57 RCBC V CA

[ G.R. Nos. 128833.
April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
352 Phil. 101
SECOND DIVISION
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ]

RIZAL COMMERCIAL BANKING CORPORATION, UY CHUN BING
AND ELI D. LAO, PETITIONERS, VS. COURT OF APPEALS AND
GOYU & SONS, INC., RESPONDENTS.
[G.R. NO. 128834. APRIL 20, 1998]
RIZAL COMMERCIAL BANKING CORPORATION, PETITIONERS,
VS. COURT OF APPEALS, ALFREDO C. SEBASTIAN, GOYU &
SONS, INC., GO SONG HIAP, SPOUSES GO TENG KOK AND
BETTY CHIU SUK YING ALIAS BETTY GO, RESPONDENTS.
[G.R. NO. 128866. APRIL 20, 1998]
MALAYAN INSURANCE INC., PETITIONER, VS. GOYU & SONS,
INC. RESPONDENT. D EC I S I O N
MELO, J.:
The issues relevant to the herein three consolidated petitions revolve around the fire loss
claims of respondent Goyu & Sons, Inc. (GOYU) with petitioner Malayan Insurance
Company, Inc. (MICO) in connection with the mortgage contracts entered into by and
between Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC) and GOYU.
The Court of Appeals ordered MICO to pay GOYU its claims in the total amount of
P74,040,518.58, plus 37% interest per annum commencing July 27, 1992. RCBC was
ordered to pay actual and compensatory damages in the amount of P5,000,000.00. MICO
and RCBC were held solidarily liable to pay GOYU P1,500,000.00 as exemplary damages
and P1,500,000.00 for attorney’s fees. GOYU’s obligation to RCBC was fixed at
P68,785,069.04 as of April 1992, without any interest, surcharges, and penalties. RCBC and
MICO appealed separately but, in view of the common facts and issues involved, their
individual petitions were consolidated.
The undisputed facts may be summarized as follows:
https://elibrary.judiciary.gov.ph/assets/dtSearch/dtSearch_syste…24d+595+5d8+&SearchForm=C%3a%5celibrev2%5csearch%5csearch%5fform Page 1 of 20
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
GOYU applied for credit facilities and accommodations with RCBC at its Binondo Branch.
After due evaluation, RCBC Binondo Branch, through its key officers, petitioners Uy Chun
Bing and Eli D. Lao, recommended GOYU’s application for approval by RCBC’s executive
committee. A credit facility in the amount of P30 million was initially granted. Upon GOYU’s
application and Uy’s and Lao’s recommendation, RCBC’s executive committee increased
GOYU’s credit facility to P50 million, then to P90 million, and finally to P117 million.
As security for its credit facilities with RCBC, GOYU executed two real estate mortgages and
two chattel mortgages in favor of RCBC, which were registered with the Registry of Deeds at
Valenzuela, Metro Manila. Under each of these four mortgage contracts, GOYU committed
itself to insure the mortgaged property with an insurance company approved by RCBC, and
subsequently, to endorse and deliver the insurance policies to RCBC.
GOYU obtained in its name a total of ten insurance policies from MICO. In February 1992,
Alchester Insurance Agency, Inc., the insurance agent where GOYU obtained the Malayan
insurance policies, issued nine endorsements in favor of RCBC seemingly upon instructions
of GOYU (Exhibits “1-Malayan” to “9-Malayan”).
On April 27, 1992, one of GOYU’s factory buildings in Valenzuela was gutted by fire.
Consequently, GOYU submitted its claim for indemnity on account of the loss insured
against. MICO denied the claim on the ground that the insurance policies were either
attached pursuant to writs of attachments/garnishments issued by various courts or that the
insurance proceeds were also claimed by other creditors of GOYU alleging better rights to
the proceeds than the insured. GOYU filed a complaint for specific performance and
damages which was docketed at the Regional Trial Court of the National Capital Judicial
Region (Manila, Branch 3) as Civil Case No. 93-65442, now subject of the present G.R. No.
128833 and 128866.
RCBC, one of GOYU’s creditors, also filed with MICO its formal claim over the proceeds of
the insurance policies, but said claims were also denied for the same reasons that MICO
denied GOYU’s claims.
In an interlocutory order dated October 12, 1993 (Record, pp. 311-312), the Regional Trial
Court of Manila (Branch 3), confirmed that GOYU’s other creditors, namely, Urban Bank,
Alfredo Sebastian, and Philippine Trust Company obtained their respective writs of
attachments from various courts, covering an aggregate amount of P14,938,080.23, and
ordered that the proceeds of the ten insurance policies be deposited with the said court
minus the aforementioned P14,938,080.23. Accordingly, on January 7, 1994, MICO
deposited the amount of P50,505,594.60 with Branch 3 of the Manila RTC.
In the meantime, another notice of garnishment was handed down by another Manila RTC
sala (Branch 28) for the amount of P8,696,838.75 (Exhibit “22-Malayan”).
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
After trial, Branch 3 of the Manila RTC rendered judgment in favor of GOYU, disposing:
WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the plaintiff and

