INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW

INTERNAL ASSESSMENT I

INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT – I

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW-I

RESEARCH ARTICLE

TOPIC : Interpol's Impact on Global Security

A Multifaceted Assessment

NAME: Harshwardhan Kulsange TOTAL WORDS :

DIVISION: E 2,048(excluding
footnotes, citations,
PRN: 20010125625
abstract, and references
COURSE: BA LL.B. (H) and bibliography)

BATCH: 2020-2025

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ……………………..……………........................................……………III

RESEARCH QUESTION……………………………………………………………………IV

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE …………………………………………………………….……..V

CRITICAL ANALYSIS……………………………………………...……………………...VI

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………...………………..X

REFRENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY……………………………………...…………...…..XI

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INTRODUCTION

Maintaining the integrity of global security has evolved into a complex and difficult task in
an era marked by the extraordinary internationalization of risks and the constantly growing
reach of criminal networks.1 International agencies devoted to crime prevention and law
enforcement have taken on crucial responsibilities in this complicated environment. Interpol,
the International Organization for Criminal Police, is one of these organizations and is tasked
with promoting collaboration and coordination between authorities and law enforcement
agencies throughout the globe. The various effects of Interpol on international security are
explored in this study piece. It explores Interpol's development as a foundation in the
framework of global law enforcement and evaluates how well it does at tackling a variety of
current security issues.2 It is crucial to understand the level that Interpol, as an international
agency, contributes to the concept of global security as the globe struggles with a variety of
transnational dangers, from cyberattacks and terrorism to slavery kidnapping and pollution.

The effect of Interpol extends well beyond the realm of conventional law enforcement. It
provides a distinctive forum for states to work together on a variety of security challenges
with 195 member countries.3 Interpol's toolkit is created to cross borders and enable an
uninterrupted transfer of knowledge, from the publication of Red Notices for suspected
criminals to the transmission of crucial criminal intelligence. Additionally, its mandate covers
a wide range of crimes, including not only traditional offences but also rising dangers in the
environmental, digital, and other fields.4 This study aims to provide a thorough assessment of
Interpol's performance as a worldwide security guard, identifying both its strengths and
weaknesses. This research seeks to offer a detailed view of Interpol's contributions to
1
Lawrence, A Jurisdictional Analysis of WHO and Interpol, 2 J. Biosecurity Biosafety & Biodefense L. 1
(2012).
2
William R. Slomanson, Civil Actions against Interpol: A Field Compass, 57 TEMP. L.Q. 553 (1984).
3
Giulio Calcara, Preventing the Misuse of INTERPOL: A Study on the Legal Safeguards of the Organization, 87
NORDIC J. INT'l L. 56 (2018).
4
Corey Winer, Smoke 'em Out: U.S. Counterterrorist Mishaps Necessitating the Expansion of Interpol's
Capabilities to Meet the New Terrorist Threat, 33 Suffolk Transnat'l L. REV. 145 (2010).

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international security in the twenty-first century through case studies, operational framework
analysis, and member country perspectives.5

With the goal of doing, this study piece aims to educate on the real effects that Interpol's
operations have on the global security and protection of nations. The goal of this article is to
shed light on the many facets of Interpol's participation in order to provide insights that can
inform plans and partnerships in the dynamic field of international security.

RESEARCH QUESTION

1. How has Interpol helped law enforcement agencies throughout the world share information
and cooperate internationally, and how has this improved overall safeguards?

2. What are Interpol's major achievements and difficulties in tackling international crimes
including online criminal activity, terrorist acts, and human trafficking?

3. In what ways has Interpol changed to handle new security risks in the digital sphere, and
how successful is it at stopping cybercrime globally?

5
Rutvica Rusan Novokmet, The Impact of the UN Security Council's Resolutions on the Protection of
Fundamental Human Rights, 40 ZB. PRAV. FAK. Sveuc. RIJ. 627 (2019).

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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE

The main goal of the present article is to thoroughly examine and evaluate Interpol's effects
on international security, with a focus on its role in promoting law enforcement agency
cooperation internationally and its efficiency when dealing with various multinational
security issues. The ensuing particular research goals will direct our investigation in order to
fulfil this main goal -

Learn about the mechanisms for transferring information and global cooperation -

This goal is to investigate how Interpol promotes information exchange and teamwork
between law enforcement organizations in various nations. 6 We seek to understand how
Interpol's technologies, such as its tactical channels, records, and secure methods of
communication, have increased cooperation, information sharing, and coordinated actions to
fight international threats.

