumped to the trickling filter for
secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment will further reduce the suspended solids and B.O.D.
of the wastewater
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Secondary treatment is a biological process

Utilizes bacteria and algae to metabolize organic matter in the
wastewater
Secondary treatment occurs on the trickling filter
the trickling filter does not “filter” the water
water runs over a plastic media and organisms clinging to the media
remove organic matter from the water
From secondary treatment on the trickling filter water flows to the final
clarifiers for further removal of sludge.
The final clarifiers are another set of primary sedimentation tanks.
From the final clarifiers the water is discharged back to the River
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

The final clarifiers remove

additional sludge and further
reduce suspended solids and
B.O.D.
Disposal of Sludge or Biosolids
-- the sludge undergoes lime
stabilization (pH is raised by
addition of lime) to kill potential
pathogens
-- the stabilized sludge is land
applied by injection into
agricultural fields
 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Reuse of wastewater after treatment followed by ground water

recharge for
• Raising the aquifier levels
Controling saline water intrusion in costal areas
Creating new water based facilities for recreation , water sports,
boating etc.
• Supplementing evaporation and other losses in water supply lakes
• Direct and inidirect use of reclaimed water for augmenting potable
water supplies
• Irrigation - public parks, schools, road medians, any landscaped
areas, golf courses
Commercial - vehicle washing facilities, laundry facilities, window
washing, mixing pesticides and herbicides
Construction - dust control, concrete production
Toilet and urinal flushing
Fire protection