against the defendant, Malayan Insurance Company, Inc. and Rizal
Commercial Banking Corporation, ordering the latter as follows:
1. For defendant Malayan Insurance Co., Inc.:
a. To pay the plaintiff its fire loss claims in the total amount of
P74,040,518.58 less the amount of P50,000,000.00 which is deposited
with this Court;
b. To pay the plaintiff damages by way of interest for the duration of the
delay since July 27, 1992 (ninety days after defendant insurer’s receipt
of the required proof of loss and notice of loss) at the rate of twice the
ceiling prescribed by the Monetary Board, on the following amounts:
1) P50,000,000.00 — from July 27, 1992 up to the time said

amount was deposited with this Court on January 7, 1994;
2) P24,040,518.58 — from July 27, 1992 up to the time when

the writs of attachments were received by defendant Malayan;
2. For defendant Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation:
a. To pay the plaintiff actual and compensatory damages in the amount

of P2,000,000.00;
3. For both defendants Malayan and RCBC:
a. To pay the plaintiff, jointly and severally, the following amounts:
1) P1,000,000.00 as exemplary damages;
2) P1,000,000.00 as, and for, attorney’s fees;
3) Costs of suit.
and on the Counterclaim of defendant RCBC, ordering the plaintiff to pay its
loan obligations with defendant RCBC in the amount of P68,785,069.04, as
of April 27, 1992, with interest thereon at the rate stipulated in the
respective promissory notes (without surcharges and penalties) per
computation, pp. 14-A, 14-B & 14-C.
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
FURTHER, the Clerk of Court of the Regional Trial Court of Manila is

hereby ordered to release immediately to the plaintiff the amount of
P50,000,000.00 deposited with the Court by defendant Malayan,
together with all the interests earned thereon.
(Record, pp. 478-479.)
From this judgment, all parties interposed their respective appeals. GOYU was unsatisfied
with the amounts awarded in its favor. MICO and RCBC disputed the trial court’s findings of
liability on their part. The Court of Appeals partly granted GOYU’s appeal, but sustained the
findings of the trial court with respect to MICO and RCBC’s liabilities, thusly:
WHEREFORE, the decision of the lower court dated June 29, 1994 is
hereby modified as follows:
1. FOR DEFENDANT MALAYAN INSURANCE CO., INC:
a) To pay the plaintiff its fire loss claim in the total amount of
P74,040,518.58 less the amount of P50,505,594.60 (per O.R. No. 3649285) plus
deposited in court and damages by way of interest commencing July 27, 1992 until
the time Goyu receives the said amount at the rate of thirty-seven (37%) percent
per annum which is twice the ceiling prescribed by the Monetary Board.
2. FOR DEFENDANT RIZAL COMMERCIAL BANKING CORPORATION:
a) To pay the plaintiff actual and compensatory damages in the amount of

P5,000,000.00.
3. FOR DEFENDANTS MALAYAN INSURANCE CO., INC., RIZAL

COMMERCIAL BANKING CORPORATION, UY CHUN BING AND ELI
D. LAO:
a) To pay the plaintiff jointly and severally the following amounts:
1. P1,500,000.00 as exemplary damages;
2. P1,500,000.00 as and for attorney’s fees.
4. And on RCBC’s Counterclaim, ordering the plaintiff Goyu & Sons,

Inc. to pay its loan obligation with RCBC in the amount of
P68,785,069.04 as of April 27, 1992 without any interest, surcharges
and penalties.
The Clerk of the Court of the Regional Trial Court of Manila is hereby
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
ordered to immediately release to Goyu & Sons, Inc. the amount of

P50,505,594.60 (per O.R. No. 3649285) deposited with it by Malayan
Insurance Co., Inc., together with all the interests thereon.
(Rollo, p. 200.)
RCBC and MICO are now before us in G.R. No. 128833 and 128866, respectively, seeking
review and consequent reversal of the above dispositions of the Court of Appeals.
In G.R. No. 128834, RCBC likewise appeals from the decision in C.A. G.R. No. CV-48376,
which case, by virtue of the Court of Appeals’ resolution dated August 7, 1996, was
consolidated with C.A. G.R. No. CV-46162 (subject of herein G.R. No. 128833). At issue in
said petition is RCBC’s right to intervene in the action between Alfredo C. Sebastian (the
creditor) and GOYU (the debtor), where the subject insurance policies were attached in favor
of Sebastian.
After a careful review of the material facts as found by the two courts below in relation to the
pertinent and applicable laws, we find merit in the submissions of RCBC and MICO.
The several causes of action pursued below by GOYU gave rise to several related issues
which are now submitted in the petitions before us. This Court, however, discerns one
primary and central issue, and this is, whether or not RCBC, as mortgagee, has any right
over the insurance policies taken by GOYU, the mortgagor, in case of the occurrence of loss.
As earlier mentioned, accordant with the credit facilities extended by RCBC to GOYU, the
latter executed several mortgage contracts in favor of RCBC. It was expressly stipulated in
these mortgage contracts that GOYU shall insure the mortgaged property with any of the
insurance companies acceptable to RCBC. GOYU indeed insured the mortgaged property
with MICO, an insurance company acceptable to RCBC. Based on their stipulations in the
mortgage contracts, GOYU was supposed to endorse these insurance policies in favor of,
and deliver them, to RCBC. Alchester Insurance Agency, Inc., MICO’s underwriter from
whom GOYU obtained the subject insurance policies, prepared the nine endorsements (see
Exh. “1-Malayan” to “9-Malayan”; also Exh. “51-RCBC” to “59-RCBC”), copies of which were
delivered to GOYU, RCBC, and MICO. However, because these endorsements do not bear
the signature of any officer of GOYU, the trial court, as well as the Court of Appeals,
concluded that the endorsements are defective.
We do not quite agree.
It is settled that a mortgagor and a mortgagee have separate and distinct insurable interests
in the same mortgaged property, such that each one of them may insure the same property
for his own sole benefit. There is no question that GOYU could insure the mortgaged
property for its own exclusive benefit. In the present case, although it appears that GOYU
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
obtained the subject insurance policies naming itself as the sole payee, the intentions of the
parties as shown by their contemporaneous acts, must be given due consideration in order to
better serve the interest of justice and equity.
It is to be noted that nine endorsement documents were prepared by Alchester in favor of