Analyze Interpol's Successes and Difficulties in Fighting Global Crime -

This goal focuses on assessing Interpol's successes and difficulties in combating a range of
international criminal activities, including cybercrime, terrorist activities, and human
trafficking. We seek to give an in-depth knowledge of how Interpol's initiatives have
influenced the results of examinations, criminal proceedings, 7 and preventative efforts by
examining investigations, success stories, and failures. We hope to shed light on the various
ways that Interpol has contributed to international safety through this review.

Analyze Interpol's Responses to Recent Cybersecurity Threats -

This goal intends to evaluate Interpol's adjustments to fresh problems brought on by the
digital world in keeping with the changing panorama of security concerns. 8 We will look into
Interpol's responses to new cyber threats such as fraudulent transactions online, hacking, and
cybercrime. We aim to assess the organization's performance in avoiding and managing cyber
6
Yaron Gottlieb, Article 3 of INTERPOL's Constitution: Balancing International Police Cooperation with the
Prohibition of Engaging in Political, Military, Religious, or Racial Activities, 23 FLA. J. INT'l L. 135 (2011).
7
Bettina Schondorf-Haubold, The Administration of Information in International Administrative Law - The
Example of Interpol, 9 GERMAN L.J. 1719 (2008).
8
Nina Marino & Reed Grantham, Wanted by Interpol: Strategic Thinking about Red Notices, Diffusions, and
Extradition, 30 CRIM. Just. 4 (2015).

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risks internationally by examining its strategy, collaborations, and technical improvements.
We will also evaluate how well its objectives connect with the constantly changing
conditions of the online security environment.

Evaluate the Global Security Effects of Interpol's Initiatives -

This goal entails thoroughly evaluating Interpol's efforts' overall effects on world security.
We want to determine the degree to which Interpol's activities have assisted in preventing and
combatting various types of international crimes by gathering and examining factual data,
quantitative trends, and qualitative information.9 We will also look at the indirect advantages
of increased international cooperation made possible by Interpol, such as improved
diplomatic relations and the development of a shared sense of responsibility for security
issues.

Identify Restrictions and Suggestions for Improvement -

This purpose tries to identify the constraints and difficulties that Interpol encounters in its
activities in order to achieve comprehensive knowledge. We want to present a fair evaluation
of the organization's breadth and effectiveness by critically assessing critiques, prospective
prejudices, and operational limitations.

CRITICAL ANALYSIS

An international group that promotes police collaboration and crime control on a global scale
is called INTERPOL, or International Criminal Police Organization. 10 The Directorate was
established on September 7, 1923, in Vienna, Austria; it has its offices in Lyon, France, as
well as seven district departments and a national central bureau in each of the 194 states that
are members, making it the biggest police agency in the entire globe.

Interpol focuses on the three main subsets of international crime—terrorism, online crime,
and organized crime—while offering operational support, knowledge, and instruction to law

9
James B. Jacobs & Dimitra Blitsa, Sharing Criminal Records: The United States, the European Union and
Interpol Compared, 30 LOY. L.A. INT'l & COMP. L. REV. 125 (2008).
10
Ted Bromund, Interpol, 35 IELR 227 (2019).

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enforcement agents throughout the world.11 The scope of INTERPOL's mandate includes
almost all forms of criminal activity, including infringement of intellectual property, crimes
against mankind, pornography involving children, drug manufacturing and trafficking in
drugs, corruption in politics, and criminal activity involving white-collar workers.

Through criminal information databases and electronic communications, 12 the agency also
promotes collaboration between international law enforcement organizations.

A crime is often still an illegal conduct that is sanctioned by the state or another legal body.
Although there is no one, agreed definition of what constitutes a crime, there are legal
definitions that are offered.13 An action that is harmful and prohibited, not just to certain
people but also to the nation or society, may be classified as a crime by the appropriate
authorities. Murder, rape, theft, robbery, assassinations,14 and other such activities are
forbidden and classified as crimes. A state has a list of crimes that is typically referred to as
the criminal code, and a state or government has the authority to completely restrict
someone's freedom or liberty for committing a crime.

There are legislative processes that investigations and judicial trials in rational and
contemporary nations must scrupulously abide by. 15 The perpetrator who commits the offence
might get a penalty if they are proven guilty. The nature of an action does not determine
whether it is criminal. It simply is dependent upon the nature of any potential legal
repercussions.