RCBC. The Court is in a quandary how Alchester could arrive at the idea of endorsing any
specific insurance policy in favor of any particular beneficiary or payee other than the insured
had not such named payee or beneficiary been specifically disclosed by the insured itself. It
is also significant that GOYU voluntarily and purposely took the insurance policies from
MICO, a sister company of RCBC, and not just from any other insurance company. Alchester
would not have found out that the subject pieces of property were mortgaged to RCBC had
not such information been voluntarily disclosed by GOYU itself. Had it not been for GOYU,
Alchester would not have known of GOYU’s intention of obtaining insurance coverage in
compliance with its undertaking in the mortgage contracts with RCBC, and verily, Alchester
would not have endorsed the policies to RCBC had it not been so directed by GOYU.
On equitable principles, particularly on the ground of estoppel, the Court is constrained to

rule in favor of mortgagor RCBC. The basis and purpose of the doctrine was explained in
Philippine National Bank vs. Court of Appeals (94 SCRA 357 [1979]), to wit:
The doctrine of estoppel is based upon the grounds of public policy, fair
dealing, good faith and justice, and its purpose is to forbid one to speak
against his own act, representations, or commitments to the injury of one
to whom they were directed and who reasonably relied thereon. The
doctrine of estoppel springs from equitable principles and the equities in
the case. It is designed to aid the law in the administration of justice
where without its aid injustice might result. It has been applied by this
Court wherever and whenever special circumstances of a case so
demand.
(p. 368.)
Evelyn Lozada of Alchester testified that upon instructions of Mr. Go, through a certain Mr.
Yam, she prepared in quadruplicate on February 11, 1992 the nine endorsement documents
for GOYU’s nine insurance policies in favor of RCBC. The original copies of each of these
nine endorsement documents were sent to GOYU, and the others were sent to RCBC and
MICO, while the fourth copies were retained for Alchester’s file (tsn, February 23, pp. 7-8).
GOYU has not denied having received from Alchester the originals of these endorsements.
RCBC, in good faith, relied upon the endorsement documents sent to it as this was only
pursuant to the stipulation in the mortgage contracts. We find such reliance to be justified
under the circumstances of the case. GOYU failed to seasonably repudiate the authority of
the person or persons who prepared such endorsements. Over and above this, GOYU
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
continued, in the meantime, to enjoy the benefits of the credit facilities extended to it by
RCBC. After the occurrence of the loss insured against, it was too late for GOYU to disown
the endorsements for any imagined or contrived lack of authority of Alchester to prepare and
issue said endorsements. If there had not been actually an implied ratification of said
endorsements by virtue of GOYU’s inaction in this case, GOYU is at the very least estopped
from assailing their operative effects. To permit GOYU to capitalize on its non-confirmation of
these endorsements while it continued to enjoy the benefits of the credit facilities of RCBC
which believed in good faith that there was due endorsement pursuant to their mortgage
contracts, is to countenance grave contravention of public policy, fair dealing, good faith, and
justice. Such an unjust situation, the Court cannot sanction. Under the peculiar
circumstances obtaining in this case, the Court is bound to recognize RCBC’s right to the
proceeds of the insurance policies if not for the actual endorsement of the policies, at least
on the basis of the equitable principle of estoppel.
GOYU cannot seek relief under Section 53 of the Insurance Code which provides that the
proceeds of insurance shall exclusively apply to the interest of the person in whose name or
for whose benefit it is made. The peculiarity of the circumstances obtaining in the instant
case presents a justification to take exception to the strict application of said provision, it
having been sufficiently established that it was the intention of the parties to designate RCBC
as the party for whose benefit the insurance policies were taken out. Consider thus the
following:
1. It is undisputed that the insured pieces of property were the

subject of mortgage contracts entered into between RCBC and GOYU in
consideration of and for securing GOYU’s credit facilities from RCBC.
The mortgage contracts contained common provisions whereby GOYU,
as mortgagor, undertook to have the mortgaged property properly
covered against any loss by an insurance company acceptable to
RCBC.
2. GOYU voluntarily procured insurance policies to cover the

mortgaged property from MICO, no less than a sister company of RCBC
and definitely an acceptable insurance company to RCBC.
3. Endorsement documents were prepared by MICO’s underwriter,

Alchester Insurance Agency, Inc., and copies thereof were sent to
GOYU, MICO, and RCBC. GOYU did not assail, until of late, the validity
of said endorsements.
4. GOYU continued until the occurrence of the fire, to enjoy the

benefits of the credit facilities extended by RCBC which was conditioned
upon the endorsement of the insurance policies to be taken by GOYU to
cover the mortgaged properties.
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
This Court can not over stress the fact that upon receiving its copies of the endorsement
documents prepared by Alchester, GOYU, despite the absence of its written conformity
thereto, obviously considered said endorsement to be sufficient compliance with its obligation
under the mortgage contracts since RCBC accordingly continued to extend the benefits of its
credit facilities and GOYU continued to benefit therefrom. Just as plain too is the intention of
the parties to constitute RCBC as the beneficiary of the various insurance policies obtained
by GOYU. The intention of the parties will have to be given full force and effect in this
particular case. The insurance proceeds may, therefore, be exclusively applied to RCBC,
which under the factual circumstances of the case, is truly the person or entity for whose
benefit the policies were clearly intended.
Moreover, the law’s evident intention to protect the interests of the mortgagee upon the
mortgaged property is expressed in Article 2127 of the Civil Code which states:
ART. 2127. The mortgage extends to the natural accessions, to the

improvements, growing fruits, and the rents or income not yet received
when the obligation becomes due, and to the amount of the indemnity
granted or owing to the proprietor from the insurers of the property
mortgaged, or in virtue of expropriation for public use, with the
declarations, amplifications and limitations established by law, whether
the estate remains in the possession of the mortgagor, or it passes into
the hands of a third person.
Significantly, the Court notes that out of the 10 insurance policies subject of this case, only 8
of them appear to have been subject of the endorsements prepared and delivered by
Alchester for and upon instructions of GOYU as shown below:
INSURANCE POLICY PARTICULARS ENDORSEMENT
a. Policy Number : F-114-07795 None
Issue Date : March 18, 1992
Expiry Date : April 5, 1993
Amount : P9,646,224.92
b. Policy Number : ACIA/F-174-07660 Exhibit “1-Malayan”
Issue Date : January 18, 1992
Expiry Date : February 9, 1993

[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
Amount : P4,307,217.54
c. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07661 Exhibit “2-Malayan”
Amount : P6,603,586.43
d. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07662 Exhibit “3-Malayan”
Expiry Date : (not legible)
Amount : P6,603,586.43
e. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07663 Exhibit “4-Malayan”
Amount : P9,457,972.76
f. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07623 Exhibit “7-Malayan”
Expiry Date : January 13, 1993
Amount : P24,750,000.00
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
g. Policy Number : ACIA/F-174-07223 Exhibit “6-Malayan”
Issue Date : May 29, 1991
Expiry Date : June 27, 1992
Amount : P6,000,000.00
h. Policy Number : CI/F-128-03341 None
Issue Date : May 3, 1991
Expiry Date : May 3, 1992
Amount : P10,000,000.00
i. Policy Number : F-114-07402 Exhibit “8-Malayan”
Issue Date : September 16, 1991
Expiry Date : October 19, 1992
Amount : P32,252,125.20
j. Policy Number : F-114-07525 Exhibit “9-Malayan”
Issue Date : November 20, 1991
Expiry Date : December 5, 1992
Amount : P6,603,586.43
(pp. 456-457, Record; Folder of Exhibits for MICO.)
Policy Number F-114-07795 [(a) above] has not been endorsed. This fact was admitted by
MICO’s witness, Atty. Farolan (tsn, February 16, 1994, p. 25). Likewise, the record shows no
endorsement for Policy Number CI/F-128-03341 [(h) above]. Also, one of the endorsement
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
documents, Exhibit “5-Malayan”, refers to a certain insurance policy number ACIA-F-07066,

which is not among the insurance policies involved in the complaint.
The proceeds of the 8 insurance policies endorsed to RCBC aggregate to P89,974,488.36.

Being exclusively payable to RCBC by reason of the endorsement by Alchester to RCBC,
which we already ruled to have the force and effect of an endorsement by GOYU itself, these
8 policies can not be attached by GOYU’s other creditors up to the extent of the GOYU’s
outstanding obligation in RCBC’s favor. Section 53 of the Insurance Code ordains that the
insurance proceeds of the endorsed policies shall be applied exclusively to the proper
interest of the person for whose benefit it was made. In this case, to the extent of GOYU’s
obligation with RCBC, the interest of GOYU in the subject policies had been transferred to
RCBC effective as of the time of the endorsement. These policies may no longer be attached
by the other creditors of GOYU, like Alfredo Sebastian in the present G.R. No. 128834, which
may nonetheless forthwith be dismissed for being moot and academic in view of the results
reached herein. Only the two other policies amounting to P19,646,224.92 may be validly
attached, garnished, and levied upon by GOYU’s other creditors. To the extent of GOYU’s
outstanding obligation with RCBC, all the rest of the other insurance policies above-listed
which were endorsed to RCBC, are, therefore, to be released from attachment, garnishment,
and levy by the other creditors of GOYU.
This brings us to the next relevant issue to be resolved, which is, the extent of GOYU’s
outstanding obligation with RCBC which the proceeds of the 8 insurance policies will
discharge and liquidate, or put differently, the actual amount of GOYU’s liability to RCBC.
The Court of Appeals simply echoed the declaration of the trial court finding that GOYU’S
total obligation to RCBC was only P68,785,060.04 as of April 27, 1992, thus sanctioning the
trial court’s exclusion of Promissory Note No. 421-92 (renewal of Promissory Note No. 908-
91) and Promissory Note No. 420-92 (renewal of Promissory Note No. 952-91) on the ground
that their execution is highly questionable for not only are these dated after the fire, but also
because the signatures of either GOYU or any its representative are conspicuously absent.
Accordingly, the Court of Appeals speculated thusly:
…Hence, this Court is inclined to conclude that said promissory notes