Before the 19th century, collaboration between police forces throughout the world was often
structured temporarily and was predicated on attaining a certain objective. 16 The Police
Union of German States, established in 1851 to unite police from several German-speaking
nations, was the first attempt to establish a formal and long-lasting framework for global
police collaboration (Fooner, 1989).
11
Todd Sandler, Daniel G. Arce & Walter Enders, An Evaluation of Interpol's Cooperative-Based
Counterterrorism Linkages, 54 J.L. & ECON. 79 (2011).
12
Vladimir Sterpu, INTERPOL's Visionary Programs and Comprehensive Projects for a Safer World, 2013
Studii JURIDICE Universitare 208 (2013).
13
Giulio Calcara, Balancing International Police Cooperation: INTERPOL and the Undesirable Trade-off
between Rights of Individuals and Global Security, 42 LIVERPOOL L. REV. 111 (2021).
14
Edward Lemon, Weaponizing Interpol, 30 J. DEMOCRACY 15 (2019).
15
Andres Eduardo Buenaventura, Interpol's Evolving Approach to Innovation and Research-Based Policing, 14
EUR. POLICE Sci. & Rsch. BULL. 9 (2016).
16
Cheah Wui Ling, Policing Interpol: The Commission for the Control of Interpol's Files and the Right to a
Remedy, 7 INT'l ORG. L. REV. 375 (2010).

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Analysis is needed to transform criminal data into intelligence that may be used. We keep
specialized criminal analysis files in addition to using data to locate suspects, verify reports,
and offer leads for investigations.17 These use data from databases and many other sources to
offer insight into the perpetrator's scene both now and in the future. In 2018, 114 nations
contributed to our Drugs Analysis File, while additional files contributed intelligence on
explosives, illegal commodities, doping, and organized crime. 18 Financial data used to
obfuscate or launder money Websites, addresses in person, and media Routes and operating
principles criminal organizations, groups, and associates places connected to crime.

INTERPOL Notices are worldwide appeals for assistance or alerts that permit law
enforcement in member nations to exchange vital information about criminal activity. At the
direction of a National Central Bureau, announcements are distributed by the General
Secretariat and then made accessible to all of our member nations. 19 The International
Criminal Court, International Criminal Tribunals, and the United Nations can also utilize
notices to find anyone sought for crimes that fall under their purview, namely war crimes,
genocide, and crimes towards humanity. The majority of Notices are exclusively intended for
use by the police and aren't distributed to the public.20

An excerpt of the Notice may, however, be disclosed on this website in particular

circumstances, such as to inform or solicit assistance from the public. Special Notices from
the UN are made public.

Various Notices

Red Notice: To locate and apprehend those who are wanted for prosecution or to serve time
in prison. Red Notices are published for fugitives sought for either criminal prosecution or
sentence serving. A Red Notice is a request to law enforcement agencies throughout the
world to find and temporarily detain a suspect pending extradition, surrender, or other legal
action. There are now 7275 active Red Notices in existence.

17
Mario Savino, Global Administrative Law Meets Soft Powers: The Uncomfortable Case of Interpol Red
Notices, 43 N.Y.U. J. INT'l L. & POL. 263 (2011).
18
Bruce Zagaris & Michael Plachta, Extradition and INTERPOL Detention, 37 IELR 187 (2021).
19
Laszlo Dornfeld, The Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Cybercrime, 2020 IN Medias Res 193 (2020).
20
Yesim Usluca, Visa Waiver Program Improvement and Terrorist Travel Prevention Act of 2015: Positive
Impact on National Security or Ineffective Legislation, 45 Syracuse J. INT'l L. & COM. 115 (2017).

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Yellow Notice: To assist in locating missing people, frequently children, or in identifying
those who are incapable of doing it on their own.

Blue Notice: To gather more details on a person's identity, whereabouts, or activities in

connection to a crime.

Black Notice: Investigating unidentified body reports. Green Notice: To alert the general
population about a person's illicit actions when it is thought that they might endanger public
safety. Orange Notice: To alert the public to an occurrence, a person, an item, or a process
that poses a significant and immediate risk to public safety.

Purple Notice: This exists to gather or disseminate details on the tools, equipment, and
methods of camouflage that different criminals utilize.

In contrast to popular misconception, INTERPOL is an international organization that serves

as an umbrella organization of criminal law administration organizations from many
worldwide states, not a supranational agency of law enforcement with officers with the
authority to make arrests. As a result, the organization serves as an administrative liaison
between the different law enforcement agencies of member nations, offering communications
and database support, mostly through its main office, which is based in Lyon, France.

CONCLUSION

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In a nutshell, the research piece has offered a thorough and perceptive analysis of Interpol's
function within the complicated framework of international security. We have traversed the
intricate structure of worldwide law enforcement throughout this study, looking at systems
for information sharing, global collaboration, combating international criminal activity, and
Interpol's response to issues with digital security.

The complete coverage, distinct study goals, impartial viewpoint, use of informative
scenarios, and forward-looking suggestions are the research's strong points. This essay
contributes to a comprehensive understanding of Interpol's relevance in the field of global
security by discussing a broad range of the organization's duties and evaluating both its
successes and shortcomings.