were pre-signed by plaintiff in blank terms, as averred by plaintiff, in
contemplation of the speedy grant of future loans, for the same practice
of procedure has always been adopted in its previous dealings with the
bank.
(Rollo, pp. 181-182.)
The fact that the promissory notes bear dates posterior to the fire does not necessarily mean
that the documents are spurious, for it is presumed that the ordinary course of business had
been followed (Metropolitan Bank and Trust Company vs. Quilts and All, Inc., 222 SCRA 486
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
[1993]). The obligor and not the holder of the negotiable instrument has the burden of proof
of showing that he no longer owes the obligee any amount (Travel-On, Inc. vs. Court of
Appeals, 210 SCRA 351 [1992]).
Even casting aside the presumption of regularity of private transactions, receipt of the loan
amounting to P121,966,058.67 (Exhibits 1-29, RCBC) was admitted by GOYU as indicated in
the testimony of Go Song Hiap when he answered the queries of the trial court:
ATTY. NATIVIDAD
Q: But insofar as the amount stated in Exhibits 1 to 29-RCBC, you

received all the amounts stated therein?
A: Yes, sir, I received the amount.
COURT
He is asking if he received all the amounts stated in Exhibits 1 to 29-

RCBC?
WITNESS:
Yes, Your Honor, I received all the amounts.
COURT
Indicated in the Promissory Notes?
WITNESS
A. The promissory Notes they did not give to me but the amount I
asked which is correct, Your Honor.
COURT
Q: You mean to say the amounts indicated in Exhibits 1 to 29-RCBC is

correct?
A: Yes, Your Honor.
(tsn, Jan. 14, 1994, p. 26.)
Furthermore, aside from its judicial admission of having received all the proceeds of the 29
promissory notes as hereinabove quoted, GOYU also offered and admitted to RCBC that its
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
obligation be fixed at P116,301,992.60 as shown in its letter dated March 9, 1993, which
pertinently reads:
We wish to inform you, therefore that we are ready and willing to pay the
current past due account of this company in the amount of
P116,301,992.60 as of 21 January 1993, specified in pars. 15, p. 10, and
18, p. 13 of your affidavits of Third Party Claims in the Urban case at
Makati, Metro Manila and in the Zamboanga case at Zamboanga city,
respectively, less the total of P8,851,519.71 paid from the Seaboard and
Equitable insurance companies and other legitimate deductions. We
accept and confirm this amount of P116,301,992.60 as stated as true
and correct.
(Exhibit BB.)
The Court of Appeals erred in placing much significance on the fact that the excluded
promissory notes are dated after the fire. It failed to consider that said notes had for their
origin transactions consummated prior to the fire. Thus, careful attention must be paid to the
fact that Promissory Notes No. 420-92 and 421-92 are mere renewals of Promissory Notes
No. 908-91 and 952-91, loans already availed of by GOYU.
The two courts below erred in failing to see that the promissory notes which they ruled should
be excluded for bearing dates which are after that of the fire, are mere renewals of previous
ones. The proceeds of the loan represented by these promissory notes were admittedly
received by GOYU. There is ample factual and legal basis for giving GOYU’s judicial
admission of liability in the amount of P116,301,992.60 full force and effect
It should, however, be quickly added that whatever amount RCBC may have recovered from
the other insurers of the mortgaged property will, nonetheless, have to be applied as
payment against GOYU’s obligation. But, contrary to the lower courts’ findings, payments
effected by GOYU prior to January 21, 1993 should no longer be deducted. Such payments
had obviously been duly considered by GOYU, in its aforequoted letter dated March 9, 1993,
wherein it admitted that its past due account totaled P116,301,992.60 as of January 21,
1993.
The net obligation of GOYU, after deductions, is thus reduced to P107,246,887.90 as of

January 21, 1993, to wit:
Total Obligation as admitted by GOYU as of January 21, 1993:

P116,301,992.60
Broken down as follows
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
Principal[1] Interest
Regular 80,535,946.32
FDU 7,548,025.17
____________ _____________
Total: 108,083,971.49 8,218,021.11[2]
LESS:
1) Proceeds from
Seaboard Eastern
Insurance Company: 6,095,145.81
2) Proceeds from
Equitable Insurance
Company: 2,756,373.00
3) Payment from
foreign department
negotiation: 203,584.89
9,055,104.70[3]
NET AMOUNT as of January 21, 1993: P

107,246,887.90
The need for the payment of interest due upon the principal amount of the obligation, which
is the cost of money to RCBC, the primary end and the ultimate reason for RCBC’s existence
and being, was duly recognized by the trial court when it ruled favorably on RCBC’s
counterclaim, ordering GOYU “to pay its loan obligation with RCBC in the amount of
P68,785,069.04, as of April 27,1992, with interest thereon at the rate stipulated in the
respective promissory notes (without surcharges and penalties) per computation, pp. 14-A,
14-B, 14-C” (Record, p. 479). Inexplicably, the Court of Appeals, without even laying down
the factual or legal justification for its ruling, modified the trial court’s ruling and ordered
GOYU “to pay the principal amount of P68,785,069.04 without any interest, surcharges and
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
penalties” (Rollo, p. 200).
It is to be noted in this regard that even the trial court hedgingly and with much uncertainty
deleted the payment of additional interest, penalties, and charges, in this manner:
Regarding defendant RCBC’s commitment not to charge additional

interest, penalties and surcharges, the same does not require that it be
embodied in a document or some form of writing to be binding and
enforceable. The principle is well known that generally a verbal
agreement or contract is no less binding and effective than a written one.
And the existence of such a verbal agreement has been amply
established by the evidence in this case. In any event, regardless of the
existence of such verbal agreement, it would still be unjust and
inequitable for defendant RCBC to charge the plaintiff with surcharges
and penalties considering the latter’s pitiful situation. (Emphasis
supplied.)
(Record, p. 476)
The essence or rationale for the payment of interest or cost of money is separate and distinct
from that of surcharges and penalties. What may justify a court in not allowing the creditor to
charge surcharges and penalties despite express stipulation therefor in a valid agreement,
may not equally justify non-payment of interest. The charging of interest for loans forms a
very essential and fundamental element of the banking business, which may truly be
considered to be at the very core of its existence or being. It is inconceivable for a bank to
grant loans for which it will not charge any interest at all. We fail to find justification for the
Court of Appeals’ outright deletion of the payment of interest as agreed upon in the
respective promissory notes. This constitutes gross error.
For the computation of the interest due to be paid to RCBC, the following rules of thumb laid
down by this Court in Eastern Shipping Lines, Inc. vs. Court of Appeals (234 SCRA 78
[1994]), shall apply, to wit:
I. When an obligation, regardless of its source, i.e., law, contracts,

quasi-contracts, delicts or quasi-delicts is breached, the contravenor can
be held liable for damages. The provisions under Title XVIII on
“Damages” of the Civil Code govern in determining the measure of
recoverable damages.
II. With regard particularly to an award of interest in the concept of

actual and compensatory damages, the rate of interest, as well as the
accrual thereof, is imposed, as follows:
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
1. When the obligation is breached, and it consists in the payment of

a sum of money, i.e., a loan or forbearance of money, the interest due
should be that which may have been stipulated in writing. Furthermore,
the interest due shall itself earn legal interest from the time it is judicially
demanded. In the absence of stipulation, the rate of interest shall be
12% per annum to be computed from default, i.e., from judicial or
extrajudicial demand under and subject to the provisions of Article 1169
of the Civil Code.
2. When an obligation, not constituting a loan or forbearance of

money, is breached, an interest on the amount of damages awarded
may be imposed at the discretion of the court at the rate of 6% per
annum. No interest, however, shall be adjudged on unliquidated claims
or damages except when or until the demand can be established with
reasonable certainty. Accordingly, where the demand is established with
reasonable certainty, the interest shall begin to run from the time the
claim is made judicially or extrajudicially (Art. 1169, Civil Code) but when
such certainty cannot be so reasonably established at the time the
demand is made, the interest shall begin to run only from the date of the
judgment of the court is made (at which time the quantification of
damages may be deemed to have been reasonably ascertained). The
actual base for the computation of legal interest shall, in any case, be on
the amount finally adjudged.
3. When the judgment of the court awarding a sum of money

becomes final and executory, the rate of legal interest, whether the case
falls under paragraph 1 or paragraph 2, above, shall be 12% per annum
from such finality until its satisfaction, this interim period being deemed
to be by then an equivalent to a forbearance of credit.
(pp. 95-97.)
There being written stipulations as to the rate of interest owing on each specific promissory
note as summarized and tabulated by the trial court in its decision (pp.470 and 471, Record)
such agreed interest rates must be followed. This is very clear from paragraph II, sub-
paragraph 1 quoted above.
On the issue of payment of surcharges and penalties, we partly agree that GOYU’s pitiful
situation must be taken into account. We do not agree, however, that payment of any amount
as surcharges and penalties should altogether be deleted. Even assuming that RCBC,
through its responsible officers, herein petitioners Eli Lao and Uy Chun Bing, may have
relayed its assurance for assistance to GOYU immediately after the occurrence of the fire,
we cannot accept the lower courts’ finding that RCBC had thereby ipso facto effectively
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
waived collection of any additional interests, surcharges, and penalties from GOYU.
Assurances of assistance are one thing, but waiver of additional interests, surcharges, and
penalties is another.
Surcharges and penalties agreed to be paid by the debtor in case of default partake of the
nature of liquidated damages, covered by Section 4, Chapter 3, Title XVIII of the Civil Code.
Article 2227 thereof provides:
ART. 2227. Liquidated damages, whether intended as a indemnity or