There is room for improvement, though. There is an opportunity for a more thorough
examination of the difficulties experienced in fulfilling Interpol's purpose given the scant
attention paid to complaints and operational limitations. The possibility for more openness
and scientific clarity is also presented by the absence of a thorough overview of the data
sources and study methods. Additionally, although case studies and qualitative data provide
insightful background, the addition of numerical data and mathematical modelling may
strengthen the research's empirical base.

Organizations like Interpol continue to play a crucial role as the globe struggles with
emerging, transnational security challenges. Protecting our linked world depends on its
capacity to promote global collaboration, exchange essential data, and adapt to new threats.

Interpol's job is more important than ever in today's interconnected world where criminality
knows no bounds and cyberthreats are everywhere. This study emphasizes the necessity of
ongoing inspection, assessment, and modification. We can jointly increase efforts to uphold
international law by recognizing both the successes and the shortcomings.

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REFRENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY

1. Ted Bromund, Interpol, 35 IELR 227 (2019).

2. Todd Sandler, Daniel G. Arce & Walter Enders, An Evaluation of Interpol's

Cooperative-Based Counterterrorism Linkages, 54 J.L. & ECON. 79 (2011).

3. Vladimir Sterpu, INTERPOL's Visionary Programs and Comprehensive Projects for a

Safer World, 2013 Studii JURIDICE Universitare 208 (2013).

4. Giulio Calcara, Balancing International Police Cooperation: INTERPOL and the

Undesirable Trade-off between Rights of Individuals and Global Security, 42
LIVERPOOL L. REV. 111 (2021).

5. Edward Lemon, Weaponizing Interpol, 30 J. DEMOCRACY 15 (2019).

6. Andres Eduardo Buenaventura, Interpol's Evolving Approach to Innovation and

Research-Based Policing, 14 EUR. POLICE Sci. & Rsch. BULL. 9 (2016).

7. Cheah Wui Ling, Policing Interpol: The Commission for the Control of Interpol's
Files and the Right to a Remedy, 7 INT'l ORG. L. REV. 375 (2010).

8. Mario Savino, Global Administrative Law Meets Soft Powers: The Uncomfortable
Case of Interpol Red Notices, 43 N.Y.U. J. INT'l L. & POL. 263 (2011).

9. Bruce Zagaris & Michael Plachta, Extradition and INTERPOL Detention, 37 IELR
187 (2021).

10. Laszlo Dornfeld, The Impact of the Coronavirus Pandemic on Cybercrime, 2020 IN
Medias Res 193 (2020).

11. Yesim Usluca, Visa Waiver Program Improvement and Terrorist Travel Prevention
Act of 2015: Positive Impact on National Security or Ineffective Legislation, 45
Syracuse J. INT'l L. & COM. 115 (2017).

12. Lawrence, A Jurisdictional Analysis of WHO and Interpol, 2 J. Biosecurity Biosafety

& Biodefense L. 1 (2012).

13. William R. Slomanson, Civil Actions against Interpol: A Field Compass, 57 TEMP.
L.Q. 553 (1984).

14. Giulio Calcara, Preventing the Misuse of INTERPOL: A Study on the Legal
Safeguards of the Organization, 87 NORDIC J. INT'l L. 56 (2018).

15. Corey Winer, Smoke 'em Out: U.S. Counterterrorist Mishaps Necessitating the
Expansion of Interpol's Capabilities to Meet the New Terrorist Threat, 33 Suffolk
Transnat'l L. REV. 145 (2010).
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16. Rutvica Rusan Novokmet, The Impact of the UN Security Council's Resolutions on
the Protection of Fundamental Human Rights, 40 ZB. PRAV. FAK. Sveuc. RIJ. 627
(2019).

17. Yaron Gottlieb, Article 3 of INTERPOL's Constitution: Balancing International

Police Cooperation with the Prohibition of Engaging in Political, Military, Religious,
or Racial Activities, 23 FLA. J. INT'l L. 135 (2011).

18. Bettina Schondorf-Haubold, The Administration of Information in International

Administrative Law - The Example of Interpol, 9 GERMAN L.J. 1719 (2008).

19. Nina Marino & Reed Grantham, Wanted by Interpol: Strategic Thinking about Red
Notices, Diffusions, and Extradition, 30 CRIM. Just. 4 (2015).

20. James B. Jacobs & Dimitra Blitsa, Sharing Criminal Records: The United States, the
European Union and Interpol Compared, 30 LOY. L.A. INT'l & COMP. L. REV. 125
(2008).

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