penalty, shall be equitably reduced if they are iniquitous and
unconscionable.
In exercising this vested power to determine what is iniquitous and unconscionable, the Court
must consider the circumstances of each case. It should be stressed that the Court will not
make any sweeping ruling that surcharges and penalties imposed by banks for non-payment
of the loans extended by them are generally iniquitous and unconscionable. What may be
iniquitous and unconscionable in one case, may be totally just and equitable in another. This
provision of law will have to be applied to the established facts of any given case. Given the
circumstances under which GOYU found itself after the occurrence of the fire, the Court rules
the surcharges rates ranging anywhere from 9% to 27%, plus the penalty charges of 36%, to
be definitely iniquitous and unconscionable. The Court tempers these rates to 2% and 3%,
respectively. Furthermore, in the light of GOYU’s offer to pay the amount of P116,301,992.60
to RCBC as March 1993 (See: Exhibit “BB”), which RCBC refused, we find it more in keeping
with justice and equity for RCBC not to charge additional interest, surcharges, and penalties
from that time onward.
Given the factual milieu spread hereover, we rule that it was error to hold MICO liable in
damages for denying or withholding the proceeds of the insurance claim to GOYU.
Firstly, by virtue of the mortgage contracts as well as the endorsements of the insurance
policies, RCBC has the right to claim the insurance proceeds, in substitution of the property
lost in the fire. Having assigned its rights, GOYU lost its standing as the beneficiary of the
said insurance policies.
Secondly, for an insurance company to be held liable for unreasonably delaying and
withholding payment of insurance proceeds, the delay must be wanton, oppressive, or
malevolent (Zenith Insurance Corporation vs. CA, 185 SCRA 403 [1990]). It is generally
agreed, however, that an insurer may in good faith and honesty entertain a difference of
opinion as to its liability. Accordingly, the statutory penalty for vexatious refusal of an insurer
to pay a claim should not be inflicted unless the evidence and circumstances show that such
refusal was willful and without reasonable cause as the facts appear to a reasonable and
prudent man (Buffalo Ins. Co. vs. Bommarito [CCA 8th] 42 F [2d] 53, 70 ALR 1211; Phoenix
Ins. Co. vs. Clay, 101 Ga. 331, 28 SE 853, 65 Am St Rep 307; Kusnetsky vs. Security Ins.
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
Co., 313 Mo. 143, 281 SW 47, 45 ALR 189). The case at bar does not show that MICO
wantonly and in bad faith delayed the release of the proceeds. The problem in the
determination of who is the actual beneficiary of the insurance policies, aggravated by the
claim of various creditors who wanted to partake of the insurance proceeds, not to mention
the importance of the endorsement to RCBC, to our mind, and as now borne out by the
outcome herein, justified MICO in withholding payment to GOYU.
In adjudging RCBC liable in damages to GOYU, the Court of Appeals said that RCBC cannot
avail itself of two simultaneous remedies in enforcing the claim of an unpaid creditor, one for
specific performance and the other for foreclosure. In doing so, said the appellate court, the
second action is deemed barred, RCBC having split a single cause of action (Rollo, pp. 195-
199). The Court of Appeals was too accommodating in giving due consideration to this
argument of GOYU, for the foreclosure suit is still pending appeal before the same Court of
Appeals in CA G.R CV No. 46247, the case having been elevated by RCBC.
In finding that the foreclosure suit cannot prosper, the Fifteenth Division of the Court of
Appeals pre-empted the resolution of said foreclosure case which is not before it. This is
plain reversible error if not grave abuse of discretion.
As held in Peña vs. Court of Appeals (245 SCRA 691[1995]):
It should have been enough, nonetheless, for the appellate court to

merely set aside the questioned orders of the trial court for having been
issued by the latter with grave abuse of discretion. In likewise enjoining
permanently herein petitioner “from entering in and interfering with the
use or occupation and enjoyment of petitioner’s (now private
respondent) residential house and compound,” the appellate court in
effect, precipitately resolved with finality the case for injunction that was
yet to be heard on the merits by the lower court. Elevated to the
appellate court, it might be stressed, were mere incidents of the principal
case still pending with the trial court. In Municipality of Biñan, Laguna vs.
Court of Appeals, 219 SCRA 69, we ruled that the Court of Appeals
would have “no jurisdiction in a certiorari proceeding involving an
incident in a case to rule on the merits of the main case itself which was
not on appeal before it.”
(pp. 701-702.)
Anent the right of RCBC to intervene in Civil Case No. 1073, before the Zamboanga
Regional Trial Court, since it has been determined that RCBC has the right to the insurance
proceeds, the subject matter of intervention is rendered moot and academic. Respondent
Sebastian must, however, yield to the preferential right of RCBC over the MICO insurance
policies. It is basic and fundamental that the first mortgagee has superior rights over junior
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
mortgagees or attaching creditors (Alpha Insurance & Surety Co. vs. Reyes, 106 SCRA 274
[1981]; Sun Life Assurance Co. of Canada vs. Gonzales Diaz, 52 Phil. 271 [1928]).
WHEREFORE, the petitions are hereby GRANTED and the decision and resolution of
December 16, 1996 and April 3, 1997 in CA-G.R. CV No. 46162 are hereby REVERSED and
SET ASIDE, and a new one entered:
1. Dismissing the Complaint of private respondent GOYU in Civil

Case No. 93-65442 before Branch 3 of the Manila Regional Trial Court
for lack of merit;
2. Ordering Malayan Insurance Company, Inc. to deliver to Rizal

Commercial Banking Corporation the proceeds of the insurance policies
in the amount of P51,862,390.94 (per report of adjuster Toplis & Harding
(Far East), Inc., Exhibits “2” and “2-1”), less the amount of
P50,505,594.60 (per O.R. No. 3649285);
3. Ordering the Clerk of Court to release the amount of P50,505,594.60

including the interests earned to Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation;
4. Ordering Goyu & Sons, Inc. to pay its loan obligation with Rizal
Commercial Banking Corporation in the principal amount of
P107,246,887.90, with interest at the respective rates stipulated in each
promissory note from January 21, 1993 until finality of this judgment, and
surcharges at 2% and penalties at 3% from January 21, 1993 to March
9, 1993, minus payments made by Malayan Insurance Company, Inc.
and the proceeds of the amount deposited with the trial court and its
earned interest. The total amount due RCBC at the time of the finality of
this judgment shall earn interest at the legal rate of 12% in lieu of all
other stipulated interests and charges until fully paid.
The petition of Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation against the respondent Court in CA-
GR CV 48376 is DISMISSED for being moot and academic in view of the results herein
arrived at. Respondent Sebastian’s right as attaching creditor must yield to the preferential
rights of Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation over the Malayan insurance policies as first
mortgagee.
SO ORDERED.
Regalado, (Chairman), Puno, Mendoza, and Martinez, JJ., concur.
[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM
[1] 1
See: Exhibit “70-RCBC”
[2] Computed by deducting P108,083,971.49 from the admitted amount of
P116,301,992.60.
[3] To be deducted from interest payments due in accordance with Article 1253 of
the Civil Code which provides:
ART. 1253. If debt produces interest, payment of the principal shall not
be deemed to have been made until the interests have been covered.
Source: Supreme Court E-Library | Date created: September 30, 2014

This page was dynamically generated by the E-Library Content Management System

57 RCBC V CA

Uploaded by

57 RCBC V CA

Uploaded by

[ G.R. Nos. 128833.

April 20, 1998 ] 2/6/24, 11:55 AM

352 Phil. 101

[ G.R. Nos. 128833. April 20, 1998 ]

The undisputed facts may be summarized as follows:

WHEREFORE, judgment is hereby rendered in favor of the plaintiff and

1. For defendant Malayan Insurance Co., Inc.:

1) P50,000,000.00 — from July 27, 1992 up to the time said

2) P24,040,518.58 — from July 27, 1992 up to the time when

2. For defendant Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation:

a. To pay the plaintiff actual and compensatory damages in the amount

3. For both defendants Malayan and RCBC:

a. To pay the plaintiff, jointly and severally, the following amounts:

1) P1,000,000.00 as exemplary damages;

2) P1,000,000.00 as, and for, attorney’s fees;

FURTHER, the Clerk of Court of the Regional Trial Court of Manila is

(Record, pp. 478-479.)

1. FOR DEFENDANT MALAYAN INSURANCE CO., INC:

2. FOR DEFENDANT RIZAL COMMERCIAL BANKING CORPORATION:

a) To pay the plaintiff actual and compensatory damages in the amount of

3. FOR DEFENDANTS MALAYAN INSURANCE CO., INC., RIZAL

a) To pay the plaintiff jointly and severally the following amounts:

1. P1,500,000.00 as exemplary damages;

2. P1,500,000.00 as and for attorney’s fees.

4. And on RCBC’s Counterclaim, ordering the plaintiff Goyu & Sons,

ordered to immediately release to Goyu & Sons, Inc. the amount of

We do not quite agree.

It is to be noted that nine endorsement documents were prepared by Alchester in favor of

On equitable principles, particularly on the ground of estoppel, the Court is constrained to

1. It is undisputed that the insured pieces of property were the

2. GOYU voluntarily procured insurance policies to cover the

3. Endorsement documents were prepared by MICO’s underwriter,

4. GOYU continued until the occurrence of the fire, to enjoy the

ART. 2127. The mortgage extends to the natural accessions, to the

INSURANCE POLICY PARTICULARS ENDORSEMENT

a. Policy Number : F-114-07795 None

Issue Date : March 18, 1992

Expiry Date : April 5, 1993

b. Policy Number : ACIA/F-174-07660 Exhibit “1-Malayan”

Issue Date : January 18, 1992

Expiry Date : February 9, 1993

c. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07661 Exhibit “2-Malayan”

Issue Date : January 18, 1992

Expiry Date : February 15, 1993

d. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07662 Exhibit “3-Malayan”

Issue Date : January 18, 1992

Expiry Date : (not legible)

e. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07663 Exhibit “4-Malayan”

Issue Date : January 18, 1992

Expiry Date : February 9, 1993

f. Policy Number : ACIA/F-114-07623 Exhibit “7-Malayan”

Issue Date : January 13, 1992

Expiry Date : January 13, 1993

g. Policy Number : ACIA/F-174-07223 Exhibit “6-Malayan”

Issue Date : May 29, 1991

Expiry Date : June 27, 1992

h. Policy Number : CI/F-128-03341 None

Issue Date : May 3, 1991

Expiry Date : May 3, 1992

i. Policy Number : F-114-07402 Exhibit “8-Malayan”

Issue Date : September 16, 1991

Expiry Date : October 19, 1992

j. Policy Number : F-114-07525 Exhibit “9-Malayan”

Issue Date : November 20, 1991

Expiry Date : December 5, 1992

(pp. 456-457, Record; Folder of Exhibits for MICO.)

documents, Exhibit “5-Malayan”, refers to a certain insurance policy number ACIA-F-07066,

The proceeds of the 8 insurance policies endorsed to RCBC aggregate to P89,974,488.36.

…Hence, this Court is inclined to conclude that said promissory notes

(Rollo, pp. 181-182.)

Q: But insofar as the amount stated in Exhibits 1 to 29-RCBC, you

A: Yes, sir, I received the amount.

He is asking if he received all the amounts stated in Exhibits 1 to 29-

Yes, Your Honor, I received all the amounts.

Indicated in the Promissory Notes?

Q: You mean to say the amounts indicated in Exhibits 1 to 29-RCBC is